وڪيپيڊيا sdwiki https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter ذريعات خاص بحث واپرائيندڙ واپرائيندڙ بحث وڪيپيڊيا وڪيپيڊيا بحث فائل فائل بحث ذريعات وڪي ذريعات وڪي بحث سانچو سانچو بحث مدد مدد بحث زمرو زمرو بحث باب باب بحث TimedText TimedText talk ماڊيول ماڊيول بحث Event Event talk 0 1690 370412 151280 2026-04-07T05:11:51Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:سواري]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370412 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. [[زمرو:سواري]] bevqk2fozl1u4sbefv2jep5x0qqq0b8 370414 370412 2026-04-07T05:14:43Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[فضائي رَٿَ]] کي [[ھوائي جهاز]] ڏانھن چوريو 370412 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. [[زمرو:سواري]] bevqk2fozl1u4sbefv2jep5x0qqq0b8 370416 370414 2026-04-07T05:19:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 370416 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==See also== * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aircraft categories]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1903]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواري جون قسمون]] e05fv49jt8aceln2qr1cckfod7wg62q 370423 370416 2026-04-07T05:37:23Z Ibne maryam 17680 370423 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئر پورٽ]] * [[هوا بازي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:سواري]] ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==See also== * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aircraft categories]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1903]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواري جون قسمون]] qkvekxg06c68upb9sn7obm5df2ywq9g 370424 370423 2026-04-07T05:41:31Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 370424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئر پورٽ]] * [[هوا بازي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:سواري]] ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==See also== * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aircraft categories]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1903]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري جون قسمون]] 0b082ybsioh8ybtpwq9q7ku64j5g09d 370425 370424 2026-04-07T05:42:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 370425 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئر پورٽ]] * [[هوا بازي]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:سواري]] ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==See also== * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aircraft categories]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1903]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري جون قسمون]] jxh5l6ctep5sj75ig3kxos52pkixxhh 370426 370425 2026-04-07T05:43:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 370426 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئر پورٽ]] * [[هوا بازي]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:سواري]] ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==See also== * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==Bibliography== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aircraft categories]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1903]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري جون قسمون]] o6gtmgksxsj1zb9w0tsi4b1z0etn4qf 370427 370426 2026-04-07T05:45:23Z Ibne maryam 17680 370427 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:سواري]] ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==See also== * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==Bibliography== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aircraft categories]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1903]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري جون قسمون]] 1onwomfndp9q4bfwhe33vv0n3tyb6k0 370428 370427 2026-04-07T05:46:31Z Ibne maryam 17680 370428 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==See also== * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==Bibliography== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aircraft categories]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1903]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري جون قسمون]] rzfme4xsoyxduathh5ofyzq88p46vd2 370429 370428 2026-04-07T05:48:17Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 370429 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئر پورٽ]] * [[هوا بازي]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==Bibliography== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aircraft categories]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1903]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري جون قسمون]] 0esukyquo3zglhq9afwd5d8jst8oehv 370430 370429 2026-04-07T05:49:25Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ڪتابيات */ 370430 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئر پورٽ]] * [[هوا بازي]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aircraft categories]] [[Category:Aircraft configurations]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1903]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري جون قسمون]] apvxmkddrwcp4y3eorzmpibf4uq187c 370431 370430 2026-04-07T05:52:47Z Ibne maryam 17680 370431 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئر پورٽ]] * [[هوا بازي]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] 4j1g832pz61gd85ih28rrn6qxsc8czf 370432 370431 2026-04-07T05:57:16Z Ibne maryam 17680 370432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئر پورٽ]] * [[هوا بازي]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] qwz5c70qlmpcczeo6zgtuofbhkq6gug 370442 370432 2026-04-07T06:19:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 370442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. ==تفصيل== {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] 3d29b9llfjzqd9khtvog1ldyhizuvqs 370453 370442 2026-04-07T07:03:56Z Ibne maryam 17680 370453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{about||the comedy film|Airplane!|other uses}} {{Redirect|Aeroplane}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2025}} {{use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use American English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox machine | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} هوائي جهاز، غير رسمي طور تي هوائي جهاز. اهو هڪ مقرر ٿيل ونگ وارو هوائي جهاز آهي. جيڪو زور سان اڳتي وڌايو ويندو آهي. جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ ونگ جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح شامل آهي. سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل. فوجي ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن. * دنيا ۾. تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي جهازن تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو. ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن (ڪلوميٽر) کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو. جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي حرڪت جو 1٪ کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن. پر ڪجهه کي ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. جهڙوڪ ڊرون. * رائيٽ ڀائرن 1903 ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. * پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] j3f1zgalf1swekqd0mvsuml1mbgl7qj 370454 370453 2026-04-07T07:13:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 370454 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. ==تاريخ== {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي منتقلي جو هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] tm3j849xswzhegsjmitqacw4yeea6k5 370455 370454 2026-04-07T07:14:25Z Ibne maryam 17680 370455 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''فضائي رَٿَ''' ڪنهن به اهڙي ڪَلَ يا مشين کي چئجي ٿو، جيڪا [[ڌرتيءَ جِي فضا|فضائي]] [[اڏامَ]] جي قابل ھجي. {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي منتقلي جو هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] rymisiqd46h2dfv874fwol2b8qyc5w3 370456 370455 2026-04-07T07:16:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 370456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي منتقلي جو هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] 2orqp6lf84gwsixcsg887llpg7l31sp 0 5739 370487 253050 2026-04-07T11:21:29Z سائين بخش 21992 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 370487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:صلاة المغرب.jpg|280px]] [[File:Ramadan2.jpg|280px]] '''مسافر جي نماز ۽ روزي جو حڪم''': {{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= ''' Shariah on Soom & Salaat for travellers '''}} مسلمان ھجڻ لاء اسلام تي ايمان ضروري آهي، ءِ اسلام جو هر حڪم، مسلمانن لاء چراغ جي مثل آهي، تنهنڪري جيڪڏهن مسلمانن کي اسلام جو ڪوئي حڪم سمجھ ۾ نه اچي يا اهو حڪم ڏکيو لگي تڏهن به اھي ان جي اڳيان سر خم ڪندا آهن ۽ ھر اسلامي حڪم کي تسليم ڪن ٿا ڀلي کڻي اهي کين سمجھ ۾ نه اچن يا کين عيبدار لڳن ءِ ائين به نه آهي ته اسلام ۾ اهڙا قانون هجڻ کپن جيڪي فقط ظاهري لحاظ کان ڀلا لڳندا هجن ڇو ته اسلام ماڻھن جي تابع نه آهي بلڪه مسلمان اسلام جي تابع آهن پر اسان جي معاشري ۾ ان جي ابتڙ عمل ڪيو وڃي ٿو ، انهن عملن منجهان ڪجهه مسافرن جي لاء نماز ۽ روزي جا حڪم پڻ شامل آهن<ref name ="ابو مھدي " > مسافر جي نماز ءِ روزي جو حڪم (مهاڳ)-از:ابومهدي فرمان علي معصومي </ref>. *_ اسلام ۾ مريض ءِ مسافر تي روزو فرض نه آهي پر وري به مريض ءِ مسافر حضرات جو روزي رکڻ تي زور هوندو آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. *_اسلام ۾ مسافرن تي فرض آهي ته چار رڪعتي نماز کي اڌ يعني ٻه رڪعتون ادا ڪن ته ته مسافر وري به پوري نماز پڙهي اهو سمجهندا آهن ته اسان الله وٽ گهڻو ثواب ڪمايو<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. *_اسلام ۾ غريب تي فطرو واجب نه آهي پر وري به اسان جا غريب مسلمان اهو سمجهندا آهن ته جيڪڏهن فطرو نه ڏنوسين ته اسان جا رکيل روزا قبول نه ٿيندا ءِ الله پاڪ به ناراض ٿيندو<ref name="ابو مھدي" />! اهڙا ٻيا به گهڻا ئي مثال اسان جي معاشري ۾ موجود آهن جن ھڪ مثال بدعت آھي. اِهي حضرات اهي بدعتون اهو سمجهندي انجام ڏيندا آهن ته اسان آلله جي وڌيڪ ويجهو ءِ نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم جا بهترين امتي ٿينداسين پر نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم انهن لاء فرمايو آهي ته اهي منهنجي امت منجهان ئي نه آهن<ref name="ابو مھدي" />! جيئن (صحيح سند سان) پاڻ فرمايائون: {{quote| من رغب عن سنتي فليس مني جنهن به منهنجي سنت کان منهن ڦيرايو اهو مون منجهان نه آهي.|حديث|}} ائين ئي(صحيح سند سان) حضرت عثمان رض کي فرمايائون: {{quote| يا عثمان إني لم أومر بالرهبانية ، أرغبت عن سنتي ؟ ‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍ قال : لا يا رسول الله ، قال ، إن من سنتي أن أصلي و أنام ، و أصوم و أطعم ، و أنكح و أطلق ، فمن رغب عن سنتي فليس مني ، يا عثمان إن لأهلك عليك حقا ، و لنفسك عليك حق<ref> المعجم: المصطلحات الفقهيه</ref> اي عثمان! مون کي رهبانيت جو حڪم نه ڏنو ويو آهي، ڇا تو منهنجي سنت کان منهن موڙيو آهي؟ عثمان چيو نه يا رسول الله، پاڻ فرمايائون: منهنجو نماز پڙهڻ ءِ سمهڻ، روزو رکڻ ءِ کائڻ، نڪاح ڪرڻ ءِ طلاق ڏيڻ منهنجي سنت منجهان آهي ( يعني اهڙن ڪمن ۾ جيئن مان ڪريان توهان به ائين ئي ڪريو) پوء جنهن به منهنجي سنت کان منهن ڦيرايو اهو مون منجهان نه آهي.....|حديث|}} وري(صحيح سند سان) فرمايائون: {{quote| أما والله إني لأخشاكم لله وأتقاكم له ، لكني أصوم وأفطر ، وأصلي وأرقد ، وأتزوج النساء ، فمن رغب عن سنتي فليس مني. <ref> المعجم: المصطلحات الفقهيه</ref> الله جو قسم! مان توهان تي الله خاطر ڊڄان ٿو، ليڪن مان روزو رکان ٿو ءِ کاوان ٿو(روزو نه ٿو رکان) مان نماز پڙهان ٿو ءِ آرام ڪريان ٿو، ءِ عورتن سان شادي ڪريان ٿو پوء جيڪو نه منهنجي سنت کان منهن ڦيريندو اهو مون منجهان نه آهي.|حديث|}} انھن حڪمن جي روشنيءَ ۾ مسلمانن کي ڪابه عبادت پنهنجي طرفان نه پر سنت نبوي جي مطابق ڪرڻي پوندي آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. ==مسافر جي لاء روزي جو حڪم== اسلام جي سڀني فرقن جو ان ڳالھ تي اتفاق آهي ته سفر ۾ ءِ مرض جي حالت ۾ روزو رکڻ واجب نه آهي، پر اختلاف ان ڳالھ ۾ آهي ته ڇا سفر ۾ روزو نه رکڻ عزيمت آهي يا رخصت<ref name="ابو مھدي" />؟ '''عزيمت جي تعريف''': السقوط عزيمة : هو الواجب أو المستحب الذي يسقط عن وجوبه أو استحبابه مع عدم جواز الإتيان به<ref> مجمع البيان في تفسير القرآن جلد 3 صفحو 303</ref> عزيمت، اهڙو واجب يا مستحب حڪم، جنهن جو وجوب يا استحباب ختم ٿي چڪو هجي جڏهن ته ان حڪم کي انجام ڏيڻ جائز نه هجي . '''رخصت جي تعريف''': السقوط رخصة: هو كل واجب أو مستحب سقط وجوبه واستحبابه مع بقاء الجواز بالإتيان به<ref> عيون اخبار الرضا ع جلد 2 باب 35 صفحو 267 </ref>. اهڙو واجب يا مستحب حڪم، جنهن جو وجوب يا استحباب ختم ٿي چڪو هجي جڏهن ته ان حڪم کي انجام ڏيڻ جائز هجي<ref name="ابو مھدي" /> ===اھل تشيع جو نظريو=== [[شيعہ|اهل تشيع]] جو نظريو آهي ته سفر ءِ مرض جي حالت ۾ روزو عزيمت (نه رکڻ ضروري) آهي. مريض ءِ مسافر جو روزو رکڻ صحيح نه آهي، ڇو الله پاڪ سفر ءِ مرض جي ڪري روزي جي قضا ڪرڻ کي واجب ڪيو آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. امام رضا عليه السلام، اسلام خالص ءِ ان جا احڪام جي موضوع تي عباسي خليفي مامون ڏانهن هڪ خط موڪلييائون ان ۾ لکيائون: جڏهن سفر ڪرين ءِ نماز اڌ (قصر) پڙهين، ضروري آهي ته روزو به افطار ڪر(يعني روزو نه رک) جنهن جو به سفر شرعي هجي(گناه جي لاء نه هجي) ءِ روزو رکي ته ان جو روزو باطل آهي ءِ ضروري آهي ته اهو روزو وري پنهنجي وطن ۾ رکي ڇو ته سفر ۾ روزو باطل آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. ===اهل سنت جو نظريو=== اهل سنت ان ڳالھ تي متفق آهن ته مريض ءِ مسافر لاء روزو رخصت(فقط نه رکڻ جي اجازت اٿن باقي رکڻ چاهين ته انهن جو روزو صحيح آهي) پر اختلاف ان ۾ اٿن ته ان حالت ۾ روزو رکڻ بهتر آهي يا نه رکڻ بهتر آهي؟ ان ۾ ٻه نظريه آهن<ref name="ابو مھدي" />.<br> 1. سفر ءِ مرض ۾ روزو رکڻ يا نه رکڻ برابر آهي.<br> 2. سفر ءِ مرض ۾ روزو رکڻ نه رکڻ بهتر آهي.<br> هن مختصر مقالي ۾ اسان جو مقصد اهو ثابت ڪرڻ آهي ته سفر ءِ مرض ۾ روزو رکڻ جائز آهي يا نه؟ اهل سنت پنهنجي دعوى تي قرآن مجيد جي آيت ءِ ڪجهه حديثن منجهان استدلال ڪندا آهن<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. {{quote| يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُواْ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ كَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِكُمْ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَتَّقُونَ اي مؤمنؤ جيئن اوھان کان اڳين تي (روزا) فرض ڪيا ويا ھئا تيئن اوھان تي (به) روزا فرض ڪيا ويا آھن ته جيئن اوھين پرھيزگار ٿيو.|القرآن|}} {{quote| ايَّامًا مَّعْدُودَاتٍ فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم مَّرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ فَعِدَّةٌ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَرَ وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ فَمَن تَطَوَّعَ خَيْرًا فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَّهُ وَأَن تَصُومُواْ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ (روزا) ڳڻيل ڏينھن آھن، پوءِ اوھان مان جيڪو بيمار (ھجي) يا مسافريءَ تي ھجي (تنھن تي) ٻـين ڏينھن مان ڳڻي رکڻ (لازم) آھن، ۽ جيڪي روزي تي پنهنجي سگھ ڏئي وٺي بيهن ٿا تن تي(روزو نه پر) ھڪ مسڪين جو کاڌو فديه ڏيڻ لازم آھي، پوءِ جيڪو چڱائي خوشيء ساڻ ڪندو تنھن لاءِ اُھا ڀلي آھي، ۽ جيڪڏھن عِلم وارا آھيو (ته اوھين سمجھي چڪا ھوندؤ) اوھان جو روزو رکڻ اوھان لاءِ ڀلو آھي.|القرآن|}} {{quote | عن عائشة أنها اعتمرت مع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم من المدينة إلى مكة حتى إذا قدمت مكة قالت يا رسول الله بأبي أنت وأمي قصرت فأتممت وأفطرت فصمت قال أحسنت يا عائشة وما عاب علي بي بي عائشه کان روايت آهي : بي بي نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم سان گڏ عمره ڪرڻ لاء مديني کان مڪي آئي ءِ جڏهن مڪي پهتي ته چيائين: يارسول الله! منهنجا پيء ءِ ماء توهان تي قربان ٿين، توهان نماز قصر ڪري پڙهي ته مان پوري پڙهي ءِ توهان روزو نه رکيو ته مان روزو رکيو تنهن تي پاڻ فرمايائون: شاباس اي عائشه! ءِ منهنجي عيب نه ڪڍيائون.|حدیث|}} ===قرآن ءِ حديث ۾ مطابق === آيت جوجواب:<br> اهل سنت، آيت جي هن حصي(وَأَن تَصُومُواْ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ) منجهان اهو ثابت ڪن ٿا ته ڀلي جو سفر ۾ اها اجازت آهي ته روزو نه رکو پر وري به روزو رکڻ بهتر آهي. اختلاف جو سبب، آيت جي هن حصي ۾ اختلاف هجڻ آهي، اهل سنت جو چوڻ آهي ته آيت جي ان حصي جو تعلق، مسافر ءِ مريض ساڻ آهي جڏهن ته اهل تشيع جو چوڻ آهي ته ان حصي جو تعلق مريض ءِ مسافر ساڻ نه پر خود روزن جي واجب ٿيڻ سان آهي يعني الله پاڪ روزا ان ڪري واجب ڪيا آهن جو انهن ۾ انسان ذات لاء ڀلائي آهي. ان تي اهل تشيع وٽ ٽي دليل آهن. 1_الله پاڪ هڪ ٻي جڳھ تي به ائين ئي فرمايو آهي: انْفِرُواْ خِفَافًا وَثِقَالاً وَجَاهِدُواْ بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ وَأَنفُسِكُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللّهِ ذَلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ(<ref> سورت توبه آيت: 41</ref> ) (ھر حال ۾) ٿوري سامان ۽ گھڻي سامان سوڌا (جھاد لاءِ) نڪرو ۽ پنھنجن مالن ۽ پنھنجين جانين سان الله جي واٽ ۾ جھاد ڪريو، جيڪڏھن ڄاڻو ته پوء اھو اوھان لاءِ ڀلو آھي. هن آيت ۾ به اهڙي قسم جو هي جملو(ذَلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ) آهي جڏهن ته جهاد بهتر(مستحب) نه پر واجب هيو، تنهن جو مطلب ته الله پاڪ جڏهن اهڙي قسم جو آيتون نازل ڪندو آهي ته ان ۾ حڪم شرعي نه پر حڪم جي اهميت ٻڌائيندو آهي. 2_ آيت ۾ آهي ته (فَعِدَّةٌ مِّنْ أَيَّامٍ أُخَر) يعني اهو جملو (فَمَن كَانَ مِنكُم مَّرِيضًا أَوْ عَلَى سَفَرٍ) جواب آهي ته جيڪو به مريض يا مسافر هجي ته اهو ايترا ڏينهن رمضان کان علاوه ٻين ڏينهن ۾ رکي يعني پوء ڇاهي سفر ءِ مرض ۾ به رکي يا نه رکي ان کي ٻين ڏينهن ۾ رکڻا آهن. پر جيڪڏهن سفر ءِ مرض ۾ رکڻ جي اجازت هجي ها ته آيت هن طرح هجي ها: توهان منجهان جيڪو به مريض هجي يا سفر تي هجي ءِ روزا نه رکي ته اهو ٻين ڏينهن ۾ ايتائي ڳڻي رکي، پر آيت هن طرح آهي جيڪو به مرض ءِ سفر ۾ هجي اهو روزا قضا ڪري رکي. 3_ جيڪڏهن اهو تسليم ڪجي ته آيت جي ان حصي جو تعلق مريض ءِ مسافر ساڻ آهي ته پوء ان جو مطلب ته روزو رکڻ مستحب ٿي ويندو، پر جڏهن حديثن ۾ ڏسئون ٿا ته مرض ءِ سفر جي حالت روزو بهتر نه پر ناپسنديده پڻ آهي بلڪه اهل سنت جي ڪتابن منجهان صحيح سند وارين حديثن جي مطابق، مرض ءِ سفر ۾ روزو رکڻ گناه آهي! حديث_1: {{quote| كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في سفر ، فرأى زحاما ورجلا قد ظلل عليه ، فقال : ما هذا . فقالوا : صائم ، فقال : ليس من البر الصوم في السفر.(<ref> صحيح البخاري- حديث:1946 اهڙي قسم جي روايت صحيح النسائي- الصفحة أو الرقم:2256</ref> ) نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم ڪنهن سفر ۾ هئا ته هڪ اجتماع ڏٺائون ان ۾ هڪ سخض کي ڏٺائون جنهن تي ڇانو ڪئي پئي وئي ته پاڻ پڇيائون: هي سڀ ڪجهه ڇا آهي؟ تنهن تي ماڻهن جواب ڏنو: روزيدار، پوء پاڻ فرمايائون: سفر ۾ روزو رکڻ نيڪ ڪم نه آهي. |النسائي|}} حديث_2: {{quote| ليس من البر الصوم في السفر ( <ref> الترغيب والترهيب- جلد2 صفحو:146 صحيح ابن خزيمة- حديث:2016 </ref>) سفر ۾ روزو رکڻ نيڪ ڪم نه آهي.|صحيح آبن خزيمة|}} انهن جهڙيون ٻيون پڻ گهڻيون ئي حديثون صحيح سند سان موجود آهن. حديث_3: {{quote| أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم خرج عام الفتح إلى مكة في رمضان . فصام حتى بلغ كراع الغميم . فصام الناس . ثم دعا بقدح من ماء فرفعه . حتى نظر الناس إليه . ثم شرب . فقيل له بعد ذلك : إن بعض الناس قد صام . فقال : " أولئك العصاة . أولئك العصاة ".(<ref> صحيح مسلم- احديث:1114 مسند ابن عباس- جلد1 صفحو:121</ref> ) نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم فتح مڪه واري سال رمضان جي مهيني ۾ مڪي جي روانه ٿيا ته روزي ۾ هئا ايسيتائين جو ڪراع الغميم(مڪه ءِ مديني جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقام جو نالو آهي) تي پهتا ءِ صحابه به روزي جي حالت ۾ هئا پوء پاڻ پاڻي جو گلاس گهرايائون ءِ مٿي ڪري سڀني کي ڏيکاريائون ايسيتائين جو سڀني ڏٺو پوء پيتائون. ان کان پوء نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم کي ٻڌايو ويو ته ڪجهه ماڻهو اڃان به روزي جي ساڻ آهن ته پاڻ فرمايائون: اهي گنهگار آهن اهي گنهگار آهن.|}} ياد رهي ته جيڪڏهن انهن صحابن کي سفر ۾ روزي نه رکڻ جي خبر نه هجي ها ته نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم انهن کي گنهگار نه چون ها! حديث_4: {{quote| عنه صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه لما أفطر في السفر وبلغه أن قوماً صاموا قال: أولئك العصاة.(<ref> كشاف القناع- جلد2 صفحو:311</ref> ) نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم جي حديث آهي: جڏهن پاڻ سفر ۾ روزو روزو کولي ڇڏيائون ءِ سندن اها خبر پئي ته صحابن منجهان ڪجهه اڃان به روزيدار آهن ته فرمايائون: اهي گنهگار آهن!||}} انهن روايتن منجهان صاف ظاهر آهي ته (ذَلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ إِن كُنتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ) جو تعلق مريض ءِ مسافر سان نه ٿو ٿي سگهي جيتوڻيڪ ان جو تعلق خود رمضان جي روزن(كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الصِّيَامُ) سان آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. بي بي عائشه رض واري حديث جو جواب:<br> 1_ اهو ممڪن نه آهي ته پوري عمري دوران نبي پاڪ هڪ طرح اعمال انجام ڏئي ءِ بي بي ان جي برخلاف انجام ڏئي ءِ نبي پاڪ کان پڇي ئي نه ايسيتائين جو آخر اچي پڇي ته مان ته پوري نماز پڙهي ءِ روزو به رکيم!<br> 2_ امام الجرح و تعديل علامه ذهبي ان حديث کي منڪر ءِ ضعيف قرار ڏيندي لکن ٿا: (لم يعتمر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في رمضان أبدا) نبي پاڪ ڪڏهن به رمضان المبارڪ م عمره انجام ڏنو ئي نه هيو.(<ref> المهذّب جلد:3 صفحو:1076 </ref> ) مشهور اعتراض ءِ ان جو جواب<br> اڳ جي زماني ۾ سفر ڏکيا هوندا هئا ان ڪري سفر ۾ روزا معاف هئا پر هن دور ۾ سفر بلڪل آسان ٿي ويو آهي ان ڪري هن دور ۾ روزا معاف نه آهن!<br> جواب:<br> ان آيت ۾ فقط سفر ءِ مرض جو ذڪر آهي جڏهن ته ان ٻيو ڪوبه شرط نه آهي ته اگر سفر پيادل هجي ته ان کان روزو معاف آهي يا جنهن تي سفر ڏکيو گذري ان کان روزو معاف آهي يا آيت ائين نه ٿي ڇوي ته مسافر کان روزو معاف آهي پر جيڪڏهن هودي جي ڇانو ۾ سفر ڪري ته ان کان معاف نه آهي يعني اهڙي ڪنهن به قسم جو شرط نه آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" /> جيتوڻيڪ مٿين حديثن جي مطابق نبي پاڪ بغير ڪنهن ڏکيائي جي رکيل روزو به سفر ۾ کولي ڇڏيندا هئا ءِ روزي رکڻ کي گناه سمجهندا هئا. قرآن ءِ سنت جي مطابق، حقيقت هيء آهي ته مرض ءِ سفر ۾ روزو نه رکڻ عزيمت آهي (يعني روزو نه رکڻ واجب آهي)<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. ==مسافر جي لاء نماز جو حڪم == ٻيو مسئلو اهو هيو ته مسافر سفر ۾ به پوري نماز پڙهندا آهن جڏهن ته اسلام کين اها آساني ڏني آهي ته سفر ۾ نماز، پوري نه پر اڌ پڙهن<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. ان مسئلي ۾ به سڀني مسلمانن جو اتفاق آهي ته سفر ۾ اڌ نماز پڙهي سگهجي ٿي پر اختلاف ان ڳالھ ۾ آهي ته اڌ (قصر) نماز پڙهڻ رخصت آهي يا عزيمت؟ يعني اسان کي اختيار آهي ته سفر ۾ نماز پوري پڙهجي يا اڌ پڙهجي، يا سفر ۾ فقط قصر(اڌ) نماز ئي پڙهبي جڏهن ته پوري نماز پڙهڻ سان نماز باطل آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" /> ؟ ===اهل تشيع جو نظريو=== اهل تشيع جو اتفاق آهي ته قصر پڙهڻ، عزيمت آهي يعني سفر ۾ فقط قصر(اڌ) نماز ئي پڙهبي جڏهن ته پوري نماز پڙهڻ سان نماز باطل آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. ===اهل سنت جو نظريو=== انهن ۾ اختلاف آهي، بعض اهل سنت جو نظريو آهي ته رخصت آهي ءِ بعض جو نظريو آهي ته عزيمت آهي. ===قرآن ءِ سنت جي مطابق=== *قرآن جي روشني ۾: {{quote| وَإِذَا ضَرَبْتُمْ فِي الأَرْضِ فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ أَن تَقْصُرُواْ مِنَ الصَّلاَةِ إِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَن يَفْتِنَكُمُ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ إِنَّ الْكَافِرِينَ كَانُواْ لَكُمْ عَدُوًّا مُّبِينًا(<ref> سورت نساء آيت: 101 </ref> ) ۽ جڏھن اوھين زمين ۾ مسافري ڪريو تڏھن جيڪڏھن ڊڄو ٿا ته ڪافر اوھان کي پريشان ڪندا ته نماز مان ڪجهه گھٽائڻ ۾ اوھان تي ڪو گناہ ڪونھي، ڇوته ڪافر اوھان جا پڌرا دشمن آھن.|القرآن|}} اختلاف جو سبب آيت جي هن حصي (فَلَيْسَ عَلَيْكُمْ جُنَاحٌ ) ۾ اختلاف ڪرڻ جي ڪري آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. جناح جي معنى آهي "گناه" يعني نماز قصر ڪرڻ ۾ توهان تي ڪوبه گناه نه آهي، اهل سنت ان منجهان اهو سمجهيو آهي ته آيت حکم بيان ڪرڻ لاء آئي آهي، جڏهن ته اهل تشيع جو چوڻ آهي ته اها آيت حڪم کي بيان ڪرڻ لاء نه پر ڪنهن وهم (ڪجهه ماڻهو پوري نماز پڙهڻ سان مانوس ٿي ويا هئا ءِ اڌ نماز پڙهڻ کي پنهنجي لاء نقصان ءِ عيب پيا سمجهن، تنهن ڪري هيء آيت نازل ٿي ته سفر ۾ اڌ نماز پڙهڻ ۾ ڪوبه گناه نه آهي)<ref name="ابو مھدي" /> کي دور ڪرڻ لاء آئي آهي، ان لاء ٻه دليل آهن: 1_اهل سنت علماء جو اقرار آهي ته آيت وهم کي دور ڪرڻ آئي آهي جيئن جار الله زمشخري پنهنجي کتاب ۾ لکن ٿا ته ڪجهه ماڻهو پوري نماز پڙهڻ سان مانوس ٿي ويا هئا ءِ اڌ نماز پڙهڻ کي پنهنجي لاء نقصان ءِ عيب پيا سمجهن، تنهن ڪري هيء آيت نازل ٿي ته سفر ۾ اڌ نماز پڙهڻ ۾ ڪوبه گناه نه آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. 2_اهڙي قسم جي وهم دور ڪرڻ لاء قرآن پاڪ ۾ ٻيو مثال به آهي: {{quote| إِنَّ الصَّفَا وَالْمَرْوَةَ مِن شَعَآئِرِ اللّهِ فَمَنْ حَجَّ الْبَيْتَ أَوِ اعْتَمَرَ فَلاَ جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِ أَن يَطَّوَّفَ بِهِمَا وَمَن تَطَوَّعَ خَيْرًا فَإِنَّ اللّهَ شَاكِرٌ عَلِيمٌ.(<ref> سورت بقره آيت: 158</ref>) صفا ۽ مروہ (جبل) الله (جي عبادت) جي نشانين منجهان آھن، پوءِ جيڪو بيت الله جو حج ڪري يا عمرو بجاءِ آڻي تنھن کي ٻنھي جي طواف(سعي) ڪرڻ ۾ ڪو گناھ نه آھي، ۽ جيڪو خوشيء سان چڱائي ڪندو (تنھن جي الله قبول ڪندو) ڇو ته الله قبول ڪندڙ ڄاڻندڙ آھي.|القرآن|}} ان آيت ۾ اهل تشيع ءِ اهل سنت جو اتفاق آهي ته اها آيت حڪم کي بيان ڪرڻ لاء نه پر وهم کي دور ڪرڻ لاء آئي آهي، ڇو ته ان جبل تي مشرڪن بت رکي ڇڏيا هئا جنهن جي ڪري ڪجهه مسلمانن کي اهو وهم ٿيو ته بتن جي ڪري متان سعي قبول نه ٿئي تنهن تي اها آيت نازل ٿي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. ياد رهي ته هيء آيت تڏهن نازل ٿي هئي جڏهن مسلمان چار رڪعتون پڙهڻ جا عادي ٿي ويا هئا پر سفر ۾ ٻن رڪعتن جو حڪم ته چئن رڪعتن جي حڪم کان به پهريان نازل ٿيو هيو<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. جيئن حديثن جي روشني ۾ اڳتي بيان ٿيندو، تنهن ڪري اهو چوڻ درست نه ٿيندو ته سورت نساء جي آيت 101 قصر نماز جي حڪم کي بيان ڪرڻ لاء آئي آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. *سنت جي روشني ۾: حديث _1 {{quote| عن عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت : الصلاة أول ما فرضت ركعتين ، فأقرت صلاة السفر ، وأتمت صلاة الحضر.( <ref> صحيح البخاري-حديث نمبر: 1090 صحيح مسلم- حديث نمبر: 685 </ref>) بي بي عائشه رض کان روايت آهي: نماز پهريان ٻه رڪعتون فرض ڪيون ويون هيون پوء سفر ۾ اهي ئي ٻه رڪعتون باقي رهيون ءِ حضر(وطن ءِ قيام) جي نماز پوري (چار رڪعتي) ٿي.|صحيح بخاري|}} حديث _2 {{quote| فرض الله الصلاة على لسان نبيكم صلى الله عليه وسلم في الحضر أربعا ، وفي السفر ركعتين ، وفي الخوف ركعة. <ref> صحيح مسلم- حديث: 687 سنن أبي داود- حديث: 1247 التمهيد- جلد: 16 صفحو 297 مسند أحمد- جلد:4 صفحو 31</ref> الله پاڪ توهان جي نبي جي زبان مبارڪ تي حضر(وطن ءِ قيام) ۾ چار رڪعتون فرض ڪيون ءِ سفر ۾ ٻه رڪعتون ءِ خوف ۾ هڪ رڪعت فرض ڪئي.||}} *سنت خلفاء جي روشني ۾: صحيح سند سان {{quote| أخبرنا محمد بن علي بن الحسن بن شقيق قال أبى أنبأنا أبو حمزة وهو السكري عن منصور عن إبراهيم عن علقمة عن عبد الله قال صليت مع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في السفر ركعتين ومع أبي بكر ركعتين ومع عمر ركعتين رضي الله عنهما<ref> سنن النسائي - جلد 3 - صفحو 118 </ref>. عبدالله کان روايت آهي: مان نبى پاڪ صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم سان سفر ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون ءِ حضرت ابوبڪر سان ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون ءِ حضرت عمر سان ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون.|النسائي|}} صحيح سند سان {{quote| عن أنس بن مالك أنه قال صلى لنا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بمنى ركعتين وأبو بكر الصديق رحمة الله عليه بمنى ركعتين وصلى لنا عمر بن الخطاب بمنى ركعتين وصلى لنا عثمان بن عفان ركعتين صدرا من خلافته فلما كان آخر خلافته أتم الصلاة بمنى أربعا<ref> مسند عمر- جلد:1 صفحو 223 صحيح النسائي- حديث: 1450 صحيح مسلم- حديث: 694 صحيح البخاري- حديث: 1655 صلاة التراويح- صفحو: 43 </ref>. انس بن مالڪ کان روايت آهي: نبى پاڪ صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم اسان جي سامهون مِنى ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون ءِ ابوبڪر صديق اسان جي سامهون مِنى ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون ءِ عمر بن خطاب اسان جي سامهون مِنى ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون ءِ عثمان بن عفان پنهنجي خلافت جي پهرين زماني ۾ اسان جي سامهون مِنى ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون پوء پنهنجي خلافت جي آخري وقت ۾ مِنى ۾ چار رڪعتون پڙهيون.|النسائي، مسلم، بخاري|}} *سفر ۾ قصر نماز، صحابه جي نظر ۾: سڀئي صحابي سفر ۾ اڌ نماز پڙهندا هئا پر فقط بي بي عائشه رض ءِ حضرت عثمان پوري نماز پڙهندا هئا. {{quote| عن عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت : الصلاة أول ما فرضت ركعتين ، فأقرت صلاة السفر ، وأتمت صلاة الحضر . قال الزهري : فقلت لعروة : ما بال عائشة تتم ؟ قال : تأولت ما تأول عثمان<ref> صحيح البخاري – حديث 1090 صحيح مسلم حديث 685</ref>. بي بي عائشه رض کان روايت آهي: نماز پهريان ٻه رڪعتون فرض ڪيون ويون هيون پوء سفر ۾ اهي ئي ٻه رڪعتون باقي رهيون ءِ حضر(وطن ءِ قيام) جي نماز پوري (چار رڪعتي) ٿي، زهري عروه کي چيو: بي بي عائشه جو ڪهڙو خيال آهي جو ان (سفر ۾ به) پوري نماز پڙهي! عروه چيو: بي بي به تاويل ڪئي آهي جيئن حضرت عثمان تاويل ڪئي!|بخاري|}} ان روايت منجهان صاف ظاهر آهي ته سفر ۾ اڌ نماز پڙهڻ، سنت نبوي ءِ سنت صحابه آهي. صحيح روايت ۾ آهي ته: {{quote| أن عائشة كانت تصلي في السفر أربعا<ref> مجموع الفتاوى- جلد 24 صفحو 155</ref> بي بي عائشه رض سفر ۾ چار رڪعتون (پوري نماز) پڙهندي هئي.|الفتاوي|}} {{quote| عن عائشة أنها كانت تصوم في السفر وكانت تتم وتصلي أربعا<ref> معالم السنن – جلد 1 صفحو 225 </ref> ءِ ٻي به صحيح روايت آهي ته: بي بي عائشه رض سفر ۾ روزو به رکندي هئي ءِ چار رڪعتون (پوري نماز) پڙهندي هئي.|سنن|}} صحيح سند سان روايت آهي: {{quote| عن أنس بن مالك أنه قال صلى لنا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بمنى ركعتين وأبو بكر الصديق رحمة الله عليه بمنى ركعتين وصلى لنا عمر بن الخطاب بمنى ركعتين وصلى لنا عثمان بن عفان ركعتين صدرا من خلافته فلما كان آخر خلافته أتم الصلاة بمنى أربعا<ref> مسند عمر- جلد:1 صفحو 223 صحيح النسائي- حديث: 1450 صحيح مسلم- حديث: 694 صحيح البخاري- حديث: 1655 صلاة التراويح- صفحو: 43 </ref>. انس بن مالڪ کان روايت آهي: نبى پاڪ صلي الله عليه وآله وسلم اسان جي سامهون مِنى ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون ءِ ابوبڪر صديق اسان جي سامهون مِنى ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون ءِ عمر بن خطاب اسان جي سامهون مِنى ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون ءِ عثمان بن عفان پنهنجي خلافت جي پهرين زماني ۾ اسان جي سامهون مِنى ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون پوء پنهنجي خلافت جي آخري وقت ۾ مِنى ۾ چار رڪعتون پڙهيون.|النسائي، بخاري، مسلم|}} باقي ٻيا سڀئي صحابي اڌ نماز پڙهندا هئا<ref name="ابو مھدي" /> *[[عبدالله بن عمر]] جي نظر ۾: 1_صحيح سند سان روايت آهي: {{quote| صلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم بمنى ركعتين . وأبو بكر بعده . وعمر بعد أبي بكر . وعثمان صدرا من خلافته . ثم إن عثمان صلى ، بعد ، أربعا . فكان ابن عمر إذا صلى مع الإمام صلى أربعا . وإذا صلاها وحده صلى ركعتين<ref> صحيح مسلم- حديث: 694 </ref>. نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم مِنى ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون، نبي پاڪ کان بعد ۾ حضرت ابوبڪر به ٻه پڙهيون ان کان بعد حضرت عمر به ٻه پڙهيون ءِ حضرت عثمان به پنهنجي خلافت جي شروعاتي زماني ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون، حضرت عثمان ان کان بعد چار رڪعتون پڙهيون، پوء حضرت عبدلله بن عمر جڏهن پيش نماز سان گڏ پڙهندو هيو ته چار رڪعتون پڙهندو هو ءِ جڏهن اڪيلو پڙهندو هيو ته ٻه رڪعتون پڙهندو هيو!|مسلم|}} * علامه هيثمي لکي ٿو: {{quote| رواه الطبراني في الصغير ورجاله موثقون. وعن مورق قال سألت ابن عمر عن الصلاة في السفر فقال ركعتين ركعتين من خالف السنة كفر. رواه الطبراني في الكبير ورجاله رجال الصحيح<ref> مجمع الزوائد جلد 2 – صفحو_ 154</ref>. علامه طبراني اها روايت آندي آهي ءِ ان روايت جا سڀ راوي ثقه آهن ءِ مورق کان روايت آهي ته مون عبدلله بن عمر کان سفر جي نماز جي باري ۾ پڇيو ته چيائين ٻه ٻه رڪعتون آهي جنهن به سنت جي مخالفت ڪئي اهو ڪافر(سنت جو منڪر)آهي.|الزوائد|}} صحيح سند سان روايت آهي: {{quote| ابن عمر رضي الله عنهما يقول : صلاة المسافر ركعتان, من خالف السنة كفر <ref> صلاة التراويح- صفحو: 43 المحلى- جلد4 صفحو 270 المطالب العالية- جلد1 صفحو 300 المبسوط - جلد 1 - صفحو 239 </ref> عبدالله بن عمر چوندو هيو مسافر جي نماز ٻه رڪعتون آهي جيڪو به سنت جي مخالفت ڪندو اهو ڪافر (سنت جو منڪر) آهي.|المبسوط|}} *عبدالله بن عباس جي نظر ۾: صحيح سند سان روايت آهي: {{quote| صلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ، حين سافر ركعتين ، وحين أقام أربعا ، قال : فقال ابن عباس : فمن صلى في السفر أربعا كمن صلى في الحضر ركعتي<ref> إتحاف الخيرة المهرة- جلد:2 صفحو 313</ref> نبي پاڪ صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم جڏهن مسافرت ڪيائون ته ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيائون ءِ جڏهن قيام ڪيائون ته چار رڪعتون پڙهيائون پوء ابن عباس رضي الله عنه چيو: جنهن به سفر چار رڪعتون پڙهيون ڄڻ ته ان حضر(وطن ءِ قيام) ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهيون.|المھرة|}} يعني جيئن حضر ۾ ٻه رڪعتون پڙهڻ، بدعت آهي ائين ئي سفر وري چار رڪعتون پڙهڻ بدعت آهي ءِ ضروريات مذهب جي خلاف آهي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. سفر ءِ مرض جي حالت ۾ روزو رکڻ وارو قرآن ءِ سنت جي نگاه ۾ گنهگار آهي ءِ ان جو روزو رکڻ صحيح نه آهي.نماز به سفر جي حالت ۾ اڌ پڙهڻ واجب آهي ءِ پوري نماز پڙهڻ وارو بدعتي ءِ سنت جو منڪر آهي. قرآن ءِ سنت منجهان ثابت هجڻ ڪري سڀني شيعه عالمن جو اتفاق آهي ته روزو، مرض ءِ سفر جي حالت ۾ باطل آهي. اهڙي طرح سفر جي حالت ۾ نماز به قصر(اڌ) پڙهڻ واجب آهي ءِ پوري پڙهڻ سان نماز باطل ٿي ويندي<ref name="ابو مھدي" />. ==وڌيڪ ڏسو== *[[نماز]] *[[روزو]] *[[فقه]] *[[اسلام]] == حوالا == {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:نماز]] [[زمرو:روزو]] [[زمرو: اسلام]] [[زمرو: فقه]] [[زمرو:سنت]] r2xc6yzwk4p4ss296j7jvu22vghld5c 0 11012 370457 313425 2026-04-07T08:36:23Z কল্কি 21704 /* اوائلي ۽ هاڻوڪو قوم جو تصور */ converted bare url(s) into full bibliographic citation(s) 370457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{حوالا سڌارو}} '''قوم''' (Nation) جو لفظ [[عربي]] ٻولي مان آهي ۽ [[فارسي]]، [[اردو]]، [[سنڌي]] ۽ ٻين ويجهن ٻولين ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. سنڌي ۾ قوم (Qoum) مان مراد ماڻهن جي گروهه کي چيو ويندو آهي سياسي، اقتصادي مفادن جو پاڻ ۾ ڳانڍاپو هجي انهن جي ثقافت، ريتو، رسمون ۽ رواج پاڻ ۾ هڪ جهڙا هجن. قوم يا ’نيشن‘ لاطيني ٻوليءَ جي لفظ natio مان ورتل آهي ، جيڪو فرانسيسي ٻوليءَ ۾ nation بڻيو ، اتان کان انگريزيءَ ۾ مشهور ٿيو . ان جو اصل ۽ قديم مطلب ڪنهن خاص علائقي ۾ ڄمڻ يا ڪنهن مخصوص انساني گروهه جو حصو هجڻ آهي . جديد تشريح جي حوالي سان ، قوم جو روايتي بنياد هڪ جهڙي ٻوليءَ، مذهب، روايتن، تاريخ، ثقافت، معاشي مفادن، علائقي ۽ نسل سان واسطيدار انساني آباديءَ تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي ، پر دنيا ۾ مختلف نسلي گروهه يا ملڪ مختلف قسمن جي ’قومي سڃاڻپ‘ رکندا آهن. جهڙي طرح مذهبي نظرين مطابق مسلمان، يهودي ۽ عيسائي مختلف نسلن سان واڳيل هوندي به قوم آهن . ٻولين جي حوالي سان انگريزي، لاطيني ۽ اسپيني وغيره ۾ ٻولين جي بنياد تي ’قومي هڪجهڙايون‘ ملن ٿيون . ٻئي طرف ڪافي قومون (مثال طور [[سوئيٽزرلينڊ|سئٽزرلئنڊ]]) گهڻ-ٻولياتي پسمنظر جي حوالي سان سڀني قومن کان مختلف هوندي به قوم آهن. دنيا ۾ ڪجهه اهڙيون قومون (مثال طور اسرائيل) جن جي اڃا تائين سياسي سڃاڻپ نه ٿي آهي ، پر قوم سڏائين ٿيون . ساڳي طرح فلسطيني بااختيار نه هوندي به قوم طور ڳڻجن ٿا . جڏهن ته ڪجهه قومون (مثال طور هندوستان) مذهبي لحاظ کان بلڪل مختلف عقيدا رکندي به قوم آهن. تاريخي لحاظ کان انهن ’قومي هڪجهڙاين‘ کي لساني علائقائي، ٻولي، يا عقيدي وغيره تي ٻڌل پسمنظرن مان پرکيو ويندو هو، پر جڏهن کان بين الاقوامي تعلقات جي علم (I.R) وسعت اختيار ڪئي آهي ۽ هر ملڪ بين الاقوامي سطح تي دنيا ۾ سياسي، معاشي ۽ سماجي سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ شروع ڪيو آهي، تڏهن کان قومن کي سياسي ۽ معاشي هڪجهڙائين جي تصورن تحت به سڃاڻپ ملي آهي.<ref>[http://dic.sindhila.edu.pk/define/Nation.php سنڌي آنلائين ڊڪشنري]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} پاران سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي، حيدرآباد</ref> === قوم جو تعارف === لفظ قوم [[عربي ٻولي|عربي]] ٻوليء جو لفظ آھي جنهن جي [[سنڌي ٻولي|سنڌيء]] ۾ معني` پيدائش ڄم، لوڪ، [[نسل]]  ۽ جاتي ٿيندي. [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزيء]] ۾ ان لفظ کي ”nation“ چئبو آھي جيڪو [[فرانسيسي ٻولي|فرانسيسي]](French) لفظ ”nacios“  تان ورتل آھي جيڪو اصل ۾ [[لاطيني]] زبان جي لفظ ”Natio“ تان کنيل آھي جنهن جي معني` ساڳي پيدائش نسل، لوڪ، ڄم يا جاتي. نسل ۽ ٻولي قوم جا بنيادي نڪتا آهن.<ref>{{حوالو_ويب|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/nation|title=nation {{!}} Origin and meaning of nation by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref> انهن کان سواء قوم جو تصور به ڌوڪو آ. پر هن وقت معاشي ۽ اقتصادي فائدي کي انهن ٻنهي تي سرسي حاصل ٿيندي پئي وڃي. انفيڪٽ نسل جو ته لفظ به قوم جي [[گڏيل قومون|گڏيل]] قومن جي چارٽ مان خارج ڪيو ويو آ. پر ڪجهه دنيا ۾ هلندڙ [[آزادي|آزاديء]] جون [[تحريڪون]] نسلي بنيادن تي به جدوجهد ڪري رهيون آھن. [[بلوچ ماڻھو|بلوچ]]، [[ڪرد]]، [[فلسطين|فلسطيني]]،  [[بوسينيائي]] ۽ [[ڪشميري ماڻهو|ڪشميري]] وغيره انهن جا وڏا مثال آھن. === اوائلي ۽ هاڻوڪو قوم جو تصور === انسان جي [[وحشياڻي]] دور جيڪو جهنگن جبلن  غغائن ۾ پلجندڙ انسان وارو دور جنهن کي آد جڳ سڏبو آ. تنهن دور ۾ انسانن جو قوم بنسبت نظريو فقط ڪٽنب يا قبيلي(Family or Race) تائين محدود ھو. آهستي آھستي جڏهن اوتار ۽ پيغمبرن جي اچڻ جو سلسلو شروع ٿيو ته قوم جو مذھبي نظريو(Religious Nation) رائج ٿيو ۽ اوتار يا نبين جي نالن سان قومون سڏجڻ لڳيون، جيئن [[ابراهيم]] جي قوم، نوح جي قوم، عيسي` جي قوم قوم عاد، قوم ثمود وغيره. پر تنهن وقت به دنيا جون سڌريل تهذيبون نسلي بنيادن تي قوم جي تصور تي متفق هيون جيئن [[دراوڙ]]، [[آريا]]، [[سامي ٻوليون|سامي]]، حامي ۽ گجر ۽ ان گروھن سان تعلق رکندڙ ھڪ نسلي گروه قوم سڏرائڻ جا مجاز هيا. قديم يونان ۾ پڻ اهو نسلي قوم (Ethinic nation) جو تصور عام هو. پنجين صدي عيسويء ۾ [[عيسائيت|عيسائين]] وري مزهب جي بنياد تي قوم جي تصور کي هوا ڏني پر [[نسلي بنيادن تي قوم جو تصور|نسلي]] طور قومپرستيء جو نظريو ان وقت به [[کاٻي ڌر|کاٻي]] ڌر جو ڪردار ادا ڪري پيو. 13 صدي عيسوي ۾ اسڪاٽ لئنڊ جي بادشاه King John Bruce  جديد بنيادن تي اسڪاٽش قوم متحد ڪري انگريزن کان آزاديء جي جنگ وڙھي آزادي وٺڻ چاهي. جنهن جو بنياد مشھور Scotish جوڌي William Wallace وڌو،جنهن کي انگريزن پڪڙي کيس سخت اذيتناڪ موت ڏئي سندس لاش جا ٽڪر ڪري پوري انگلشتان ۾ ڏيکاريا. سندس آزاديء جي جدوجهد تي مبني فلم Brave Heart ڏسڻ لائق آھي.  جنهن ۾ ھن قوم جا بنيادي نڪتا بيان ڪيا. هڪ ئي نسل، ٻولي، ڪلچر يا ريتون رسمون، سوين سالن تي محيط جاگرافيائي حدون، تاريخي پسمنظر. قوم جو اهو تصور به ethinic نسلي بنيادن تي هو. پر ڏسجي ته [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] توڙي [[ڀارت|هندستان]] ۾ به قوم بابت اهو ئي نظريو هو. جيئن جت يا راجپوت قوم، ميگهواڙ قوم، بروهي قوم، بلوچ قوم وغيره ان بنيادن تي پورو لهن ٿا. ڇاڪاڻ ته هنن وٽ ھزارين سالن تي محيط زميني حدون، ٻولي، ريتون رسمون ۽ تاريخي پسمنظر آھي ۽ اهي سڀ جدا جدا نسل به آھن.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Geoff |last2=Saward |first2=Michael |date=2013-10-17 |title=What is a 'nation'? |url=https://opentextbc.ca/nationalism/chapter/what-is-a-nation/ |language=en}}</ref> === سماجي سائنس === سوشل سائنس Social Science  قوم جو [[مذهبي بنيادن تي قوم جو تصور|مزهبي]] نظريو رد ڪري چڪي آ. 20 صدي عيسوي تائين قوم جا ٻه نظريا ٽڪر ۾ ھئا. هڪ Civic Nation شھري قوم ۽ ٻيو Ethinic Nation نسلي قوم جو نظريو. نسلي قومپرستيء جو نظريو 1945ع ۾ [[ھٽلر]] جي سخت نسلي قوم پرستيء ڪري ريجيڪٽ ڪيو ويو. ۽ ان جي جاء Civic Nation والاري جنهن جو مثال شھري يا ملڪي قومپرستي آ. جيئن All the people living in country are Nation، هڪ ملڪ ۾ رهندڙ سڀئي ماڻھو. جنهن جا نسل ڪٽي پنج نڪتا ٻڌايا ويا. ٻولي، ثقافت يا ڪلچر، تاريخي پسمنظر، جاگرافيائي حدون، اقتصادي،سياسي ۽ معاشي مفاد.<ref name=":1">ڪتاب جديد عالمي سياست، جي. ايم سيد</ref> قوم جو هي نظريو به اوائلي سامراجي قومEmpire Nation جي نظرئي سان گهاٽي مشابهت رکي ٿو. پر بدقسمتيء سان گڏيل قومن United Nations جي چارٽ ۾ پڻ اهو منظور ڪيل آ. جيئن ماضيء ۾ رومن ايمپائر(Romen Empire)، پرشين سامراج(Persian Empire)، [[عرب]] سامراج(Arab Empire)، [[ترڪ قوم|ترڪ]] سامراج(Turkish Empire)، [[مغل]] سامراج(Mughal Empire)، برٽش سامراج(British Empire) ۽ رشين فيڊريشن(Russian Federation) وغيره ان جا وڏا مثال آھن، سڪندر(Alexander) ۽ اشوڪ (Ashoka) جي هٿ هيٺ آيل قومون تي اهو شرط واجب هوندو هو ته اهي اها ئي ٻولي ۽ ڪلچر فالو ڪن جيڪا ان ايمپائر جي مڙھيل هجي.<ref name=":1" /> === ھلندڙ ۽ ايندڙ دور === ھاڻي ملڪن جي نالي تي قومون ٺھي رهيون آھن. پر جي ملڪ ٽٽن ته پوء اهي قومون ڪيڏانهن وينديون؟ ايٿنڪ قوم پرست ان شھري قوم جي نظرئي کي قومن لاء زهر قاتل قرار ڏئي رهيا آھن، جو هزارين سال تائين دنيا جي مخطلف حصن تي حڪمراني ڪندڙ قومن جا ڪارناما منجهيل مسئلن جو شڪار ٿي تاريخ جي ورقن تان ختم ٿيندا پيا وڃن. هينئر جڏهن دنيا [[Globalization]] طرف وڌي رهي آ ته خود [[Civic]] Nations پڻ خطري هيٺ آھن.<ref name=":0" /> === ڪجهه ٻيا تصور === قوم بابت ”black Nationalism“ ۽ ”White Nationalism “ پڻ ھڪڙا اصطلاح آھن جيڪي [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] جي ڪيترين رياستن سميت ڏکڻ [[آفريڪا]] ۾ رائج هئا. آمريڪا ۾ جڏهن گورن ۽ ڪارن جي ڇڪتاڻ هلي تنهن دور ۾ گورن ”White Nationalism“ جي بنياد تي ڪارن کي ماري مڃائڻ لاء ”Ku Klex Klen“ جهڙيون تنظيمون جوڙيون جيڪي ڪارن کي ڊپرائيو ڪرڻ لاء جڙيون. موٽ ۾ ڪارن به ڪيتريون ئي پرتشدد ڪاروايون ڪيون ۽ [[تنظيمون]] جوڙيون. === قومن جي آجپي جو سوال === موجوده دور ۾ جڏهن ڪيترين اهڙين قومن جيڪي United Nation جي مڃيل نڪتن تي پوريون لهن ٿيون تن کي به آزادي نٿي ملي ته [[نسلي بنيادن تي قوم جو تصور|نسلي]] بنيادن تي قومن جا حق ته ٻٻرن کان ٻير گهرڻ برابر آهن. تنهنڪري نسلي قوم پرستن(Ethinic Nationalists) کي جديد قوم پرستيء جي بنياد تي گڏ ٿيڻو پوندو. اتهاسڪار غلام حيدر [[غلام حيدر مهجور|مهجور]] سولنگي پنهنجي ڪتاب جي ” لفظ قوم جي وضاحت“  واري عنوان کان وٺي ٻين مخطلف جاين تي قوم بابت ڪافي تفصيلي ذڪر ڪيو آ اگر غور ڪبو ته سندن سڀني ڳالهين جو نچوڙ اهو نڪرندو ته ” ڪنهن به ملڪ جي سڀيتا ۽  ڪلچر اول ٻوليء کان شروع ٿيندي آ. ٻولي ۽ قوم الڳ نٿيون ڪري سگهجن، ٻوليون ئي قومون ٺاهينديون آھن زبان کان سواء ڪو ماڻھن جو ميڙ ڀلي اهو ڪروڙن ۾ هجي قوم نٿو سڏرائي سگهي. انڪري جيتريون ٻوليون ايتريون قومون. [[نسل]] به قوم جو بنيادي ايڪو(Fundamental Unit) آھي، تنهنڪري ان کي به قومن جي چارٽ(Chart of Nations) ۾ شامل ڪرڻ گهرجي. اهڙي طرح [[راجپوت]]، [[مينگهواڙ]]، [[بروھي ماڻھو|بروهي]] ۽ [[بلوچ ماڻھو|بلوچ]] وغيره جيڪي قومن جي معيار تي پورو لهن ٿا تن کي قومن جو درجو ملڻ گهرجي.“ ھن وقت دنيا ۾ 6500 کن ٻوليون آھن United Nation وٽ رجسٽرڊ قومن جو تعداد 200 ملڪ به ڪونهي. رجسٽرڊ ٻولين کي قومن جو درجو ملڻ گهرجي. اگر هڪ ملڪ ۾ مخطلف [[نسلي گروھ|نسلي]] گروھ رهائش پزير آھن ته انهن کي هڪ ملڪ ۾ رهندڙ ھم وطن چئي سگهجي ٿو پر هم قوم نٿو چئي سگهجي،  [[باگڙي|باگڙيء]] کي بلوچ نٿو چئي سگهجي، ماڇيء کي [[سيد]]  نٿو چئي سگهجي، اهي سڀ الڳ الڳ قومون آھن. “گهڻن دانشورن جي چوڻ موجب ”دنيا ۾ جاگرافيائي طور ملڪ ڀلي ڪيترا به هجن پر رجسٽرڊ 6500 ٻوليون ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻھن کي قومون مڃڻ گهرجي.<ref name=":0">تاريخ راجپوت سولنڪي(سولنگي)هند، سنڌ ۾ سندن هڪ هزار سالا حڪمراني، غلام حيدر مهجور سولنگي</ref> == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:سماج]] [[زمرو:سياست]] [[زمرو:سياسي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:سياسي سائنس جون اصطلاحون]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] [[زمرو:قوم]] l1q2cpx85it9h9z6u69cn4kzjdg5sj6 0 17320 370488 313140 2026-04-07T11:22:53Z سائين بخش 21992 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 370488 wikitext text/x-wiki [[فائل:Aseefa Bhutto Zardari, ca. June 2019.jpg|thumb]] '''آصفه ڀٽو زرداري'''، [[پاڪستان]] جي اڳوڻي وزيراعظم محترمه بينظير ڀٽو شهيد جي ننڍي ڌيءَ آهي. سندس جنم 1992ع ڌاري [[لنڊن]] ۾ ٿيو. هوءَ چئن سالن جي مس هئي ته سندس والد [[آصف علي زرداري|آصف علي زرداريءَ]] کي گرفتار ڪيو ويو، جيڪو 2004ع تائين جيل ۾ رهيو. آصفه جي تربيت ۽ پرورش سندس امڙ ڪئي. هوءَ والد جي شفقت کان محروم رهي. جڏهن آصفه جي والده محترمه بينظير ڀٽو کي پاڪستان ۾ اليڪشن مهم دوران 27 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي راولپنڊي لياقت باغ جلسي ۾ شهيد ڪيو ويو ۽ سندس تدفين [[ڳڙهي خدابخش]] ۾ ٿي. پهريون ڀيرو آصفه عام ماڻهن جي سامهون آئي. 2008ع ۾ جڏهن آصف علي زرداري پنهنجي وڏي نياڻي بختاور کي پيپلز پارٽي جي عورتن واري ونگ جو سربراهه مقرر ڪيو ته ان موقعي تي هن آصفه کي پ پ پ يوٿ ونگ سنڀالڻ لاءِ پڻ همٿ افزائي ڪئي.<ref>http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A2%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%20%DA%80%D9%BD%D9%88%20%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ايڪھين صدي جا پاڪستاني سياستدان]] [[زمرو:پاڪستاني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:جيوت ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:1993ع جون پيدائشون]] f228fofjyo42jgbqgpwe12oamwlqyok 0 19041 370490 142159 2026-04-07T11:31:42Z سائين بخش 21992 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|0 */ 370490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{POV}} '''ارڙهن آڪٽوبر''' واري واقعي کي '''ڪارساز سانحو به سڏيو وڃي ٿو. 2007ع ۾ جڏهن محترمه [[بينظير ڀٽو]] اٺن سالن جي جلاوطنيءَ کان پوءِ وطن موٽي هئي ته ڪراچيءَ ۾ پهچڻ کانپوءِ ايئرپورٽ کان -بلاول- هائوس ڏانهن لکن ماڻهن جي ريليءَ ۾ ويندي ڪارساز وٽ مٿس ۽ سندس ساٿين تي خودڪش بمبارن قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو. -ان- حملي ۾ محترمه بينظير ڀٽو ۽ -ٽرڪ- تي سوار -پارٽي- قيادت سلامت رهي، پر محترمه جي استقبال لاءِ آيل هزارين ماڻهن ۽ سندس سيڪيورٽي گارڊن مان 150 کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ سوين زخمي ٿي پيا. جنهن -ٽرڪ- تي محترمه پنهنجن ساٿين سان سوار هئي، اها خاص طور سندس استقبال لاءِ سمورن بچاءُ وارن اصولن کي سامهون رکي ٺاهي وئي هئي. -ان- ڌماڪي سبب -ٽرڪ- جون دريون ۽ هڪ دروازو اڏامي ويو. اهو سڀ ڪجهه سخت حفاظتي اُپائن جي باوجود ٿيو. اهو هڪ ڀيانڪ منظر هو. چوطرف انساني لاش ۽ عضوا پکڙيا پيا هئا. مري ويلن ۾ ڪيترا -ٻار- هئا. ڪجهه مذهبي انتها پسند گروپن محترمه کي قاتلاڻي حملي جي اڳي ئي ڌمڪي ڏني هئي، پر محترمه بينظير ڀٽو انهن ڌمڪين جي پس منظر ۾ اڳواٽ ئي چئي ڇڏيو هو ته کيس جيڪڏهن ڪجهه ٿيو ته -ان- لاءِ حڪومت جي اندر ويٺل ڌريون ذميوار هونديون. هي ايڏو وڏو شديد ۽ وحشيانه واقعو هو جنهن جي [[گڏيل قومن جو عالمي ادارو|گڏيل قومن]] جي اداري ۽ دنيا جي حڪومتن پڻ مذمت ڪئي. هن واقعي وقت محترمه بينظير ڀٽو جي هڪ ساهيڙي اسڪوفيلڊ، جيڪا به ساڻس گڏ هئي. -ان- واقعي کان پوءِ بي بي سيءَ کي ٻڌايو ته ”اسين -ٽرڪ- تي ويٺا هئاسين ته اوچتو روشنيءَ جو چمڪاٽ ٿيو ۽ -ان- بعد ڌماڪو ٿيو. هن ڌماڪي جي ٻن منٽن بعد ٻيو ڌماڪو ٿيو، جيڪو پهرئين جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ زوردار هو“. هن واقعي ۾ هڪ ٽي وي چينل جو ڪيمرامئن به مارجي ويو. پوليس جو چوڻ هو ته شروعاتي جاچ مان -پتو- پيو آهي ته ٻيو ڌماڪو خودڪش هو. ڌماڪي کان پوءِ بينظير ڀٽو کي تباهه ٿيل -ٽرڪ- مان لاٿو ويو ۽ کيس سندس گهر -بلاول- هائوس حفاظت سان نيو ويو. اهڙيءَ طرح هوءَ جلسي کي خطاب نه ڪري سگهي ۽ سندس استقبال لاءِ آيل هزارين ماڻهو منتشر ۽ دربدر حالت ۾ هيڏانهن هوڏانهن جان بچائڻ لڳا. چيو وڃي ٿو ته ڪراچي هوائي اڏي کان روانگيءَ بعد محترمه بينظير ڀٽو، بلٽ پروف شيشي واري ڪئبن استعمال ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو ۽ چيو هو ته، ”آئون ڊڄان ڪانه ٿي، صرف پنهنجي مشن بابت سوچي رهي آهيان، آءٌ سمجهان ٿي ته پنهنجي عوام لاءِ -جمهوريت- خاطر -جنگ- وڙهڻ آئي آهيان.“ هن واقعي ۾ شهيد ماڻهن مان 20 اهڙا لاش به هئا، -جن- جي سڃاڻپ ۽ وارثي نه ٿي سگهي. -جن- کي ڀٽو 1، ڀٽو 2، ڀٽو 3 وغيره جا نالا ڏئي ڳڙهي خدا بخش جي تاريخي قبرستان ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جنهن کي ”شهيدن جو قبرستان“ سڏيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>http://encyclopediasindhiana.org/article.php?Dflt=%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%99%D9%87%D9%86%20%D8%A2%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1</ref> == حوالا == {{حوالا}} t2hfrolqlxraxtin4o3pi20ohwhq5ka 828 32290 370392 276561 2026-04-07T03:06:37Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 370392 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local function round(n, decimals) local pow = 10^(decimals or 0) return math.floor(n * pow + 0.5) / pow end function p.getMapParams(map, frame) if not map then error('The name of the location map definition to use must be specified', 2) end local moduletitle = mw.title.new('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) if not moduletitle then error(string.format('%q is not a valid name for a location map definition', map), 2) elseif moduletitle.exists then local mapData = mw.loadData('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) return function(name, params) if name == nil then return 'Module:Location map/data/' .. map elseif mapData[name] == nil then return '' elseif params then return mw.message.newRawMessage(tostring(mapData[name]), unpack(params)):plain() else return mapData[name] end end else error('Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/' .. map .. '" does not exist', 2) end end function p.data(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local params = {} for k,v in ipairs(args) do if k > 2 then params[k-2] = v end end return map(args[2], #params ~= 0 and params) end local hemisphereMultipliers = { longitude = { W = -1, w = -1, E = 1, e = 1 }, latitude = { S = -1, s = -1, N = 1, n = 1 } } local function decdeg(degrees, minutes, seconds, hemisphere, decimal, direction) if decimal then if degrees then error('Decimal and DMS degrees cannot both be provided for ' .. direction, 2) elseif minutes then error('Minutes can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif seconds then error('Seconds can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) end local retval = tonumber(decimal) if retval then return retval end error('The value "' .. decimal .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not minutes then error('Seconds were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without minutes also being provided', 2) elseif not degrees then if minutes then error('Minutes were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere was provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) end return nil end decimal = tonumber(degrees) if not decimal then error('The degree value "' .. degrees .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif minutes and not tonumber(minutes) then error('The minute value "' .. minutes .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not tonumber(seconds) then error('The second value "' .. seconds .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal + (minutes or 0)/60 + (seconds or 0)/3600 if hemisphere then local multiplier = hemisphereMultipliers[direction][hemisphere] if not multiplier then error('The hemisphere "' .. hemisphere .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal * multiplier end return decimal end -- Finds a parameter in a transclusion of {{Coord}}. local function coord2text(para,coord) -- this should be changed for languages which do not use Arabic numerals or the degree sign local lat, long = mw.ustring.match(coord,'<span class="p%-latitude latitude">([^<]+)</span><span class="p%-longitude longitude">([^<]+)</span>') if lat then return tonumber(para == 'longitude' and long or lat) end local result = mw.text.split(mw.ustring.match(coord,'%-?[%.%d]+°[NS] %-?[%.%d]+°[EW]') or '', '[ °]') if para == 'longitude' then result = {result[3], result[4]} end if not tonumber(result[1]) or not result[2] then mw.log('Malformed coordinates value') mw.logObject(para, 'para') mw.logObject(coord, 'coord') return error('Malformed coordinates value', 2) end return tonumber(result[1]) * hemisphereMultipliers[para][result[2]] end -- effectively make removeBlanks false for caption and maplink, and true for everything else -- if useWikidata is present but blank, convert it to false instead of nil -- p.top, p.bottom, and their callers need to use this function p.valueFunc(key, value) if value then value = mw.text.trim(value) end if value ~= '' or key == 'caption' or key == 'maplink' then return value elseif key == 'useWikidata' then return false end end local function getContainerImage(args, map) if args.AlternativeMap then return args.AlternativeMap elseif args.relief then local digits = mw.ustring.match(args.relief,'^[1-9][0-9]?$') or '1' -- image1 to image99 if map('image' .. digits) ~= '' then return map('image' .. digits) end end return map('image') end function p.top(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local width local default_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(args.default_width),"%d*")) if not args.width then width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) elseif mw.ustring.sub(args.width, -2) == 'px' then width = mw.ustring.sub(args.width, 1, -3) else width = args.width end local width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number == 0 then -- check to see if width is junk. If it is, then use default calculation width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; end if args.max_width ~= "" and args.max_width ~= nil then -- check to see if width bigger than max_width local max_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(args.max_width,"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number>max_as_number and max_as_number>0 then width = args.max_width; end end local retval = frame:extensionTag{name = 'templatestyles', args = {src = 'Module:Location map/styles.css'}} if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '<div class="center">' end if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' and args.border ~= 'infobox' then retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap noresize thumb ' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'tleft' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' or args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'tnone' else retval = retval .. 'tright' end retval = retval .. '"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:' .. (width + 2) .. 'px' if args.border == 'none' then retval = retval .. ';border:none' elseif args.border then retval = retval .. ';border-color:' .. args.border end retval = retval .. '"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px' .. (args.border ~= 'none' and ';border:1px solid lightgray">' or '">') else retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap" style="width:' .. width .. 'px;' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'float:left;clear:left' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto' elseif args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:none' else retval = retval .. 'float:right;clear:right' end retval = retval .. '"><div style="width:' .. width .. 'px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px">' end local image = getContainerImage(args, map) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() retval = string.format( '%s[[File:%s|%spx|%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', retval, image, width, args.alt or ((args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' is located in ' .. map('name')), args.maplink and ('|link=' .. args.maplink) or '' ) if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' then if (currentTitle.namespace == 0) and mw.ustring.find(args.caption, '##') then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Pages using location map with a double number sign in the caption]]' end end if args.overlay_image then return retval .. '<div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0">[[File:' .. args.overlay_image .. '|' .. width .. 'px|class=notpageimage noviewer]]</div>' else return retval end end function p.bottom(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local retval = '</div>' local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if not args.caption or args.border == 'infobox' then if args.border then retval = retval .. '<div style="padding-top:0.2em">' else retval = retval .. '<div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">' end retval = retval .. (args.caption or (args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' (' .. map('name') .. ')') .. '</div>' elseif args.caption ~= '' then -- This is not the pipe trick. We're creating a link with no text on purpose, so that CSS can give us a nice image retval = retval .. '<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify">[[:File:' .. getContainerImage(args, map) .. '| ]]</div>' .. args.caption .. '</div>' end if args.switcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">' .. args.switcherLabel .. '</span>' elseif args.autoSwitcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of ' .. map('name') .. '</span>' end retval = retval .. '</div></div>' if args.caption_undefined then mw.log('Removed parameter caption_undefined used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|caption_undefined]]' end end if map('skew') ~= '' or map('lat_skew') ~= '' or map('crosses180') ~= '' or map('type') ~= '' then mw.log('Removed parameter used in map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (map('skew') ~= '' and 'skew' or '') .. (map('lat_skew') ~= '' and 'lat_skew' or '') .. (map('crosses180') ~= '' and 'crosses180' or '') .. (map('type') ~= '' and 'type' or '') retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key .. ' ]]' end end if string.find(map('name'), '|', 1, true) then mw.log('Pipe used in name of map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with a name containing a pipe]]' end end if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '</div>' end return retval end local function markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size) return mw.html.create('div') :addClass('od') :addClass('notheme') -- T236137 :cssText('top:' .. round(y, 3) .. '%;left:' .. round(x, 3) .. '%;font-size:' .. label_size .. '%') :node(imageDiv) :node(labelDiv) end local function markImageDiv(mark, marksize, label, link, alt, title) local builder = mw.html.create('div') :addClass('id') :cssText('left:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px;top:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px') :attr('title', title) if marksize ~= 0 then builder:wikitext(string.format( '[[File:%s|%dx%dpx|%s|link=%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', mark, marksize, marksize, label, link, alt and ('|alt=' .. alt) or '' )) end return builder end local function markLabelDiv(label, label_size, label_width, position, background, x, marksize) if tonumber(label_size) == 0 then return mw.html.create('div'):addClass('l0'):wikitext(label) end local builder = mw.html.create('div') :cssText('width:' .. label_width .. 'em') local distance = round(marksize / 2 + 1) if position == 'top' then -- specified top builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('bottom:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'bottom' then -- specified bottom builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('top:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'left' or (tonumber(x) > 70 and position ~= 'right') then -- specified left or autodetected to left builder:addClass('pl'):cssText('right:' .. distance .. 'px') else -- specified right or autodetected to right builder:addClass('pr'):cssText('left:' .. distance .. 'px') end builder = builder:tag('div') :wikitext(label) if background then builder:cssText('background-color:' .. background) end return builder:done() end local function getX(longitude, left, right) local width = (right - left) % 360 if width == 0 then width = 360 end local distanceFromLeft = (longitude - left) % 360 -- the distance needed past the map to the right equals distanceFromLeft - width. the distance needed past the map to the left equals 360 - distanceFromLeft. to minimize page stretching, go whichever way is shorter if distanceFromLeft - width / 2 >= 180 then distanceFromLeft = distanceFromLeft - 360 end return 100 * distanceFromLeft / width end local function getY(latitude, top, bottom) return 100 * (top - latitude) / (top - bottom) end function p.mark(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map~'}) end local mapnames = {} if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in mw.text.gsplit(args[1], '#', true) do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) mapnames[#mapnames + 1] = mapname end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) args[1] = 'World' end end if type(map) == 'table' then local outputs = {} local oldargs = args[1] for k,v in ipairs(map) do args[1] = mapnames[k] outputs[k] = tostring(p.mark(frame, args, v)) end args[1] = oldargs return table.concat(outputs, '#PlaceList#') .. '#PlaceList#' end local x, y, longitude, latitude longitude = decdeg(args.lon_deg, args.lon_min, args.lon_sec, args.lon_dir, args.long, 'longitude') latitude = decdeg(args.lat_deg, args.lat_min, args.lat_sec, args.lat_dir, args.lat, 'latitude') if args.excludefrom then -- If this mark is to be excluded from certain maps entirely (useful in the context of multiple maps) for exclusionmap in mw.text.gsplit(args.excludefrom, '#', true) do -- Check if this map is excluded. If so, return an empty string. if args[1] == exclusionmap then return '' end end end local builder = mw.html.create() local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if args.coordinates then -- Temporarily removed to facilitate infobox conversion. See [[Wikipedia:Coordinates in infoboxes]] -- if longitude or latitude then -- error('Coordinates from [[Module:Coordinates]] and individual coordinates cannot both be provided') -- end longitude = coord2text('longitude', args.coordinates) latitude = coord2text('latitude', args.coordinates) elseif not longitude and not latitude and args.useWikidata then -- If they didn't provide either coordinate, try Wikidata. If they provided one but not the other, don't. local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity() if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims.P625 and entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then local value = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value longitude, latitude = value.longitude, value.latitude end if args.link and (currentTitle.namespace == 0) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with linked markers with coordinates from Wikidata]]') end end if not longitude then error('No value was provided for longitude') elseif not latitude then error('No value was provided for latitude') end if currentTitle.namespace > 0 then if (not args.lon_deg) ~= (not args.lat_deg) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Degrees]]') elseif (not args.lon_min) ~= (not args.lat_min) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Minutes]]') elseif (not args.lon_sec) ~= (not args.lat_sec) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Seconds]]') elseif (not args.lon_dir) ~= (not args.lat_dir) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Hemisphere]]') elseif (not args.long) ~= (not args.lat) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Decimal]]') end end if ((tonumber(args.lat_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lat_dir and args.lat_dir ~='')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if ((tonumber(args.lon_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lon_dir and args.lon_dir ~= '')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if args.skew or args.lon_shift or args.markhigh then mw.log('Removed parameter used in invocation.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (args.skew and 'skew' or '') .. (args.lon_shift and 'lon_shift' or '') .. (args.markhigh and 'markhigh' or '') builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key ..' ]]') end end if map('x') ~= '' then x = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('x', { latitude, longitude }))) else x = tonumber(getX(longitude, map('left'), map('right'))) end if map('y') ~= '' then y = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('y', { latitude, longitude }))) else y = tonumber(getY(latitude, map('top'), map('bottom'))) end if (x < 0 or x > 100 or y < 0 or y > 100) and not args.outside then mw.log('Mark placed outside map boundaries without outside flag set. x = ' .. x .. ', y = ' .. y) local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = currentTitle.prefixedText builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with marks outside map and outside parameter not set|' .. key .. ' ]]') end end local mark = args.mark or map('mark') if mark == '' then mark = 'Red pog.svg' end local marksize = tonumber(args.marksize) or tonumber(map('marksize')) or 8 local imageDiv = markImageDiv(mark, marksize, args.label or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text, args.link or '', args.alt, args[2]) local label_size = args.label_size or 91 local labelDiv if args.label and args.position ~= 'none' then labelDiv = markLabelDiv(args.label, label_size, args.label_width or 6, args.position, args.background, x, marksize) end return builder:node(markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size)) end local function switcherSeparate(s) if s == nil then return {} end local retval = {} for i in string.gmatch(s .. '#', '([^#]*)#') do i = mw.text.trim(i) retval[#retval + 1] = (i ~= '' and i) end return retval end function p.main(frame, args, map) local caption_list = {} if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map', valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if args.useWikidata == nil then args.useWikidata = true end if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) end if args['caption'] then if args['caption'] == "" then while #caption_list < #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = args['caption'] end else for caption in mw.text.gsplit(args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) end end if type(map) == 'table' then local altmaps = switcherSeparate(args.AlternativeMap) if #altmaps > #map then error(string.format('%d AlternativeMaps were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #altmaps, #map)) end local overlays = switcherSeparate(args.overlay_image) if #overlays > #map then error(string.format('%d overlay_images were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #overlays, #map)) end if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) end local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do args.AlternativeMap = altmaps[k] args.overlay_image = overlays[k] args.caption = caption_list[k] outputs[k] = p.main(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return p.top(frame, args, map) .. tostring( p.mark(frame, args, map) ) .. p.bottom(frame, args, map) end end return p 07icxbtq9eg84dyuhbuyo1sfebx4tq4 0 37447 370361 327964 2026-04-06T18:14:09Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 370361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. 3rndhdts8p9d7q1dmeak1q8p8cgqf0x 370362 370361 2026-04-06T18:16:42Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 370362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. tu1k9s2ypzv8sq93z0fjccao5egepxj 370363 370362 2026-04-06T18:19:58Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) */ 370363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, اڳوڻي [[East Germany|جرمن عوامي جمهوريه]] جون رياستون [[German reunification|ٻيهر متحد ٿي]] [[West Germany|وفاقي جمهوريه جرمني]] جو حصو بڻيون، ۽ خودڪار طريقي سان اي يو جو حصو بڻجي ويون.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br ofo9odso1ffss56hmffdji3cr0pz9xc 370364 370363 2026-04-06T18:24:10Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* سياست {{anchor|competence}} */ 370364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, اڳوڻي [[East Germany|جرمن عوامي جمهوريه]] جون رياستون [[German reunification|ٻيهر متحد ٿي]] [[West Germany|وفاقي جمهوريه جرمني]] جو حصو بڻيون، ۽ خودڪار طريقي سان اي يو جو حصو بڻجي ويون.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} hwmzm94pbqhkf21wf9hlij7mcfk4uz8 370365 370364 2026-04-06T18:28:47Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* سياست {{anchor|competence}} */ 370365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} 8ix6t3st1pml96s8ewi050qqypiymig 370366 370365 2026-04-06T18:31:24Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* ماحول */ 370366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} == معيشت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي معيشت}} [[File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png|thumb|right|في ڪس [[GDP]] (PPP) (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي گڏيل مجموعي پيداوار ([[gross domestic product]] - GDP)، جيڪو معاشي سرگرمين جو هڪ پيمانو آهي، 2022ع ۾ 16.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا عالمي جي ڊي پي جو تقريباً 16.6 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> اي يو جي مختلف رياستن جي وچ ۾ ۽ رياستن جي اندر في ڪس جي ڊي پي ۾ وڏو فرق موجود آهي. سڀ کان امير ۽ غريب علائقن جي وچ ۾ فرق (281 NUTS-2 علائقا) 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب، بلغاريا جي Severozapaden (اي يو جي اوسط جو 31 سيڪڙو) کان وٺي لگزمبرگ (اي يو جي اوسط جو 253 سيڪڙو) تائين هو، يعني {{Euro|4,600}} کان {{Euro|92,600}} جي وچ ۾.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي تخميني مطابق ڪل دولت (Net wealth) آمريڪا (140 ٽريلين ڊالر) ۽ [[چين]] (84 ٽريلين ڊالر) کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي آهي، جيڪا عالمي دولت جي تقريباً ڇهين حصي (76 ٽريلين ڊالر) جي برابر آهي.<ref name="databook2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shorrocks |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |title=Global Wealth Databook 2023 |last2=Davies |first2=James |last3=Lluberas |first3=Rodrigo |publisher=[[UBS]] and [[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute |year=2023 |author-link=Anthony Shorrocks |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024ع جي فارچون گلوبل 500 جي فهرست ۾ شامل دنيا جي وڏين ڪمپنين مان 90 ڪمپنين جا هيڊ ڪوارٽر يورپي يونين ۾ هئا.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html |access-date=8 July 2010}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</ref> 2016ع ۾ بيروزگاري جي شرح 8.9 سيڪڙو هئي، جڏهن ته افراط زر (مهانگائي) 2.2 سيڪڙو هئي. 2021ع ۾ يورپي يونين ۾ سراسري سالياني آمدني تقريباً {{Euro|25,000}} هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database – Eurostat |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labour-market/earnings/database |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد === {{Main|يورپي يونين جو معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد}} {{Euro accession map}} [[يورو]] (Euro) يورپي يونين جي 21 رڪن رياستن جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي آهي. 1969ع ۾ هڪ گڏيل يورپي ڪرنسي جو قيام يورپي معاشي برادري جو سرڪاري مقصد بڻيو. 1992ع ۾ رڪن رياستن [[Maastricht Treaty]] تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ قانوني طور تي مقرر ڪيل ضابطن تي عمل ڪرڻ جا پابند ٿيا، بشمول [[Euro convergence criteria|ڪنورجنس معيار]]، ته جيئن مالي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن. اهي ملڪ جيڪي هن اتحاد جو حصو بڻجڻ چاهين ٿا، انهن کي پهريان [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] ۾ شامل ٿيڻو پوندو آهي. ==== ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽ يونين ۽ مالي ادارا ==== {{Main|Capital Markets Union|European System of Financial Supervision|European Stability Mechanism}} سرمائي جي آزاد چرپر (Free movement of capital) جو مقصد ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ملڪيت جي خريداري ۽ شيئرز جي خريد و فروخت کي آسان بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518000627/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[European System of Financial Supervision]] اي يو جي مالي نگراني جو هڪ ادارتي فريم ورڪ آهي، جيڪو ٽن اختيارين تي مشتمل آهي: يورپي بئنڪنگ اٿارٽي، يورپي انشورنس ۽ پينشن اٿارٽي، ۽ يورپي سيڪيورٽيز ۽ مارڪيٽ اٿارٽي. هن نظام جو مقصد اي يو جي معاشي استحڪام کي يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Europe seals deal on financial supervision |url=http://euobserver.com/?aid=30866 |website=euobserver.com}}</ref> ==== يوروزون ۽ بئنڪنگ يونين ==== {{Main|يورو|يوروزون|يورپي بئنڪنگ يونين}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Euro banknotes, Europa series.png | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = يورو جا نوٽ (2013 کان) | image2 = Europäische Zentralbank - European Central Bank (19190136328) (cropped).jpg | width2 = 147 | alt2 = | caption2 = فرينڪفرٽ، جرمني ۾ واقع [[يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ]] }} 1999ع ۾ مالي اتحاد يارهن رڪن رياستن ۾ هڪ گڏيل اڪائونٽنگ ڪرنسي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان عمل ۾ آيو. 2002ع ۾ يورو جا نوٽ ۽ سڪا جاري ڪيا ويا. يوروزون (اهي ملڪ جن يورو کي اختيار ڪيو آهي) هن وقت 20 ملڪن تائين وڌي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchler |first=Teresa |date=25 October 2006 |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |publisher=EUobserver.com |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |access-date=26 December 2006}}</ref> يورو دنيا جي ٻي وڏي [[reserve currency]] ۽ آمريڪي ڊالر کان پوءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ واپار ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf |access-date=25 July 2009 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> يورو ۽ ان جي مالي پاليسيون [[ECB]] (يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ) جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آهن.<ref name="ECB org">{{Cite web |title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem |url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html |access-date=15 September 2007 |publisher=European Central Bank}}</ref> === واپار === هڪ سياسي اداري جي طور تي، يورپي يونين جي نمائندگي [[عالمي واپار جي تنظيم]] (WTO) ۾ ڪئي ويندي آهي. ==== سنگل مارڪيٽ (واحد مارڪيٽ) ==== {{Main|يورپي سنگل مارڪيٽ}} [[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[European Single Market|يورپي واحد مارڪيٽ]] {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ffff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] سنگل مارڪيٽ ۾ سامان، سرمايو، ماڻهو ۽ خدمتن جي آزاد چرپر شامل آهي.<ref name="Europa Internal Market" /> خدمتون اي يو جي جي ڊي پي جو 60 کان 70 سيڪڙو آهن. [[Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006]] جو مقصد سرحد پار خدمتن جي فراهمي کي آزاد بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Services |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133514/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ==== ڪسٽم يونين ==== {{Main|يورپي يونين ڪسٽم يونين}} [[File:EU Customs Union.svg|thumb|upright=1|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] ڪسٽم يونين ۾ مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ تمام سامان تي هڪ گڏيل ٻاهرين ٽئرف لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن سامان مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي وڃي ٿو، ته ان تي ڪو به ڪسٽم ڊيوٽي يا ٽيڪس لاڳو نٿو ٿئي. آئس لينڊ، ناروي، ليچينسٽن ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ سنگل مارڪيٽ جو حصو آهن پر ڪسٽم يونين ۾ شامل ناهن.<ref name="EEA">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ==== مقابلو ۽ صارفين جو تحفظ ==== اي يو هڪ مقابلي واري پاليسي (competition policy) هلائي ٿي ته جيئن مارڪيٽ ۾ مقابلي کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي.<ref group="lower-alpha">Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> هڪ مشهور ڪيس ۾ [[Microsoft]] تي 777 ملين يورو جو ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=22 October 2007 |title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft |access-date=12 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> ==== ٻاهريون واپار ==== يورپي يونين دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن سان آزاد واپار جا معاهدا (FTAs) ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Free trade agreements |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622093930/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ڪووڊ-19 جي ڪري چين، آمريڪا کي پوئتي ڇڏي اي يو جو وڏو تجارتي پارٽنر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Audrye |date=May 2021 |title=How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China's Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=100 |issue=3}}</ref> جاپان سان ٿيل معاشي شراڪت جو معاهدو دنيا جي وڏن ٻطرفن معاهدن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Union and Japan to sign historic trade deal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0717/979174-eu_japan/|publisher=RTE|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> === توانائي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي}} {{Pie chart | caption = توانائي جي ڪل فراهمي (2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-ex-23-001|title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2023 edition|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-61987-1 |via=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> j2nlvz8aqxyf0ilffn7awpu5x8ph1s9 370367 370366 2026-04-06T18:33:28Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* توانائي */ 370367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} == معيشت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي معيشت}} [[File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png|thumb|right|في ڪس [[GDP]] (PPP) (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي گڏيل مجموعي پيداوار ([[gross domestic product]] - GDP)، جيڪو معاشي سرگرمين جو هڪ پيمانو آهي، 2022ع ۾ 16.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا عالمي جي ڊي پي جو تقريباً 16.6 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> اي يو جي مختلف رياستن جي وچ ۾ ۽ رياستن جي اندر في ڪس جي ڊي پي ۾ وڏو فرق موجود آهي. سڀ کان امير ۽ غريب علائقن جي وچ ۾ فرق (281 NUTS-2 علائقا) 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب، بلغاريا جي Severozapaden (اي يو جي اوسط جو 31 سيڪڙو) کان وٺي لگزمبرگ (اي يو جي اوسط جو 253 سيڪڙو) تائين هو، يعني {{Euro|4,600}} کان {{Euro|92,600}} جي وچ ۾.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي تخميني مطابق ڪل دولت (Net wealth) آمريڪا (140 ٽريلين ڊالر) ۽ [[چين]] (84 ٽريلين ڊالر) کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي آهي، جيڪا عالمي دولت جي تقريباً ڇهين حصي (76 ٽريلين ڊالر) جي برابر آهي.<ref name="databook2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shorrocks |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |title=Global Wealth Databook 2023 |last2=Davies |first2=James |last3=Lluberas |first3=Rodrigo |publisher=[[UBS]] and [[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute |year=2023 |author-link=Anthony Shorrocks |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024ع جي فارچون گلوبل 500 جي فهرست ۾ شامل دنيا جي وڏين ڪمپنين مان 90 ڪمپنين جا هيڊ ڪوارٽر يورپي يونين ۾ هئا.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html |access-date=8 July 2010}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</ref> 2016ع ۾ بيروزگاري جي شرح 8.9 سيڪڙو هئي، جڏهن ته افراط زر (مهانگائي) 2.2 سيڪڙو هئي. 2021ع ۾ يورپي يونين ۾ سراسري سالياني آمدني تقريباً {{Euro|25,000}} هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database – Eurostat |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labour-market/earnings/database |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد === {{Main|يورپي يونين جو معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد}} {{Euro accession map}} [[يورو]] (Euro) يورپي يونين جي 21 رڪن رياستن جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي آهي. 1969ع ۾ هڪ گڏيل يورپي ڪرنسي جو قيام يورپي معاشي برادري جو سرڪاري مقصد بڻيو. 1992ع ۾ رڪن رياستن [[Maastricht Treaty]] تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ قانوني طور تي مقرر ڪيل ضابطن تي عمل ڪرڻ جا پابند ٿيا، بشمول [[Euro convergence criteria|ڪنورجنس معيار]]، ته جيئن مالي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن. اهي ملڪ جيڪي هن اتحاد جو حصو بڻجڻ چاهين ٿا، انهن کي پهريان [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] ۾ شامل ٿيڻو پوندو آهي. ==== ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽ يونين ۽ مالي ادارا ==== {{Main|Capital Markets Union|European System of Financial Supervision|European Stability Mechanism}} سرمائي جي آزاد چرپر (Free movement of capital) جو مقصد ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ملڪيت جي خريداري ۽ شيئرز جي خريد و فروخت کي آسان بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518000627/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[European System of Financial Supervision]] اي يو جي مالي نگراني جو هڪ ادارتي فريم ورڪ آهي، جيڪو ٽن اختيارين تي مشتمل آهي: يورپي بئنڪنگ اٿارٽي، يورپي انشورنس ۽ پينشن اٿارٽي، ۽ يورپي سيڪيورٽيز ۽ مارڪيٽ اٿارٽي. هن نظام جو مقصد اي يو جي معاشي استحڪام کي يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Europe seals deal on financial supervision |url=http://euobserver.com/?aid=30866 |website=euobserver.com}}</ref> ==== يوروزون ۽ بئنڪنگ يونين ==== {{Main|يورو|يوروزون|يورپي بئنڪنگ يونين}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Euro banknotes, Europa series.png | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = يورو جا نوٽ (2013 کان) | image2 = Europäische Zentralbank - European Central Bank (19190136328) (cropped).jpg | width2 = 147 | alt2 = | caption2 = فرينڪفرٽ، جرمني ۾ واقع [[يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ]] }} 1999ع ۾ مالي اتحاد يارهن رڪن رياستن ۾ هڪ گڏيل اڪائونٽنگ ڪرنسي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان عمل ۾ آيو. 2002ع ۾ يورو جا نوٽ ۽ سڪا جاري ڪيا ويا. يوروزون (اهي ملڪ جن يورو کي اختيار ڪيو آهي) هن وقت 20 ملڪن تائين وڌي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchler |first=Teresa |date=25 October 2006 |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |publisher=EUobserver.com |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |access-date=26 December 2006}}</ref> يورو دنيا جي ٻي وڏي [[reserve currency]] ۽ آمريڪي ڊالر کان پوءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ واپار ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf |access-date=25 July 2009 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> يورو ۽ ان جي مالي پاليسيون [[ECB]] (يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ) جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آهن.<ref name="ECB org">{{Cite web |title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem |url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html |access-date=15 September 2007 |publisher=European Central Bank}}</ref> === واپار === هڪ سياسي اداري جي طور تي، يورپي يونين جي نمائندگي [[عالمي واپار جي تنظيم]] (WTO) ۾ ڪئي ويندي آهي. ==== سنگل مارڪيٽ (واحد مارڪيٽ) ==== {{Main|يورپي سنگل مارڪيٽ}} [[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[European Single Market|يورپي واحد مارڪيٽ]] {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ffff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] سنگل مارڪيٽ ۾ سامان، سرمايو، ماڻهو ۽ خدمتن جي آزاد چرپر شامل آهي.<ref name="Europa Internal Market" /> خدمتون اي يو جي جي ڊي پي جو 60 کان 70 سيڪڙو آهن. [[Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006]] جو مقصد سرحد پار خدمتن جي فراهمي کي آزاد بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Services |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133514/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ==== ڪسٽم يونين ==== {{Main|يورپي يونين ڪسٽم يونين}} [[File:EU Customs Union.svg|thumb|upright=1|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] ڪسٽم يونين ۾ مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ تمام سامان تي هڪ گڏيل ٻاهرين ٽئرف لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن سامان مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي وڃي ٿو، ته ان تي ڪو به ڪسٽم ڊيوٽي يا ٽيڪس لاڳو نٿو ٿئي. آئس لينڊ، ناروي، ليچينسٽن ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ سنگل مارڪيٽ جو حصو آهن پر ڪسٽم يونين ۾ شامل ناهن.<ref name="EEA">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ==== مقابلو ۽ صارفين جو تحفظ ==== اي يو هڪ مقابلي واري پاليسي (competition policy) هلائي ٿي ته جيئن مارڪيٽ ۾ مقابلي کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي.<ref group="lower-alpha">Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> هڪ مشهور ڪيس ۾ [[Microsoft]] تي 777 ملين يورو جو ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=22 October 2007 |title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft |access-date=12 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> ==== ٻاهريون واپار ==== يورپي يونين دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن سان آزاد واپار جا معاهدا (FTAs) ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Free trade agreements |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622093930/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ڪووڊ-19 جي ڪري چين، آمريڪا کي پوئتي ڇڏي اي يو جو وڏو تجارتي پارٽنر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Audrye |date=May 2021 |title=How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China's Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=100 |issue=3}}</ref> جاپان سان ٿيل معاشي شراڪت جو معاهدو دنيا جي وڏن ٻطرفن معاهدن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Union and Japan to sign historic trade deal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0717/979174-eu_japan/|publisher=RTE|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> === توانائي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators}} {{Pie chart | caption = ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي (2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-ex-23-001|title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2023 edition|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-61987-1 |via=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | label1 = تيل | value1 = 31.7 | color1 = black | label2 = قدرتي گيس | value2 = 24.7 | color2 = #8B8888 | label3 = ڪوئلو | value3 = 10.9 | color3 = #8B3333 | label4 = جوهري (نيوڪليئر) | value4 = 13.2 | color4 = #ffeeaa | label5 = بايو فيول، فضلو، بجلي، گرمي | value5 = 19.4 | color5 = #668B22 }} 2019ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي 59 ارب [[Joule (unit)|GJ]] هئي، جيڪا عالمي ڪل جو تقريباً 10.2 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي. اي يو ۾ دستياب توانائي جو تقريباً ٽي چوٿائي حصو درآمدات (گهڻو ڪري فوسل فيول) مان حاصل ڪيو ويو. 2019ع ۾ [[Renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] جو حصو اي يو جي ڪل توانائي فراهمي ۾ 18.1 سيڪڙو ۽ توانائي جي آخري استعمال ۾ 11.1 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> يورپي يونين وٽ پنهنجي قيام کان وٺي توانائي پاليسي جي شعبي ۾ قانون سازي جا اختيار رهيا آهن، جنهن جو بنياد اصل [[European Coal and Steel Community]] ۾ آهي. هڪ لازمي ۽ جامع يورپي توانائي پاليسي جي منظوري آڪٽوبر 2005ع ۾ يورپي ڪائونسل جي اجلاس ۾ ڏني وئي، ۽ پهرين پاليسي جو مسودو جنوري 2007ع ۾ شايع ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2007 |title=Q&A: EU energy plans |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[File:Energy Community Map.svg|thumb|left|[[Energy Community|توانائي برادري]]]] يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي جا پنج اهم نقطا آهن: [[European Single Market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۾ مقابلي کي وڌائڻ، سيڙپڪاري جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ ۽ بجلي جي گرڊن جي وچ ۾ رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ؛ توانائي جي ذريعن کي متنوع بنائڻ ته جيئن ڪنهن بحران جي صورت ۾ بهتر جواب ڏئي سگهجي؛ روس سان توانائي جي تعاون لاءِ هڪ نئون معاهدو قائم ڪرڻ ۽ مرڪزي ايشيا<ref name="oies">{{Cite web |last=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff |date=November 2008 |title=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes |url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |access-date=17 November 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]}}</ref> ۽ اتر آفريڪا جي توانائي سان مالامال رياستن سان لاڳاپا بهتر بنائڻ؛ موجوده توانائي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ موثر طريقي سان استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ [[renewable energy commercialisation|قابل تجديد توانائي]] کي وڌائڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ نئين توانائي ٽيڪنالاجيز لاءِ فنڊنگ ۾ واڌ ڪرڻ.<ref name="Energy Q&A" /> 2007ع ۾، مجموعي طور تي اي يو ملڪن پنهنجي ضرورت جو 82 سيڪڙو تيل، 57 سيڪڙو قدرتي گيس<ref name="low carb prop">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16560106 |access-date=24 January 2007 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> ۽ 97.48 سيڪڙو يورينيم<ref name="Euratom2007">{{Cite book |title=Euratom Supply Agency – Annual Report 2007 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-79-09437-8 |location=Luxembourg |page=22 |chapter=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels |quote=European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU). |access-date=1 March 2009 |chapter-url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf}}</ref> ٻاهران گهرايو. يورپي يونين کي قدرتي گيس فراهم ڪندڙ ٽي وڏا ملڪ روس، ناروي ۽ [[الجزائر]] آهن، جن جو 2019ع جي درآمدات ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽي چوٿائي حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Abnett |first1=Kate |last2=Nasralla |first2=Shadia |date=17 July 2020 |title=EU's greenhouse gas strategy fails to plug methane hole |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-energy-methane-insight/eus-greenhouse-gas-strategy-fails-to-plug-methane-hole-idINKCN24I0IV |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> اي يو توانائي جي معاملن ۾ [[Russia in the European energy sector|روس تي انحصار]] گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهي آهي.<ref name="Energy Russia">{{Cite web |last=European Parliament |title=Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20060112STO04233&secondRef=0 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> مئي 2022ع ۾، يوڪرين تي حملي جي ڪري يورپي يونين روس تي وڌيڪ پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ جي تياري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ روسي تيل تي پابندي شامل هئي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2022 |title=EU leans towards Russian oil ban by year-end, diplomats say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-leans-towards-russian-oil-ban-by-year-end-diplomats-say-2022-05-01/ |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> ساڳئي مهيني ۾، [[European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن]] "RePowerEU" اقدام شايع ڪيو، جيڪو 300 ارب يورو جو هڪ منصوبو آهي جنهن جو مقصد 2030ع تائين روسي فوسل فيول تي انحصار ختم ڪرڻ ۽ توانائي جي پاڪيزه منتقلي کي تيز ڪرڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=EU unveils €300 billion plan to reduce its energy dependency on Russia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-300-billion-plan-to-reduce-its-energy-dependency-on-russia/a-61838801 |website=[[dw.com]]}}</ref> {{Clear}} 3gi8g27ikcd7v9bds3wq49q4enwcz8h 370369 370367 2026-04-06T18:38:34Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* توانائي */ 370369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} == معيشت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي معيشت}} [[File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png|thumb|right|في ڪس [[GDP]] (PPP) (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي گڏيل مجموعي پيداوار ([[gross domestic product]] - GDP)، جيڪو معاشي سرگرمين جو هڪ پيمانو آهي، 2022ع ۾ 16.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا عالمي جي ڊي پي جو تقريباً 16.6 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> اي يو جي مختلف رياستن جي وچ ۾ ۽ رياستن جي اندر في ڪس جي ڊي پي ۾ وڏو فرق موجود آهي. سڀ کان امير ۽ غريب علائقن جي وچ ۾ فرق (281 NUTS-2 علائقا) 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب، بلغاريا جي Severozapaden (اي يو جي اوسط جو 31 سيڪڙو) کان وٺي لگزمبرگ (اي يو جي اوسط جو 253 سيڪڙو) تائين هو، يعني {{Euro|4,600}} کان {{Euro|92,600}} جي وچ ۾.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي تخميني مطابق ڪل دولت (Net wealth) آمريڪا (140 ٽريلين ڊالر) ۽ [[چين]] (84 ٽريلين ڊالر) کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي آهي، جيڪا عالمي دولت جي تقريباً ڇهين حصي (76 ٽريلين ڊالر) جي برابر آهي.<ref name="databook2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shorrocks |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |title=Global Wealth Databook 2023 |last2=Davies |first2=James |last3=Lluberas |first3=Rodrigo |publisher=[[UBS]] and [[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute |year=2023 |author-link=Anthony Shorrocks |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024ع جي فارچون گلوبل 500 جي فهرست ۾ شامل دنيا جي وڏين ڪمپنين مان 90 ڪمپنين جا هيڊ ڪوارٽر يورپي يونين ۾ هئا.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html |access-date=8 July 2010}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</ref> 2016ع ۾ بيروزگاري جي شرح 8.9 سيڪڙو هئي، جڏهن ته افراط زر (مهانگائي) 2.2 سيڪڙو هئي. 2021ع ۾ يورپي يونين ۾ سراسري سالياني آمدني تقريباً {{Euro|25,000}} هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database – Eurostat |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labour-market/earnings/database |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد === {{Main|يورپي يونين جو معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد}} {{Euro accession map}} [[يورو]] (Euro) يورپي يونين جي 21 رڪن رياستن جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي آهي. 1969ع ۾ هڪ گڏيل يورپي ڪرنسي جو قيام يورپي معاشي برادري جو سرڪاري مقصد بڻيو. 1992ع ۾ رڪن رياستن [[Maastricht Treaty]] تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ قانوني طور تي مقرر ڪيل ضابطن تي عمل ڪرڻ جا پابند ٿيا، بشمول [[Euro convergence criteria|ڪنورجنس معيار]]، ته جيئن مالي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن. اهي ملڪ جيڪي هن اتحاد جو حصو بڻجڻ چاهين ٿا، انهن کي پهريان [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] ۾ شامل ٿيڻو پوندو آهي. ==== ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽ يونين ۽ مالي ادارا ==== {{Main|Capital Markets Union|European System of Financial Supervision|European Stability Mechanism}} سرمائي جي آزاد چرپر (Free movement of capital) جو مقصد ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ملڪيت جي خريداري ۽ شيئرز جي خريد و فروخت کي آسان بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518000627/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[European System of Financial Supervision]] اي يو جي مالي نگراني جو هڪ ادارتي فريم ورڪ آهي، جيڪو ٽن اختيارين تي مشتمل آهي: يورپي بئنڪنگ اٿارٽي، يورپي انشورنس ۽ پينشن اٿارٽي، ۽ يورپي سيڪيورٽيز ۽ مارڪيٽ اٿارٽي. هن نظام جو مقصد اي يو جي معاشي استحڪام کي يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Europe seals deal on financial supervision |url=http://euobserver.com/?aid=30866 |website=euobserver.com}}</ref> ==== يوروزون ۽ بئنڪنگ يونين ==== {{Main|يورو|يوروزون|يورپي بئنڪنگ يونين}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Euro banknotes, Europa series.png | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = يورو جا نوٽ (2013 کان) | image2 = Europäische Zentralbank - European Central Bank (19190136328) (cropped).jpg | width2 = 147 | alt2 = | caption2 = فرينڪفرٽ، جرمني ۾ واقع [[يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ]] }} 1999ع ۾ مالي اتحاد يارهن رڪن رياستن ۾ هڪ گڏيل اڪائونٽنگ ڪرنسي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان عمل ۾ آيو. 2002ع ۾ يورو جا نوٽ ۽ سڪا جاري ڪيا ويا. يوروزون (اهي ملڪ جن يورو کي اختيار ڪيو آهي) هن وقت 20 ملڪن تائين وڌي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchler |first=Teresa |date=25 October 2006 |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |publisher=EUobserver.com |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |access-date=26 December 2006}}</ref> يورو دنيا جي ٻي وڏي [[reserve currency]] ۽ آمريڪي ڊالر کان پوءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ واپار ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf |access-date=25 July 2009 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> يورو ۽ ان جي مالي پاليسيون [[ECB]] (يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ) جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آهن.<ref name="ECB org">{{Cite web |title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem |url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html |access-date=15 September 2007 |publisher=European Central Bank}}</ref> === واپار === هڪ سياسي اداري جي طور تي، يورپي يونين جي نمائندگي [[عالمي واپار جي تنظيم]] (WTO) ۾ ڪئي ويندي آهي. ==== سنگل مارڪيٽ (واحد مارڪيٽ) ==== {{Main|يورپي سنگل مارڪيٽ}} [[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[European Single Market|يورپي واحد مارڪيٽ]] {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ffff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] سنگل مارڪيٽ ۾ سامان، سرمايو، ماڻهو ۽ خدمتن جي آزاد چرپر شامل آهي.<ref name="Europa Internal Market" /> خدمتون اي يو جي جي ڊي پي جو 60 کان 70 سيڪڙو آهن. [[Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006]] جو مقصد سرحد پار خدمتن جي فراهمي کي آزاد بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Services |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133514/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ==== ڪسٽم يونين ==== {{Main|يورپي يونين ڪسٽم يونين}} [[File:EU Customs Union.svg|thumb|upright=1|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] ڪسٽم يونين ۾ مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ تمام سامان تي هڪ گڏيل ٻاهرين ٽئرف لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن سامان مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي وڃي ٿو، ته ان تي ڪو به ڪسٽم ڊيوٽي يا ٽيڪس لاڳو نٿو ٿئي. آئس لينڊ، ناروي، ليچينسٽن ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ سنگل مارڪيٽ جو حصو آهن پر ڪسٽم يونين ۾ شامل ناهن.<ref name="EEA">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ==== مقابلو ۽ صارفين جو تحفظ ==== اي يو هڪ مقابلي واري پاليسي (competition policy) هلائي ٿي ته جيئن مارڪيٽ ۾ مقابلي کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي.<ref group="lower-alpha">Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> هڪ مشهور ڪيس ۾ [[Microsoft]] تي 777 ملين يورو جو ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=22 October 2007 |title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft |access-date=12 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> ==== ٻاهريون واپار ==== يورپي يونين دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن سان آزاد واپار جا معاهدا (FTAs) ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Free trade agreements |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622093930/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ڪووڊ-19 جي ڪري چين، آمريڪا کي پوئتي ڇڏي اي يو جو وڏو تجارتي پارٽنر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Audrye |date=May 2021 |title=How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China's Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=100 |issue=3}}</ref> جاپان سان ٿيل معاشي شراڪت جو معاهدو دنيا جي وڏن ٻطرفن معاهدن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Union and Japan to sign historic trade deal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0717/979174-eu_japan/|publisher=RTE|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> === توانائي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators}} {{Pie chart | caption = ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي (2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-ex-23-001|title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2023 edition|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-61987-1 |via=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | label1 = تيل | value1 = 31.7 | color1 = black | label2 = قدرتي گيس | value2 = 24.7 | color2 = #8B8888 | label3 = ڪوئلو | value3 = 10.9 | color3 = #8B3333 | label4 = جوهري (نيوڪليئر) | value4 = 13.2 | color4 = #ffeeaa | label5 = بايو فيول، فضلو، بجلي، گرمي | value5 = 19.4 | color5 = #668B22 }} 2019ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي 59 ارب [[Joule (unit)|GJ]] هئي، جيڪا عالمي ڪل جو تقريباً 10.2 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي. اي يو ۾ دستياب توانائي جو تقريباً ٽي چوٿائي حصو درآمدات (گهڻو ڪري فوسل فيول) مان حاصل ڪيو ويو. 2019ع ۾ [[Renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] جو حصو اي يو جي ڪل توانائي فراهمي ۾ 18.1 سيڪڙو ۽ توانائي جي آخري استعمال ۾ 11.1 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> يورپي يونين وٽ پنهنجي قيام کان وٺي توانائي پاليسي جي شعبي ۾ قانون سازي جا اختيار رهيا آهن، جنهن جو بنياد اصل [[European Coal and Steel Community]] ۾ آهي. هڪ لازمي ۽ جامع يورپي توانائي پاليسي جي منظوري آڪٽوبر 2005ع ۾ يورپي ڪائونسل جي اجلاس ۾ ڏني وئي، ۽ پهرين پاليسي جو مسودو جنوري 2007ع ۾ شايع ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2007 |title=Q&A: EU energy plans |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[File:Energy Community Map.svg|thumb|left|[[Energy Community|توانائي برادري]]]] يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي جا پنج اهم نقطا آهن: [[European Single Market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۾ مقابلي کي وڌائڻ، سيڙپڪاري جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ ۽ بجلي جي گرڊن جي وچ ۾ رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ؛ توانائي جي ذريعن کي متنوع بنائڻ ته جيئن ڪنهن بحران جي صورت ۾ بهتر جواب ڏئي سگهجي؛ روس سان توانائي جي تعاون لاءِ هڪ نئون معاهدو قائم ڪرڻ ۽ مرڪزي ايشيا<ref name="oies">{{Cite web |last=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff |date=November 2008 |title=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes |url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |access-date=17 November 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]}}</ref> ۽ اتر آفريڪا جي توانائي سان مالامال رياستن سان لاڳاپا بهتر بنائڻ؛ موجوده توانائي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ موثر طريقي سان استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ [[renewable energy commercialisation|قابل تجديد توانائي]] کي وڌائڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ نئين توانائي ٽيڪنالاجيز لاءِ فنڊنگ ۾ واڌ ڪرڻ.<ref name="Energy Q&A" /> 2007ع ۾، مجموعي طور تي اي يو ملڪن پنهنجي ضرورت جو 82 سيڪڙو تيل، 57 سيڪڙو قدرتي گيس<ref name="low carb prop">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16560106 |access-date=24 January 2007 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> ۽ 97.48 سيڪڙو يورينيم<ref name="Euratom2007">{{Cite book |title=Euratom Supply Agency – Annual Report 2007 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-79-09437-8 |location=Luxembourg |page=22 |chapter=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels |quote=European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU). |access-date=1 March 2009 |chapter-url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf}}</ref> ٻاهران گهرايو. يورپي يونين کي قدرتي گيس فراهم ڪندڙ ٽي وڏا ملڪ روس، ناروي ۽ [[الجزائر]] آهن، جن جو 2019ع جي درآمدات ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽي چوٿائي حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Abnett |first1=Kate |last2=Nasralla |first2=Shadia |date=17 July 2020 |title=EU's greenhouse gas strategy fails to plug methane hole |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-energy-methane-insight/eus-greenhouse-gas-strategy-fails-to-plug-methane-hole-idINKCN24I0IV |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> اي يو توانائي جي معاملن ۾ [[Russia in the European energy sector|روس تي انحصار]] گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهي آهي.<ref name="Energy Russia">{{Cite web |last=European Parliament |title=Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20060112STO04233&secondRef=0 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> مئي 2022ع ۾، يوڪرين تي حملي جي ڪري يورپي يونين روس تي وڌيڪ پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ جي تياري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ روسي تيل تي پابندي شامل هئي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2022 |title=EU leans towards Russian oil ban by year-end, diplomats say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-leans-towards-russian-oil-ban-by-year-end-diplomats-say-2022-05-01/ |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> ساڳئي مهيني ۾، [[European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن]] "RePowerEU" اقدام شايع ڪيو، جيڪو 300 ارب يورو جو هڪ منصوبو آهي جنهن جو مقصد 2030ع تائين روسي فوسل فيول تي انحصار ختم ڪرڻ ۽ توانائي جي پاڪيزه منتقلي کي تيز ڪرڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=EU unveils €300 billion plan to reduce its energy dependency on Russia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-300-billion-plan-to-reduce-its-energy-dependency-on-russia/a-61838801 |website=[[dw.com]]}}</ref> {{Clear}} === علائقائي ترقي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي علائقائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Committee of the Regions|European Investment Bank}} [[File:European regional policy 2021.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|2021ع کان 2027ع تائين علائقن جي درجه بندي {{Leftlegend|#FF0000|گھٽ ترقي يافته علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#FFFF00|عبوري علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#0000FF|وڌيڪ ترقي يافته علائقا}} ]] پنج [[European Structural and Investment Funds|يورپي ساختي ۽ سيڙپڪاري فنڊ]] يورپي يونين جي علائقن جي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري انهن علائقن جي جيڪي گهٽ ترقي يافته آهن. اهي علائقا اڪثر ڪري [[Central Europe|مرڪزي]] ۽ ڏکڻ يورپ جي رياستن ۾ واقع آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Select Committee on European Union |year=2008 |title=Chapter 2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/141/14105.htm |access-date=28 February 2012 |website=Nineteenth Report}}</ref><ref name="Business2000 Funds">{{Cite web |title=EU Structural and Cohesion funds |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529083348/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> هڪ ٻيو فنڊ ([[Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance]]) اميدوار ميمبر ملڪن کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون آڻڻ لاءِ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو جيڪي اي يو جي معيار مطابق هجن. انهن پاليسين ذريعي وڌندڙ عمر جي آبادي، ٻارن جي پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح ۽ غير شهري علائقن مان آباديءَ جي گهٽجڻ جهڙن مسئلن کي پڻ حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. ijgrq7vdogz5mdwautibupxttx2rvyc 370370 370369 2026-04-06T18:39:31Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* علائقائي ترقي */ 370370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} == معيشت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي معيشت}} [[File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png|thumb|right|في ڪس [[GDP]] (PPP) (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي گڏيل مجموعي پيداوار ([[gross domestic product]] - GDP)، جيڪو معاشي سرگرمين جو هڪ پيمانو آهي، 2022ع ۾ 16.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا عالمي جي ڊي پي جو تقريباً 16.6 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> اي يو جي مختلف رياستن جي وچ ۾ ۽ رياستن جي اندر في ڪس جي ڊي پي ۾ وڏو فرق موجود آهي. سڀ کان امير ۽ غريب علائقن جي وچ ۾ فرق (281 NUTS-2 علائقا) 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب، بلغاريا جي Severozapaden (اي يو جي اوسط جو 31 سيڪڙو) کان وٺي لگزمبرگ (اي يو جي اوسط جو 253 سيڪڙو) تائين هو، يعني {{Euro|4,600}} کان {{Euro|92,600}} جي وچ ۾.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي تخميني مطابق ڪل دولت (Net wealth) آمريڪا (140 ٽريلين ڊالر) ۽ [[چين]] (84 ٽريلين ڊالر) کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي آهي، جيڪا عالمي دولت جي تقريباً ڇهين حصي (76 ٽريلين ڊالر) جي برابر آهي.<ref name="databook2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shorrocks |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |title=Global Wealth Databook 2023 |last2=Davies |first2=James |last3=Lluberas |first3=Rodrigo |publisher=[[UBS]] and [[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute |year=2023 |author-link=Anthony Shorrocks |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024ع جي فارچون گلوبل 500 جي فهرست ۾ شامل دنيا جي وڏين ڪمپنين مان 90 ڪمپنين جا هيڊ ڪوارٽر يورپي يونين ۾ هئا.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html |access-date=8 July 2010}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</ref> 2016ع ۾ بيروزگاري جي شرح 8.9 سيڪڙو هئي، جڏهن ته افراط زر (مهانگائي) 2.2 سيڪڙو هئي. 2021ع ۾ يورپي يونين ۾ سراسري سالياني آمدني تقريباً {{Euro|25,000}} هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database – Eurostat |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labour-market/earnings/database |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد === {{Main|يورپي يونين جو معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد}} {{Euro accession map}} [[يورو]] (Euro) يورپي يونين جي 21 رڪن رياستن جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي آهي. 1969ع ۾ هڪ گڏيل يورپي ڪرنسي جو قيام يورپي معاشي برادري جو سرڪاري مقصد بڻيو. 1992ع ۾ رڪن رياستن [[Maastricht Treaty]] تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ قانوني طور تي مقرر ڪيل ضابطن تي عمل ڪرڻ جا پابند ٿيا، بشمول [[Euro convergence criteria|ڪنورجنس معيار]]، ته جيئن مالي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن. اهي ملڪ جيڪي هن اتحاد جو حصو بڻجڻ چاهين ٿا، انهن کي پهريان [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] ۾ شامل ٿيڻو پوندو آهي. ==== ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽ يونين ۽ مالي ادارا ==== {{Main|Capital Markets Union|European System of Financial Supervision|European Stability Mechanism}} سرمائي جي آزاد چرپر (Free movement of capital) جو مقصد ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ملڪيت جي خريداري ۽ شيئرز جي خريد و فروخت کي آسان بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518000627/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[European System of Financial Supervision]] اي يو جي مالي نگراني جو هڪ ادارتي فريم ورڪ آهي، جيڪو ٽن اختيارين تي مشتمل آهي: يورپي بئنڪنگ اٿارٽي، يورپي انشورنس ۽ پينشن اٿارٽي، ۽ يورپي سيڪيورٽيز ۽ مارڪيٽ اٿارٽي. هن نظام جو مقصد اي يو جي معاشي استحڪام کي يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Europe seals deal on financial supervision |url=http://euobserver.com/?aid=30866 |website=euobserver.com}}</ref> ==== يوروزون ۽ بئنڪنگ يونين ==== {{Main|يورو|يوروزون|يورپي بئنڪنگ يونين}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Euro banknotes, Europa series.png | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = يورو جا نوٽ (2013 کان) | image2 = Europäische Zentralbank - European Central Bank (19190136328) (cropped).jpg | width2 = 147 | alt2 = | caption2 = فرينڪفرٽ، جرمني ۾ واقع [[يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ]] }} 1999ع ۾ مالي اتحاد يارهن رڪن رياستن ۾ هڪ گڏيل اڪائونٽنگ ڪرنسي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان عمل ۾ آيو. 2002ع ۾ يورو جا نوٽ ۽ سڪا جاري ڪيا ويا. يوروزون (اهي ملڪ جن يورو کي اختيار ڪيو آهي) هن وقت 20 ملڪن تائين وڌي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchler |first=Teresa |date=25 October 2006 |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |publisher=EUobserver.com |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |access-date=26 December 2006}}</ref> يورو دنيا جي ٻي وڏي [[reserve currency]] ۽ آمريڪي ڊالر کان پوءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ واپار ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf |access-date=25 July 2009 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> يورو ۽ ان جي مالي پاليسيون [[ECB]] (يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ) جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آهن.<ref name="ECB org">{{Cite web |title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem |url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html |access-date=15 September 2007 |publisher=European Central Bank}}</ref> === واپار === هڪ سياسي اداري جي طور تي، يورپي يونين جي نمائندگي [[عالمي واپار جي تنظيم]] (WTO) ۾ ڪئي ويندي آهي. ==== سنگل مارڪيٽ (واحد مارڪيٽ) ==== {{Main|يورپي سنگل مارڪيٽ}} [[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[European Single Market|يورپي واحد مارڪيٽ]] {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ffff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] سنگل مارڪيٽ ۾ سامان، سرمايو، ماڻهو ۽ خدمتن جي آزاد چرپر شامل آهي.<ref name="Europa Internal Market" /> خدمتون اي يو جي جي ڊي پي جو 60 کان 70 سيڪڙو آهن. [[Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006]] جو مقصد سرحد پار خدمتن جي فراهمي کي آزاد بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Services |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133514/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ==== ڪسٽم يونين ==== {{Main|يورپي يونين ڪسٽم يونين}} [[File:EU Customs Union.svg|thumb|upright=1|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] ڪسٽم يونين ۾ مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ تمام سامان تي هڪ گڏيل ٻاهرين ٽئرف لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن سامان مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي وڃي ٿو، ته ان تي ڪو به ڪسٽم ڊيوٽي يا ٽيڪس لاڳو نٿو ٿئي. آئس لينڊ، ناروي، ليچينسٽن ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ سنگل مارڪيٽ جو حصو آهن پر ڪسٽم يونين ۾ شامل ناهن.<ref name="EEA">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ==== مقابلو ۽ صارفين جو تحفظ ==== اي يو هڪ مقابلي واري پاليسي (competition policy) هلائي ٿي ته جيئن مارڪيٽ ۾ مقابلي کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي.<ref group="lower-alpha">Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> هڪ مشهور ڪيس ۾ [[Microsoft]] تي 777 ملين يورو جو ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=22 October 2007 |title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft |access-date=12 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> ==== ٻاهريون واپار ==== يورپي يونين دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن سان آزاد واپار جا معاهدا (FTAs) ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Free trade agreements |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622093930/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ڪووڊ-19 جي ڪري چين، آمريڪا کي پوئتي ڇڏي اي يو جو وڏو تجارتي پارٽنر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Audrye |date=May 2021 |title=How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China's Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=100 |issue=3}}</ref> جاپان سان ٿيل معاشي شراڪت جو معاهدو دنيا جي وڏن ٻطرفن معاهدن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Union and Japan to sign historic trade deal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0717/979174-eu_japan/|publisher=RTE|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> === توانائي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators}} {{Pie chart | caption = ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي (2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-ex-23-001|title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2023 edition|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-61987-1 |via=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | label1 = تيل | value1 = 31.7 | color1 = black | label2 = قدرتي گيس | value2 = 24.7 | color2 = #8B8888 | label3 = ڪوئلو | value3 = 10.9 | color3 = #8B3333 | label4 = جوهري (نيوڪليئر) | value4 = 13.2 | color4 = #ffeeaa | label5 = بايو فيول، فضلو، بجلي، گرمي | value5 = 19.4 | color5 = #668B22 }} 2019ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي 59 ارب [[Joule (unit)|GJ]] هئي، جيڪا عالمي ڪل جو تقريباً 10.2 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي. اي يو ۾ دستياب توانائي جو تقريباً ٽي چوٿائي حصو درآمدات (گهڻو ڪري فوسل فيول) مان حاصل ڪيو ويو. 2019ع ۾ [[Renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] جو حصو اي يو جي ڪل توانائي فراهمي ۾ 18.1 سيڪڙو ۽ توانائي جي آخري استعمال ۾ 11.1 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> يورپي يونين وٽ پنهنجي قيام کان وٺي توانائي پاليسي جي شعبي ۾ قانون سازي جا اختيار رهيا آهن، جنهن جو بنياد اصل [[European Coal and Steel Community]] ۾ آهي. هڪ لازمي ۽ جامع يورپي توانائي پاليسي جي منظوري آڪٽوبر 2005ع ۾ يورپي ڪائونسل جي اجلاس ۾ ڏني وئي، ۽ پهرين پاليسي جو مسودو جنوري 2007ع ۾ شايع ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2007 |title=Q&A: EU energy plans |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[File:Energy Community Map.svg|thumb|left|[[Energy Community|توانائي برادري]]]] يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي جا پنج اهم نقطا آهن: [[European Single Market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۾ مقابلي کي وڌائڻ، سيڙپڪاري جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ ۽ بجلي جي گرڊن جي وچ ۾ رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ؛ توانائي جي ذريعن کي متنوع بنائڻ ته جيئن ڪنهن بحران جي صورت ۾ بهتر جواب ڏئي سگهجي؛ روس سان توانائي جي تعاون لاءِ هڪ نئون معاهدو قائم ڪرڻ ۽ مرڪزي ايشيا<ref name="oies">{{Cite web |last=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff |date=November 2008 |title=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes |url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |access-date=17 November 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]}}</ref> ۽ اتر آفريڪا جي توانائي سان مالامال رياستن سان لاڳاپا بهتر بنائڻ؛ موجوده توانائي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ موثر طريقي سان استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ [[renewable energy commercialisation|قابل تجديد توانائي]] کي وڌائڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ نئين توانائي ٽيڪنالاجيز لاءِ فنڊنگ ۾ واڌ ڪرڻ.<ref name="Energy Q&A" /> 2007ع ۾، مجموعي طور تي اي يو ملڪن پنهنجي ضرورت جو 82 سيڪڙو تيل، 57 سيڪڙو قدرتي گيس<ref name="low carb prop">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16560106 |access-date=24 January 2007 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> ۽ 97.48 سيڪڙو يورينيم<ref name="Euratom2007">{{Cite book |title=Euratom Supply Agency – Annual Report 2007 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-79-09437-8 |location=Luxembourg |page=22 |chapter=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels |quote=European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU). |access-date=1 March 2009 |chapter-url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf}}</ref> ٻاهران گهرايو. يورپي يونين کي قدرتي گيس فراهم ڪندڙ ٽي وڏا ملڪ روس، ناروي ۽ [[الجزائر]] آهن، جن جو 2019ع جي درآمدات ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽي چوٿائي حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Abnett |first1=Kate |last2=Nasralla |first2=Shadia |date=17 July 2020 |title=EU's greenhouse gas strategy fails to plug methane hole |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-energy-methane-insight/eus-greenhouse-gas-strategy-fails-to-plug-methane-hole-idINKCN24I0IV |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> اي يو توانائي جي معاملن ۾ [[Russia in the European energy sector|روس تي انحصار]] گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهي آهي.<ref name="Energy Russia">{{Cite web |last=European Parliament |title=Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20060112STO04233&secondRef=0 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> مئي 2022ع ۾، يوڪرين تي حملي جي ڪري يورپي يونين روس تي وڌيڪ پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ جي تياري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ روسي تيل تي پابندي شامل هئي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2022 |title=EU leans towards Russian oil ban by year-end, diplomats say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-leans-towards-russian-oil-ban-by-year-end-diplomats-say-2022-05-01/ |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> ساڳئي مهيني ۾، [[European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن]] "RePowerEU" اقدام شايع ڪيو، جيڪو 300 ارب يورو جو هڪ منصوبو آهي جنهن جو مقصد 2030ع تائين روسي فوسل فيول تي انحصار ختم ڪرڻ ۽ توانائي جي پاڪيزه منتقلي کي تيز ڪرڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=EU unveils €300 billion plan to reduce its energy dependency on Russia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-300-billion-plan-to-reduce-its-energy-dependency-on-russia/a-61838801 |website=[[dw.com]]}}</ref> {{Clear}} === علائقائي ترقي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي علائقائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Committee of the Regions|European Investment Bank}} [[File:European regional policy 2021.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|2021ع کان 2027ع تائين علائقن جي درجه بندي {{Leftlegend|#FF0000|گھٽ ترقي يافته علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#FFFF00|عبوري علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#0000FF|وڌيڪ ترقي يافته علائقا}} ]] پنج [[European Structural and Investment Funds|يورپي ساختي ۽ سيڙپڪاري فنڊ]] يورپي يونين جي علائقن جي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري انهن علائقن جي جيڪي گهٽ ترقي يافته آهن. اهي علائقا اڪثر ڪري [[Central Europe|مرڪزي]] ۽ ڏکڻ يورپ جي رياستن ۾ واقع آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Select Committee on European Union |year=2008 |title=Chapter 2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/141/14105.htm |access-date=28 February 2012 |website=Nineteenth Report}}</ref><ref name="Business2000 Funds">{{Cite web |title=EU Structural and Cohesion funds |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529083348/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> هڪ ٻيو فنڊ ([[Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance]]) اميدوار ميمبر ملڪن کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون آڻڻ لاءِ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو جيڪي اي يو جي معيار مطابق هجن. انهن پاليسين ذريعي وڌندڙ عمر جي آبادي، ٻارن جي پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح ۽ غير شهري علائقن مان آباديءَ جي گهٽجڻ جهڙن مسئلن کي پڻ حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي آدمشماري}} {{See also|يورپي يونين جي شهريت}} === آبادي === {{see|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}} [[File:Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg|thumb|right|upright=1|نقشو جيڪو 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS3 علائقن]] جي آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي ڏيکاري ٿو، جنهن ۾ غير اي يو ملڪ پڻ شامل آهن.]] 2024ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 45 ڪروڙ (450 ملين) هئي، جيڪا عالمي آبادي جو 5.8 سيڪڙو آهي.<ref name="population">{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Share of world population, 1960, 2015 and 2060 (%) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Share_of_world_population,_1960,_2015_and_2060_(%25)_2.png |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> پوري اي يو ۾ آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي 106 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر هئي، جيڪا عالمي اوسط کان وڌيڪ آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> هي گهاٽائي مرڪزي ۽ مغربي يورپ جي علائقن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آهي، جنهن کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن "[[blue banana]]" چيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته اتر ۾ [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[فن لينڊ]] ۾ آبادي تمام ڇڙوڇڙ آهي. اي يو جي ڪل آبادي گذريل ڪجهه سالن کان ٿوري گهٽجي رهي آهي، 2021ع ۾ ان ۾ 0.04 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ان جو سبب پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح آهي، جيڪا في عورت لڳ ڀڳ 1.5 ٻار آهي، جڏهن ته عالمي اوسط 2.3 آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> 2021ع ۾ اي يو ۾ ڪل 41 لک ٻار پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230309-1|title=How many children were born in the EU in 2021?|date=9 March 2023|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> [attachment_0](attachment) [[Europe ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ|يورپ ڏانهن هجرت (Immigration)]] آبادي جي هن قدرتي گهٽتائي کي ڪجهه حد تائين پورو ڪري ٿي. اي يو ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن مان 5.3 سيڪڙو اهڙا آهن جيڪي اي يو جا شهري ناهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> هتي 31 اهڙيون قوميتون آهن جيڪي غير اي يو شهرين جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 سيڪڙو آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان وڏا گروهه [[مراڪش|مراڪشي]]، [[ترڪي|ترڪ]]، [[شام|شامي]] ۽ [[چين|چيني]] آهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ==== شهريت (Urbanisation) ==== {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي شهرن جي فهرست|يورپي يونين جي شهري علائقن جي فهرست}} [[File:La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg|thumb|left|[[پيرس ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]] اي يو جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري علائقو آهي.]] 2020ع ۾ اي يو جي ٻن ٽين حصن کان وڌيڪ (68.2 سيڪڙو) آبادي شهري علائقن ۾ رهندي هئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 اهڙا شهري علائقا آهن جن جي آبادي 10 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان، [[پيرس]] سڀ کان وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو ۽ اي يو جو واحد [[megacity]] آهي.<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{Cite web |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=INSEE}}</ref><ref name="eurostat">{{Cite web |title=Eurostat – Data Explorer |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> پيرس کان پوءِ [[ميڊرڊ]]، [[بارسلونا]]، [[برلن]]، رور (Ruhr)، [[ميلان]] ۽ [[روم]] اچن ٿا، جن سڀني جي آبادي 40 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. اي يو ۾ ڪيترائي گھڻ-مرڪزي (polycentric) شهري علائقا پڻ آهن جهڙوڪ رائن-رور، رينڊ اسٽيڊ (Randstad)، ۽ فرينڪفرٽ رائن-مين.<ref name="eurostat" /> {{Largest population centres | country = يورپي يونين | stat_ref = ميٽروپوليٽن علائقا، [[Eurostat]] 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions – Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/met_pjanaggr3 |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | list_by_pop = Larger urban zone#List of larger urban zones | div_link = Member state of the European Union{{!}}رياست | city_1 = پيرس | div_1 = فرانس | pop_1 = 12,388,388 | city_2 = ميڊرڊ | div_2 = اسپين | pop_2 = 6,871,903 | city_3 = بارسلونا | div_3 = اسپين | pop_3 = 5,797,356 | city_4 = برلن | div_4 = جرمني | pop_4 = 5,481,613 | city_5 = رور | div_5 = جرمني | pop_5 = 5,147,820 | city_6 = ميلان | div_6 = اٽلي | pop_6 = 4,329,748 | city_7 = روم | div_7 = اٽلي | pop_7 = 4,227,059 | city_8 = ايٿنز | div_8 = يونان | pop_8 = 3,626,216 | city_9 = هيمبرگ | div_9 = جرمني | pop_9 = 3,423,121 | city_10 = ايمسٽرڊيم | div_10 = نيدرلينڊز | pop_10 = 3,397,323 | city_11 = برسلز | div_11 = بيلجيم | pop_11 = 3,395,581 | city_12 = وارسا | div_12 = پولينڊ | pop_12 = 3,269,510 | city_13 = مارسيلي | div_13 = فرانس | pop_13 = 3,183,476 | city_14 = بڊاپيسٽ | div_14 = هنگري | pop_14 = 3,031,887 | city_15 = ميونخ | div_15 = جرمني | pop_16 = 2,981,735 | city_16 = نيپلز | div_16 = اٽلي | pop_15 = 2,980,338 | city_17 = ويانا | div_17 = آسٽريا | pop_17 = 2,971,753 | city_18 = لزبن | div_18 = پرتگال | pop_18 = 2,899,670 | city_19 = اسٽٽ گارٽ | div_19 = جرمني | pop_19 = 2,816,924 | city_20 = پراگ | div_20 = چيڪ جمهوريه| pop_20 = 2,796,717 }} === ٻوليون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ٻوليون}} {| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible plainrowheaders sortable" style="border: 0.5em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 0.9em; max-width: 20em; text-align: center;" |+ سرڪاري ٻوليون ڳالهائيندڙن جي سيڪڙو مطابق، 2023ع<ref name="EU-Lang">{{Cite book |last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication |title=Special Eurobarometer survey "Europeans and their languages" |date=2024 |publisher=Publications Office |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2979 |access-date=19 October 2025 |doi=10.2766/28257 |isbn=978-92-68-12045-3}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | ٻولي ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | مادري ٻولي{{Efn|مادري ٻولي}} ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | ڪل{{Efn|اي يو جا شهري جيڪي هن ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا}} |- ! scope="row" | [[German language|جرمن]] |19% |29% |- ! scope="row" | [[French language|فرانسيسي]] |15% |25% |- ! scope="row" | [[Italian language|اٽالين]] |13% |16% |- ! scope="row" | [[Polish language|پولش]] |9% |9% |- ! scope="row" | اسپينش |9% |17% |- ! scope="row" | [[Dutch language|ڊچ]] |5% |6% |- ! scope="row" | [[Romanian language|رومانيائي]] |4% |5% |- ! scope="row" | [[Greek language|يوناني]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Hungarian language|هنگريائي]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Portuguese language|پرتگالي]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Czech language|چيڪ]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | انگريزي |2% |50% |- ! scope="row" | [[Bulgarian language|بلغاريائي]] |2% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Swedish language|سويڊني]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Danish language|ڊينش]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Finnish language|فنلينڊي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Croatian language|ڪروشيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Lithuanian language|لٿوانيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovak language|سلوواڪ]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovene language|سلووينيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Latvian language|ليٽويائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Estonian language|ايسٽونائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Maltese language|مالٽيائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Irish language|آئرش]] |<1% |<1% |} اي يو جون 24 سرڪاري ٻوليون آهن. اهم دستاويز، جهڙوڪ قانون سازي، هر سرڪاري ٻوليءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪيا ويندا آهن. يورپي ڪميشن پنهنجو ڪم ٽن "عملي ٻولين" ۾ ڪري ٿي: انگريزي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن.<ref name="procedural">{{Cite web |title=European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-825_en.htm |website=europa.eu}}</ref> اي يو ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائيندڙ ٻولي انگريزي آهي، جيڪا 50 سيڪڙو آبادي ڳالهائي ٿي.<ref name="EU-Lang" /> جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي ترتيبوار 29 سيڪڙو ۽ 25 سيڪڙو ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا. اڌ کان وڌيڪ (59 سيڪڙو) شهري پنهنجي مادري ٻوليءَ کان سواءِ ڪنهن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا. اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 علائقائي ۽ اقليتي ٻوليون پڻ آهن، جيڪي 5 ڪروڙ تائين ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا.<ref name="Many tongues, one family">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |year=2004 |title=Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union |url=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329125431/http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2007 |access-date=3 February 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === مذهب === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ مذهب}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ اي يو ۾ مذهبي وابستگي (2015ع)<ref name="EB2015">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Discrimiation in the EU in 2015 |url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |archive-date=14 March 2020 |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |series=437 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]] |location=European Union}}</ref> ! scope="col" | وابستگي ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | اي يو جي آبادي جو سيڪڙو |- ! scope="row" | [[عيسائيت|عيسائي]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|71.6||2||background:darkblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ڪئٿولڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|45.3||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|11.1||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ايسترن آرٿوڊوڪس]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|9.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | ٻيا عيسائي | align=right |{{Bartable| 5.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" | [[مسلمان]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 1.8||2||background:green}} |- ! scope="row" | ٻيا مذهب | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 2.6||2||background:purple}} |- ! scope="row" | [[لامذهب|لا ديني]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 24.0||2||background:grey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | غير يقيني/[[Agnosticism|ايگنوسٽڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 13.6||2||background:lightgrey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[Atheism|ملحد]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 10.4||2||background:lightgrey}} |- |} يورپي يونين جو ڪنهن به مذهب سان ڪو به سرڪاري تعلق ناهي. [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]] جي آرٽيڪل 17 تحت گرجا گھرن ۽ مذهبي تنظيمن جي حيثيت کي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_One:_Principles#Article_17 |via=Wikisource}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي معاهدن ۾ يورپ جي "ثقافتي، مذهبي ۽ انساني ورثي" جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Consolidated Treaties">{{Cite web |title=Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.C_.2010.083.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AC%3A2010%3A083%3ATOC |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> s4889diu5h7iz7ycp5mn7z6182d4g16 370371 370370 2026-04-06T18:41:57Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* مذهب */ 370371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} == معيشت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي معيشت}} [[File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png|thumb|right|في ڪس [[GDP]] (PPP) (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي گڏيل مجموعي پيداوار ([[gross domestic product]] - GDP)، جيڪو معاشي سرگرمين جو هڪ پيمانو آهي، 2022ع ۾ 16.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا عالمي جي ڊي پي جو تقريباً 16.6 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> اي يو جي مختلف رياستن جي وچ ۾ ۽ رياستن جي اندر في ڪس جي ڊي پي ۾ وڏو فرق موجود آهي. سڀ کان امير ۽ غريب علائقن جي وچ ۾ فرق (281 NUTS-2 علائقا) 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب، بلغاريا جي Severozapaden (اي يو جي اوسط جو 31 سيڪڙو) کان وٺي لگزمبرگ (اي يو جي اوسط جو 253 سيڪڙو) تائين هو، يعني {{Euro|4,600}} کان {{Euro|92,600}} جي وچ ۾.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي تخميني مطابق ڪل دولت (Net wealth) آمريڪا (140 ٽريلين ڊالر) ۽ [[چين]] (84 ٽريلين ڊالر) کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي آهي، جيڪا عالمي دولت جي تقريباً ڇهين حصي (76 ٽريلين ڊالر) جي برابر آهي.<ref name="databook2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shorrocks |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |title=Global Wealth Databook 2023 |last2=Davies |first2=James |last3=Lluberas |first3=Rodrigo |publisher=[[UBS]] and [[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute |year=2023 |author-link=Anthony Shorrocks |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024ع جي فارچون گلوبل 500 جي فهرست ۾ شامل دنيا جي وڏين ڪمپنين مان 90 ڪمپنين جا هيڊ ڪوارٽر يورپي يونين ۾ هئا.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html |access-date=8 July 2010}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</ref> 2016ع ۾ بيروزگاري جي شرح 8.9 سيڪڙو هئي، جڏهن ته افراط زر (مهانگائي) 2.2 سيڪڙو هئي. 2021ع ۾ يورپي يونين ۾ سراسري سالياني آمدني تقريباً {{Euro|25,000}} هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database – Eurostat |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labour-market/earnings/database |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد === {{Main|يورپي يونين جو معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد}} {{Euro accession map}} [[يورو]] (Euro) يورپي يونين جي 21 رڪن رياستن جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي آهي. 1969ع ۾ هڪ گڏيل يورپي ڪرنسي جو قيام يورپي معاشي برادري جو سرڪاري مقصد بڻيو. 1992ع ۾ رڪن رياستن [[Maastricht Treaty]] تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ قانوني طور تي مقرر ڪيل ضابطن تي عمل ڪرڻ جا پابند ٿيا، بشمول [[Euro convergence criteria|ڪنورجنس معيار]]، ته جيئن مالي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن. اهي ملڪ جيڪي هن اتحاد جو حصو بڻجڻ چاهين ٿا، انهن کي پهريان [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] ۾ شامل ٿيڻو پوندو آهي. ==== ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽ يونين ۽ مالي ادارا ==== {{Main|Capital Markets Union|European System of Financial Supervision|European Stability Mechanism}} سرمائي جي آزاد چرپر (Free movement of capital) جو مقصد ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ملڪيت جي خريداري ۽ شيئرز جي خريد و فروخت کي آسان بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518000627/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[European System of Financial Supervision]] اي يو جي مالي نگراني جو هڪ ادارتي فريم ورڪ آهي، جيڪو ٽن اختيارين تي مشتمل آهي: يورپي بئنڪنگ اٿارٽي، يورپي انشورنس ۽ پينشن اٿارٽي، ۽ يورپي سيڪيورٽيز ۽ مارڪيٽ اٿارٽي. هن نظام جو مقصد اي يو جي معاشي استحڪام کي يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Europe seals deal on financial supervision |url=http://euobserver.com/?aid=30866 |website=euobserver.com}}</ref> ==== يوروزون ۽ بئنڪنگ يونين ==== {{Main|يورو|يوروزون|يورپي بئنڪنگ يونين}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Euro banknotes, Europa series.png | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = يورو جا نوٽ (2013 کان) | image2 = Europäische Zentralbank - European Central Bank (19190136328) (cropped).jpg | width2 = 147 | alt2 = | caption2 = فرينڪفرٽ، جرمني ۾ واقع [[يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ]] }} 1999ع ۾ مالي اتحاد يارهن رڪن رياستن ۾ هڪ گڏيل اڪائونٽنگ ڪرنسي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان عمل ۾ آيو. 2002ع ۾ يورو جا نوٽ ۽ سڪا جاري ڪيا ويا. يوروزون (اهي ملڪ جن يورو کي اختيار ڪيو آهي) هن وقت 20 ملڪن تائين وڌي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchler |first=Teresa |date=25 October 2006 |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |publisher=EUobserver.com |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |access-date=26 December 2006}}</ref> يورو دنيا جي ٻي وڏي [[reserve currency]] ۽ آمريڪي ڊالر کان پوءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ واپار ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf |access-date=25 July 2009 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> يورو ۽ ان جي مالي پاليسيون [[ECB]] (يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ) جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آهن.<ref name="ECB org">{{Cite web |title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem |url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html |access-date=15 September 2007 |publisher=European Central Bank}}</ref> === واپار === هڪ سياسي اداري جي طور تي، يورپي يونين جي نمائندگي [[عالمي واپار جي تنظيم]] (WTO) ۾ ڪئي ويندي آهي. ==== سنگل مارڪيٽ (واحد مارڪيٽ) ==== {{Main|يورپي سنگل مارڪيٽ}} [[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[European Single Market|يورپي واحد مارڪيٽ]] {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ffff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] سنگل مارڪيٽ ۾ سامان، سرمايو، ماڻهو ۽ خدمتن جي آزاد چرپر شامل آهي.<ref name="Europa Internal Market" /> خدمتون اي يو جي جي ڊي پي جو 60 کان 70 سيڪڙو آهن. [[Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006]] جو مقصد سرحد پار خدمتن جي فراهمي کي آزاد بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Services |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133514/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ==== ڪسٽم يونين ==== {{Main|يورپي يونين ڪسٽم يونين}} [[File:EU Customs Union.svg|thumb|upright=1|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] ڪسٽم يونين ۾ مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ تمام سامان تي هڪ گڏيل ٻاهرين ٽئرف لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن سامان مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي وڃي ٿو، ته ان تي ڪو به ڪسٽم ڊيوٽي يا ٽيڪس لاڳو نٿو ٿئي. آئس لينڊ، ناروي، ليچينسٽن ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ سنگل مارڪيٽ جو حصو آهن پر ڪسٽم يونين ۾ شامل ناهن.<ref name="EEA">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ==== مقابلو ۽ صارفين جو تحفظ ==== اي يو هڪ مقابلي واري پاليسي (competition policy) هلائي ٿي ته جيئن مارڪيٽ ۾ مقابلي کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي.<ref group="lower-alpha">Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> هڪ مشهور ڪيس ۾ [[Microsoft]] تي 777 ملين يورو جو ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=22 October 2007 |title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft |access-date=12 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> ==== ٻاهريون واپار ==== يورپي يونين دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن سان آزاد واپار جا معاهدا (FTAs) ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Free trade agreements |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622093930/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ڪووڊ-19 جي ڪري چين، آمريڪا کي پوئتي ڇڏي اي يو جو وڏو تجارتي پارٽنر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Audrye |date=May 2021 |title=How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China's Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=100 |issue=3}}</ref> جاپان سان ٿيل معاشي شراڪت جو معاهدو دنيا جي وڏن ٻطرفن معاهدن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Union and Japan to sign historic trade deal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0717/979174-eu_japan/|publisher=RTE|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> === توانائي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators}} {{Pie chart | caption = ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي (2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-ex-23-001|title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2023 edition|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-61987-1 |via=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | label1 = تيل | value1 = 31.7 | color1 = black | label2 = قدرتي گيس | value2 = 24.7 | color2 = #8B8888 | label3 = ڪوئلو | value3 = 10.9 | color3 = #8B3333 | label4 = جوهري (نيوڪليئر) | value4 = 13.2 | color4 = #ffeeaa | label5 = بايو فيول، فضلو، بجلي، گرمي | value5 = 19.4 | color5 = #668B22 }} 2019ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي 59 ارب [[Joule (unit)|GJ]] هئي، جيڪا عالمي ڪل جو تقريباً 10.2 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي. اي يو ۾ دستياب توانائي جو تقريباً ٽي چوٿائي حصو درآمدات (گهڻو ڪري فوسل فيول) مان حاصل ڪيو ويو. 2019ع ۾ [[Renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] جو حصو اي يو جي ڪل توانائي فراهمي ۾ 18.1 سيڪڙو ۽ توانائي جي آخري استعمال ۾ 11.1 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> يورپي يونين وٽ پنهنجي قيام کان وٺي توانائي پاليسي جي شعبي ۾ قانون سازي جا اختيار رهيا آهن، جنهن جو بنياد اصل [[European Coal and Steel Community]] ۾ آهي. هڪ لازمي ۽ جامع يورپي توانائي پاليسي جي منظوري آڪٽوبر 2005ع ۾ يورپي ڪائونسل جي اجلاس ۾ ڏني وئي، ۽ پهرين پاليسي جو مسودو جنوري 2007ع ۾ شايع ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2007 |title=Q&A: EU energy plans |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[File:Energy Community Map.svg|thumb|left|[[Energy Community|توانائي برادري]]]] يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي جا پنج اهم نقطا آهن: [[European Single Market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۾ مقابلي کي وڌائڻ، سيڙپڪاري جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ ۽ بجلي جي گرڊن جي وچ ۾ رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ؛ توانائي جي ذريعن کي متنوع بنائڻ ته جيئن ڪنهن بحران جي صورت ۾ بهتر جواب ڏئي سگهجي؛ روس سان توانائي جي تعاون لاءِ هڪ نئون معاهدو قائم ڪرڻ ۽ مرڪزي ايشيا<ref name="oies">{{Cite web |last=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff |date=November 2008 |title=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes |url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |access-date=17 November 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]}}</ref> ۽ اتر آفريڪا جي توانائي سان مالامال رياستن سان لاڳاپا بهتر بنائڻ؛ موجوده توانائي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ موثر طريقي سان استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ [[renewable energy commercialisation|قابل تجديد توانائي]] کي وڌائڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ نئين توانائي ٽيڪنالاجيز لاءِ فنڊنگ ۾ واڌ ڪرڻ.<ref name="Energy Q&A" /> 2007ع ۾، مجموعي طور تي اي يو ملڪن پنهنجي ضرورت جو 82 سيڪڙو تيل، 57 سيڪڙو قدرتي گيس<ref name="low carb prop">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16560106 |access-date=24 January 2007 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> ۽ 97.48 سيڪڙو يورينيم<ref name="Euratom2007">{{Cite book |title=Euratom Supply Agency – Annual Report 2007 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-79-09437-8 |location=Luxembourg |page=22 |chapter=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels |quote=European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU). |access-date=1 March 2009 |chapter-url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf}}</ref> ٻاهران گهرايو. يورپي يونين کي قدرتي گيس فراهم ڪندڙ ٽي وڏا ملڪ روس، ناروي ۽ [[الجزائر]] آهن، جن جو 2019ع جي درآمدات ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽي چوٿائي حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Abnett |first1=Kate |last2=Nasralla |first2=Shadia |date=17 July 2020 |title=EU's greenhouse gas strategy fails to plug methane hole |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-energy-methane-insight/eus-greenhouse-gas-strategy-fails-to-plug-methane-hole-idINKCN24I0IV |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> اي يو توانائي جي معاملن ۾ [[Russia in the European energy sector|روس تي انحصار]] گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهي آهي.<ref name="Energy Russia">{{Cite web |last=European Parliament |title=Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20060112STO04233&secondRef=0 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> مئي 2022ع ۾، يوڪرين تي حملي جي ڪري يورپي يونين روس تي وڌيڪ پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ جي تياري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ روسي تيل تي پابندي شامل هئي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2022 |title=EU leans towards Russian oil ban by year-end, diplomats say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-leans-towards-russian-oil-ban-by-year-end-diplomats-say-2022-05-01/ |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> ساڳئي مهيني ۾، [[European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن]] "RePowerEU" اقدام شايع ڪيو، جيڪو 300 ارب يورو جو هڪ منصوبو آهي جنهن جو مقصد 2030ع تائين روسي فوسل فيول تي انحصار ختم ڪرڻ ۽ توانائي جي پاڪيزه منتقلي کي تيز ڪرڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=EU unveils €300 billion plan to reduce its energy dependency on Russia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-300-billion-plan-to-reduce-its-energy-dependency-on-russia/a-61838801 |website=[[dw.com]]}}</ref> {{Clear}} === علائقائي ترقي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي علائقائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Committee of the Regions|European Investment Bank}} [[File:European regional policy 2021.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|2021ع کان 2027ع تائين علائقن جي درجه بندي {{Leftlegend|#FF0000|گھٽ ترقي يافته علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#FFFF00|عبوري علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#0000FF|وڌيڪ ترقي يافته علائقا}} ]] پنج [[European Structural and Investment Funds|يورپي ساختي ۽ سيڙپڪاري فنڊ]] يورپي يونين جي علائقن جي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري انهن علائقن جي جيڪي گهٽ ترقي يافته آهن. اهي علائقا اڪثر ڪري [[Central Europe|مرڪزي]] ۽ ڏکڻ يورپ جي رياستن ۾ واقع آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Select Committee on European Union |year=2008 |title=Chapter 2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/141/14105.htm |access-date=28 February 2012 |website=Nineteenth Report}}</ref><ref name="Business2000 Funds">{{Cite web |title=EU Structural and Cohesion funds |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529083348/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> هڪ ٻيو فنڊ ([[Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance]]) اميدوار ميمبر ملڪن کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون آڻڻ لاءِ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو جيڪي اي يو جي معيار مطابق هجن. انهن پاليسين ذريعي وڌندڙ عمر جي آبادي، ٻارن جي پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح ۽ غير شهري علائقن مان آباديءَ جي گهٽجڻ جهڙن مسئلن کي پڻ حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي آدمشماري}} {{See also|يورپي يونين جي شهريت}} === آبادي === {{see|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}} [[File:Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg|thumb|right|upright=1|نقشو جيڪو 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS3 علائقن]] جي آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي ڏيکاري ٿو، جنهن ۾ غير اي يو ملڪ پڻ شامل آهن.]] 2024ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 45 ڪروڙ (450 ملين) هئي، جيڪا عالمي آبادي جو 5.8 سيڪڙو آهي.<ref name="population">{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Share of world population, 1960, 2015 and 2060 (%) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Share_of_world_population,_1960,_2015_and_2060_(%25)_2.png |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> پوري اي يو ۾ آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي 106 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر هئي، جيڪا عالمي اوسط کان وڌيڪ آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> هي گهاٽائي مرڪزي ۽ مغربي يورپ جي علائقن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آهي، جنهن کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن "[[blue banana]]" چيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته اتر ۾ [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[فن لينڊ]] ۾ آبادي تمام ڇڙوڇڙ آهي. اي يو جي ڪل آبادي گذريل ڪجهه سالن کان ٿوري گهٽجي رهي آهي، 2021ع ۾ ان ۾ 0.04 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ان جو سبب پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح آهي، جيڪا في عورت لڳ ڀڳ 1.5 ٻار آهي، جڏهن ته عالمي اوسط 2.3 آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> 2021ع ۾ اي يو ۾ ڪل 41 لک ٻار پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230309-1|title=How many children were born in the EU in 2021?|date=9 March 2023|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> [attachment_0](attachment) [[Europe ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ|يورپ ڏانهن هجرت (Immigration)]] آبادي جي هن قدرتي گهٽتائي کي ڪجهه حد تائين پورو ڪري ٿي. اي يو ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن مان 5.3 سيڪڙو اهڙا آهن جيڪي اي يو جا شهري ناهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> هتي 31 اهڙيون قوميتون آهن جيڪي غير اي يو شهرين جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 سيڪڙو آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان وڏا گروهه [[مراڪش|مراڪشي]]، [[ترڪي|ترڪ]]، [[شام|شامي]] ۽ [[چين|چيني]] آهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ==== شهريت (Urbanisation) ==== {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي شهرن جي فهرست|يورپي يونين جي شهري علائقن جي فهرست}} [[File:La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg|thumb|left|[[پيرس ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]] اي يو جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري علائقو آهي.]] 2020ع ۾ اي يو جي ٻن ٽين حصن کان وڌيڪ (68.2 سيڪڙو) آبادي شهري علائقن ۾ رهندي هئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 اهڙا شهري علائقا آهن جن جي آبادي 10 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان، [[پيرس]] سڀ کان وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو ۽ اي يو جو واحد [[megacity]] آهي.<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{Cite web |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=INSEE}}</ref><ref name="eurostat">{{Cite web |title=Eurostat – Data Explorer |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> پيرس کان پوءِ [[ميڊرڊ]]، [[بارسلونا]]، [[برلن]]، رور (Ruhr)، [[ميلان]] ۽ [[روم]] اچن ٿا، جن سڀني جي آبادي 40 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. اي يو ۾ ڪيترائي گھڻ-مرڪزي (polycentric) شهري علائقا پڻ آهن جهڙوڪ رائن-رور، رينڊ اسٽيڊ (Randstad)، ۽ فرينڪفرٽ رائن-مين.<ref name="eurostat" /> {{Largest population centres | country = يورپي يونين | stat_ref = ميٽروپوليٽن علائقا، [[Eurostat]] 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions – Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/met_pjanaggr3 |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | list_by_pop = Larger urban zone#List of larger urban zones | div_link = Member state of the European Union{{!}}رياست | city_1 = پيرس | div_1 = فرانس | pop_1 = 12,388,388 | city_2 = ميڊرڊ | div_2 = اسپين | pop_2 = 6,871,903 | city_3 = بارسلونا | div_3 = اسپين | pop_3 = 5,797,356 | city_4 = برلن | div_4 = جرمني | pop_4 = 5,481,613 | city_5 = رور | div_5 = جرمني | pop_5 = 5,147,820 | city_6 = ميلان | div_6 = اٽلي | pop_6 = 4,329,748 | city_7 = روم | div_7 = اٽلي | pop_7 = 4,227,059 | city_8 = ايٿنز | div_8 = يونان | pop_8 = 3,626,216 | city_9 = هيمبرگ | div_9 = جرمني | pop_9 = 3,423,121 | city_10 = ايمسٽرڊيم | div_10 = نيدرلينڊز | pop_10 = 3,397,323 | city_11 = برسلز | div_11 = بيلجيم | pop_11 = 3,395,581 | city_12 = وارسا | div_12 = پولينڊ | pop_12 = 3,269,510 | city_13 = مارسيلي | div_13 = فرانس | pop_13 = 3,183,476 | city_14 = بڊاپيسٽ | div_14 = هنگري | pop_14 = 3,031,887 | city_15 = ميونخ | div_15 = جرمني | pop_16 = 2,981,735 | city_16 = نيپلز | div_16 = اٽلي | pop_15 = 2,980,338 | city_17 = ويانا | div_17 = آسٽريا | pop_17 = 2,971,753 | city_18 = لزبن | div_18 = پرتگال | pop_18 = 2,899,670 | city_19 = اسٽٽ گارٽ | div_19 = جرمني | pop_19 = 2,816,924 | city_20 = پراگ | div_20 = چيڪ جمهوريه| pop_20 = 2,796,717 }} === ٻوليون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ٻوليون}} {| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible plainrowheaders sortable" style="border: 0.5em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 0.9em; max-width: 20em; text-align: center;" |+ سرڪاري ٻوليون ڳالهائيندڙن جي سيڪڙو مطابق، 2023ع<ref name="EU-Lang">{{Cite book |last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication |title=Special Eurobarometer survey "Europeans and their languages" |date=2024 |publisher=Publications Office |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2979 |access-date=19 October 2025 |doi=10.2766/28257 |isbn=978-92-68-12045-3}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | ٻولي ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | مادري ٻولي{{Efn|مادري ٻولي}} ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | ڪل{{Efn|اي يو جا شهري جيڪي هن ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا}} |- ! scope="row" | [[German language|جرمن]] |19% |29% |- ! scope="row" | [[French language|فرانسيسي]] |15% |25% |- ! scope="row" | [[Italian language|اٽالين]] |13% |16% |- ! scope="row" | [[Polish language|پولش]] |9% |9% |- ! scope="row" | اسپينش |9% |17% |- ! scope="row" | [[Dutch language|ڊچ]] |5% |6% |- ! scope="row" | [[Romanian language|رومانيائي]] |4% |5% |- ! scope="row" | [[Greek language|يوناني]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Hungarian language|هنگريائي]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Portuguese language|پرتگالي]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Czech language|چيڪ]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | انگريزي |2% |50% |- ! scope="row" | [[Bulgarian language|بلغاريائي]] |2% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Swedish language|سويڊني]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Danish language|ڊينش]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Finnish language|فنلينڊي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Croatian language|ڪروشيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Lithuanian language|لٿوانيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovak language|سلوواڪ]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovene language|سلووينيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Latvian language|ليٽويائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Estonian language|ايسٽونائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Maltese language|مالٽيائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Irish language|آئرش]] |<1% |<1% |} اي يو جون 24 سرڪاري ٻوليون آهن. اهم دستاويز، جهڙوڪ قانون سازي، هر سرڪاري ٻوليءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪيا ويندا آهن. يورپي ڪميشن پنهنجو ڪم ٽن "عملي ٻولين" ۾ ڪري ٿي: انگريزي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن.<ref name="procedural">{{Cite web |title=European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-825_en.htm |website=europa.eu}}</ref> اي يو ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائيندڙ ٻولي انگريزي آهي، جيڪا 50 سيڪڙو آبادي ڳالهائي ٿي.<ref name="EU-Lang" /> جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي ترتيبوار 29 سيڪڙو ۽ 25 سيڪڙو ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا. اڌ کان وڌيڪ (59 سيڪڙو) شهري پنهنجي مادري ٻوليءَ کان سواءِ ڪنهن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا. اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 علائقائي ۽ اقليتي ٻوليون پڻ آهن، جيڪي 5 ڪروڙ تائين ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا.<ref name="Many tongues, one family">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |year=2004 |title=Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union |url=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329125431/http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2007 |access-date=3 February 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === مذهب === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ مذهب}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ اي يو ۾ مذهبي وابستگي (2015ع)<ref name="EB2015">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Discrimiation in the EU in 2015 |url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |archive-date=14 March 2020 |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |series=437 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]] |location=European Union}}</ref> ! scope="col" | وابستگي ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | اي يو جي آبادي جو سيڪڙو |- ! scope="row" | [[عيسائيت|عيسائي]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|71.6||2||background:darkblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ڪئٿولڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|45.3||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|11.1||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ايسترن آرٿوڊوڪس]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|9.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | ٻيا عيسائي | align=right |{{Bartable| 5.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" | [[مسلمان]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 1.8||2||background:green}} |- ! scope="row" | ٻيا مذهب | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 2.6||2||background:purple}} |- ! scope="row" | [[لامذهب|لا ديني]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 24.0||2||background:grey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | غير يقيني/[[Agnosticism|ايگنوسٽڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 13.6||2||background:lightgrey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[Atheism|ملحد]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 10.4||2||background:lightgrey}} |- |} يورپي يونين جو ڪنهن به مذهب سان ڪو به سرڪاري تعلق ناهي. [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]] جي آرٽيڪل 17 تحت گرجا گھرن ۽ مذهبي تنظيمن جي حيثيت کي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_One:_Principles#Article_17 |via=Wikisource}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي معاهدن ۾ يورپ جي "ثقافتي، مذهبي ۽ انساني ورثي" جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Consolidated Treaties">{{Cite web |title=Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.C_.2010.083.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AC%3A2010%3A083%3ATOC |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> == ثقافت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ثقافتي پاليسيون}} ماسترخت معاهدي (Maastricht Treaty) ۾ ثقافتي تعاون کي شامل ڪرڻ کان وٺي رڪن ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ثقافتي مٽاسٽا يورپي يونين جي دلچسپيءَ جو مرڪز رهي آهي.<ref name="Bozoki">{{Cite web |last=Bozoki |first=Andras |title=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union |url=http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222205051/http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2013 |access-date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union.pdf}}</ref> اي يو پاران ثقافتي شعبي ۾ کنيل قدمن ۾ "ڪلچر 2000" پروگرام،<ref name="Bozoki" /> "يورپي ثقافتي مهينو" جو واقعو،<ref name="Culture Month">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Culture Month |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202062436/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-date=2 February 2008 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ۽ [[European Union Youth Orchestra]] جهڙا آرڪسٽرا شامل آهن. [[European Capital of Culture|يورپي ثقافتي گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] وارو پروگرام هر سال هڪ يا وڌيڪ شهرن کي چونڊيندو آهي ته جيئن ان شهر جي ثقافتي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Capital Culture">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Capitals of Culture |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803205745/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |archive-date=3 August 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === رانديون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون راندين بابت پاليسيون}} رانديون بنيادي طور تي اي يو بجاءِ رڪن ملڪن يا ٻين عالمي تنظيمن جي ذميواري آهن. پر اي يو جون ڪجهه پاليسيون راندين تي اثرانداز ٿيون آهن، جهڙوڪ "باسمن فيصلو" (Bosman ruling)، جنهن قومي فٽبال ليگز کي اي يو شهرين تي ڪوٽا لڳائڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو.<ref name="BBC Boseman">{{Cite news |last=Fordyce |first=Tom |date=11 July 2007 |title=10&nbsp;years since Bosman |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4528732.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[Treaty of Lisbon|لزبن معاهدي]] تحت راندين جي مخصوص نوعيت ۽ رضاڪارانه جوڙجڪ جو احترام ڪرڻ ضروري قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. === علامتون === {{Further|European Heritage Label}} [[File:Europa copy.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|هڪ يوناني گلداني تي [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|يوروپا]] ۽ ڍڳو، لڳ ڀڳ 480 قبل مسيح.]] [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپ جو جهنڊو]] نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري تارن جي دائري تي مشتمل آهي. هي جهنڊو اصل ۾ 1955ع ۾ ڪائونسل آف يورپ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ۽ 1986ع ۾ يورپي برادرين پاران اختيار ڪيو ويو. {{Blockquote|مغربي دنيا جي نيري آسمان جي پس منظر ۾، تارا يورپ جي عوام جي اتحاد جي علامت آهن. تارن جو تعداد هميشه [[12 (number)#Religion|ٻارهن]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو ڪمال ۽ مڪمل هجڻ جي نشاني آهي.|ڪائونسل آف يورپ. پيرس، 7–9 ڊسمبر 1955ع.|source=}} ''[[يورپي يونين جو نعرو|تنوع ۾ اتحاد]]'' (United in Diversity) کي 2000ع ۾ يونين جو نعرو تسليم ڪيو ويو. 1985ع کان وٺي، 9 مئي کي "يورپ جو ڏينهن" (Europe Day) طور ملهايو ويندو آهي. اي يو جو ترانو [[Ludwig van Beethoven|بيٿووفن]] جي نائين سمفوني جي چوٿين حصي ''[[Ode to Joy]]'' جو هڪ اوزاري (instrumental) ورزن آهي. يونين جو نالو يوناني ڏند ڪٿا جي ڪردار "يوروپا" تان ورتل آهي، جنهن جي تصوير 2013ع جي يورو بئنڪ نوٽن تي پڻ موجود آهي. === ميڊيا === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ ميڊيا جي آزادي}} [[File:Siège d'Euronews.jpg|thumb|left|فرانس جي شهر ليون ۾ [[Euronews]] جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر]] ميڊيا جي آزادي يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن ۽ ان جي شهرين جو بنيادي حق آهي. اي يو ۾ اڪثر ميڊيا قومي سطح جي آهي، پر ڪجهه يورپي سطح جا ادارا جهڙوڪ [[Euronews]]، [[Eurosport]] ۽ [[Politico Europe]] پڻ اڀريا آهن. يورپي يونين جو "ميڊيا پروگرام" 1991ع کان وٺي يورپي فلمن ۽ آڊيو-ويزيول صنعتن جي مدد ڪري رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Programme |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621054048/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |archive-date=21 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=Europa |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> === اثر === [[File:Eiffel Tower wearing Europe colors - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|upright|اي فل ٽاور تي [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپي نشان]] چٽيل آهي]] يورپي يونين جو گهڻن رڪن ملڪن جي معيشت تي هاڪاري اثر پيو آهي. هڪ مطالعي مطابق، يورپي انٽيگريشن کان سواءِ، ميمبر ملڪن جي في ڪس آمدني اوسطاً 10 سيڪڙو گهٽ هجي ها.<ref name="JoME">{{Cite journal |last1=Campos |first1=Nauro F. |last2=Coricelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Moretti |first3=Luigi |date=1 May 2019 |title=Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe |journal=Journal of Monetary Economics |volume=103 |pages=88–104 |doi=10.1016/j.jmoneco.2018.08.001 |issn=0304-3932 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/342557 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ان کان علاوه، اي يو کي يورپ ۾ امن برقرار رکڻ ۽ جمهوريت کي هٿي ڏيڻ ۾ هڪ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندڙ طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. sq8mwdrwq5e9w5rdeor7hv5hfqwamyb 370372 370371 2026-04-06T18:43:29Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* اثر */ 370372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} == معيشت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي معيشت}} [[File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png|thumb|right|في ڪس [[GDP]] (PPP) (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي گڏيل مجموعي پيداوار ([[gross domestic product]] - GDP)، جيڪو معاشي سرگرمين جو هڪ پيمانو آهي، 2022ع ۾ 16.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا عالمي جي ڊي پي جو تقريباً 16.6 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> اي يو جي مختلف رياستن جي وچ ۾ ۽ رياستن جي اندر في ڪس جي ڊي پي ۾ وڏو فرق موجود آهي. سڀ کان امير ۽ غريب علائقن جي وچ ۾ فرق (281 NUTS-2 علائقا) 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب، بلغاريا جي Severozapaden (اي يو جي اوسط جو 31 سيڪڙو) کان وٺي لگزمبرگ (اي يو جي اوسط جو 253 سيڪڙو) تائين هو، يعني {{Euro|4,600}} کان {{Euro|92,600}} جي وچ ۾.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي تخميني مطابق ڪل دولت (Net wealth) آمريڪا (140 ٽريلين ڊالر) ۽ [[چين]] (84 ٽريلين ڊالر) کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي آهي، جيڪا عالمي دولت جي تقريباً ڇهين حصي (76 ٽريلين ڊالر) جي برابر آهي.<ref name="databook2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shorrocks |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |title=Global Wealth Databook 2023 |last2=Davies |first2=James |last3=Lluberas |first3=Rodrigo |publisher=[[UBS]] and [[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute |year=2023 |author-link=Anthony Shorrocks |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024ع جي فارچون گلوبل 500 جي فهرست ۾ شامل دنيا جي وڏين ڪمپنين مان 90 ڪمپنين جا هيڊ ڪوارٽر يورپي يونين ۾ هئا.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html |access-date=8 July 2010}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</ref> 2016ع ۾ بيروزگاري جي شرح 8.9 سيڪڙو هئي، جڏهن ته افراط زر (مهانگائي) 2.2 سيڪڙو هئي. 2021ع ۾ يورپي يونين ۾ سراسري سالياني آمدني تقريباً {{Euro|25,000}} هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database – Eurostat |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labour-market/earnings/database |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد === {{Main|يورپي يونين جو معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد}} {{Euro accession map}} [[يورو]] (Euro) يورپي يونين جي 21 رڪن رياستن جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي آهي. 1969ع ۾ هڪ گڏيل يورپي ڪرنسي جو قيام يورپي معاشي برادري جو سرڪاري مقصد بڻيو. 1992ع ۾ رڪن رياستن [[Maastricht Treaty]] تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ قانوني طور تي مقرر ڪيل ضابطن تي عمل ڪرڻ جا پابند ٿيا، بشمول [[Euro convergence criteria|ڪنورجنس معيار]]، ته جيئن مالي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن. اهي ملڪ جيڪي هن اتحاد جو حصو بڻجڻ چاهين ٿا، انهن کي پهريان [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] ۾ شامل ٿيڻو پوندو آهي. ==== ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽ يونين ۽ مالي ادارا ==== {{Main|Capital Markets Union|European System of Financial Supervision|European Stability Mechanism}} سرمائي جي آزاد چرپر (Free movement of capital) جو مقصد ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ملڪيت جي خريداري ۽ شيئرز جي خريد و فروخت کي آسان بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518000627/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[European System of Financial Supervision]] اي يو جي مالي نگراني جو هڪ ادارتي فريم ورڪ آهي، جيڪو ٽن اختيارين تي مشتمل آهي: يورپي بئنڪنگ اٿارٽي، يورپي انشورنس ۽ پينشن اٿارٽي، ۽ يورپي سيڪيورٽيز ۽ مارڪيٽ اٿارٽي. هن نظام جو مقصد اي يو جي معاشي استحڪام کي يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Europe seals deal on financial supervision |url=http://euobserver.com/?aid=30866 |website=euobserver.com}}</ref> ==== يوروزون ۽ بئنڪنگ يونين ==== {{Main|يورو|يوروزون|يورپي بئنڪنگ يونين}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Euro banknotes, Europa series.png | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = يورو جا نوٽ (2013 کان) | image2 = Europäische Zentralbank - European Central Bank (19190136328) (cropped).jpg | width2 = 147 | alt2 = | caption2 = فرينڪفرٽ، جرمني ۾ واقع [[يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ]] }} 1999ع ۾ مالي اتحاد يارهن رڪن رياستن ۾ هڪ گڏيل اڪائونٽنگ ڪرنسي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان عمل ۾ آيو. 2002ع ۾ يورو جا نوٽ ۽ سڪا جاري ڪيا ويا. يوروزون (اهي ملڪ جن يورو کي اختيار ڪيو آهي) هن وقت 20 ملڪن تائين وڌي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchler |first=Teresa |date=25 October 2006 |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |publisher=EUobserver.com |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |access-date=26 December 2006}}</ref> يورو دنيا جي ٻي وڏي [[reserve currency]] ۽ آمريڪي ڊالر کان پوءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ واپار ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf |access-date=25 July 2009 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> يورو ۽ ان جي مالي پاليسيون [[ECB]] (يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ) جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آهن.<ref name="ECB org">{{Cite web |title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem |url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html |access-date=15 September 2007 |publisher=European Central Bank}}</ref> === واپار === هڪ سياسي اداري جي طور تي، يورپي يونين جي نمائندگي [[عالمي واپار جي تنظيم]] (WTO) ۾ ڪئي ويندي آهي. ==== سنگل مارڪيٽ (واحد مارڪيٽ) ==== {{Main|يورپي سنگل مارڪيٽ}} [[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[European Single Market|يورپي واحد مارڪيٽ]] {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ffff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] سنگل مارڪيٽ ۾ سامان، سرمايو، ماڻهو ۽ خدمتن جي آزاد چرپر شامل آهي.<ref name="Europa Internal Market" /> خدمتون اي يو جي جي ڊي پي جو 60 کان 70 سيڪڙو آهن. [[Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006]] جو مقصد سرحد پار خدمتن جي فراهمي کي آزاد بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Services |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133514/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ==== ڪسٽم يونين ==== {{Main|يورپي يونين ڪسٽم يونين}} [[File:EU Customs Union.svg|thumb|upright=1|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] ڪسٽم يونين ۾ مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ تمام سامان تي هڪ گڏيل ٻاهرين ٽئرف لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن سامان مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي وڃي ٿو، ته ان تي ڪو به ڪسٽم ڊيوٽي يا ٽيڪس لاڳو نٿو ٿئي. آئس لينڊ، ناروي، ليچينسٽن ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ سنگل مارڪيٽ جو حصو آهن پر ڪسٽم يونين ۾ شامل ناهن.<ref name="EEA">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ==== مقابلو ۽ صارفين جو تحفظ ==== اي يو هڪ مقابلي واري پاليسي (competition policy) هلائي ٿي ته جيئن مارڪيٽ ۾ مقابلي کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي.<ref group="lower-alpha">Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> هڪ مشهور ڪيس ۾ [[Microsoft]] تي 777 ملين يورو جو ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=22 October 2007 |title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft |access-date=12 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> ==== ٻاهريون واپار ==== يورپي يونين دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن سان آزاد واپار جا معاهدا (FTAs) ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Free trade agreements |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622093930/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ڪووڊ-19 جي ڪري چين، آمريڪا کي پوئتي ڇڏي اي يو جو وڏو تجارتي پارٽنر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Audrye |date=May 2021 |title=How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China's Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=100 |issue=3}}</ref> جاپان سان ٿيل معاشي شراڪت جو معاهدو دنيا جي وڏن ٻطرفن معاهدن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Union and Japan to sign historic trade deal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0717/979174-eu_japan/|publisher=RTE|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> === توانائي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators}} {{Pie chart | caption = ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي (2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-ex-23-001|title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2023 edition|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-61987-1 |via=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | label1 = تيل | value1 = 31.7 | color1 = black | label2 = قدرتي گيس | value2 = 24.7 | color2 = #8B8888 | label3 = ڪوئلو | value3 = 10.9 | color3 = #8B3333 | label4 = جوهري (نيوڪليئر) | value4 = 13.2 | color4 = #ffeeaa | label5 = بايو فيول، فضلو، بجلي، گرمي | value5 = 19.4 | color5 = #668B22 }} 2019ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي 59 ارب [[Joule (unit)|GJ]] هئي، جيڪا عالمي ڪل جو تقريباً 10.2 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي. اي يو ۾ دستياب توانائي جو تقريباً ٽي چوٿائي حصو درآمدات (گهڻو ڪري فوسل فيول) مان حاصل ڪيو ويو. 2019ع ۾ [[Renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] جو حصو اي يو جي ڪل توانائي فراهمي ۾ 18.1 سيڪڙو ۽ توانائي جي آخري استعمال ۾ 11.1 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> يورپي يونين وٽ پنهنجي قيام کان وٺي توانائي پاليسي جي شعبي ۾ قانون سازي جا اختيار رهيا آهن، جنهن جو بنياد اصل [[European Coal and Steel Community]] ۾ آهي. هڪ لازمي ۽ جامع يورپي توانائي پاليسي جي منظوري آڪٽوبر 2005ع ۾ يورپي ڪائونسل جي اجلاس ۾ ڏني وئي، ۽ پهرين پاليسي جو مسودو جنوري 2007ع ۾ شايع ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2007 |title=Q&A: EU energy plans |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[File:Energy Community Map.svg|thumb|left|[[Energy Community|توانائي برادري]]]] يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي جا پنج اهم نقطا آهن: [[European Single Market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۾ مقابلي کي وڌائڻ، سيڙپڪاري جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ ۽ بجلي جي گرڊن جي وچ ۾ رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ؛ توانائي جي ذريعن کي متنوع بنائڻ ته جيئن ڪنهن بحران جي صورت ۾ بهتر جواب ڏئي سگهجي؛ روس سان توانائي جي تعاون لاءِ هڪ نئون معاهدو قائم ڪرڻ ۽ مرڪزي ايشيا<ref name="oies">{{Cite web |last=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff |date=November 2008 |title=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes |url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |access-date=17 November 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]}}</ref> ۽ اتر آفريڪا جي توانائي سان مالامال رياستن سان لاڳاپا بهتر بنائڻ؛ موجوده توانائي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ موثر طريقي سان استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ [[renewable energy commercialisation|قابل تجديد توانائي]] کي وڌائڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ نئين توانائي ٽيڪنالاجيز لاءِ فنڊنگ ۾ واڌ ڪرڻ.<ref name="Energy Q&A" /> 2007ع ۾، مجموعي طور تي اي يو ملڪن پنهنجي ضرورت جو 82 سيڪڙو تيل، 57 سيڪڙو قدرتي گيس<ref name="low carb prop">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16560106 |access-date=24 January 2007 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> ۽ 97.48 سيڪڙو يورينيم<ref name="Euratom2007">{{Cite book |title=Euratom Supply Agency – Annual Report 2007 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-79-09437-8 |location=Luxembourg |page=22 |chapter=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels |quote=European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU). |access-date=1 March 2009 |chapter-url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf}}</ref> ٻاهران گهرايو. يورپي يونين کي قدرتي گيس فراهم ڪندڙ ٽي وڏا ملڪ روس، ناروي ۽ [[الجزائر]] آهن، جن جو 2019ع جي درآمدات ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽي چوٿائي حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Abnett |first1=Kate |last2=Nasralla |first2=Shadia |date=17 July 2020 |title=EU's greenhouse gas strategy fails to plug methane hole |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-energy-methane-insight/eus-greenhouse-gas-strategy-fails-to-plug-methane-hole-idINKCN24I0IV |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> اي يو توانائي جي معاملن ۾ [[Russia in the European energy sector|روس تي انحصار]] گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهي آهي.<ref name="Energy Russia">{{Cite web |last=European Parliament |title=Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20060112STO04233&secondRef=0 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> مئي 2022ع ۾، يوڪرين تي حملي جي ڪري يورپي يونين روس تي وڌيڪ پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ جي تياري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ روسي تيل تي پابندي شامل هئي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2022 |title=EU leans towards Russian oil ban by year-end, diplomats say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-leans-towards-russian-oil-ban-by-year-end-diplomats-say-2022-05-01/ |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> ساڳئي مهيني ۾، [[European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن]] "RePowerEU" اقدام شايع ڪيو، جيڪو 300 ارب يورو جو هڪ منصوبو آهي جنهن جو مقصد 2030ع تائين روسي فوسل فيول تي انحصار ختم ڪرڻ ۽ توانائي جي پاڪيزه منتقلي کي تيز ڪرڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=EU unveils €300 billion plan to reduce its energy dependency on Russia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-300-billion-plan-to-reduce-its-energy-dependency-on-russia/a-61838801 |website=[[dw.com]]}}</ref> {{Clear}} === علائقائي ترقي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي علائقائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Committee of the Regions|European Investment Bank}} [[File:European regional policy 2021.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|2021ع کان 2027ع تائين علائقن جي درجه بندي {{Leftlegend|#FF0000|گھٽ ترقي يافته علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#FFFF00|عبوري علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#0000FF|وڌيڪ ترقي يافته علائقا}} ]] پنج [[European Structural and Investment Funds|يورپي ساختي ۽ سيڙپڪاري فنڊ]] يورپي يونين جي علائقن جي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري انهن علائقن جي جيڪي گهٽ ترقي يافته آهن. اهي علائقا اڪثر ڪري [[Central Europe|مرڪزي]] ۽ ڏکڻ يورپ جي رياستن ۾ واقع آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Select Committee on European Union |year=2008 |title=Chapter 2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/141/14105.htm |access-date=28 February 2012 |website=Nineteenth Report}}</ref><ref name="Business2000 Funds">{{Cite web |title=EU Structural and Cohesion funds |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529083348/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> هڪ ٻيو فنڊ ([[Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance]]) اميدوار ميمبر ملڪن کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون آڻڻ لاءِ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو جيڪي اي يو جي معيار مطابق هجن. انهن پاليسين ذريعي وڌندڙ عمر جي آبادي، ٻارن جي پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح ۽ غير شهري علائقن مان آباديءَ جي گهٽجڻ جهڙن مسئلن کي پڻ حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي آدمشماري}} {{See also|يورپي يونين جي شهريت}} === آبادي === {{see|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}} [[File:Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg|thumb|right|upright=1|نقشو جيڪو 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS3 علائقن]] جي آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي ڏيکاري ٿو، جنهن ۾ غير اي يو ملڪ پڻ شامل آهن.]] 2024ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 45 ڪروڙ (450 ملين) هئي، جيڪا عالمي آبادي جو 5.8 سيڪڙو آهي.<ref name="population">{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Share of world population, 1960, 2015 and 2060 (%) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Share_of_world_population,_1960,_2015_and_2060_(%25)_2.png |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> پوري اي يو ۾ آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي 106 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر هئي، جيڪا عالمي اوسط کان وڌيڪ آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> هي گهاٽائي مرڪزي ۽ مغربي يورپ جي علائقن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آهي، جنهن کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن "[[blue banana]]" چيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته اتر ۾ [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[فن لينڊ]] ۾ آبادي تمام ڇڙوڇڙ آهي. اي يو جي ڪل آبادي گذريل ڪجهه سالن کان ٿوري گهٽجي رهي آهي، 2021ع ۾ ان ۾ 0.04 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ان جو سبب پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح آهي، جيڪا في عورت لڳ ڀڳ 1.5 ٻار آهي، جڏهن ته عالمي اوسط 2.3 آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> 2021ع ۾ اي يو ۾ ڪل 41 لک ٻار پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230309-1|title=How many children were born in the EU in 2021?|date=9 March 2023|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> [attachment_0](attachment) [[Europe ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ|يورپ ڏانهن هجرت (Immigration)]] آبادي جي هن قدرتي گهٽتائي کي ڪجهه حد تائين پورو ڪري ٿي. اي يو ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن مان 5.3 سيڪڙو اهڙا آهن جيڪي اي يو جا شهري ناهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> هتي 31 اهڙيون قوميتون آهن جيڪي غير اي يو شهرين جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 سيڪڙو آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان وڏا گروهه [[مراڪش|مراڪشي]]، [[ترڪي|ترڪ]]، [[شام|شامي]] ۽ [[چين|چيني]] آهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ==== شهريت (Urbanisation) ==== {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي شهرن جي فهرست|يورپي يونين جي شهري علائقن جي فهرست}} [[File:La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg|thumb|left|[[پيرس ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]] اي يو جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري علائقو آهي.]] 2020ع ۾ اي يو جي ٻن ٽين حصن کان وڌيڪ (68.2 سيڪڙو) آبادي شهري علائقن ۾ رهندي هئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 اهڙا شهري علائقا آهن جن جي آبادي 10 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان، [[پيرس]] سڀ کان وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو ۽ اي يو جو واحد [[megacity]] آهي.<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{Cite web |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=INSEE}}</ref><ref name="eurostat">{{Cite web |title=Eurostat – Data Explorer |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> پيرس کان پوءِ [[ميڊرڊ]]، [[بارسلونا]]، [[برلن]]، رور (Ruhr)، [[ميلان]] ۽ [[روم]] اچن ٿا، جن سڀني جي آبادي 40 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. اي يو ۾ ڪيترائي گھڻ-مرڪزي (polycentric) شهري علائقا پڻ آهن جهڙوڪ رائن-رور، رينڊ اسٽيڊ (Randstad)، ۽ فرينڪفرٽ رائن-مين.<ref name="eurostat" /> {{Largest population centres | country = يورپي يونين | stat_ref = ميٽروپوليٽن علائقا، [[Eurostat]] 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions – Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/met_pjanaggr3 |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | list_by_pop = Larger urban zone#List of larger urban zones | div_link = Member state of the European Union{{!}}رياست | city_1 = پيرس | div_1 = فرانس | pop_1 = 12,388,388 | city_2 = ميڊرڊ | div_2 = اسپين | pop_2 = 6,871,903 | city_3 = بارسلونا | div_3 = اسپين | pop_3 = 5,797,356 | city_4 = برلن | div_4 = جرمني | pop_4 = 5,481,613 | city_5 = رور | div_5 = جرمني | pop_5 = 5,147,820 | city_6 = ميلان | div_6 = اٽلي | pop_6 = 4,329,748 | city_7 = روم | div_7 = اٽلي | pop_7 = 4,227,059 | city_8 = ايٿنز | div_8 = يونان | pop_8 = 3,626,216 | city_9 = هيمبرگ | div_9 = جرمني | pop_9 = 3,423,121 | city_10 = ايمسٽرڊيم | div_10 = نيدرلينڊز | pop_10 = 3,397,323 | city_11 = برسلز | div_11 = بيلجيم | pop_11 = 3,395,581 | city_12 = وارسا | div_12 = پولينڊ | pop_12 = 3,269,510 | city_13 = مارسيلي | div_13 = فرانس | pop_13 = 3,183,476 | city_14 = بڊاپيسٽ | div_14 = هنگري | pop_14 = 3,031,887 | city_15 = ميونخ | div_15 = جرمني | pop_16 = 2,981,735 | city_16 = نيپلز | div_16 = اٽلي | pop_15 = 2,980,338 | city_17 = ويانا | div_17 = آسٽريا | pop_17 = 2,971,753 | city_18 = لزبن | div_18 = پرتگال | pop_18 = 2,899,670 | city_19 = اسٽٽ گارٽ | div_19 = جرمني | pop_19 = 2,816,924 | city_20 = پراگ | div_20 = چيڪ جمهوريه| pop_20 = 2,796,717 }} === ٻوليون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ٻوليون}} {| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible plainrowheaders sortable" style="border: 0.5em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 0.9em; max-width: 20em; text-align: center;" |+ سرڪاري ٻوليون ڳالهائيندڙن جي سيڪڙو مطابق، 2023ع<ref name="EU-Lang">{{Cite book |last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication |title=Special Eurobarometer survey "Europeans and their languages" |date=2024 |publisher=Publications Office |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2979 |access-date=19 October 2025 |doi=10.2766/28257 |isbn=978-92-68-12045-3}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | ٻولي ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | مادري ٻولي{{Efn|مادري ٻولي}} ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | ڪل{{Efn|اي يو جا شهري جيڪي هن ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا}} |- ! scope="row" | [[German language|جرمن]] |19% |29% |- ! scope="row" | [[French language|فرانسيسي]] |15% |25% |- ! scope="row" | [[Italian language|اٽالين]] |13% |16% |- ! scope="row" | [[Polish language|پولش]] |9% |9% |- ! scope="row" | اسپينش |9% |17% |- ! scope="row" | [[Dutch language|ڊچ]] |5% |6% |- ! scope="row" | [[Romanian language|رومانيائي]] |4% |5% |- ! scope="row" | [[Greek language|يوناني]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Hungarian language|هنگريائي]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Portuguese language|پرتگالي]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Czech language|چيڪ]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | انگريزي |2% |50% |- ! scope="row" | [[Bulgarian language|بلغاريائي]] |2% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Swedish language|سويڊني]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Danish language|ڊينش]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Finnish language|فنلينڊي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Croatian language|ڪروشيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Lithuanian language|لٿوانيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovak language|سلوواڪ]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovene language|سلووينيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Latvian language|ليٽويائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Estonian language|ايسٽونائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Maltese language|مالٽيائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Irish language|آئرش]] |<1% |<1% |} اي يو جون 24 سرڪاري ٻوليون آهن. اهم دستاويز، جهڙوڪ قانون سازي، هر سرڪاري ٻوليءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪيا ويندا آهن. يورپي ڪميشن پنهنجو ڪم ٽن "عملي ٻولين" ۾ ڪري ٿي: انگريزي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن.<ref name="procedural">{{Cite web |title=European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-825_en.htm |website=europa.eu}}</ref> اي يو ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائيندڙ ٻولي انگريزي آهي، جيڪا 50 سيڪڙو آبادي ڳالهائي ٿي.<ref name="EU-Lang" /> جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي ترتيبوار 29 سيڪڙو ۽ 25 سيڪڙو ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا. اڌ کان وڌيڪ (59 سيڪڙو) شهري پنهنجي مادري ٻوليءَ کان سواءِ ڪنهن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا. اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 علائقائي ۽ اقليتي ٻوليون پڻ آهن، جيڪي 5 ڪروڙ تائين ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا.<ref name="Many tongues, one family">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |year=2004 |title=Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union |url=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329125431/http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2007 |access-date=3 February 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === مذهب === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ مذهب}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ اي يو ۾ مذهبي وابستگي (2015ع)<ref name="EB2015">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Discrimiation in the EU in 2015 |url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |archive-date=14 March 2020 |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |series=437 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]] |location=European Union}}</ref> ! scope="col" | وابستگي ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | اي يو جي آبادي جو سيڪڙو |- ! scope="row" | [[عيسائيت|عيسائي]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|71.6||2||background:darkblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ڪئٿولڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|45.3||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|11.1||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ايسترن آرٿوڊوڪس]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|9.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | ٻيا عيسائي | align=right |{{Bartable| 5.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" | [[مسلمان]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 1.8||2||background:green}} |- ! scope="row" | ٻيا مذهب | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 2.6||2||background:purple}} |- ! scope="row" | [[لامذهب|لا ديني]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 24.0||2||background:grey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | غير يقيني/[[Agnosticism|ايگنوسٽڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 13.6||2||background:lightgrey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[Atheism|ملحد]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 10.4||2||background:lightgrey}} |- |} يورپي يونين جو ڪنهن به مذهب سان ڪو به سرڪاري تعلق ناهي. [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]] جي آرٽيڪل 17 تحت گرجا گھرن ۽ مذهبي تنظيمن جي حيثيت کي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_One:_Principles#Article_17 |via=Wikisource}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي معاهدن ۾ يورپ جي "ثقافتي، مذهبي ۽ انساني ورثي" جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Consolidated Treaties">{{Cite web |title=Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.C_.2010.083.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AC%3A2010%3A083%3ATOC |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> == ثقافت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ثقافتي پاليسيون}} ماسترخت معاهدي (Maastricht Treaty) ۾ ثقافتي تعاون کي شامل ڪرڻ کان وٺي رڪن ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ثقافتي مٽاسٽا يورپي يونين جي دلچسپيءَ جو مرڪز رهي آهي.<ref name="Bozoki">{{Cite web |last=Bozoki |first=Andras |title=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union |url=http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222205051/http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2013 |access-date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union.pdf}}</ref> اي يو پاران ثقافتي شعبي ۾ کنيل قدمن ۾ "ڪلچر 2000" پروگرام،<ref name="Bozoki" /> "يورپي ثقافتي مهينو" جو واقعو،<ref name="Culture Month">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Culture Month |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202062436/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-date=2 February 2008 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ۽ [[European Union Youth Orchestra]] جهڙا آرڪسٽرا شامل آهن. [[European Capital of Culture|يورپي ثقافتي گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] وارو پروگرام هر سال هڪ يا وڌيڪ شهرن کي چونڊيندو آهي ته جيئن ان شهر جي ثقافتي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Capital Culture">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Capitals of Culture |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803205745/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |archive-date=3 August 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === رانديون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون راندين بابت پاليسيون}} رانديون بنيادي طور تي اي يو بجاءِ رڪن ملڪن يا ٻين عالمي تنظيمن جي ذميواري آهن. پر اي يو جون ڪجهه پاليسيون راندين تي اثرانداز ٿيون آهن، جهڙوڪ "باسمن فيصلو" (Bosman ruling)، جنهن قومي فٽبال ليگز کي اي يو شهرين تي ڪوٽا لڳائڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو.<ref name="BBC Boseman">{{Cite news |last=Fordyce |first=Tom |date=11 July 2007 |title=10&nbsp;years since Bosman |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4528732.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[Treaty of Lisbon|لزبن معاهدي]] تحت راندين جي مخصوص نوعيت ۽ رضاڪارانه جوڙجڪ جو احترام ڪرڻ ضروري قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. === علامتون === {{Further|European Heritage Label}} [[File:Europa copy.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|هڪ يوناني گلداني تي [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|يوروپا]] ۽ ڍڳو، لڳ ڀڳ 480 قبل مسيح.]] [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپ جو جهنڊو]] نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري تارن جي دائري تي مشتمل آهي. هي جهنڊو اصل ۾ 1955ع ۾ ڪائونسل آف يورپ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ۽ 1986ع ۾ يورپي برادرين پاران اختيار ڪيو ويو. {{Blockquote|مغربي دنيا جي نيري آسمان جي پس منظر ۾، تارا يورپ جي عوام جي اتحاد جي علامت آهن. تارن جو تعداد هميشه [[12 (number)#Religion|ٻارهن]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو ڪمال ۽ مڪمل هجڻ جي نشاني آهي.|ڪائونسل آف يورپ. پيرس، 7–9 ڊسمبر 1955ع.|source=}} ''[[يورپي يونين جو نعرو|تنوع ۾ اتحاد]]'' (United in Diversity) کي 2000ع ۾ يونين جو نعرو تسليم ڪيو ويو. 1985ع کان وٺي، 9 مئي کي "يورپ جو ڏينهن" (Europe Day) طور ملهايو ويندو آهي. اي يو جو ترانو [[Ludwig van Beethoven|بيٿووفن]] جي نائين سمفوني جي چوٿين حصي ''[[Ode to Joy]]'' جو هڪ اوزاري (instrumental) ورزن آهي. يونين جو نالو يوناني ڏند ڪٿا جي ڪردار "يوروپا" تان ورتل آهي، جنهن جي تصوير 2013ع جي يورو بئنڪ نوٽن تي پڻ موجود آهي. === ميڊيا === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ ميڊيا جي آزادي}} [[File:Siège d'Euronews.jpg|thumb|left|فرانس جي شهر ليون ۾ [[Euronews]] جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر]] ميڊيا جي آزادي يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن ۽ ان جي شهرين جو بنيادي حق آهي. اي يو ۾ اڪثر ميڊيا قومي سطح جي آهي، پر ڪجهه يورپي سطح جا ادارا جهڙوڪ [[Euronews]]، [[Eurosport]] ۽ [[Politico Europe]] پڻ اڀريا آهن. يورپي يونين جو "ميڊيا پروگرام" 1991ع کان وٺي يورپي فلمن ۽ آڊيو-ويزيول صنعتن جي مدد ڪري رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Programme |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621054048/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |archive-date=21 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=Europa |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> === اثر === [[File:Eiffel Tower wearing Europe colors - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|upright|اي فل ٽاور تي [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپي نشان]] چٽيل آهي]] يورپي يونين جو گهڻن رڪن ملڪن جي معيشت تي هاڪاري اثر پيو آهي. هڪ مطالعي مطابق، يورپي انٽيگريشن کان سواءِ، ميمبر ملڪن جي في ڪس آمدني اوسطاً 10 سيڪڙو گهٽ هجي ها.<ref name="JoME">{{Cite journal |last1=Campos |first1=Nauro F. |last2=Coricelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Moretti |first3=Luigi |date=1 May 2019 |title=Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe |journal=Journal of Monetary Economics |volume=103 |pages=88–104 |doi=10.1016/j.jmoneco.2018.08.001 |issn=0304-3932 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/342557 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ان کان علاوه، اي يو کي يورپ ۾ امن برقرار رکڻ ۽ جمهوريت کي هٿي ڏيڻ ۾ هڪ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندڙ طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. == آپٽ-آئوٽس (پاسيرو رهڻ) == {{main|يورپي يونين مان آپٽ-آئوٽس}} ٽن رڪن ملڪن کي يونين جي ڪجهه پهلوئن کان مستقل طور تي آپٽ-آئوٽ (پاسيرو رهڻ جو اختيار) حاصل آهي: * [[ڊينمارڪ]] کي [[يوروزون]] (eurozone) ۽ [[area of freedom, security and justice|آزادي، سيڪيورٽي ۽ انصاف واري علائقي]] (AFSJ) کان آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي؛ * [[آئرلينڊ]] کي [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] (Schengen area) کان آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي، جنهن جو سبب برطانيه سان ان جي [[Common Travel Area|کليل سرحد]] آهي، ۽ ان سان گڏ AFSJ کان جزوي آپٽ-آئوٽ پڻ حاصل اٿس؛ * [[پولينڊ]] کي [[يورپي يونين جي بنيادي حقن جو چارٽر|بنيادي حقن جي چارٽر]] کان جزوي آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي. m1k4dx4lha5e7pdr7s4126usim6ezkt 370373 370372 2026-04-06T18:44:52Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* آپٽ-آئوٽس (پاسيرو رهڻ) */ 370373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} == معيشت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي معيشت}} [[File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png|thumb|right|في ڪس [[GDP]] (PPP) (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي گڏيل مجموعي پيداوار ([[gross domestic product]] - GDP)، جيڪو معاشي سرگرمين جو هڪ پيمانو آهي، 2022ع ۾ 16.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا عالمي جي ڊي پي جو تقريباً 16.6 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> اي يو جي مختلف رياستن جي وچ ۾ ۽ رياستن جي اندر في ڪس جي ڊي پي ۾ وڏو فرق موجود آهي. سڀ کان امير ۽ غريب علائقن جي وچ ۾ فرق (281 NUTS-2 علائقا) 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب، بلغاريا جي Severozapaden (اي يو جي اوسط جو 31 سيڪڙو) کان وٺي لگزمبرگ (اي يو جي اوسط جو 253 سيڪڙو) تائين هو، يعني {{Euro|4,600}} کان {{Euro|92,600}} جي وچ ۾.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي تخميني مطابق ڪل دولت (Net wealth) آمريڪا (140 ٽريلين ڊالر) ۽ [[چين]] (84 ٽريلين ڊالر) کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي آهي، جيڪا عالمي دولت جي تقريباً ڇهين حصي (76 ٽريلين ڊالر) جي برابر آهي.<ref name="databook2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shorrocks |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |title=Global Wealth Databook 2023 |last2=Davies |first2=James |last3=Lluberas |first3=Rodrigo |publisher=[[UBS]] and [[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute |year=2023 |author-link=Anthony Shorrocks |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024ع جي فارچون گلوبل 500 جي فهرست ۾ شامل دنيا جي وڏين ڪمپنين مان 90 ڪمپنين جا هيڊ ڪوارٽر يورپي يونين ۾ هئا.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html |access-date=8 July 2010}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</ref> 2016ع ۾ بيروزگاري جي شرح 8.9 سيڪڙو هئي، جڏهن ته افراط زر (مهانگائي) 2.2 سيڪڙو هئي. 2021ع ۾ يورپي يونين ۾ سراسري سالياني آمدني تقريباً {{Euro|25,000}} هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database – Eurostat |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labour-market/earnings/database |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد === {{Main|يورپي يونين جو معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد}} {{Euro accession map}} [[يورو]] (Euro) يورپي يونين جي 21 رڪن رياستن جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي آهي. 1969ع ۾ هڪ گڏيل يورپي ڪرنسي جو قيام يورپي معاشي برادري جو سرڪاري مقصد بڻيو. 1992ع ۾ رڪن رياستن [[Maastricht Treaty]] تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ قانوني طور تي مقرر ڪيل ضابطن تي عمل ڪرڻ جا پابند ٿيا، بشمول [[Euro convergence criteria|ڪنورجنس معيار]]، ته جيئن مالي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن. اهي ملڪ جيڪي هن اتحاد جو حصو بڻجڻ چاهين ٿا، انهن کي پهريان [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] ۾ شامل ٿيڻو پوندو آهي. ==== ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽ يونين ۽ مالي ادارا ==== {{Main|Capital Markets Union|European System of Financial Supervision|European Stability Mechanism}} سرمائي جي آزاد چرپر (Free movement of capital) جو مقصد ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ملڪيت جي خريداري ۽ شيئرز جي خريد و فروخت کي آسان بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518000627/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[European System of Financial Supervision]] اي يو جي مالي نگراني جو هڪ ادارتي فريم ورڪ آهي، جيڪو ٽن اختيارين تي مشتمل آهي: يورپي بئنڪنگ اٿارٽي، يورپي انشورنس ۽ پينشن اٿارٽي، ۽ يورپي سيڪيورٽيز ۽ مارڪيٽ اٿارٽي. هن نظام جو مقصد اي يو جي معاشي استحڪام کي يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Europe seals deal on financial supervision |url=http://euobserver.com/?aid=30866 |website=euobserver.com}}</ref> ==== يوروزون ۽ بئنڪنگ يونين ==== {{Main|يورو|يوروزون|يورپي بئنڪنگ يونين}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Euro banknotes, Europa series.png | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = يورو جا نوٽ (2013 کان) | image2 = Europäische Zentralbank - European Central Bank (19190136328) (cropped).jpg | width2 = 147 | alt2 = | caption2 = فرينڪفرٽ، جرمني ۾ واقع [[يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ]] }} 1999ع ۾ مالي اتحاد يارهن رڪن رياستن ۾ هڪ گڏيل اڪائونٽنگ ڪرنسي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان عمل ۾ آيو. 2002ع ۾ يورو جا نوٽ ۽ سڪا جاري ڪيا ويا. يوروزون (اهي ملڪ جن يورو کي اختيار ڪيو آهي) هن وقت 20 ملڪن تائين وڌي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchler |first=Teresa |date=25 October 2006 |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |publisher=EUobserver.com |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |access-date=26 December 2006}}</ref> يورو دنيا جي ٻي وڏي [[reserve currency]] ۽ آمريڪي ڊالر کان پوءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ واپار ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf |access-date=25 July 2009 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> يورو ۽ ان جي مالي پاليسيون [[ECB]] (يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ) جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آهن.<ref name="ECB org">{{Cite web |title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem |url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html |access-date=15 September 2007 |publisher=European Central Bank}}</ref> === واپار === هڪ سياسي اداري جي طور تي، يورپي يونين جي نمائندگي [[عالمي واپار جي تنظيم]] (WTO) ۾ ڪئي ويندي آهي. ==== سنگل مارڪيٽ (واحد مارڪيٽ) ==== {{Main|يورپي سنگل مارڪيٽ}} [[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[European Single Market|يورپي واحد مارڪيٽ]] {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ffff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] سنگل مارڪيٽ ۾ سامان، سرمايو، ماڻهو ۽ خدمتن جي آزاد چرپر شامل آهي.<ref name="Europa Internal Market" /> خدمتون اي يو جي جي ڊي پي جو 60 کان 70 سيڪڙو آهن. [[Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006]] جو مقصد سرحد پار خدمتن جي فراهمي کي آزاد بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Services |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133514/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ==== ڪسٽم يونين ==== {{Main|يورپي يونين ڪسٽم يونين}} [[File:EU Customs Union.svg|thumb|upright=1|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] ڪسٽم يونين ۾ مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ تمام سامان تي هڪ گڏيل ٻاهرين ٽئرف لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن سامان مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي وڃي ٿو، ته ان تي ڪو به ڪسٽم ڊيوٽي يا ٽيڪس لاڳو نٿو ٿئي. آئس لينڊ، ناروي، ليچينسٽن ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ سنگل مارڪيٽ جو حصو آهن پر ڪسٽم يونين ۾ شامل ناهن.<ref name="EEA">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ==== مقابلو ۽ صارفين جو تحفظ ==== اي يو هڪ مقابلي واري پاليسي (competition policy) هلائي ٿي ته جيئن مارڪيٽ ۾ مقابلي کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي.<ref group="lower-alpha">Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> هڪ مشهور ڪيس ۾ [[Microsoft]] تي 777 ملين يورو جو ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=22 October 2007 |title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft |access-date=12 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> ==== ٻاهريون واپار ==== يورپي يونين دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن سان آزاد واپار جا معاهدا (FTAs) ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Free trade agreements |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622093930/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ڪووڊ-19 جي ڪري چين، آمريڪا کي پوئتي ڇڏي اي يو جو وڏو تجارتي پارٽنر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Audrye |date=May 2021 |title=How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China's Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=100 |issue=3}}</ref> جاپان سان ٿيل معاشي شراڪت جو معاهدو دنيا جي وڏن ٻطرفن معاهدن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Union and Japan to sign historic trade deal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0717/979174-eu_japan/|publisher=RTE|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> === توانائي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators}} {{Pie chart | caption = ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي (2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-ex-23-001|title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2023 edition|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-61987-1 |via=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | label1 = تيل | value1 = 31.7 | color1 = black | label2 = قدرتي گيس | value2 = 24.7 | color2 = #8B8888 | label3 = ڪوئلو | value3 = 10.9 | color3 = #8B3333 | label4 = جوهري (نيوڪليئر) | value4 = 13.2 | color4 = #ffeeaa | label5 = بايو فيول، فضلو، بجلي، گرمي | value5 = 19.4 | color5 = #668B22 }} 2019ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي 59 ارب [[Joule (unit)|GJ]] هئي، جيڪا عالمي ڪل جو تقريباً 10.2 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي. اي يو ۾ دستياب توانائي جو تقريباً ٽي چوٿائي حصو درآمدات (گهڻو ڪري فوسل فيول) مان حاصل ڪيو ويو. 2019ع ۾ [[Renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] جو حصو اي يو جي ڪل توانائي فراهمي ۾ 18.1 سيڪڙو ۽ توانائي جي آخري استعمال ۾ 11.1 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> يورپي يونين وٽ پنهنجي قيام کان وٺي توانائي پاليسي جي شعبي ۾ قانون سازي جا اختيار رهيا آهن، جنهن جو بنياد اصل [[European Coal and Steel Community]] ۾ آهي. هڪ لازمي ۽ جامع يورپي توانائي پاليسي جي منظوري آڪٽوبر 2005ع ۾ يورپي ڪائونسل جي اجلاس ۾ ڏني وئي، ۽ پهرين پاليسي جو مسودو جنوري 2007ع ۾ شايع ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2007 |title=Q&A: EU energy plans |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[File:Energy Community Map.svg|thumb|left|[[Energy Community|توانائي برادري]]]] يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي جا پنج اهم نقطا آهن: [[European Single Market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۾ مقابلي کي وڌائڻ، سيڙپڪاري جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ ۽ بجلي جي گرڊن جي وچ ۾ رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ؛ توانائي جي ذريعن کي متنوع بنائڻ ته جيئن ڪنهن بحران جي صورت ۾ بهتر جواب ڏئي سگهجي؛ روس سان توانائي جي تعاون لاءِ هڪ نئون معاهدو قائم ڪرڻ ۽ مرڪزي ايشيا<ref name="oies">{{Cite web |last=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff |date=November 2008 |title=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes |url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |access-date=17 November 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]}}</ref> ۽ اتر آفريڪا جي توانائي سان مالامال رياستن سان لاڳاپا بهتر بنائڻ؛ موجوده توانائي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ موثر طريقي سان استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ [[renewable energy commercialisation|قابل تجديد توانائي]] کي وڌائڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ نئين توانائي ٽيڪنالاجيز لاءِ فنڊنگ ۾ واڌ ڪرڻ.<ref name="Energy Q&A" /> 2007ع ۾، مجموعي طور تي اي يو ملڪن پنهنجي ضرورت جو 82 سيڪڙو تيل، 57 سيڪڙو قدرتي گيس<ref name="low carb prop">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16560106 |access-date=24 January 2007 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> ۽ 97.48 سيڪڙو يورينيم<ref name="Euratom2007">{{Cite book |title=Euratom Supply Agency – Annual Report 2007 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-79-09437-8 |location=Luxembourg |page=22 |chapter=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels |quote=European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU). |access-date=1 March 2009 |chapter-url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf}}</ref> ٻاهران گهرايو. يورپي يونين کي قدرتي گيس فراهم ڪندڙ ٽي وڏا ملڪ روس، ناروي ۽ [[الجزائر]] آهن، جن جو 2019ع جي درآمدات ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽي چوٿائي حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Abnett |first1=Kate |last2=Nasralla |first2=Shadia |date=17 July 2020 |title=EU's greenhouse gas strategy fails to plug methane hole |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-energy-methane-insight/eus-greenhouse-gas-strategy-fails-to-plug-methane-hole-idINKCN24I0IV |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> اي يو توانائي جي معاملن ۾ [[Russia in the European energy sector|روس تي انحصار]] گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهي آهي.<ref name="Energy Russia">{{Cite web |last=European Parliament |title=Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20060112STO04233&secondRef=0 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> مئي 2022ع ۾، يوڪرين تي حملي جي ڪري يورپي يونين روس تي وڌيڪ پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ جي تياري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ روسي تيل تي پابندي شامل هئي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2022 |title=EU leans towards Russian oil ban by year-end, diplomats say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-leans-towards-russian-oil-ban-by-year-end-diplomats-say-2022-05-01/ |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> ساڳئي مهيني ۾، [[European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن]] "RePowerEU" اقدام شايع ڪيو، جيڪو 300 ارب يورو جو هڪ منصوبو آهي جنهن جو مقصد 2030ع تائين روسي فوسل فيول تي انحصار ختم ڪرڻ ۽ توانائي جي پاڪيزه منتقلي کي تيز ڪرڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=EU unveils €300 billion plan to reduce its energy dependency on Russia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-300-billion-plan-to-reduce-its-energy-dependency-on-russia/a-61838801 |website=[[dw.com]]}}</ref> {{Clear}} === علائقائي ترقي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي علائقائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Committee of the Regions|European Investment Bank}} [[File:European regional policy 2021.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|2021ع کان 2027ع تائين علائقن جي درجه بندي {{Leftlegend|#FF0000|گھٽ ترقي يافته علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#FFFF00|عبوري علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#0000FF|وڌيڪ ترقي يافته علائقا}} ]] پنج [[European Structural and Investment Funds|يورپي ساختي ۽ سيڙپڪاري فنڊ]] يورپي يونين جي علائقن جي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري انهن علائقن جي جيڪي گهٽ ترقي يافته آهن. اهي علائقا اڪثر ڪري [[Central Europe|مرڪزي]] ۽ ڏکڻ يورپ جي رياستن ۾ واقع آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Select Committee on European Union |year=2008 |title=Chapter 2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/141/14105.htm |access-date=28 February 2012 |website=Nineteenth Report}}</ref><ref name="Business2000 Funds">{{Cite web |title=EU Structural and Cohesion funds |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529083348/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> هڪ ٻيو فنڊ ([[Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance]]) اميدوار ميمبر ملڪن کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون آڻڻ لاءِ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو جيڪي اي يو جي معيار مطابق هجن. انهن پاليسين ذريعي وڌندڙ عمر جي آبادي، ٻارن جي پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح ۽ غير شهري علائقن مان آباديءَ جي گهٽجڻ جهڙن مسئلن کي پڻ حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي آدمشماري}} {{See also|يورپي يونين جي شهريت}} === آبادي === {{see|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}} [[File:Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg|thumb|right|upright=1|نقشو جيڪو 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS3 علائقن]] جي آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي ڏيکاري ٿو، جنهن ۾ غير اي يو ملڪ پڻ شامل آهن.]] 2024ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 45 ڪروڙ (450 ملين) هئي، جيڪا عالمي آبادي جو 5.8 سيڪڙو آهي.<ref name="population">{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Share of world population, 1960, 2015 and 2060 (%) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Share_of_world_population,_1960,_2015_and_2060_(%25)_2.png |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> پوري اي يو ۾ آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي 106 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر هئي، جيڪا عالمي اوسط کان وڌيڪ آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> هي گهاٽائي مرڪزي ۽ مغربي يورپ جي علائقن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آهي، جنهن کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن "[[blue banana]]" چيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته اتر ۾ [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[فن لينڊ]] ۾ آبادي تمام ڇڙوڇڙ آهي. اي يو جي ڪل آبادي گذريل ڪجهه سالن کان ٿوري گهٽجي رهي آهي، 2021ع ۾ ان ۾ 0.04 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ان جو سبب پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح آهي، جيڪا في عورت لڳ ڀڳ 1.5 ٻار آهي، جڏهن ته عالمي اوسط 2.3 آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> 2021ع ۾ اي يو ۾ ڪل 41 لک ٻار پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230309-1|title=How many children were born in the EU in 2021?|date=9 March 2023|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> [attachment_0](attachment) [[Europe ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ|يورپ ڏانهن هجرت (Immigration)]] آبادي جي هن قدرتي گهٽتائي کي ڪجهه حد تائين پورو ڪري ٿي. اي يو ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن مان 5.3 سيڪڙو اهڙا آهن جيڪي اي يو جا شهري ناهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> هتي 31 اهڙيون قوميتون آهن جيڪي غير اي يو شهرين جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 سيڪڙو آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان وڏا گروهه [[مراڪش|مراڪشي]]، [[ترڪي|ترڪ]]، [[شام|شامي]] ۽ [[چين|چيني]] آهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ==== شهريت (Urbanisation) ==== {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي شهرن جي فهرست|يورپي يونين جي شهري علائقن جي فهرست}} [[File:La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg|thumb|left|[[پيرس ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]] اي يو جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري علائقو آهي.]] 2020ع ۾ اي يو جي ٻن ٽين حصن کان وڌيڪ (68.2 سيڪڙو) آبادي شهري علائقن ۾ رهندي هئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 اهڙا شهري علائقا آهن جن جي آبادي 10 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان، [[پيرس]] سڀ کان وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو ۽ اي يو جو واحد [[megacity]] آهي.<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{Cite web |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=INSEE}}</ref><ref name="eurostat">{{Cite web |title=Eurostat – Data Explorer |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> پيرس کان پوءِ [[ميڊرڊ]]، [[بارسلونا]]، [[برلن]]، رور (Ruhr)، [[ميلان]] ۽ [[روم]] اچن ٿا، جن سڀني جي آبادي 40 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. اي يو ۾ ڪيترائي گھڻ-مرڪزي (polycentric) شهري علائقا پڻ آهن جهڙوڪ رائن-رور، رينڊ اسٽيڊ (Randstad)، ۽ فرينڪفرٽ رائن-مين.<ref name="eurostat" /> {{Largest population centres | country = يورپي يونين | stat_ref = ميٽروپوليٽن علائقا، [[Eurostat]] 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions – Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/met_pjanaggr3 |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | list_by_pop = Larger urban zone#List of larger urban zones | div_link = Member state of the European Union{{!}}رياست | city_1 = پيرس | div_1 = فرانس | pop_1 = 12,388,388 | city_2 = ميڊرڊ | div_2 = اسپين | pop_2 = 6,871,903 | city_3 = بارسلونا | div_3 = اسپين | pop_3 = 5,797,356 | city_4 = برلن | div_4 = جرمني | pop_4 = 5,481,613 | city_5 = رور | div_5 = جرمني | pop_5 = 5,147,820 | city_6 = ميلان | div_6 = اٽلي | pop_6 = 4,329,748 | city_7 = روم | div_7 = اٽلي | pop_7 = 4,227,059 | city_8 = ايٿنز | div_8 = يونان | pop_8 = 3,626,216 | city_9 = هيمبرگ | div_9 = جرمني | pop_9 = 3,423,121 | city_10 = ايمسٽرڊيم | div_10 = نيدرلينڊز | pop_10 = 3,397,323 | city_11 = برسلز | div_11 = بيلجيم | pop_11 = 3,395,581 | city_12 = وارسا | div_12 = پولينڊ | pop_12 = 3,269,510 | city_13 = مارسيلي | div_13 = فرانس | pop_13 = 3,183,476 | city_14 = بڊاپيسٽ | div_14 = هنگري | pop_14 = 3,031,887 | city_15 = ميونخ | div_15 = جرمني | pop_16 = 2,981,735 | city_16 = نيپلز | div_16 = اٽلي | pop_15 = 2,980,338 | city_17 = ويانا | div_17 = آسٽريا | pop_17 = 2,971,753 | city_18 = لزبن | div_18 = پرتگال | pop_18 = 2,899,670 | city_19 = اسٽٽ گارٽ | div_19 = جرمني | pop_19 = 2,816,924 | city_20 = پراگ | div_20 = چيڪ جمهوريه| pop_20 = 2,796,717 }} === ٻوليون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ٻوليون}} {| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible plainrowheaders sortable" style="border: 0.5em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 0.9em; max-width: 20em; text-align: center;" |+ سرڪاري ٻوليون ڳالهائيندڙن جي سيڪڙو مطابق، 2023ع<ref name="EU-Lang">{{Cite book |last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication |title=Special Eurobarometer survey "Europeans and their languages" |date=2024 |publisher=Publications Office |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2979 |access-date=19 October 2025 |doi=10.2766/28257 |isbn=978-92-68-12045-3}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | ٻولي ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | مادري ٻولي{{Efn|مادري ٻولي}} ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | ڪل{{Efn|اي يو جا شهري جيڪي هن ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا}} |- ! scope="row" | [[German language|جرمن]] |19% |29% |- ! scope="row" | [[French language|فرانسيسي]] |15% |25% |- ! scope="row" | [[Italian language|اٽالين]] |13% |16% |- ! scope="row" | [[Polish language|پولش]] |9% |9% |- ! scope="row" | اسپينش |9% |17% |- ! scope="row" | [[Dutch language|ڊچ]] |5% |6% |- ! scope="row" | [[Romanian language|رومانيائي]] |4% |5% |- ! scope="row" | [[Greek language|يوناني]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Hungarian language|هنگريائي]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Portuguese language|پرتگالي]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Czech language|چيڪ]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | انگريزي |2% |50% |- ! scope="row" | [[Bulgarian language|بلغاريائي]] |2% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Swedish language|سويڊني]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Danish language|ڊينش]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Finnish language|فنلينڊي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Croatian language|ڪروشيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Lithuanian language|لٿوانيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovak language|سلوواڪ]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovene language|سلووينيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Latvian language|ليٽويائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Estonian language|ايسٽونائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Maltese language|مالٽيائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Irish language|آئرش]] |<1% |<1% |} اي يو جون 24 سرڪاري ٻوليون آهن. اهم دستاويز، جهڙوڪ قانون سازي، هر سرڪاري ٻوليءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪيا ويندا آهن. يورپي ڪميشن پنهنجو ڪم ٽن "عملي ٻولين" ۾ ڪري ٿي: انگريزي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن.<ref name="procedural">{{Cite web |title=European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-825_en.htm |website=europa.eu}}</ref> اي يو ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائيندڙ ٻولي انگريزي آهي، جيڪا 50 سيڪڙو آبادي ڳالهائي ٿي.<ref name="EU-Lang" /> جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي ترتيبوار 29 سيڪڙو ۽ 25 سيڪڙو ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا. اڌ کان وڌيڪ (59 سيڪڙو) شهري پنهنجي مادري ٻوليءَ کان سواءِ ڪنهن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا. اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 علائقائي ۽ اقليتي ٻوليون پڻ آهن، جيڪي 5 ڪروڙ تائين ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا.<ref name="Many tongues, one family">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |year=2004 |title=Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union |url=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329125431/http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2007 |access-date=3 February 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === مذهب === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ مذهب}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ اي يو ۾ مذهبي وابستگي (2015ع)<ref name="EB2015">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Discrimiation in the EU in 2015 |url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |archive-date=14 March 2020 |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |series=437 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]] |location=European Union}}</ref> ! scope="col" | وابستگي ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | اي يو جي آبادي جو سيڪڙو |- ! scope="row" | [[عيسائيت|عيسائي]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|71.6||2||background:darkblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ڪئٿولڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|45.3||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|11.1||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ايسترن آرٿوڊوڪس]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|9.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | ٻيا عيسائي | align=right |{{Bartable| 5.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" | [[مسلمان]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 1.8||2||background:green}} |- ! scope="row" | ٻيا مذهب | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 2.6||2||background:purple}} |- ! scope="row" | [[لامذهب|لا ديني]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 24.0||2||background:grey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | غير يقيني/[[Agnosticism|ايگنوسٽڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 13.6||2||background:lightgrey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[Atheism|ملحد]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 10.4||2||background:lightgrey}} |- |} يورپي يونين جو ڪنهن به مذهب سان ڪو به سرڪاري تعلق ناهي. [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]] جي آرٽيڪل 17 تحت گرجا گھرن ۽ مذهبي تنظيمن جي حيثيت کي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_One:_Principles#Article_17 |via=Wikisource}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي معاهدن ۾ يورپ جي "ثقافتي، مذهبي ۽ انساني ورثي" جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Consolidated Treaties">{{Cite web |title=Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.C_.2010.083.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AC%3A2010%3A083%3ATOC |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> == ثقافت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ثقافتي پاليسيون}} ماسترخت معاهدي (Maastricht Treaty) ۾ ثقافتي تعاون کي شامل ڪرڻ کان وٺي رڪن ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ثقافتي مٽاسٽا يورپي يونين جي دلچسپيءَ جو مرڪز رهي آهي.<ref name="Bozoki">{{Cite web |last=Bozoki |first=Andras |title=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union |url=http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222205051/http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2013 |access-date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union.pdf}}</ref> اي يو پاران ثقافتي شعبي ۾ کنيل قدمن ۾ "ڪلچر 2000" پروگرام،<ref name="Bozoki" /> "يورپي ثقافتي مهينو" جو واقعو،<ref name="Culture Month">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Culture Month |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202062436/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-date=2 February 2008 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ۽ [[European Union Youth Orchestra]] جهڙا آرڪسٽرا شامل آهن. [[European Capital of Culture|يورپي ثقافتي گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] وارو پروگرام هر سال هڪ يا وڌيڪ شهرن کي چونڊيندو آهي ته جيئن ان شهر جي ثقافتي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Capital Culture">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Capitals of Culture |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803205745/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |archive-date=3 August 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === رانديون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون راندين بابت پاليسيون}} رانديون بنيادي طور تي اي يو بجاءِ رڪن ملڪن يا ٻين عالمي تنظيمن جي ذميواري آهن. پر اي يو جون ڪجهه پاليسيون راندين تي اثرانداز ٿيون آهن، جهڙوڪ "باسمن فيصلو" (Bosman ruling)، جنهن قومي فٽبال ليگز کي اي يو شهرين تي ڪوٽا لڳائڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو.<ref name="BBC Boseman">{{Cite news |last=Fordyce |first=Tom |date=11 July 2007 |title=10&nbsp;years since Bosman |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4528732.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[Treaty of Lisbon|لزبن معاهدي]] تحت راندين جي مخصوص نوعيت ۽ رضاڪارانه جوڙجڪ جو احترام ڪرڻ ضروري قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. === علامتون === {{Further|European Heritage Label}} [[File:Europa copy.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|هڪ يوناني گلداني تي [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|يوروپا]] ۽ ڍڳو، لڳ ڀڳ 480 قبل مسيح.]] [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپ جو جهنڊو]] نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري تارن جي دائري تي مشتمل آهي. هي جهنڊو اصل ۾ 1955ع ۾ ڪائونسل آف يورپ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ۽ 1986ع ۾ يورپي برادرين پاران اختيار ڪيو ويو. {{Blockquote|مغربي دنيا جي نيري آسمان جي پس منظر ۾، تارا يورپ جي عوام جي اتحاد جي علامت آهن. تارن جو تعداد هميشه [[12 (number)#Religion|ٻارهن]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو ڪمال ۽ مڪمل هجڻ جي نشاني آهي.|ڪائونسل آف يورپ. پيرس، 7–9 ڊسمبر 1955ع.|source=}} ''[[يورپي يونين جو نعرو|تنوع ۾ اتحاد]]'' (United in Diversity) کي 2000ع ۾ يونين جو نعرو تسليم ڪيو ويو. 1985ع کان وٺي، 9 مئي کي "يورپ جو ڏينهن" (Europe Day) طور ملهايو ويندو آهي. اي يو جو ترانو [[Ludwig van Beethoven|بيٿووفن]] جي نائين سمفوني جي چوٿين حصي ''[[Ode to Joy]]'' جو هڪ اوزاري (instrumental) ورزن آهي. يونين جو نالو يوناني ڏند ڪٿا جي ڪردار "يوروپا" تان ورتل آهي، جنهن جي تصوير 2013ع جي يورو بئنڪ نوٽن تي پڻ موجود آهي. === ميڊيا === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ ميڊيا جي آزادي}} [[File:Siège d'Euronews.jpg|thumb|left|فرانس جي شهر ليون ۾ [[Euronews]] جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر]] ميڊيا جي آزادي يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن ۽ ان جي شهرين جو بنيادي حق آهي. اي يو ۾ اڪثر ميڊيا قومي سطح جي آهي، پر ڪجهه يورپي سطح جا ادارا جهڙوڪ [[Euronews]]، [[Eurosport]] ۽ [[Politico Europe]] پڻ اڀريا آهن. يورپي يونين جو "ميڊيا پروگرام" 1991ع کان وٺي يورپي فلمن ۽ آڊيو-ويزيول صنعتن جي مدد ڪري رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Programme |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621054048/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |archive-date=21 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=Europa |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> === اثر === [[File:Eiffel Tower wearing Europe colors - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|upright|اي فل ٽاور تي [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپي نشان]] چٽيل آهي]] يورپي يونين جو گهڻن رڪن ملڪن جي معيشت تي هاڪاري اثر پيو آهي. هڪ مطالعي مطابق، يورپي انٽيگريشن کان سواءِ، ميمبر ملڪن جي في ڪس آمدني اوسطاً 10 سيڪڙو گهٽ هجي ها.<ref name="JoME">{{Cite journal |last1=Campos |first1=Nauro F. |last2=Coricelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Moretti |first3=Luigi |date=1 May 2019 |title=Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe |journal=Journal of Monetary Economics |volume=103 |pages=88–104 |doi=10.1016/j.jmoneco.2018.08.001 |issn=0304-3932 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/342557 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ان کان علاوه، اي يو کي يورپ ۾ امن برقرار رکڻ ۽ جمهوريت کي هٿي ڏيڻ ۾ هڪ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندڙ طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. == آپٽ-آئوٽس (پاسيرو رهڻ) == {{main|يورپي يونين مان آپٽ-آئوٽس}} ٽن رڪن ملڪن کي يونين جي ڪجهه پهلوئن کان مستقل طور تي آپٽ-آئوٽ (پاسيرو رهڻ جو اختيار) حاصل آهي: * [[ڊينمارڪ]] کي [[يوروزون]] (eurozone) ۽ [[area of freedom, security and justice|آزادي، سيڪيورٽي ۽ انصاف واري علائقي]] (AFSJ) کان آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي؛ * [[آئرلينڊ]] کي [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] (Schengen area) کان آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي، جنهن جو سبب برطانيه سان ان جي [[Common Travel Area|کليل سرحد]] آهي، ۽ ان سان گڏ AFSJ کان جزوي آپٽ-آئوٽ پڻ حاصل اٿس؛ * [[پولينڊ]] کي [[يورپي يونين جي بنيادي حقن جو چارٽر|بنيادي حقن جي چارٽر]] کان جزوي آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي. == وڌيڪ ڏسو == {{Portal|يورپي يونين|يورپ}} * {{anl|آفريقي يونين}} * [[برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين]] * [[يورپي يونين ۾ سينسرشپ]] * {{anl|Euroscepticism|يورپي شڪ پَسندي}} * [[ملڪن جي گروپن جي فهرست]] * {{anl|گهڻ-پاسي آزاد واپار جي معاهدن جي فهرست}} * {{anl|يورپي يونين جو خاڪو}} * {{anl|يورپي قومپرستي}} * [[يورپي اقتصادي علائقي جي ميمبرن جا خاص علائقا]] * {{anl|Wojciech Jastrzębowski}}، جنهن 1831ع ۾، روس جي خلاف پولينڊ جي [[نومبر بغاوت (1830ع)]] ۾ وڙهڻ کانپوءِ، پنهنجي تجويز ڪيل يورپي يونين لاءِ پهريون آئين تيار ڪيو هو. t6zb9op2zoja5gkjl2dy2jkul8asfhj 370374 370373 2026-04-06T18:45:33Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* وڌيڪ ڏسو */ 370374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} == معيشت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي معيشت}} [[File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png|thumb|right|في ڪس [[GDP]] (PPP) (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي گڏيل مجموعي پيداوار ([[gross domestic product]] - GDP)، جيڪو معاشي سرگرمين جو هڪ پيمانو آهي، 2022ع ۾ 16.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا عالمي جي ڊي پي جو تقريباً 16.6 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> اي يو جي مختلف رياستن جي وچ ۾ ۽ رياستن جي اندر في ڪس جي ڊي پي ۾ وڏو فرق موجود آهي. سڀ کان امير ۽ غريب علائقن جي وچ ۾ فرق (281 NUTS-2 علائقا) 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب، بلغاريا جي Severozapaden (اي يو جي اوسط جو 31 سيڪڙو) کان وٺي لگزمبرگ (اي يو جي اوسط جو 253 سيڪڙو) تائين هو، يعني {{Euro|4,600}} کان {{Euro|92,600}} جي وچ ۾.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي تخميني مطابق ڪل دولت (Net wealth) آمريڪا (140 ٽريلين ڊالر) ۽ [[چين]] (84 ٽريلين ڊالر) کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي آهي، جيڪا عالمي دولت جي تقريباً ڇهين حصي (76 ٽريلين ڊالر) جي برابر آهي.<ref name="databook2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shorrocks |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |title=Global Wealth Databook 2023 |last2=Davies |first2=James |last3=Lluberas |first3=Rodrigo |publisher=[[UBS]] and [[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute |year=2023 |author-link=Anthony Shorrocks |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024ع جي فارچون گلوبل 500 جي فهرست ۾ شامل دنيا جي وڏين ڪمپنين مان 90 ڪمپنين جا هيڊ ڪوارٽر يورپي يونين ۾ هئا.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html |access-date=8 July 2010}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</ref> 2016ع ۾ بيروزگاري جي شرح 8.9 سيڪڙو هئي، جڏهن ته افراط زر (مهانگائي) 2.2 سيڪڙو هئي. 2021ع ۾ يورپي يونين ۾ سراسري سالياني آمدني تقريباً {{Euro|25,000}} هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database – Eurostat |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labour-market/earnings/database |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد === {{Main|يورپي يونين جو معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد}} {{Euro accession map}} [[يورو]] (Euro) يورپي يونين جي 21 رڪن رياستن جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي آهي. 1969ع ۾ هڪ گڏيل يورپي ڪرنسي جو قيام يورپي معاشي برادري جو سرڪاري مقصد بڻيو. 1992ع ۾ رڪن رياستن [[Maastricht Treaty]] تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ قانوني طور تي مقرر ڪيل ضابطن تي عمل ڪرڻ جا پابند ٿيا، بشمول [[Euro convergence criteria|ڪنورجنس معيار]]، ته جيئن مالي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن. اهي ملڪ جيڪي هن اتحاد جو حصو بڻجڻ چاهين ٿا، انهن کي پهريان [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] ۾ شامل ٿيڻو پوندو آهي. ==== ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽ يونين ۽ مالي ادارا ==== {{Main|Capital Markets Union|European System of Financial Supervision|European Stability Mechanism}} سرمائي جي آزاد چرپر (Free movement of capital) جو مقصد ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ملڪيت جي خريداري ۽ شيئرز جي خريد و فروخت کي آسان بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518000627/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[European System of Financial Supervision]] اي يو جي مالي نگراني جو هڪ ادارتي فريم ورڪ آهي، جيڪو ٽن اختيارين تي مشتمل آهي: يورپي بئنڪنگ اٿارٽي، يورپي انشورنس ۽ پينشن اٿارٽي، ۽ يورپي سيڪيورٽيز ۽ مارڪيٽ اٿارٽي. هن نظام جو مقصد اي يو جي معاشي استحڪام کي يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Europe seals deal on financial supervision |url=http://euobserver.com/?aid=30866 |website=euobserver.com}}</ref> ==== يوروزون ۽ بئنڪنگ يونين ==== {{Main|يورو|يوروزون|يورپي بئنڪنگ يونين}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Euro banknotes, Europa series.png | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = يورو جا نوٽ (2013 کان) | image2 = Europäische Zentralbank - European Central Bank (19190136328) (cropped).jpg | width2 = 147 | alt2 = | caption2 = فرينڪفرٽ، جرمني ۾ واقع [[يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ]] }} 1999ع ۾ مالي اتحاد يارهن رڪن رياستن ۾ هڪ گڏيل اڪائونٽنگ ڪرنسي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان عمل ۾ آيو. 2002ع ۾ يورو جا نوٽ ۽ سڪا جاري ڪيا ويا. يوروزون (اهي ملڪ جن يورو کي اختيار ڪيو آهي) هن وقت 20 ملڪن تائين وڌي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchler |first=Teresa |date=25 October 2006 |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |publisher=EUobserver.com |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |access-date=26 December 2006}}</ref> يورو دنيا جي ٻي وڏي [[reserve currency]] ۽ آمريڪي ڊالر کان پوءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ واپار ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf |access-date=25 July 2009 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> يورو ۽ ان جي مالي پاليسيون [[ECB]] (يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ) جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آهن.<ref name="ECB org">{{Cite web |title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem |url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html |access-date=15 September 2007 |publisher=European Central Bank}}</ref> === واپار === هڪ سياسي اداري جي طور تي، يورپي يونين جي نمائندگي [[عالمي واپار جي تنظيم]] (WTO) ۾ ڪئي ويندي آهي. ==== سنگل مارڪيٽ (واحد مارڪيٽ) ==== {{Main|يورپي سنگل مارڪيٽ}} [[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[European Single Market|يورپي واحد مارڪيٽ]] {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ffff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] سنگل مارڪيٽ ۾ سامان، سرمايو، ماڻهو ۽ خدمتن جي آزاد چرپر شامل آهي.<ref name="Europa Internal Market" /> خدمتون اي يو جي جي ڊي پي جو 60 کان 70 سيڪڙو آهن. [[Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006]] جو مقصد سرحد پار خدمتن جي فراهمي کي آزاد بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Services |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133514/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ==== ڪسٽم يونين ==== {{Main|يورپي يونين ڪسٽم يونين}} [[File:EU Customs Union.svg|thumb|upright=1|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] ڪسٽم يونين ۾ مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ تمام سامان تي هڪ گڏيل ٻاهرين ٽئرف لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن سامان مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي وڃي ٿو، ته ان تي ڪو به ڪسٽم ڊيوٽي يا ٽيڪس لاڳو نٿو ٿئي. آئس لينڊ، ناروي، ليچينسٽن ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ سنگل مارڪيٽ جو حصو آهن پر ڪسٽم يونين ۾ شامل ناهن.<ref name="EEA">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ==== مقابلو ۽ صارفين جو تحفظ ==== اي يو هڪ مقابلي واري پاليسي (competition policy) هلائي ٿي ته جيئن مارڪيٽ ۾ مقابلي کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي.<ref group="lower-alpha">Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> هڪ مشهور ڪيس ۾ [[Microsoft]] تي 777 ملين يورو جو ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=22 October 2007 |title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft |access-date=12 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> ==== ٻاهريون واپار ==== يورپي يونين دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن سان آزاد واپار جا معاهدا (FTAs) ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Free trade agreements |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622093930/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ڪووڊ-19 جي ڪري چين، آمريڪا کي پوئتي ڇڏي اي يو جو وڏو تجارتي پارٽنر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Audrye |date=May 2021 |title=How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China's Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=100 |issue=3}}</ref> جاپان سان ٿيل معاشي شراڪت جو معاهدو دنيا جي وڏن ٻطرفن معاهدن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Union and Japan to sign historic trade deal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0717/979174-eu_japan/|publisher=RTE|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> === توانائي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators}} {{Pie chart | caption = ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي (2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-ex-23-001|title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2023 edition|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-61987-1 |via=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | label1 = تيل | value1 = 31.7 | color1 = black | label2 = قدرتي گيس | value2 = 24.7 | color2 = #8B8888 | label3 = ڪوئلو | value3 = 10.9 | color3 = #8B3333 | label4 = جوهري (نيوڪليئر) | value4 = 13.2 | color4 = #ffeeaa | label5 = بايو فيول، فضلو، بجلي، گرمي | value5 = 19.4 | color5 = #668B22 }} 2019ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي 59 ارب [[Joule (unit)|GJ]] هئي، جيڪا عالمي ڪل جو تقريباً 10.2 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي. اي يو ۾ دستياب توانائي جو تقريباً ٽي چوٿائي حصو درآمدات (گهڻو ڪري فوسل فيول) مان حاصل ڪيو ويو. 2019ع ۾ [[Renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] جو حصو اي يو جي ڪل توانائي فراهمي ۾ 18.1 سيڪڙو ۽ توانائي جي آخري استعمال ۾ 11.1 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> يورپي يونين وٽ پنهنجي قيام کان وٺي توانائي پاليسي جي شعبي ۾ قانون سازي جا اختيار رهيا آهن، جنهن جو بنياد اصل [[European Coal and Steel Community]] ۾ آهي. هڪ لازمي ۽ جامع يورپي توانائي پاليسي جي منظوري آڪٽوبر 2005ع ۾ يورپي ڪائونسل جي اجلاس ۾ ڏني وئي، ۽ پهرين پاليسي جو مسودو جنوري 2007ع ۾ شايع ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2007 |title=Q&A: EU energy plans |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[File:Energy Community Map.svg|thumb|left|[[Energy Community|توانائي برادري]]]] يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي جا پنج اهم نقطا آهن: [[European Single Market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۾ مقابلي کي وڌائڻ، سيڙپڪاري جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ ۽ بجلي جي گرڊن جي وچ ۾ رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ؛ توانائي جي ذريعن کي متنوع بنائڻ ته جيئن ڪنهن بحران جي صورت ۾ بهتر جواب ڏئي سگهجي؛ روس سان توانائي جي تعاون لاءِ هڪ نئون معاهدو قائم ڪرڻ ۽ مرڪزي ايشيا<ref name="oies">{{Cite web |last=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff |date=November 2008 |title=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes |url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |access-date=17 November 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]}}</ref> ۽ اتر آفريڪا جي توانائي سان مالامال رياستن سان لاڳاپا بهتر بنائڻ؛ موجوده توانائي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ موثر طريقي سان استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ [[renewable energy commercialisation|قابل تجديد توانائي]] کي وڌائڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ نئين توانائي ٽيڪنالاجيز لاءِ فنڊنگ ۾ واڌ ڪرڻ.<ref name="Energy Q&A" /> 2007ع ۾، مجموعي طور تي اي يو ملڪن پنهنجي ضرورت جو 82 سيڪڙو تيل، 57 سيڪڙو قدرتي گيس<ref name="low carb prop">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16560106 |access-date=24 January 2007 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> ۽ 97.48 سيڪڙو يورينيم<ref name="Euratom2007">{{Cite book |title=Euratom Supply Agency – Annual Report 2007 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-79-09437-8 |location=Luxembourg |page=22 |chapter=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels |quote=European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU). |access-date=1 March 2009 |chapter-url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf}}</ref> ٻاهران گهرايو. يورپي يونين کي قدرتي گيس فراهم ڪندڙ ٽي وڏا ملڪ روس، ناروي ۽ [[الجزائر]] آهن، جن جو 2019ع جي درآمدات ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽي چوٿائي حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Abnett |first1=Kate |last2=Nasralla |first2=Shadia |date=17 July 2020 |title=EU's greenhouse gas strategy fails to plug methane hole |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-energy-methane-insight/eus-greenhouse-gas-strategy-fails-to-plug-methane-hole-idINKCN24I0IV |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> اي يو توانائي جي معاملن ۾ [[Russia in the European energy sector|روس تي انحصار]] گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهي آهي.<ref name="Energy Russia">{{Cite web |last=European Parliament |title=Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20060112STO04233&secondRef=0 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> مئي 2022ع ۾، يوڪرين تي حملي جي ڪري يورپي يونين روس تي وڌيڪ پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ جي تياري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ روسي تيل تي پابندي شامل هئي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2022 |title=EU leans towards Russian oil ban by year-end, diplomats say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-leans-towards-russian-oil-ban-by-year-end-diplomats-say-2022-05-01/ |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> ساڳئي مهيني ۾، [[European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن]] "RePowerEU" اقدام شايع ڪيو، جيڪو 300 ارب يورو جو هڪ منصوبو آهي جنهن جو مقصد 2030ع تائين روسي فوسل فيول تي انحصار ختم ڪرڻ ۽ توانائي جي پاڪيزه منتقلي کي تيز ڪرڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=EU unveils €300 billion plan to reduce its energy dependency on Russia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-300-billion-plan-to-reduce-its-energy-dependency-on-russia/a-61838801 |website=[[dw.com]]}}</ref> {{Clear}} === علائقائي ترقي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي علائقائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Committee of the Regions|European Investment Bank}} [[File:European regional policy 2021.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|2021ع کان 2027ع تائين علائقن جي درجه بندي {{Leftlegend|#FF0000|گھٽ ترقي يافته علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#FFFF00|عبوري علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#0000FF|وڌيڪ ترقي يافته علائقا}} ]] پنج [[European Structural and Investment Funds|يورپي ساختي ۽ سيڙپڪاري فنڊ]] يورپي يونين جي علائقن جي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري انهن علائقن جي جيڪي گهٽ ترقي يافته آهن. اهي علائقا اڪثر ڪري [[Central Europe|مرڪزي]] ۽ ڏکڻ يورپ جي رياستن ۾ واقع آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Select Committee on European Union |year=2008 |title=Chapter 2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/141/14105.htm |access-date=28 February 2012 |website=Nineteenth Report}}</ref><ref name="Business2000 Funds">{{Cite web |title=EU Structural and Cohesion funds |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529083348/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> هڪ ٻيو فنڊ ([[Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance]]) اميدوار ميمبر ملڪن کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون آڻڻ لاءِ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو جيڪي اي يو جي معيار مطابق هجن. انهن پاليسين ذريعي وڌندڙ عمر جي آبادي، ٻارن جي پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح ۽ غير شهري علائقن مان آباديءَ جي گهٽجڻ جهڙن مسئلن کي پڻ حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي آدمشماري}} {{See also|يورپي يونين جي شهريت}} === آبادي === {{see|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}} [[File:Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg|thumb|right|upright=1|نقشو جيڪو 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS3 علائقن]] جي آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي ڏيکاري ٿو، جنهن ۾ غير اي يو ملڪ پڻ شامل آهن.]] 2024ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 45 ڪروڙ (450 ملين) هئي، جيڪا عالمي آبادي جو 5.8 سيڪڙو آهي.<ref name="population">{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Share of world population, 1960, 2015 and 2060 (%) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Share_of_world_population,_1960,_2015_and_2060_(%25)_2.png |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> پوري اي يو ۾ آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي 106 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر هئي، جيڪا عالمي اوسط کان وڌيڪ آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> هي گهاٽائي مرڪزي ۽ مغربي يورپ جي علائقن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آهي، جنهن کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن "[[blue banana]]" چيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته اتر ۾ [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[فن لينڊ]] ۾ آبادي تمام ڇڙوڇڙ آهي. اي يو جي ڪل آبادي گذريل ڪجهه سالن کان ٿوري گهٽجي رهي آهي، 2021ع ۾ ان ۾ 0.04 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ان جو سبب پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح آهي، جيڪا في عورت لڳ ڀڳ 1.5 ٻار آهي، جڏهن ته عالمي اوسط 2.3 آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> 2021ع ۾ اي يو ۾ ڪل 41 لک ٻار پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230309-1|title=How many children were born in the EU in 2021?|date=9 March 2023|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> [attachment_0](attachment) [[Europe ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ|يورپ ڏانهن هجرت (Immigration)]] آبادي جي هن قدرتي گهٽتائي کي ڪجهه حد تائين پورو ڪري ٿي. اي يو ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن مان 5.3 سيڪڙو اهڙا آهن جيڪي اي يو جا شهري ناهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> هتي 31 اهڙيون قوميتون آهن جيڪي غير اي يو شهرين جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 سيڪڙو آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان وڏا گروهه [[مراڪش|مراڪشي]]، [[ترڪي|ترڪ]]، [[شام|شامي]] ۽ [[چين|چيني]] آهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ==== شهريت (Urbanisation) ==== {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي شهرن جي فهرست|يورپي يونين جي شهري علائقن جي فهرست}} [[File:La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg|thumb|left|[[پيرس ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]] اي يو جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري علائقو آهي.]] 2020ع ۾ اي يو جي ٻن ٽين حصن کان وڌيڪ (68.2 سيڪڙو) آبادي شهري علائقن ۾ رهندي هئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 اهڙا شهري علائقا آهن جن جي آبادي 10 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان، [[پيرس]] سڀ کان وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو ۽ اي يو جو واحد [[megacity]] آهي.<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{Cite web |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=INSEE}}</ref><ref name="eurostat">{{Cite web |title=Eurostat – Data Explorer |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> پيرس کان پوءِ [[ميڊرڊ]]، [[بارسلونا]]، [[برلن]]، رور (Ruhr)، [[ميلان]] ۽ [[روم]] اچن ٿا، جن سڀني جي آبادي 40 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. اي يو ۾ ڪيترائي گھڻ-مرڪزي (polycentric) شهري علائقا پڻ آهن جهڙوڪ رائن-رور، رينڊ اسٽيڊ (Randstad)، ۽ فرينڪفرٽ رائن-مين.<ref name="eurostat" /> {{Largest population centres | country = يورپي يونين | stat_ref = ميٽروپوليٽن علائقا، [[Eurostat]] 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions – Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/met_pjanaggr3 |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | list_by_pop = Larger urban zone#List of larger urban zones | div_link = Member state of the European Union{{!}}رياست | city_1 = پيرس | div_1 = فرانس | pop_1 = 12,388,388 | city_2 = ميڊرڊ | div_2 = اسپين | pop_2 = 6,871,903 | city_3 = بارسلونا | div_3 = اسپين | pop_3 = 5,797,356 | city_4 = برلن | div_4 = جرمني | pop_4 = 5,481,613 | city_5 = رور | div_5 = جرمني | pop_5 = 5,147,820 | city_6 = ميلان | div_6 = اٽلي | pop_6 = 4,329,748 | city_7 = روم | div_7 = اٽلي | pop_7 = 4,227,059 | city_8 = ايٿنز | div_8 = يونان | pop_8 = 3,626,216 | city_9 = هيمبرگ | div_9 = جرمني | pop_9 = 3,423,121 | city_10 = ايمسٽرڊيم | div_10 = نيدرلينڊز | pop_10 = 3,397,323 | city_11 = برسلز | div_11 = بيلجيم | pop_11 = 3,395,581 | city_12 = وارسا | div_12 = پولينڊ | pop_12 = 3,269,510 | city_13 = مارسيلي | div_13 = فرانس | pop_13 = 3,183,476 | city_14 = بڊاپيسٽ | div_14 = هنگري | pop_14 = 3,031,887 | city_15 = ميونخ | div_15 = جرمني | pop_16 = 2,981,735 | city_16 = نيپلز | div_16 = اٽلي | pop_15 = 2,980,338 | city_17 = ويانا | div_17 = آسٽريا | pop_17 = 2,971,753 | city_18 = لزبن | div_18 = پرتگال | pop_18 = 2,899,670 | city_19 = اسٽٽ گارٽ | div_19 = جرمني | pop_19 = 2,816,924 | city_20 = پراگ | div_20 = چيڪ جمهوريه| pop_20 = 2,796,717 }} === ٻوليون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ٻوليون}} {| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible plainrowheaders sortable" style="border: 0.5em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 0.9em; max-width: 20em; text-align: center;" |+ سرڪاري ٻوليون ڳالهائيندڙن جي سيڪڙو مطابق، 2023ع<ref name="EU-Lang">{{Cite book |last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication |title=Special Eurobarometer survey "Europeans and their languages" |date=2024 |publisher=Publications Office |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2979 |access-date=19 October 2025 |doi=10.2766/28257 |isbn=978-92-68-12045-3}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | ٻولي ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | مادري ٻولي{{Efn|مادري ٻولي}} ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | ڪل{{Efn|اي يو جا شهري جيڪي هن ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا}} |- ! scope="row" | [[German language|جرمن]] |19% |29% |- ! scope="row" | [[French language|فرانسيسي]] |15% |25% |- ! scope="row" | [[Italian language|اٽالين]] |13% |16% |- ! scope="row" | [[Polish language|پولش]] |9% |9% |- ! scope="row" | اسپينش |9% |17% |- ! scope="row" | [[Dutch language|ڊچ]] |5% |6% |- ! scope="row" | [[Romanian language|رومانيائي]] |4% |5% |- ! scope="row" | [[Greek language|يوناني]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Hungarian language|هنگريائي]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Portuguese language|پرتگالي]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Czech language|چيڪ]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | انگريزي |2% |50% |- ! scope="row" | [[Bulgarian language|بلغاريائي]] |2% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Swedish language|سويڊني]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Danish language|ڊينش]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Finnish language|فنلينڊي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Croatian language|ڪروشيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Lithuanian language|لٿوانيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovak language|سلوواڪ]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovene language|سلووينيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Latvian language|ليٽويائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Estonian language|ايسٽونائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Maltese language|مالٽيائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Irish language|آئرش]] |<1% |<1% |} اي يو جون 24 سرڪاري ٻوليون آهن. اهم دستاويز، جهڙوڪ قانون سازي، هر سرڪاري ٻوليءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪيا ويندا آهن. يورپي ڪميشن پنهنجو ڪم ٽن "عملي ٻولين" ۾ ڪري ٿي: انگريزي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن.<ref name="procedural">{{Cite web |title=European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-825_en.htm |website=europa.eu}}</ref> اي يو ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائيندڙ ٻولي انگريزي آهي، جيڪا 50 سيڪڙو آبادي ڳالهائي ٿي.<ref name="EU-Lang" /> جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي ترتيبوار 29 سيڪڙو ۽ 25 سيڪڙو ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا. اڌ کان وڌيڪ (59 سيڪڙو) شهري پنهنجي مادري ٻوليءَ کان سواءِ ڪنهن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا. اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 علائقائي ۽ اقليتي ٻوليون پڻ آهن، جيڪي 5 ڪروڙ تائين ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا.<ref name="Many tongues, one family">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |year=2004 |title=Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union |url=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329125431/http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2007 |access-date=3 February 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === مذهب === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ مذهب}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ اي يو ۾ مذهبي وابستگي (2015ع)<ref name="EB2015">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Discrimiation in the EU in 2015 |url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |archive-date=14 March 2020 |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |series=437 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]] |location=European Union}}</ref> ! scope="col" | وابستگي ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | اي يو جي آبادي جو سيڪڙو |- ! scope="row" | [[عيسائيت|عيسائي]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|71.6||2||background:darkblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ڪئٿولڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|45.3||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|11.1||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ايسترن آرٿوڊوڪس]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|9.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | ٻيا عيسائي | align=right |{{Bartable| 5.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" | [[مسلمان]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 1.8||2||background:green}} |- ! scope="row" | ٻيا مذهب | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 2.6||2||background:purple}} |- ! scope="row" | [[لامذهب|لا ديني]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 24.0||2||background:grey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | غير يقيني/[[Agnosticism|ايگنوسٽڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 13.6||2||background:lightgrey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[Atheism|ملحد]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 10.4||2||background:lightgrey}} |- |} يورپي يونين جو ڪنهن به مذهب سان ڪو به سرڪاري تعلق ناهي. [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]] جي آرٽيڪل 17 تحت گرجا گھرن ۽ مذهبي تنظيمن جي حيثيت کي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_One:_Principles#Article_17 |via=Wikisource}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي معاهدن ۾ يورپ جي "ثقافتي، مذهبي ۽ انساني ورثي" جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Consolidated Treaties">{{Cite web |title=Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.C_.2010.083.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AC%3A2010%3A083%3ATOC |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> == ثقافت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ثقافتي پاليسيون}} ماسترخت معاهدي (Maastricht Treaty) ۾ ثقافتي تعاون کي شامل ڪرڻ کان وٺي رڪن ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ثقافتي مٽاسٽا يورپي يونين جي دلچسپيءَ جو مرڪز رهي آهي.<ref name="Bozoki">{{Cite web |last=Bozoki |first=Andras |title=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union |url=http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222205051/http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2013 |access-date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union.pdf}}</ref> اي يو پاران ثقافتي شعبي ۾ کنيل قدمن ۾ "ڪلچر 2000" پروگرام،<ref name="Bozoki" /> "يورپي ثقافتي مهينو" جو واقعو،<ref name="Culture Month">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Culture Month |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202062436/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-date=2 February 2008 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ۽ [[European Union Youth Orchestra]] جهڙا آرڪسٽرا شامل آهن. [[European Capital of Culture|يورپي ثقافتي گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] وارو پروگرام هر سال هڪ يا وڌيڪ شهرن کي چونڊيندو آهي ته جيئن ان شهر جي ثقافتي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Capital Culture">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Capitals of Culture |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803205745/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |archive-date=3 August 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === رانديون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون راندين بابت پاليسيون}} رانديون بنيادي طور تي اي يو بجاءِ رڪن ملڪن يا ٻين عالمي تنظيمن جي ذميواري آهن. پر اي يو جون ڪجهه پاليسيون راندين تي اثرانداز ٿيون آهن، جهڙوڪ "باسمن فيصلو" (Bosman ruling)، جنهن قومي فٽبال ليگز کي اي يو شهرين تي ڪوٽا لڳائڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو.<ref name="BBC Boseman">{{Cite news |last=Fordyce |first=Tom |date=11 July 2007 |title=10&nbsp;years since Bosman |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4528732.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[Treaty of Lisbon|لزبن معاهدي]] تحت راندين جي مخصوص نوعيت ۽ رضاڪارانه جوڙجڪ جو احترام ڪرڻ ضروري قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. === علامتون === {{Further|European Heritage Label}} [[File:Europa copy.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|هڪ يوناني گلداني تي [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|يوروپا]] ۽ ڍڳو، لڳ ڀڳ 480 قبل مسيح.]] [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپ جو جهنڊو]] نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري تارن جي دائري تي مشتمل آهي. هي جهنڊو اصل ۾ 1955ع ۾ ڪائونسل آف يورپ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ۽ 1986ع ۾ يورپي برادرين پاران اختيار ڪيو ويو. {{Blockquote|مغربي دنيا جي نيري آسمان جي پس منظر ۾، تارا يورپ جي عوام جي اتحاد جي علامت آهن. تارن جو تعداد هميشه [[12 (number)#Religion|ٻارهن]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو ڪمال ۽ مڪمل هجڻ جي نشاني آهي.|ڪائونسل آف يورپ. پيرس، 7–9 ڊسمبر 1955ع.|source=}} ''[[يورپي يونين جو نعرو|تنوع ۾ اتحاد]]'' (United in Diversity) کي 2000ع ۾ يونين جو نعرو تسليم ڪيو ويو. 1985ع کان وٺي، 9 مئي کي "يورپ جو ڏينهن" (Europe Day) طور ملهايو ويندو آهي. اي يو جو ترانو [[Ludwig van Beethoven|بيٿووفن]] جي نائين سمفوني جي چوٿين حصي ''[[Ode to Joy]]'' جو هڪ اوزاري (instrumental) ورزن آهي. يونين جو نالو يوناني ڏند ڪٿا جي ڪردار "يوروپا" تان ورتل آهي، جنهن جي تصوير 2013ع جي يورو بئنڪ نوٽن تي پڻ موجود آهي. === ميڊيا === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ ميڊيا جي آزادي}} [[File:Siège d'Euronews.jpg|thumb|left|فرانس جي شهر ليون ۾ [[Euronews]] جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر]] ميڊيا جي آزادي يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن ۽ ان جي شهرين جو بنيادي حق آهي. اي يو ۾ اڪثر ميڊيا قومي سطح جي آهي، پر ڪجهه يورپي سطح جا ادارا جهڙوڪ [[Euronews]]، [[Eurosport]] ۽ [[Politico Europe]] پڻ اڀريا آهن. يورپي يونين جو "ميڊيا پروگرام" 1991ع کان وٺي يورپي فلمن ۽ آڊيو-ويزيول صنعتن جي مدد ڪري رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Programme |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621054048/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |archive-date=21 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=Europa |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> === اثر === [[File:Eiffel Tower wearing Europe colors - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|upright|اي فل ٽاور تي [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپي نشان]] چٽيل آهي]] يورپي يونين جو گهڻن رڪن ملڪن جي معيشت تي هاڪاري اثر پيو آهي. هڪ مطالعي مطابق، يورپي انٽيگريشن کان سواءِ، ميمبر ملڪن جي في ڪس آمدني اوسطاً 10 سيڪڙو گهٽ هجي ها.<ref name="JoME">{{Cite journal |last1=Campos |first1=Nauro F. |last2=Coricelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Moretti |first3=Luigi |date=1 May 2019 |title=Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe |journal=Journal of Monetary Economics |volume=103 |pages=88–104 |doi=10.1016/j.jmoneco.2018.08.001 |issn=0304-3932 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/342557 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ان کان علاوه، اي يو کي يورپ ۾ امن برقرار رکڻ ۽ جمهوريت کي هٿي ڏيڻ ۾ هڪ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندڙ طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. == آپٽ-آئوٽس (پاسيرو رهڻ) == {{main|يورپي يونين مان آپٽ-آئوٽس}} ٽن رڪن ملڪن کي يونين جي ڪجهه پهلوئن کان مستقل طور تي آپٽ-آئوٽ (پاسيرو رهڻ جو اختيار) حاصل آهي: * [[ڊينمارڪ]] کي [[يوروزون]] (eurozone) ۽ [[area of freedom, security and justice|آزادي، سيڪيورٽي ۽ انصاف واري علائقي]] (AFSJ) کان آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي؛ * [[آئرلينڊ]] کي [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] (Schengen area) کان آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي، جنهن جو سبب برطانيه سان ان جي [[Common Travel Area|کليل سرحد]] آهي، ۽ ان سان گڏ AFSJ کان جزوي آپٽ-آئوٽ پڻ حاصل اٿس؛ * [[پولينڊ]] کي [[يورپي يونين جي بنيادي حقن جو چارٽر|بنيادي حقن جي چارٽر]] کان جزوي آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي. == وڌيڪ ڏسو == {{Portal|يورپي يونين|يورپ}} * {{anl|آفريقي يونين}} * [[برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين]] * [[يورپي يونين ۾ سينسرشپ]] * {{anl|Euroscepticism|يورپي شڪ پَسندي}} * [[ملڪن جي گروپن جي فهرست]] * {{anl|گهڻ-پاسي آزاد واپار جي معاهدن جي فهرست}} * {{anl|يورپي يونين جو خاڪو}} * {{anl|يورپي قومپرستي}} * [[يورپي اقتصادي علائقي جي ميمبرن جا خاص علائقا]] * {{anl|Wojciech Jastrzębowski}}، جنهن 1831ع ۾، روس جي خلاف پولينڊ جي [[نومبر بغاوت (1830ع)]] ۾ وڙهڻ کانپوءِ، پنهنجي تجويز ڪيل يورپي يونين لاءِ پهريون آئين تيار ڪيو هو. ==نوٽ== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha|30em|refs=}} nhrjy8ep8yz9sr9vz7gd3she4x8w1dj 370375 370374 2026-04-06T18:47:30Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* نوٽ */ 370375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|فوق القومي سياسي ۽ اقتصادي اتحاد}} {{Infobox geopolitical organisation | conventional_long_name = يورپي يونين | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(ٻين سرڪاري ٻولين ۾)''}} | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | it = Unione europea | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = يورپي يونين | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري ستارن جو دائرو | flag_border = yes | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "تنوع ۾ اتحاد" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|يورپي ترانو]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[File:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | گلو ڏيکاريو | [[File:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | خاص علائقا ڏيکاريو }} | loctext = | alt_map = گلو پروجيڪشن جنهن ۾ يورپي يونين سائي رنگ ۾ آهي | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=يورپ|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|اداري سيٽون]] | admin_center = {{collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[برسلز]]}}{{efn|اهم ادارن جي مرڪزيت سبب، برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين اڪثر گڏجي ياد ڪيا وڃن ٿا، ۽ شهر کي اڪثر يورپي يونين جي حقيقي گاديءَ جو هنڌ قرار ڏنو ويندو آهي.}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|ڪميشن]] | [[European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل]] | [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | [[European Parliament|پارليامينٽ]] (ثانوي) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[فرينڪفرٽ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|مرڪزي بينڪ]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|لڪسمبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|آڊيٽرز جي عدالت]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|عدالت انصاف]] | يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل (اپريل، جون ۽ آڪٽوبر جا اجلاس) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|پارليامينٽ سيڪريٽريٽ]] | ڪميشن (مختلف شعبا ۽ خدمتون) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = {{nowrap|[[اسٽراسبرگ]]}} | bullets = true | پارليامينٽ }} | largest_settlement_type = [[ميٽروپوليس]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|پئرس]] | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 ٻوليون]] | languages_type = سرڪاري رسم الخط | languages = {{hlist|[[لاطيني]]|[[يوناني]]|[[سيريليڪ]]}} | religion = {{tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|عيسائيت]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|ڪئٿولڪ]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|پروٽسٽنٽ]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|ارتھوڊوڪس]] ** 5.6% ٻيا عيسائي * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|لا دين]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|اسلام]] * 2.6% ٻيا {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|يورپي]] | org_type = [[فوق القومي يونين]] | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 رڪن ملڪ]] |[[آسٽريا]] |[[بيلجيم]] |[[بلغاريه]] |[[ڪروشيا]] |[[قبرص]] |[[چيڪ جمهوريه]] |[[ڊينمارڪ]] |[[ايسٽونيا]] |[[فنلينڊ]] |[[فرانس]] |[[جرمني]] |[[يونان]] |[[هنگري]] |[[آئرلينڊ]] |[[اٽلي]] |[[ليٽويا]] |[[لٿوانيا]] |[[لڪسمبرگ]] |[[مالٽا]] |[[نيڊرلينڊز]] |[[پولينڊ]] |[[پرتگال]] |[[رومانيا]] |[[سلوواڪيا]] |[[سلووينيا]] |[[اسپين]] |[[سويڊن]] }} | government_type = مخلوط فوق القومي ۽ بين الحڪومتي پارلياماني [[ڪنفيدريشن]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council|يورپي ڪائونسل جو صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[António Costa]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن جو صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|ڪائونسل جي صدارت]] | leader_name3 = [[قبرص]]<ref name="presidency-council">{{cite web |title=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU |access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|تشڪيل]] | legislature = [[European Parliament|يورپي پارليامينٽ]] • [[Council of the European Union|يورپي يونين جي ڪائونسل]] | established = | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] | established_date1 = 23 جولائي 1952 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome|روم جو معاهدو]]''' | established_date2 = 1 جنوري 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 جولائي 1987 | established_event4 = '''[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]]''' | established_date4 = 1 نومبر 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon|لسبن جو معاهدو]] | established_date5 = 1 ڊسمبر 2009 | area_km2 = 4,225,104 | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,225,104|km2|sqmi|disp=number}} | area_footnote = <br/>(بشمول پري وارن علائقن)<ref>{{cite web|title=Area by NUTS 3 region|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/reg_area3__custom_17346318/default/table?lang=en|date=14 February 2025|access-date=4 July 2025|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat}}</ref> | percent_water = 2.93 | area_label = ڪل رقبو | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}450,380,320<ref name="population"/> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}445,891,011<ref name="population"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 106.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 276.1 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $29.240 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=imf.org |date=18 October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $64,870<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.097 ٽرلين<ref name="GDP"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,804 | Gini = 29.3 | Gini_change = گھٽتائي | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|website=ec.europa.eu/eurostat|date=16 June 2025|access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro|يورو]] ([[€]]) ([[ISO 4217|EUR]]) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" | title = ٻيا | {{Nowrap|[[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|[[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = {{Nowrap| کان UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 کان UTC+3}} | official_website = {{Official URL}} }} '''يورپي يونين''' ('''EU''') {{EUnum}} رڪن ملڪن جو هڪ سياسي ۽ معاشي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو بنيادي طور تي يورپ ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rumford |first1=Chris |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization |chapter=European Union |date=2016 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog188.pub2 |isbn=9780470670590}}</ref> هي فوق القومي يونين {{convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} جي ڪل رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي ۽ 2025 جي اندازي موجب ان جي آبادي 45 ڪروڙ کان وڌيڪ آهي. يورپي يونين کي اڪثر هڪ ''[[sui generis]]'' (پنهنجي نوعيت جي منفرد) سياسي وجود طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ فيڊريشن ۽ ڪنفيدريشن ٻنهي جون خاصيتون شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> 2023 ۾ دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 5.5 سيڪڙو حصو رکندڙ،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2025 edition |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20250326-1 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=ec.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن 2024 ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 17.935 ٽرلين يورو جي مجموعي پيداوار (GDP) حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا عالمي معاشي پيداوار جو اٽڪل ڇهون حصو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2025 |title=Gross domestic product at market prices |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?lang=en&category=t_na10.t_nama10.t_nama_10_ma |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Eurostat}}</ref> ان جي بنياد، 'ڪسٽم يونين'، هڪ اندروني سنگل مارڪيٽ جي قيام لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو، جيڪو هڪ معياري قانوني فريم ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي جيڪو سڀني رڪن ملڪن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. يورپي يونين جون پاليسيون سنگل مارڪيٽ اندر ماڻهن، سامان، خدمتن ۽ سرمائي جي آزاد حرڪت کي يقيني بڻائڻ تي ٻڌل آهن.<ref name="Europa Internal Market">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001122551/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 October 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[شنجن ايريا]] اندر سفر لاءِ پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Internal borders">{{Cite web |title=Schengen area |url=http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094618/http://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/policies/borders/borders_schengen_en.htm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يوروزون 21 رڪن ملڪن تي مشتمل آهي جيڪي [[Euro|يورو]] ڪرنسي استعمال ڪن ٿا. يورپي يونين کي 2012 ۾ [[2012 Nobel Peace Prize|امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو هو. 2020 ۾، [[برطانيه]] يورپي يونين مان نڪرندڙ واحد رڪن ملڪ بڻجي ويو ([[Brexit]])؛ جڏهن ته ڏهه ملڪ هن وقت شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ ڳالهين جي عمل ۾ آهن. == تاريخ == {{main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ}} {{for timeline|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ جو وقتي جدول}} {{further|يورپي يونين جا معاهدا|يورپي انضمام}} {{Supranational European Bodies|size=400px|align=right}} === پس منظر: عالمي جنگيون ۽ ان جا اثر === {{further|1948ع کان اڳ يورپي اتحاد جا خيال}} [[Internationalism (politics)|بين الاقواميت]] ۽ [[Ideas of European unity before 1948|يورپي اتحاد جا خواب]] 19هين صديءَ کان به اڳ موجود هئا، پر پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ ان جي نتيجن جي ردعمل ۾ انهن کي خاص قوت ملي. ان تناظر ۾ [[يورپي انضمام]] جي خيال لاءِ پهريون اڳڀرائيون ڪيون ويون. 1920ع ۾ [[جان مينارڊ ڪينز]] جنگ کان پوءِ جي مشڪل معاشي حالتن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ هڪ [[European customs union|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين]] جي تجويز ڏني هئي،<ref name="Taussig Keynes 1920 p. 381">{{Cite journal |last1=Taussig |first1=F.W. |last2=Keynes |first2=John Maynard |title=Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882372 |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=34 |issue=2 |page=381 |year=1920 |issn=0033-5533 |jstor=1882372 |doi=10.2307/1882372|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ۽ 1923ع ۾ يورپي انضمام جي قديم ترين تنظيم [[Paneuropean Union]] قائم ڪئي وئي، جنهن جي قيادت [[Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi]] ڪئي، جنهن بعد ۾ جون 1947ع ۾ [[European Parliamentary Union]] (EPU) جو بنياد وڌو. [[Aristide Briand]] — جيڪو فرانس جو وزيراعظم، پين يورپين يونين جو پوئلڳ ۽ [[Locarno Treaties|لوڪارنو معاهدن]] لاءِ نوبل امن انعام يافته هو — 5 سيپٽمبر 1929ع تي جنيوا ۾ [[League of Nations|ليگ آف نيشنز]] ۾ هڪ مشهور تقرير ڪئي، جنهن ۾ هن يورپ جي سلامتي ۽ تاريخي [[Franco-German enmity|فرانس-جرمن دشمني]] کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ "وفاقي يورپ" (federal Europe) جي تجويز ڏني.<ref name="Schulz 2010 g046">{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Matthias |date=3 December 2010 |title=Der Briand-Plan und der Völkerbund als Verhandlungsarena für die europäische Einigung zwischen den Kriegen |url=http://ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europaeische-netzwerke/politische-netzwerke/europa-netzwerke-der-zwischenkriegszeit/matthias-schulz-briand-plan-und-voelkerbund-in-der-zwischenkriegszeit |access-date=16 November 2023 |publisher=IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de) |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Nelsson 2019 n549">{{Cite web |last=Nelsson |first=Richard |date=5 September 2019 |title=Aristide Briand's plan for a United States of Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2019/sep/05/aristide-briands-plan-for-united-states-of-europe-september-9 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=the Guardian}}</ref> 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ يورپ ۾ هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر وڏي پيماني تي جنگ شروع ٿي جيڪا [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. ان جنگ دوران پهريون معاهدو 1941ع ۾ [[Declaration of St James's Palace]] هو، جڏهن يورپ جي مزاحمتي تحريڪ جا اڳواڻ لنڊن ۾ گڏ ٿيا. ان کي 1941ع جي [[Atlantic Charter]] ذريعي وڌيڪ وسعت ڏني وئي، جنهن ۾ اتحادين جا گڏيل مقصد مقرر ڪيا ويا. ان سان عالمي ادارن جي هڪ نئين لهر پيدا ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[گڏيل قومون]] (1945ع ۾ قائم ٿيون) يا [[Bretton Woods System]] (1944ع).<ref name="Office of the Historian 1946 r351">{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1937–1945 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/bretton-woods |website=Office of the Historian |date=8 March 1946 |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> جنگ جي خاتمي تائين، يورپي انضمام کي ان [[انتهاپسند قومپرستي]] جو ترياق (Antidote) سمجهيو ويو جنهن جنگ کي جنم ڏنو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The political consequences |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/die_politischen_folgen-de-bafcfa2d-7738-48f6-9b41-3201090b67bb.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 19 سيپٽمبر 1946ع تي [[ونسٽن چرچل]] زوريخ يونيورسٽي ۾ تقرير ڪندي "يورپي يونين" ۽ "يورپي ڪائونسل" قائم ڪرڻ جو سڏ ڏنو.<ref name="Union of European Federalists (UEF)">{{Cite web |title=Union of European Federalists (UEF): Churchill and Hertenstein |url=https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=Union of European Federalists (UEF) |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605224333/https://www.federalists.eu/uef/our-achievements/churchill-and-hertenstein |url-status=dead}}</ref> === شروعاتي سال ۽ پئرس معاهدو (1948–1957) === {{Main|يورپي انضمام جي تاريخ (1948–1957)}} {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Schuman Declaration.ogg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[رابرٽ شومن]] پاران 9 مئي 1950ع ([[يورپ جو ڏينهن]]) تي ڪيل [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] جو هڪ اقتباس. | image2 = 1951 CECA ECSC.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|پئرس جو معاهدو]] (1951)، جنهن تحت [[European Coal and Steel Community|ECSC]] قائم ڪيو ويو. }} 1948ع جو سال اداري طور تي جديد يورپي انضمام جي شروعات هئي. مارچ 1948ع ۾ [[Treaty of Brussels|برسلز معاهدو]] صحيح ڪيو ويو، جنهن سان [[Western Union (alliance)|ويسٽرن يونين]] (WU) قائم ٿي. ان کان علاوه، [[Marshall Plan|مارشل پلان]] جي انتظام لاءِ OEEC (جيڪو هاڻي OECD آهي) جو بنياد پڻ 1948ع ۾ وڌو ويو. مئي 1948ع ۾ ٿيل [[Hague Congress (1948)|هيگ ڪانگريس]] يورپي انضمام ۾ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[European Movement International]] ۽ 5 مئي 1949ع تي [[Council of Europe|يورپي ڪائونسل]] جو بنياد پيو. يورپي يونين جي ادارن جي اصل پيدائش 9 مئي 1950ع تي [[Schuman Declaration|شومن پڌرنامي]] سان ٿي. ڇهن ملڪن (فرانس، بيلجيم، هالينڊ، لڪسمبرگ، اولهه جرمني ۽ اٽلي) پئرس معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ 1952ع ۾ [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC) جو بنياد وڌو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of 9 May 1950 |url=http://europa.eu/abc/symbols/9-may/decl_en.htm |access-date=5 September 2007 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> ECSC اڳتي هلي يورپي معاشي ترقي جو بنياد بڻيو ۽ ان مان ئي يورپي يونين جا مکيه ادارا جهڙوڪ [[يورپي ڪميشن]] ۽ [[يورپي پارليامينٽ]] پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blocker |first=Joel |date=9 April 2008 |title=Europe: How The Marshall Plan Took Western Europe From Ruins To Union |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1084818.html |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> === روم معاهدو (1958–1972) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1958–1972)}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] (1957) جي دستخط جي تقريب، جنهن سان [[European Economic Community|EEC]] قائم ٿيو.]] 1957ع ۾ بيلجيم، فرانس، اٽلي، لڪسمبرگ، هالينڊ ۽ اولهه جرمنيءَ [[Treaty of Rome|روم معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون، جنهن ذريعي [[European Economic Community]] (EEC) ۽ هڪ [[European Union Customs Union|ڪسٽم يونين]] قائم ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Rome |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/in-the-past/the-parliament-and-the-treaties/treaty-of-rome |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Treaty of Rome |language=en}}</ref> هنن ايٽمي توانائي جي شعبي ۾ تعاون لاءِ [[Euratom]] پڻ قائم ڪيو. ٻئي معاهدا 1958ع ۾ لاڳو ٿيا.<ref name="Europa History 45-59" /> 1 جولائي 1967ع تي [[Merger Treaty|مرجر معاهدي]] ذريعي ٽنهي برادرين (ECSC، EEC، ۽ Euratom) لاءِ هڪ گڏيل ادارتي نظام جوڙيو ويو، جنهن کي مجموعي طور تي "يورپي برادريون" (European Communities) سڏيو ويو.<ref name="ENA Merge">{{Cite web |title=Merging the executives |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/merging_the_executives-en-575850b6-f472-406a-936d-8c08a9e0db32.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE&nbsp;– Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe |date=7 August 2016 |website=cvce.eu}}</ref> === پهريون واڌارو ۽ يورپي تعاون (1973–1993) === {{Main|يورپي برادرين جي تاريخ (1973–1993)}} 1973ع ۾ ڊينمارڪ، آئرلينڊ ۽ [[برطانيه]] جي شموليت سان يورپي برادريءَ ۾ واڌارو ٿيو.<ref name="ENA First enlargement">{{Cite web |title=The first enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_first_enlargement-en-fa871903-53b5-497e-855f-01c9842c7b94.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ يورپي پارليامينٽ لاءِ پهريون سڌيون چونڊون ٿيون.<ref name="ENA New Parliament">{{Cite web |title=The new European Parliament |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_new_european_parliament-en-e40aba1b-45f1-43bf-bbd1-a34bb52f15db.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> يونان 1981ع ۾ شامل ٿيو. 1985ع ۾ [[Schengen Agreement|شنجن معاهدي]] سرحدن تي پاسپورٽ ڪنٽرول ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2001 |title=Schengen agreement |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/europe/euro-glossary/1230052.stm |access-date=18 September 2009}}</ref> 1986ع ۾ پرتگال ۽ اسپين شامل ٿيا.<ref name="ENA Enlargement negotiations">{{Cite web |title=Negotiations for enlargement |url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/negotiations_for_enlargement-en-19a4fd81-119d-4090-bfac-c7cc8ae64a20.html |access-date=28 April 2013 |publisher=CVCE}}</ref> 1990ع ۾ برلن جي ڀت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪميونسٽ بلاڪ جي خاتمي کانپوءِ، اولهه ۽ اوڀر جرمني جي ٻيهر اتحاد سان اڳوڻو اوڀر جرمني پڻ برادريءَ جو حصو بڻيو.<ref name="Europa History 80-89">{{Cite web |title=1980–1989 The changing face of Europe – the fall of the Berlin Wall |url=http://europa.eu/abc/history/1980-1989/index_en.htm |access-date=25 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === ماسٽرچٽ، ايمسٽرڊيم ۽ نيس معاهدا (1993–2004) === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي تاريخ (1993–2004)}} [[File:GER — BY — Regensburg - Donaumarkt 1 (Museum der Bayerischen Geschichte; Vertrag von Maastricht) (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] (1992)، جنهن سان يورپي يونين جو قيام ٿيو.]] يورپي يونين باقاعده طور تي تڏهن قائم ٿي جڏهن 1 نومبر 1993ع تي [[Maastricht Treaty|ماسٽرچٽ معاهدو]] لاڳو ٿيو.{{sfn|Craig |De Burca|2011|page=15}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Maastricht on European Union |url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/treaties_maastricht_en.htm |access-date=20 October 2007 |website=Activities of the European Union |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> هن معاهدي تحت EEC جو نالو تبديل ڪري "يورپي برادري" (European Community) رکيو ويو. اوڀر يورپ جي اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ ملڪن سان گڏوگڏ قبرص ۽ مالٽا جي شموليت لاءِ تيارين طور [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] مقرر ڪيا ويا ته جيئن نوان رڪن ملڪ گهربل شرط پورا ڪري سگهن. == سياست {{anchor|competence}} == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي سياست}} يورپي يونين [[Supranational union|اعليٰ قومي]] (supranational) ۽ [[intergovernmentalism|بين الحڪومتي]] فيصلي سازي جي هڪ هائبرڊ نظام تحت ڪم ڪري ٿي،<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=European Union |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/196399/European-Union |access-date=3 July 2013 |quote=international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies&nbsp;...}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=European Union |access-date=12 February 2016}}</ref> جيڪا [[principle of conferral|اختيارن جي تفويض جي اصول]] (جنهن موجب يونين صرف انهن حدن ۾ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿي جيڪي ان کي [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] ذريعي ڏنل آهن) ۽ [[Subsidiarity (European Union)|فرعييت]] (subsidiarity) جي اصول (جنهن موجب يونين صرف اتي مداخلت ڪندي جتي مقصد رڪن رياستن جي انفرادي ڪوششن سان حاصل نه ٿي سگهي) تي ٻڌل آهي. [[European Union law|يورپي يونين جي ادارن پاران ٺاهيل قانون]] مختلف شڪلن ۾ پاس ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>According to P.C. Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world".</ref> عام طور تي، انهن کي ٻن گروهن ۾ ورهايو وڃي ٿو: اهي جيڪي قومي عملدرآمد جي ضرورت کان سواءِ سڌو سنئون لاڳو ٿين ٿا (regulations) ۽ اهي جن لاءِ مخصوص قومي قانون سازي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي (directives).<ref group="lower-alpha">انهن قانوني اوزارن تي وڌيڪ بحث [[#Acts|هيٺ]] ڪيو ويو آهي.</ref> يورپي يونين جي پاليسي عام طور تي [[Directive (European Union)|اي يو هدايتن]] ذريعي جاري ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪي رڪن رياستن جي [[Sovereignty|داخلي قانون سازي]] ۾ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، ۽ [[Regulation (European Union)|اي يو ضابطن]] ذريعي، جيڪي سڀني رڪن رياستن ۾ فوري طور تي لاڳو ٿين ٿا. يورپي يونين جي سطح تي [[Lobbying#European Union|لابنگ]] کي ضابطي ۾ رکيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن خانگي مفادن ۽ عوامي مفاد جي فيصلي سازي جي عمل ۾ توازن برقرار رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Library Briefing:Lobbying the EU institutions |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130558/LDM_BRI(2013)130558_REV1_EN.pdf |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=Europarl}}</ref> === رڪن رياستنون ==={{Main|يورپي يونين جون رڪن رياستون}} <imagemap>File:Member States of the European Union (polar stereographic projection) EN.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن کي ڏيکاريندڙ نقشو (ڪلڪ ڪري سگهجي ٿو) poly 230 284 229 287 233 291 237 284 241 287 242 293 248 302 250 305 252 306 263 312 263 311 258 307 259 305 249 295 245 290 246 285 251 288 257 286 263 287 270 287 273 289 274 285 276 284 272 281 271 277 268 279 262 279 258 275 254 272 252 271 247 274 246 278 244 279 244 283 239 284 237 281 236 283 232 282 230 284 [[ڪروشيا]] poly 261 28 273 39 279 59 284 61 286 66 271 97 275 105 275 116 284 122 308 111 320 83 308 75 310 71 302 60 305 54 297 46 298 36 290 32 291 16 282 16 277 22 280 28 275 33 270 32 264 26 [[فنلينڊ]] poly 260 29 259 38 252 37 252 42 248 41 244 54 238 64 238 72 235 77 237 83 226 83 223 100 227 106 230 111 227 115 229 121 223 127 220 141 229 160 227 163 231 173 238 171 238 168 242 164 250 164 254 135 261 130 262 117 252 115 257 93 270 83 271 66 279 59 273 39 [[سوئڊن]] poly 312 142 307 131 311 123 294 123 279 132 280 142 290 137 295 138 304 141 [[ايسٽونيا]] poly 310 164 319 155 318 148 313 142 295 140 298 153 288 149 282 142 277 161 295 158 [[لاتويا]] poly 288 180 295 184 301 184 309 178 307 170 312 168 308 162 294 157 279 161 279 174 289 174 [[لٿووانيا]] poly 300 198 294 182 290 180 270 183 265 184 264 179 250 182 248 186 238 190 238 197 234 199 239 203 241 223 249 225 251 229 255 226 261 230 265 232 268 235 270 237 273 235 276 240 281 237 283 237 289 236 296 242 297 239 297 234 301 223 305 222 304 217 301 214 296 201 [[پولينڊ]] poly 254 250 257 245 261 244 269 236 272 235 276 240 279 238 289 235 297 243 274 250 269 253 269 257 259 254 [[سلوواڪيا]] poly 299 251 291 245 270 252 269 257 258 252 249 268 254 271 260 279 268 278 275 274 290 272 294 258 [[هنگري]] poly 355 291 354 280 361 274 355 269 349 272 346 270 343 259 332 248 330 243 328 242 324 247 314 250 312 248 301 250 294 255 292 265 288 271 282 274 288 281 293 284 293 288 296 290 302 287 301 291 308 294 308 297 317 297 322 297 329 295 339 287 347 288 [[رومانيا]] poly 309 327 312 322 309 318 305 316 305 310 308 305 302 298 304 294 309 295 310 298 328 297 340 287 354 291 350 297 352 301 348 304 355 309 348 314 347 311 340 316 339 317 339 321 329 324 323 321 316 325 [[بلغاريا]] poly 308 383 305 376 306 374 293 368 294 359 289 351 289 344 294 339 295 333 301 332 304 328 310 326 317 326 322 322 329 325 340 321 340 316 342 319 340 328 328 329 320 331 325 335 339 340 336 342 348 344 350 348 347 358 344 353 348 352 349 348 343 347 345 344 334 341 335 338 328 335 317 341 313 337 311 342 320 350 332 359 339 365 358 359 340 377 331 380 335 376 337 378 342 373 340 370 345 372 353 362 337 366 328 363 327 367 320 367 326 372 319 374 320 382 334 393 355 393 372 372 372 378 368 383 368 377 364 384 365 390 361 387 355 396 340 400 339 395 329 397 329 393 332 392 320 380 314 384 311 378 [[يونان]] poly 419 384 415 381 421 378 421 373 428 371 435 365 430 374 434 376 424 383 [[قبرص]] poly 236 248 224 238 221 231 225 227 236 221 240 220 249 225 254 226 260 231 266 230 267 236 261 243 249 245 244 243 [[چيڪ جمهوريه]] poly 198 263 201 257 204 260 207 258 213 260 224 255 233 248 238 248 241 244 245 244 248 246 255 246 253 250 256 254 250 265 249 268 238 272 229 271 220 268 218 263 210 264 208 266 [[آسٽريا]] poly 249 267 253 273 242 279 244 284 236 282 230 281 227 277 229 271 238 272 [[سلووينيا]] poly 179 298 180 293 174 292 176 287 173 283 178 282 178 278 176 275 181 274 185 273 189 269 189 273 195 273 197 269 199 272 204 269 207 267 210 265 218 263 220 269 230 271 226 281 219 283 222 289 219 290 220 297 231 304 236 319 247 323 253 325 250 327 274 341 273 349 269 341 260 341 257 348 262 355 261 358 257 360 257 364 251 371 248 369 244 377 244 378 244 386 237 386 237 383 230 381 222 375 219 376 219 370 226 368 238 370 245 367 250 365 253 358 248 346 246 347 241 342 241 341 237 340 234 336 230 332 224 331 184 357 181 355 183 343 182 333 185 333 190 329 193 330 196 339 194 340 193 352 224 331 211 317 209 317 203 309 204 308 202 298 190 292 184 297 [[اٽلي]] rect 224 394 251 405 [[مالٽا]] poly 14 333 21 334 24 337 27 339 29 333 36 329 33 325 40 319 39 311 43 312 49 298 57 295 54 292 55 289 43 284 42 281 39 280 36 291 36 292 19 313 24 314 20 317 23 318 19 324 19 327 [[پرتگال]] poly 41 358 38 355 35 355 37 345 32 338 28 338 29 333 37 329 33 326 39 319 39 311 42 312 49 300 56 295 55 292 54 290 43 283 39 280 42 270 39 269 45 266 50 268 51 264 58 266 69 274 71 272 80 279 89 280 95 283 99 287 102 287 114 299 119 301 120 298 124 301 124 304 127 305 135 308 140 309 140 314 145 339 140 337 133 343 126 339 116 349 113 342 120 345 128 337 132 335 136 338 143 335 139 312 136 316 131 317 128 317 114 320 116 322 104 331 100 338 106 345 98 346 92 353 92 356 85 354 76 361 73 357 71 361 66 357 53 354 53 357 46 355 [[اسپين]] poly 100 286 111 297 118 300 119 298 126 302 128 302 128 305 139 307 140 301 144 298 152 296 155 300 157 298 165 304 169 305 189 328 195 318 195 306 192 312 188 311 187 327 170 305 178 298 180 294 173 292 176 288 174 284 179 281 176 276 179 272 175 266 170 267 175 262 180 258 178 255 182 256 186 244 190 240 178 234 173 232 169 227 169 225 165 225 162 220 157 216 155 212 151 212 147 218 142 222 137 221 137 224 133 223 125 220 121 218 124 225 121 230 113 227 111 223 107 224 101 223 97 223 97 232 109 241 111 251 115 258 107 284 [[فرانس]] poly 202 178 209 178 211 181 218 182 216 185 218 187 231 181 235 184 231 187 238 189 238 197 235 201 238 203 240 222 236 220 234 224 223 228 221 230 224 238 232 247 224 255 217 258 211 259 207 257 203 261 199 256 189 255 183 256 185 244 190 241 181 235 178 224 181 214 180 207 185 201 190 195 192 187 197 187 199 189 202 186 [[جرمني]] poly 177 225 174 229 172 235 180 237 180 229 [[لڪسمبرگ]] poly 155 210 157 220 166 225 175 232 173 226 178 225 177 215 171 210 164 212 160 209 [[بيلجيم]] poly 191 188 178 189 162 209 167 209 171 207 170 210 179 215 180 207 188 204 184 200 188 198 [[هالينڊ]] poly 201 177 209 177 222 181 228 176 227 159 219 170 221 177 216 175 214 163 218 158 215 143 202 157 [[ڊينمارڪ]] poly 102 181 92 179 82 181 79 179 75 173 78 168 89 162 84 159 89 151 98 154 100 153 97 150 104 146 109 147 100 156 108 166 106 174 103 177 [[آئرلينڊ]] desc bottom-left </imagemap> مسلسل [[Enlargement of the European Union|توسيع]] ذريعي، اي يو ۽ ان جي اڳوڻن ادارن EEC جي [[Inner Six|ڇهن باني رياستن]] کان وڌي وڃي {{EUnum}} رڪنن تائين پهچي چڪا آهن. ملڪ باني [[Treaties of the European Union|معاهدن]] جو حصو بڻجي يونين ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا، جنهن سان اهي اي يو جي رڪنيت جي مراعات ۽ ذميوارين جا پابند بڻجي وڃن ٿا. ان عمل ۾ ادارن کي پنهنجي خودمختياريءَ جو هڪ حصو تفويض ڪرڻو پوندو آهي، جنهن کي اڪثر "خودمختياريءَ جو گڏيل استعمال" (pooling of sovereignty) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Answers {{ndash}} The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120091030/http://www.answers.com/topic/pooled-sovereignty |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=Answers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EU institutions and other bodies |url=http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 June 2009 |access-date=4 September 2009 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ڪجهه پاليسين ۾، رڪن رياستون يونين اندر اسٽريٽجڪ پارٽنرن سان اتحاد پڻ ڪنديون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[بالٽڪ اسيمبلي]]، [[بينيلڪس يونين]]، ۽ [[ويسٽ گراڊ گروپ]]. رڪن ٿيڻ لاءِ، ڪنهن به ملڪ کي [[Copenhagen criteria|ڪوپن هيگن معيار]] پورا ڪرڻا پوندا آهن، جيڪي 1993ع ۾ طئي ڪيا ويا هئا. انهن ۾ مستحڪم جمهوريت، انساني حقن جو احترام، [[rule of law|قانون جي حڪمراني]]، هڪ فعال [[market economy|مارڪيٽ معيشت]]، ۽ اي يو قانون کي قبول ڪرڻ شامل آهي.<ref name="Accession Criteria">{{Cite web |title=Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria) |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705172736/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en.htm |archive-date=5 July 2007 |access-date=26 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> يورپي فري ٽريڊ ايسوسيئيشن ([[European Free Trade Association|EFTA]]) جا چار ملڪ اي يو جا رڪن نه آهن، پر انهن اي يو جي معيشت ۽ ضابطن سان جزوي طور تي وابستگي ڪئي آهي: آئس لينڊ، [[Liechtenstein|ليچٽينسٽائن]] ۽ ناروي، جيڪي [[European Economic Area|يورپي معاشي علائقي]] ذريعي [[single market|سنگل مارڪيٽ]] جو حصو آهن، ۽ [[سوئٽزرلينڊ]]، جنهن جا ٻطرفن معاهدن ذريعي ساڳيا لاڳاپا آهن.<ref name="EEA" /><ref name="CH">{{Cite web |title=The EU's relations with Switzerland |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/switzerland/index_en.htm |access-date=3 November 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> {{Sticky header}}{{Table alignment}}{{Sort under}} {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed plainrowheaders sortable sticky-header sort-under col1left col2center col3center" {{right}} | |+ {{Nowrap|يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}}{{Anchor|Details of member states}} ! scope="col" | [[Member state of the European Union|رياست]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اي يو ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | [[Enlargement of the European Union#Detail|اڳوڻي اداري ۾{{br}}شموليت]] ! scope="col" | آبادي{{br}}(2025)<ref name="population" /> ! scope="col" | رقبو ! scope="col" | آباديءَ جي{{br}}گهاٽائي |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Austria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|9197213}} | {{Cvt|83855|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9197213/83855) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Belgium}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|11900123}} | {{Cvt|30528|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(11900123/30528) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bulgaria}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|6437360}} | {{Cvt|110994|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(6437360/110994) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Croatia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 July 2013}} | | {{Number table sorting|3874350}} | {{Cvt|56594|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(3874350/56594) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Cyprus}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|979865}} | {{Cvt|9251|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(979865/9251) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Czech Republic}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|10909500}} | {{Cvt|78866|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10909500/78866) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Denmark}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5992734}} | {{Cvt|43075|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5992734/43075) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Estonia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1369995}} | {{Cvt|45227|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1369995/45227) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Finland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|5635971}} | {{Cvt|338424|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5635971/338424) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|France}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|68635943}} | {{Cvt|640679|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(68635943/640679) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Germany}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}}<ref group="lower-alpha">On {{Date table sorting|format=dmy|1990|10|3}}, the constituent states of the former [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[German reunification|acceded]] to the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], automatically becoming part of the EU.</ref> | {{Number table sorting|83577140}} | {{Cvt|357021|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(83577140/357021) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Greece}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1981}} | {{Number table sorting|10409547}} | {{Cvt|131990|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10409547/131990) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Hungary}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|9539502}} | {{Cvt|93030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(9539502/93030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1973}} | {{Number table sorting|5439898}} | {{Cvt|70273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5439898/70273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Italy}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|58934177}} | {{Cvt|301338|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(58934177/301338) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Latvia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|1856932}} | {{Cvt|64589|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(1856932/64589) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Lithuania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2890664}} | {{Cvt|65200|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2890664/65200) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Luxembourg}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|681973}} | {{Cvt|2586|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(681973/2586) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Malta}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|574250}} | {{Cvt|316|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(574250/316) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Netherlands}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|23 July 1952}} | {{Number table sorting|18044027}} | {{Cvt|41543|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(18044027/41543) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Poland}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|36497495}} | {{Cvt|312685|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(36497495/312685) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Portugal}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|10749635}} | {{Cvt|92390|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10749635/92390) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Romania}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 2007}} | | {{Number table sorting|19036031}} | {{Cvt|238391|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(19036031/238391) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovakia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|5419451}} | {{Cvt|49035|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(5419451/49035) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Slovenia}} | {{Date table sorting|1 May 2004}} | | {{Number table sorting|2130850}} | {{Cvt|20273|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(2130850/20273) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Spain}} | {{Date table sorting|1 November 1993|format=hide}} باني (1993) | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1986}} | {{Number table sorting|49077984}} | {{Cvt|504030|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(49077984/504030) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sweden}} | {{Date table sorting|1 January 1995}} | | {{Number table sorting|10587710}} | {{Cvt|449964|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(10587710/449964) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |- ! colspan="3" | يورپي يونين | {{right}} {{Number table sorting|450380320}} | {{right}} {{Cvt|4233262|km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} | {{Cvt |{{formatnum: {{#expr:(450380320/4233262) round 0}}|/km2|disp=br()|sortable=on}} |} == جاگرافي == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي جاگرافي}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:European Union relief laea location map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو طبعي نقشو (يورپي يونين نمايان ٿيل)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جو ڪل رقبو {{convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|0}} آهي،<ref name="Area.and.population.figure" group="lower-alpha">هن انگ اکر ۾ رڪن رياستن جا اهي غير يورپي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي اي يو جو حصو آهن، ۽ رڪن رياستن جا اهي يورپي علائقا شامل ناهن جيڪي يونين جو حصو ناهن. وڌيڪ معلومات لاءِ ڏسو [[Special member state territories and the European Union]].</ref> ۽ ان ڪري اهو [[يورپ|يورپي کنڊ]] جو هڪ وڏو حصو والاري ٿو. اي يو جو بلند ترين جبل [[Graian Alps]] ۾ واقع [[Mont Blanc]] آهي، جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|4810.45|m|ft|0}} مٿي آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2009 |title=Mont Blanc shrinks by {{convert|45|cm|2|abbr=on}} in two years |work=Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html |access-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> يورپي يونين جا هيٺيان ترين هنڌ ڊينمارڪ جو [[Lammefjorden]] ۽ هالينڊ جو [[Zuidplaspolder]] آهن، جيڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهن.<ref name="CIA" /> اي يو جي منظرنامي، آبهوا ۽ معيشت تي ان جي سامونڊي ڪناري جو وڏو اثر آهي، جنهن جي ڊيگهه {{convert|65993|km|mi|0}} آهي. يورپ ۾ قومي علائقن کان علاوه، يورپي معاشي علائقي جي رڪن جا 32 [[special territories of members of the European Economic Area|خاص علائقا]] آهن، جن مان سڀ اي يو جو حصو ناهن. رقبي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو [[گرين لينڊ]] آهي، جيڪو [[Greenland and the European Union|اي يو جو حصو ناهي پر ان جا رهواسي اي يو جا شهري آهن]]، جڏهن ته آبادي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان وڏو علائقو آفريڪا جي ويجهو واقع [[ڪناري ٻيٽ]] (Canary Islands) آهن، جيڪي اي يو ۽ [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] جو حصو آهن. ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ واقع [[فرينچ گيانا]] اي يو ۽ يوروزون جو حصو آهي، جيئن مڊگاسڪر جي اتر ۾ واقع [[ميوٽ]] (Mayotte) پڻ شامل آهي. === آبهوا === {{Main|يورپ جي آبهوا}} {{More citations needed section|date=February 2026}}[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|يورپ جو هڪ [[Köppen climate classification|ڪوپن-گيگر آبهوا جي درجه بندي]] وارو نقشو (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي آبهوا گهڻو ڪري [[temperate climate|معتدل]] ۽ [[continental climate|کنڊاڻي]] نوعيت جي آهي، جنهن ۾ اولهه جي ساحلن تي سامونڊي آبهوا ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[mediterranean climate|رومي سمنڊ واري آبهوا]] غالب آهي. آبهوا تي [[Gulf Stream]] جو گهرو اثر آهي، جيڪو اولهه واري علائقي کي ٻين کنڊن جي مقابلي ۾ ساڳئي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (latitudes) تي وڌيڪ گرم رکي ٿو. اولهه يورپ سامونڊي اثر هيٺ آهي، جڏهن ته مشرقي يورپ کنڊاڻي ۽ خشڪ آهي. اولهه يورپ ۾ چار موسمون ٿين ٿيون، جڏهن ته ڏکڻ يورپ ۾ هڪ [[wet season|آلي مند]] ۽ هڪ [[dry season|خشڪ مند]] ٿئي ٿي. ڏکڻ يورپ اونهاري جي مهينن ۾ گرم ۽ خشڪ رهي ٿو. سڀ کان وڏي برسات مغربي هوائن ([[westerlies]]) جي ڪري سامونڊي پٽين تي پوي ٿي، جڏهن ته [[Alps|الپس]] جبلن ۾ پڻ برسات جي مقدار وڌيڪ هوندي آهي. === ماحول === {{Main|يورپ ۾ موسمياتي تبديلي}} {{See also|يورپي ماحولياتي ايجنسي|يورپي يونين جي ماحولياتي پاليسي}} [[File:Increase of average yearly temperature in Europe (1900-2017).png|thumb|upright=1|يورپ جي چونڊيل شهرن ۾ سالياني سراسري گرمي پد ۾ واڌ (1900–2017)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kayser-Bril |first=Nicolas |date=24 September 2018 |title=Europe is getting warmer, and it's not looking like it's going to cool down anytime soon |work=EDJNet |url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Europe-is-getting-warmer-and-it-s-not-looking-like-it-s-going-to-cool-down-anytime-soon |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref>]] 1957ع ۾ جڏهن يورپي معاشي برادري قائم ڪئي وئي هئي، ته ان جي ڪا به ماحولياتي پاليسي نه هئي.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گذريل 50 سالن دوران، قانون سازي جو هڪ وسيع ڄار وڇايو ويو آهي، جنهن جو دائرو ماحولياتي تحفظ جي سڀني شعبن تائين پکڙيل آهي، جنهن ۾ هوا جي گدلاڻ، پاڻي جي معيار، فضلي جي انتظام، فطرت جي تحفظ، ۽ ڪيميائي شين ۽ صنعتي خطرن جي ڪنٽرول شامل آهن.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} [[Institute for European Environmental Policy]] موجب، ماحولياتي قانون 500 کان وڌيڪ هدايتن (Directives)، ضابطن ۽ فيصلن تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن ماحولياتي پاليسيءَ کي يورپي سياست جو هڪ بنيادي شعبو بڻائي ڇڏيو آهي.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012">Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.</ref> يورپي پاليسي سازن شروعات ۾ ماحولياتي معاملن تي عمل ڪرڻ جي اي يو جي صلاحيت کي هڪ تجارتي مسئلي طور بيان ڪري وڌايو هو.{{sfn|Jordan|Adelle|2012}} گڏيل مارڪيٽ ۾ [[Trade barrier|تجارتي رڪاوٽون]] ۽ مقابلي جي عدم توازن پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي جيڪڏهن هر رڪن رياست جا ماحولياتي معيار مختلف هجن ها.<ref>Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London</ref> بعد جي سالن ۾، ماحول هڪ باقاعده پاليسي شعبي طور اڀريو. اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جو قانوني بنياد 1987ع ۾ "سنگل يورپين ايڪٽ" جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان رکيو ويو.<ref name="European Environmental Policy 2012" /> موسمياتي تبديليءَ ([[climate change]]) جا اثر گهٽائڻ اي يو جي ماحولياتي پاليسي جي اعليٰ ترجيحن ۾ شامل آهي. 2007ع ۾ رڪن رياستن اتفاق ڪيو هو ته مستقبل ۾، سڄي اي يو ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ توانائي جو 20 سيڪڙو [[renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] هجڻ گهرجي، ۽ ڪاربان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي اخراج کي 2020ع تائين 1990ع جي سطح جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽ ڪرڻو پوندو.<ref name="EUO energy">{{Cite news |last=Aldred |first=Jessica |date=23 January 2008 |title=EU sets 20% target for carbon cuts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/23/climatechange.eu1 |access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> 2021ع ۾، يورپي يونين "يورپي موسمياتي قانون" پاس ڪيو، جنهن ۾ 2030ع تائين گرين هائوس گئسن جي اخراج ۾ 55 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي ۽ 2050ع تائين [[carbon neutrality|ڪاربان نيوٽرلٽي]] (مجموعي طور صفر اخراج) جا هدف مقرر ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Van Hoof |first=Sam |date=30 July 2021 |title=European Commission launches proposals to reach 55% emissions reduction by 2030 |url=https://www.unsdsn.org/european-commission-launches-proposals-to-reach-55-emissions-reduction-by-2030 |access-date=8 October 2021 |website=Sustainable Development Solution Network}}</ref> 2025ع ۾، يورپي يونين [[چين]]، [[برازيل]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن سان گڏ [[Climate Coalition (COP30 proposal)|عالماني ڪاربان مارڪيٽ اتحاد]] ۾ شامل ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global carbon market coalition proposed by Brazil has gained membership in eleven countries |url=https://cop30.br/en/news-about-cop30/global-carbon-market-coalition-proposed-by-brazil-has-gained-membership-in-eleven-countries |website=COP 30 Brazil Amazonia Belem 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref> {{Clear}} == معيشت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي معيشت}} [[File:Europe-GDP-PPP-per-capita-map.png|thumb|right|في ڪس [[GDP]] (PPP) (جنهن ۾ غير رڪن رياستون پڻ شامل آهن)]] يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي گڏيل مجموعي پيداوار ([[gross domestic product]] - GDP)، جيڪو معاشي سرگرمين جو هڪ پيمانو آهي، 2022ع ۾ 16.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا عالمي جي ڊي پي جو تقريباً 16.6 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?a=1&c=001,998,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=24 March 2023 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> اي يو جي مختلف رياستن جي وچ ۾ ۽ رياستن جي اندر في ڪس جي ڊي پي ۾ وڏو فرق موجود آهي. سڀ کان امير ۽ غريب علائقن جي وچ ۾ فرق (281 NUTS-2 علائقا) 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب، بلغاريا جي Severozapaden (اي يو جي اوسط جو 31 سيڪڙو) کان وٺي لگزمبرگ (اي يو جي اوسط جو 253 سيڪڙو) تائين هو، يعني {{Euro|4,600}} کان {{Euro|92,600}} جي وچ ۾.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 31% to 626% of the EU average in 2017 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/9618249/1-26022019-AP-EN.pdf/f765d183-c3d2-4e2f-9256-cc6665909c80 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي رڪن رياستن جي تخميني مطابق ڪل دولت (Net wealth) آمريڪا (140 ٽريلين ڊالر) ۽ [[چين]] (84 ٽريلين ڊالر) کان پوءِ دنيا ۾ ٽئين نمبر تي آهي، جيڪا عالمي دولت جي تقريباً ڇهين حصي (76 ٽريلين ڊالر) جي برابر آهي.<ref name="databook2023">{{Cite book |last1=Shorrocks |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |title=Global Wealth Databook 2023 |last2=Davies |first2=James |last3=Lluberas |first3=Rodrigo |publisher=[[UBS]] and [[Credit Suisse]] Research Institute |year=2023 |author-link=Anthony Shorrocks |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.ubs.com/global/en/family-office-uhnw/reports/global-wealth-report-2023.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2024ع جي فارچون گلوبل 500 جي فهرست ۾ شامل دنيا جي وڏين ڪمپنين مان 90 ڪمپنين جا هيڊ ڪوارٽر يورپي يونين ۾ هئا.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global 500 2010: Countries – Australia |work=Fortune |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/countries/Australia.html |access-date=8 July 2010}} Number of companies data taken from the "Pick a country" box.</ref> 2016ع ۾ بيروزگاري جي شرح 8.9 سيڪڙو هئي، جڏهن ته افراط زر (مهانگائي) 2.2 سيڪڙو هئي. 2021ع ۾ يورپي يونين ۾ سراسري سالياني آمدني تقريباً {{Euro|25,000}} هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Database – Eurostat |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/labour-market/earnings/database |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد === {{Main|يورپي يونين جو معاشي ۽ مالي اتحاد}} {{Euro accession map}} [[يورو]] (Euro) يورپي يونين جي 21 رڪن رياستن جي سرڪاري ڪرنسي آهي. 1969ع ۾ هڪ گڏيل يورپي ڪرنسي جو قيام يورپي معاشي برادري جو سرڪاري مقصد بڻيو. 1992ع ۾ رڪن رياستن [[Maastricht Treaty]] تي صحيحون ڪيون ۽ قانوني طور تي مقرر ڪيل ضابطن تي عمل ڪرڻ جا پابند ٿيا، بشمول [[Euro convergence criteria|ڪنورجنس معيار]]، ته جيئن مالي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿي سگهن. اهي ملڪ جيڪي هن اتحاد جو حصو بڻجڻ چاهين ٿا، انهن کي پهريان [[European Exchange Rate Mechanism]] ۾ شامل ٿيڻو پوندو آهي. ==== ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽ يونين ۽ مالي ادارا ==== {{Main|Capital Markets Union|European System of Financial Supervision|European Stability Mechanism}} سرمائي جي آزاد چرپر (Free movement of capital) جو مقصد ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ملڪيت جي خريداري ۽ شيئرز جي خريد و فروخت کي آسان بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market C">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Capital |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518000627/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_42_en.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> [[European System of Financial Supervision]] اي يو جي مالي نگراني جو هڪ ادارتي فريم ورڪ آهي، جيڪو ٽن اختيارين تي مشتمل آهي: يورپي بئنڪنگ اٿارٽي، يورپي انشورنس ۽ پينشن اٿارٽي، ۽ يورپي سيڪيورٽيز ۽ مارڪيٽ اٿارٽي. هن نظام جو مقصد اي يو جي معاشي استحڪام کي يقيني بڻائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Europe seals deal on financial supervision |url=http://euobserver.com/?aid=30866 |website=euobserver.com}}</ref> ==== يوروزون ۽ بئنڪنگ يونين ==== {{Main|يورو|يوروزون|يورپي بئنڪنگ يونين}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Euro banknotes, Europa series.png | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = يورو جا نوٽ (2013 کان) | image2 = Europäische Zentralbank - European Central Bank (19190136328) (cropped).jpg | width2 = 147 | alt2 = | caption2 = فرينڪفرٽ، جرمني ۾ واقع [[يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ]] }} 1999ع ۾ مالي اتحاد يارهن رڪن رياستن ۾ هڪ گڏيل اڪائونٽنگ ڪرنسي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان عمل ۾ آيو. 2002ع ۾ يورو جا نوٽ ۽ سڪا جاري ڪيا ويا. يوروزون (اهي ملڪ جن يورو کي اختيار ڪيو آهي) هن وقت 20 ملڪن تائين وڌي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuchler |first=Teresa |date=25 October 2006 |title=Almunia says 'undesirable' to act on Sweden's euro refusal |publisher=EUobserver.com |url=http://euobserver.com/9/22733 |access-date=26 December 2006}}</ref> يورو دنيا جي ٻي وڏي [[reserve currency]] ۽ آمريڪي ڊالر کان پوءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ واپار ٿيندڙ ڪرنسي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 |url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf07t.pdf |access-date=25 July 2009 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> يورو ۽ ان جي مالي پاليسيون [[ECB]] (يورپي مرڪزي بئنڪ) جي ڪنٽرول ۾ آهن.<ref name="ECB org">{{Cite web |title=ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem |url=http://www.ecb.int/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html |access-date=15 September 2007 |publisher=European Central Bank}}</ref> === واپار === هڪ سياسي اداري جي طور تي، يورپي يونين جي نمائندگي [[عالمي واپار جي تنظيم]] (WTO) ۾ ڪئي ويندي آهي. ==== سنگل مارڪيٽ (واحد مارڪيٽ) ==== {{Main|يورپي سنگل مارڪيٽ}} [[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[European Single Market|يورپي واحد مارڪيٽ]] {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ffff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] سنگل مارڪيٽ ۾ سامان، سرمايو، ماڻهو ۽ خدمتن جي آزاد چرپر شامل آهي.<ref name="Europa Internal Market" /> خدمتون اي يو جي جي ڊي پي جو 60 کان 70 سيڪڙو آهن. [[Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006]] جو مقصد سرحد پار خدمتن جي فراهمي کي آزاد بنائڻ آهي.<ref name="Europa Single Market S">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=A Single Market for Services |url=http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610133514/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/top_layer/index_19_en.htm |archive-date=10 June 2007 |access-date=27 June 2007 |publisher=Europa}}</ref> ==== ڪسٽم يونين ==== {{Main|يورپي يونين ڪسٽم يونين}} [[File:EU Customs Union.svg|thumb|upright=1|يورپي ڪسٽم يونين {{Leftlegend|#003399|يورپي يونين جا رڪن ملڪ}} {{Leftlegend|#a050ff|غير رڪن رياستون جيڪي حصو وٺن ٿيون}} ]] ڪسٽم يونين ۾ مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿيندڙ تمام سامان تي هڪ گڏيل ٻاهرين ٽئرف لاڳو ڪيو ويندو آهي. جڏهن سامان مارڪيٽ ۾ داخل ٿي وڃي ٿو، ته ان تي ڪو به ڪسٽم ڊيوٽي يا ٽيڪس لاڳو نٿو ٿئي. آئس لينڊ، ناروي، ليچينسٽن ۽ سوئٽزرلينڊ سنگل مارڪيٽ جو حصو آهن پر ڪسٽم يونين ۾ شامل ناهن.<ref name="EEA">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=The European Economic Area (EEA) |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041812/http://eeas.europa.eu/eea/ |archive-date=2 December 2010 |access-date=10 February 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ==== مقابلو ۽ صارفين جو تحفظ ==== اي يو هڪ مقابلي واري پاليسي (competition policy) هلائي ٿي ته جيئن مارڪيٽ ۾ مقابلي کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي.<ref group="lower-alpha">Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome</ref> هڪ مشهور ڪيس ۾ [[Microsoft]] تي 777 ملين يورو جو ڏنڊ لاڳو ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gow |first=David |date=22 October 2007 |title=Microsoft caves in to European Commission |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/oct/22/microsoft.microsoft |access-date=12 November 2007 |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref> ==== ٻاهريون واپار ==== يورپي يونين دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن سان آزاد واپار جا معاهدا (FTAs) ڪيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=Free trade agreements |url=http://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622093930/https://trade.ec.europa.eu/tradehelp/free-trade-agreements |archive-date=22 June 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ڪووڊ-19 جي ڪري چين، آمريڪا کي پوئتي ڇڏي اي يو جو وڏو تجارتي پارٽنر بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wong |first=Audrye |date=May 2021 |title=How Not to Win Allies and Influence Geopolitics China's Self-Defeating Economic Statecraft |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=100 |issue=3}}</ref> جاپان سان ٿيل معاشي شراڪت جو معاهدو دنيا جي وڏن ٻطرفن معاهدن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Union and Japan to sign historic trade deal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2018/0717/979174-eu_japan/|publisher=RTE|date=17 July 2018|access-date=17 July 2018}}</ref> === توانائي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators}} {{Pie chart | caption = ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي (2019)<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{Cite book|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-key-figures/w/ks-ex-23-001|title=Key figures on the EU in the world – 2023 edition|date=20 February 2023|publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |isbn=978-92-76-61987-1 |via=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | label1 = تيل | value1 = 31.7 | color1 = black | label2 = قدرتي گيس | value2 = 24.7 | color2 = #8B8888 | label3 = ڪوئلو | value3 = 10.9 | color3 = #8B3333 | label4 = جوهري (نيوڪليئر) | value4 = 13.2 | color4 = #ffeeaa | label5 = بايو فيول، فضلو، بجلي، گرمي | value5 = 19.4 | color5 = #668B22 }} 2019ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي ڪل توانائي جي فراهمي 59 ارب [[Joule (unit)|GJ]] هئي، جيڪا عالمي ڪل جو تقريباً 10.2 سيڪڙو بڻجي ٿي. اي يو ۾ دستياب توانائي جو تقريباً ٽي چوٿائي حصو درآمدات (گهڻو ڪري فوسل فيول) مان حاصل ڪيو ويو. 2019ع ۾ [[Renewable energy|قابل تجديد توانائي]] جو حصو اي يو جي ڪل توانائي فراهمي ۾ 18.1 سيڪڙو ۽ توانائي جي آخري استعمال ۾ 11.1 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> يورپي يونين وٽ پنهنجي قيام کان وٺي توانائي پاليسي جي شعبي ۾ قانون سازي جا اختيار رهيا آهن، جنهن جو بنياد اصل [[European Coal and Steel Community]] ۾ آهي. هڪ لازمي ۽ جامع يورپي توانائي پاليسي جي منظوري آڪٽوبر 2005ع ۾ يورپي ڪائونسل جي اجلاس ۾ ڏني وئي، ۽ پهرين پاليسي جو مسودو جنوري 2007ع ۾ شايع ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Energy Q&A">{{Cite news |date=9 March 2007 |title=Q&A: EU energy plans |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4783996.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[File:Energy Community Map.svg|thumb|left|[[Energy Community|توانائي برادري]]]] يورپي يونين جي توانائي پاليسي جا پنج اهم نقطا آهن: [[European Single Market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۾ مقابلي کي وڌائڻ، سيڙپڪاري جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ ۽ بجلي جي گرڊن جي وچ ۾ رابطن کي هٿي ڏيڻ؛ توانائي جي ذريعن کي متنوع بنائڻ ته جيئن ڪنهن بحران جي صورت ۾ بهتر جواب ڏئي سگهجي؛ روس سان توانائي جي تعاون لاءِ هڪ نئون معاهدو قائم ڪرڻ ۽ مرڪزي ايشيا<ref name="oies">{{Cite web |last=Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff |date=November 2008 |title=Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes |url=http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |access-date=17 November 2011 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]}}</ref> ۽ اتر آفريڪا جي توانائي سان مالامال رياستن سان لاڳاپا بهتر بنائڻ؛ موجوده توانائي جي ذريعن کي وڌيڪ موثر طريقي سان استعمال ڪرڻ ۽ [[renewable energy commercialisation|قابل تجديد توانائي]] کي وڌائڻ؛ ۽ آخر ۾ نئين توانائي ٽيڪنالاجيز لاءِ فنڊنگ ۾ واڌ ڪرڻ.<ref name="Energy Q&A" /> 2007ع ۾، مجموعي طور تي اي يو ملڪن پنهنجي ضرورت جو 82 سيڪڙو تيل، 57 سيڪڙو قدرتي گيس<ref name="low carb prop">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2007 |title='Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16560106 |access-date=24 January 2007 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> ۽ 97.48 سيڪڙو يورينيم<ref name="Euratom2007">{{Cite book |title=Euratom Supply Agency – Annual Report 2007 |publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |year=2008 |isbn=978-92-79-09437-8 |location=Luxembourg |page=22 |chapter=EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels |quote=European uranium mining supplied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU). |access-date=1 March 2009 |chapter-url=http://ec.europa.eu/euratom/ar/last.pdf}}</ref> ٻاهران گهرايو. يورپي يونين کي قدرتي گيس فراهم ڪندڙ ٽي وڏا ملڪ روس، ناروي ۽ [[الجزائر]] آهن، جن جو 2019ع جي درآمدات ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٽي چوٿائي حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Abnett |first1=Kate |last2=Nasralla |first2=Shadia |date=17 July 2020 |title=EU's greenhouse gas strategy fails to plug methane hole |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-energy-methane-insight/eus-greenhouse-gas-strategy-fails-to-plug-methane-hole-idINKCN24I0IV |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> اي يو توانائي جي معاملن ۾ [[Russia in the European energy sector|روس تي انحصار]] گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري رهي آهي.<ref name="Energy Russia">{{Cite web |last=European Parliament |title=Ukraine-Russia gas dispute – call for stronger EU energy policy |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&type=IM-PRESS&reference=20060112STO04233&secondRef=0 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> مئي 2022ع ۾، يوڪرين تي حملي جي ڪري يورپي يونين روس تي وڌيڪ پابنديون لاڳو ڪرڻ جي تياري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ روسي تيل تي پابندي شامل هئي.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 May 2022 |title=EU leans towards Russian oil ban by year-end, diplomats say |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/eu-leans-towards-russian-oil-ban-by-year-end-diplomats-say-2022-05-01/ |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> ساڳئي مهيني ۾، [[European Commission|يورپي ڪميشن]] "RePowerEU" اقدام شايع ڪيو، جيڪو 300 ارب يورو جو هڪ منصوبو آهي جنهن جو مقصد 2030ع تائين روسي فوسل فيول تي انحصار ختم ڪرڻ ۽ توانائي جي پاڪيزه منتقلي کي تيز ڪرڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2022 |title=EU unveils €300 billion plan to reduce its energy dependency on Russia |url=https://www.dw.com/en/eu-unveils-300-billion-plan-to-reduce-its-energy-dependency-on-russia/a-61838801 |website=[[dw.com]]}}</ref> {{Clear}} === علائقائي ترقي === {{Main|يورپي يونين جي علائقائي پاليسي}} {{See also|European Committee of the Regions|European Investment Bank}} [[File:European regional policy 2021.svg|thumb|right|upright=1|2021ع کان 2027ع تائين علائقن جي درجه بندي {{Leftlegend|#FF0000|گھٽ ترقي يافته علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#FFFF00|عبوري علائقا}} {{Leftlegend|#0000FF|وڌيڪ ترقي يافته علائقا}} ]] پنج [[European Structural and Investment Funds|يورپي ساختي ۽ سيڙپڪاري فنڊ]] يورپي يونين جي علائقن جي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري رهيا آهن، خاص ڪري انهن علائقن جي جيڪي گهٽ ترقي يافته آهن. اهي علائقا اڪثر ڪري [[Central Europe|مرڪزي]] ۽ ڏکڻ يورپ جي رياستن ۾ واقع آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Select Committee on European Union |year=2008 |title=Chapter 2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldselect/ldeucom/141/14105.htm |access-date=28 February 2012 |website=Nineteenth Report}}</ref><ref name="Business2000 Funds">{{Cite web |title=EU Structural and Cohesion funds |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529083348/http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/structural_cohesion_fund_en.htm |archive-date=29 May 2010 |access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> هڪ ٻيو فنڊ ([[Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance]]) اميدوار ميمبر ملڪن کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون آڻڻ لاءِ مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو جيڪي اي يو جي معيار مطابق هجن. انهن پاليسين ذريعي وڌندڙ عمر جي آبادي، ٻارن جي پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح ۽ غير شهري علائقن مان آباديءَ جي گهٽجڻ جهڙن مسئلن کي پڻ حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر == {{Main|يورپي يونين جي آدمشماري}} {{See also|يورپي يونين جي شهريت}} === آبادي === {{see|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن جي فهرست}} [[File:Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg|thumb|right|upright=1|نقشو جيڪو 2017ع جي انگن اکرن موجب [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS3 علائقن]] جي آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي ڏيکاري ٿو، جنهن ۾ غير اي يو ملڪ پڻ شامل آهن.]] 2024ع ۾ يورپي يونين جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ 45 ڪروڙ (450 ملين) هئي، جيڪا عالمي آبادي جو 5.8 سيڪڙو آهي.<ref name="population">{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en |date=11 July 2025 |access-date=11 July 2025 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Share of world population, 1960, 2015 and 2060 (%) |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Share_of_world_population,_1960,_2015_and_2060_(%25)_2.png |access-date=28 June 2017 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> پوري اي يو ۾ آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي 106 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر هئي، جيڪا عالمي اوسط کان وڌيڪ آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> هي گهاٽائي مرڪزي ۽ مغربي يورپ جي علائقن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آهي، جنهن کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن "[[blue banana]]" چيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته اتر ۾ [[سويڊن]] ۽ [[فن لينڊ]] ۾ آبادي تمام ڇڙوڇڙ آهي. اي يو جي ڪل آبادي گذريل ڪجهه سالن کان ٿوري گهٽجي رهي آهي، 2021ع ۾ ان ۾ 0.04 سيڪڙو گهٽتائي آئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ان جو سبب پيدائش جي گهٽ شرح آهي، جيڪا في عورت لڳ ڀڳ 1.5 ٻار آهي، جڏهن ته عالمي اوسط 2.3 آهي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> 2021ع ۾ اي يو ۾ ڪل 41 لک ٻار پيدا ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/DDN-20230309-1|title=How many children were born in the EU in 2021?|date=9 March 2023|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> [attachment_0](attachment) [[Europe ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ|يورپ ڏانهن هجرت (Immigration)]] آبادي جي هن قدرتي گهٽتائي کي ڪجهه حد تائين پورو ڪري ٿي. اي يو ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن مان 5.3 سيڪڙو اهڙا آهن جيڪي اي يو جا شهري ناهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> هتي 31 اهڙيون قوميتون آهن جيڪي غير اي يو شهرين جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 سيڪڙو آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان وڏا گروهه [[مراڪش|مراڪشي]]، [[ترڪي|ترڪ]]، [[شام|شامي]] ۽ [[چين|چيني]] آهن.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> ==== شهريت (Urbanisation) ==== {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان يورپي يونين جي شهرن جي فهرست|يورپي يونين جي شهري علائقن جي فهرست}} [[File:La Tour Eiffel vue de la Tour Saint-Jacques, Paris août 2014 (2).jpg|thumb|left|[[پيرس ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]] اي يو جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهري علائقو آهي.]] 2020ع ۾ اي يو جي ٻن ٽين حصن کان وڌيڪ (68.2 سيڪڙو) آبادي شهري علائقن ۾ رهندي هئي.<ref name="ec.europa.eu" /> اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 40 اهڙا شهري علائقا آهن جن جي آبادي 10 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان، [[پيرس]] سڀ کان وڏو ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو ۽ اي يو جو واحد [[megacity]] آهي.<ref name="paris_AAV20_pop">{{Cite web |title=Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Paris (001) |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-001 |access-date=10 February 2021 |publisher=INSEE}}</ref><ref name="eurostat">{{Cite web |title=Eurostat – Data Explorer |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |access-date=22 November 2018 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> پيرس کان پوءِ [[ميڊرڊ]]، [[بارسلونا]]، [[برلن]]، رور (Ruhr)، [[ميلان]] ۽ [[روم]] اچن ٿا، جن سڀني جي آبادي 40 لک کان وڌيڪ آهي. اي يو ۾ ڪيترائي گھڻ-مرڪزي (polycentric) شهري علائقا پڻ آهن جهڙوڪ رائن-رور، رينڊ اسٽيڊ (Randstad)، ۽ فرينڪفرٽ رائن-مين.<ref name="eurostat" /> {{Largest population centres | country = يورپي يونين | stat_ref = ميٽروپوليٽن علائقا، [[Eurostat]] 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions – Eurostat |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/met_pjanaggr3 |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> | list_by_pop = Larger urban zone#List of larger urban zones | div_link = Member state of the European Union{{!}}رياست | city_1 = پيرس | div_1 = فرانس | pop_1 = 12,388,388 | city_2 = ميڊرڊ | div_2 = اسپين | pop_2 = 6,871,903 | city_3 = بارسلونا | div_3 = اسپين | pop_3 = 5,797,356 | city_4 = برلن | div_4 = جرمني | pop_4 = 5,481,613 | city_5 = رور | div_5 = جرمني | pop_5 = 5,147,820 | city_6 = ميلان | div_6 = اٽلي | pop_6 = 4,329,748 | city_7 = روم | div_7 = اٽلي | pop_7 = 4,227,059 | city_8 = ايٿنز | div_8 = يونان | pop_8 = 3,626,216 | city_9 = هيمبرگ | div_9 = جرمني | pop_9 = 3,423,121 | city_10 = ايمسٽرڊيم | div_10 = نيدرلينڊز | pop_10 = 3,397,323 | city_11 = برسلز | div_11 = بيلجيم | pop_11 = 3,395,581 | city_12 = وارسا | div_12 = پولينڊ | pop_12 = 3,269,510 | city_13 = مارسيلي | div_13 = فرانس | pop_13 = 3,183,476 | city_14 = بڊاپيسٽ | div_14 = هنگري | pop_14 = 3,031,887 | city_15 = ميونخ | div_15 = جرمني | pop_16 = 2,981,735 | city_16 = نيپلز | div_16 = اٽلي | pop_15 = 2,980,338 | city_17 = ويانا | div_17 = آسٽريا | pop_17 = 2,971,753 | city_18 = لزبن | div_18 = پرتگال | pop_18 = 2,899,670 | city_19 = اسٽٽ گارٽ | div_19 = جرمني | pop_19 = 2,816,924 | city_20 = پراگ | div_20 = چيڪ جمهوريه| pop_20 = 2,796,717 }} === ٻوليون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ٻوليون}} {| class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible plainrowheaders sortable" style="border: 0.5em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 0.9em; max-width: 20em; text-align: center;" |+ سرڪاري ٻوليون ڳالهائيندڙن جي سيڪڙو مطابق، 2023ع<ref name="EU-Lang">{{Cite book |last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication |title=Special Eurobarometer survey "Europeans and their languages" |date=2024 |publisher=Publications Office |url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2979 |access-date=19 October 2025 |doi=10.2766/28257 |isbn=978-92-68-12045-3}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width: 60%;" | ٻولي ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | مادري ٻولي{{Efn|مادري ٻولي}} ! scope="col" style="width: 20%;" | ڪل{{Efn|اي يو جا شهري جيڪي هن ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائي سگهن ٿا}} |- ! scope="row" | [[German language|جرمن]] |19% |29% |- ! scope="row" | [[French language|فرانسيسي]] |15% |25% |- ! scope="row" | [[Italian language|اٽالين]] |13% |16% |- ! scope="row" | [[Polish language|پولش]] |9% |9% |- ! scope="row" | اسپينش |9% |17% |- ! scope="row" | [[Dutch language|ڊچ]] |5% |6% |- ! scope="row" | [[Romanian language|رومانيائي]] |4% |5% |- ! scope="row" | [[Greek language|يوناني]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Hungarian language|هنگريائي]] |3% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Portuguese language|پرتگالي]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Czech language|چيڪ]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | انگريزي |2% |50% |- ! scope="row" | [[Bulgarian language|بلغاريائي]] |2% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Swedish language|سويڊني]] |2% |3% |- ! scope="row" | [[Danish language|ڊينش]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Finnish language|فنلينڊي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Croatian language|ڪروشيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Lithuanian language|لٿوانيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovak language|سلوواڪ]] |1% |2% |- ! scope="row" | [[Slovene language|سلووينيائي]] |1% |1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Latvian language|ليٽويائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Estonian language|ايسٽونائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Maltese language|مالٽيائي]] |<1% |<1% |- ! scope="row" | [[Irish language|آئرش]] |<1% |<1% |} اي يو جون 24 سرڪاري ٻوليون آهن. اهم دستاويز، جهڙوڪ قانون سازي، هر سرڪاري ٻوليءَ ۾ ترجمو ڪيا ويندا آهن. يورپي ڪميشن پنهنجو ڪم ٽن "عملي ٻولين" ۾ ڪري ٿي: انگريزي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن.<ref name="procedural">{{Cite web |title=European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-825_en.htm |website=europa.eu}}</ref> اي يو ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائيندڙ ٻولي انگريزي آهي، جيڪا 50 سيڪڙو آبادي ڳالهائي ٿي.<ref name="EU-Lang" /> جرمن ۽ فرانسيسي ترتيبوار 29 سيڪڙو ۽ 25 سيڪڙو ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا. اڌ کان وڌيڪ (59 سيڪڙو) شهري پنهنجي مادري ٻوليءَ کان سواءِ ڪنهن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ ڳالهائڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا. اي يو ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 150 علائقائي ۽ اقليتي ٻوليون پڻ آهن، جيڪي 5 ڪروڙ تائين ماڻهو ڳالهائين ٿا.<ref name="Many tongues, one family">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |year=2004 |title=Many tongues, one family. Languages in the European Union |url=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329125431/http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2007 |access-date=3 February 2007 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === مذهب === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ مذهب}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ اي يو ۾ مذهبي وابستگي (2015ع)<ref name="EB2015">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Discrimiation in the EU in 2015 |url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314105932/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V355&V355slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V10&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V42&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&tabcontenttype=row&gs=362&V10slice=1&mode=table&top=yess |archive-date=14 March 2020 |access-date=15 October 2017 |website=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |series=437 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |via=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences|GESIS]] |location=European Union}}</ref> ! scope="col" | وابستگي ! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | اي يو جي آبادي جو سيڪڙو |- ! scope="row" | [[عيسائيت|عيسائي]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|71.6||2||background:darkblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ڪئٿولڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|45.3||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|11.1||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[ايسترن آرٿوڊوڪس]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable|9.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | ٻيا عيسائي | align=right |{{Bartable| 5.6||2||background:lightblue}} |- ! scope="row" | [[مسلمان]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 1.8||2||background:green}} |- ! scope="row" | ٻيا مذهب | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 2.6||2||background:purple}} |- ! scope="row" | [[لامذهب|لا ديني]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 24.0||2||background:grey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | غير يقيني/[[Agnosticism|ايگنوسٽڪ]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 13.6||2||background:lightgrey}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-indent: 15px;" | [[Atheism|ملحد]] | style="text-align: right;" | {{Bartable| 10.4||2||background:lightgrey}} |- |} يورپي يونين جو ڪنهن به مذهب سان ڪو به سرڪاري تعلق ناهي. [[Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]] جي آرٽيڪل 17 تحت گرجا گھرن ۽ مذهبي تنظيمن جي حيثيت کي تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Part_One:_Principles#Article_17 |via=Wikisource}}</ref> يورپي يونين جي معاهدن ۾ يورپ جي "ثقافتي، مذهبي ۽ انساني ورثي" جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Consolidated Treaties">{{Cite web |title=Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.C_.2010.083.01.0001.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AC%3A2010%3A083%3ATOC |access-date=1 January 2022 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> == ثقافت == {{Main|يورپي يونين جون ثقافتي پاليسيون}} ماسترخت معاهدي (Maastricht Treaty) ۾ ثقافتي تعاون کي شامل ڪرڻ کان وٺي رڪن ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ثقافتي مٽاسٽا يورپي يونين جي دلچسپيءَ جو مرڪز رهي آهي.<ref name="Bozoki">{{Cite web |last=Bozoki |first=Andras |title=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union |url=http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222205051/http://www.ecoc-doc-athens.eu/attachments/1249_Cultural%20Policy%20and%20Politics%20in%20the%20European%20Union_speech_Bozoki_Andras.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2013 |access-date=4 June 2013 |publisher=Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union.pdf}}</ref> اي يو پاران ثقافتي شعبي ۾ کنيل قدمن ۾ "ڪلچر 2000" پروگرام،<ref name="Bozoki" /> "يورپي ثقافتي مهينو" جو واقعو،<ref name="Culture Month">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Culture Month |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202062436/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/eac/ecocs/present_cap/retrospective_en.html |archive-date=2 February 2008 |access-date=27 February 2008 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> ۽ [[European Union Youth Orchestra]] جهڙا آرڪسٽرا شامل آهن. [[European Capital of Culture|يورپي ثقافتي گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] وارو پروگرام هر سال هڪ يا وڌيڪ شهرن کي چونڊيندو آهي ته جيئن ان شهر جي ثقافتي ترقيءَ ۾ مدد ڪري سگهجي.<ref name="Capital Culture">{{Cite web |last=European Commission |title=European Capitals of Culture |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803205745/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc413_en.htm |archive-date=3 August 2010 |publisher=Europa web portal}}</ref> === رانديون === {{Main|يورپي يونين جون راندين بابت پاليسيون}} رانديون بنيادي طور تي اي يو بجاءِ رڪن ملڪن يا ٻين عالمي تنظيمن جي ذميواري آهن. پر اي يو جون ڪجهه پاليسيون راندين تي اثرانداز ٿيون آهن، جهڙوڪ "باسمن فيصلو" (Bosman ruling)، جنهن قومي فٽبال ليگز کي اي يو شهرين تي ڪوٽا لڳائڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو.<ref name="BBC Boseman">{{Cite news |last=Fordyce |first=Tom |date=11 July 2007 |title=10&nbsp;years since Bosman |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/4528732.stm |access-date=13 July 2007}}</ref> [[Treaty of Lisbon|لزبن معاهدي]] تحت راندين جي مخصوص نوعيت ۽ رضاڪارانه جوڙجڪ جو احترام ڪرڻ ضروري قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. === علامتون === {{Further|European Heritage Label}} [[File:Europa copy.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|هڪ يوناني گلداني تي [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|يوروپا]] ۽ ڍڳو، لڳ ڀڳ 480 قبل مسيح.]] [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپ جو جهنڊو]] نيري پس منظر تي 12 سونهري تارن جي دائري تي مشتمل آهي. هي جهنڊو اصل ۾ 1955ع ۾ ڪائونسل آف يورپ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو ۽ 1986ع ۾ يورپي برادرين پاران اختيار ڪيو ويو. {{Blockquote|مغربي دنيا جي نيري آسمان جي پس منظر ۾، تارا يورپ جي عوام جي اتحاد جي علامت آهن. تارن جو تعداد هميشه [[12 (number)#Religion|ٻارهن]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو ڪمال ۽ مڪمل هجڻ جي نشاني آهي.|ڪائونسل آف يورپ. پيرس، 7–9 ڊسمبر 1955ع.|source=}} ''[[يورپي يونين جو نعرو|تنوع ۾ اتحاد]]'' (United in Diversity) کي 2000ع ۾ يونين جو نعرو تسليم ڪيو ويو. 1985ع کان وٺي، 9 مئي کي "يورپ جو ڏينهن" (Europe Day) طور ملهايو ويندو آهي. اي يو جو ترانو [[Ludwig van Beethoven|بيٿووفن]] جي نائين سمفوني جي چوٿين حصي ''[[Ode to Joy]]'' جو هڪ اوزاري (instrumental) ورزن آهي. يونين جو نالو يوناني ڏند ڪٿا جي ڪردار "يوروپا" تان ورتل آهي، جنهن جي تصوير 2013ع جي يورو بئنڪ نوٽن تي پڻ موجود آهي. === ميڊيا === {{Main|يورپي يونين ۾ ميڊيا جي آزادي}} [[File:Siège d'Euronews.jpg|thumb|left|فرانس جي شهر ليون ۾ [[Euronews]] جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر]] ميڊيا جي آزادي يورپي يونين جي رڪن ملڪن ۽ ان جي شهرين جو بنيادي حق آهي. اي يو ۾ اڪثر ميڊيا قومي سطح جي آهي، پر ڪجهه يورپي سطح جا ادارا جهڙوڪ [[Euronews]]، [[Eurosport]] ۽ [[Politico Europe]] پڻ اڀريا آهن. يورپي يونين جو "ميڊيا پروگرام" 1991ع کان وٺي يورپي فلمن ۽ آڊيو-ويزيول صنعتن جي مدد ڪري رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Programme |url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621054048/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/media/about/index_en.htm |archive-date=21 June 2013 |access-date=13 June 2013 |website=Europa |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> === اثر === [[File:Eiffel Tower wearing Europe colors - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|upright|اي فل ٽاور تي [[يورپي جهنڊو|يورپي نشان]] چٽيل آهي]] يورپي يونين جو گهڻن رڪن ملڪن جي معيشت تي هاڪاري اثر پيو آهي. هڪ مطالعي مطابق، يورپي انٽيگريشن کان سواءِ، ميمبر ملڪن جي في ڪس آمدني اوسطاً 10 سيڪڙو گهٽ هجي ها.<ref name="JoME">{{Cite journal |last1=Campos |first1=Nauro F. |last2=Coricelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Moretti |first3=Luigi |date=1 May 2019 |title=Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe |journal=Journal of Monetary Economics |volume=103 |pages=88–104 |doi=10.1016/j.jmoneco.2018.08.001 |issn=0304-3932 |doi-access=free|hdl=20.500.11850/342557 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ان کان علاوه، اي يو کي يورپ ۾ امن برقرار رکڻ ۽ جمهوريت کي هٿي ڏيڻ ۾ هڪ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪندڙ طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو. == آپٽ-آئوٽس (پاسيرو رهڻ) == {{main|يورپي يونين مان آپٽ-آئوٽس}} ٽن رڪن ملڪن کي يونين جي ڪجهه پهلوئن کان مستقل طور تي آپٽ-آئوٽ (پاسيرو رهڻ جو اختيار) حاصل آهي: * [[ڊينمارڪ]] کي [[يوروزون]] (eurozone) ۽ [[area of freedom, security and justice|آزادي، سيڪيورٽي ۽ انصاف واري علائقي]] (AFSJ) کان آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي؛ * [[آئرلينڊ]] کي [[شينگن علائقو|شينگن علائقي]] (Schengen area) کان آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي، جنهن جو سبب برطانيه سان ان جي [[Common Travel Area|کليل سرحد]] آهي، ۽ ان سان گڏ AFSJ کان جزوي آپٽ-آئوٽ پڻ حاصل اٿس؛ * [[پولينڊ]] کي [[يورپي يونين جي بنيادي حقن جو چارٽر|بنيادي حقن جي چارٽر]] کان جزوي آپٽ-آئوٽ حاصل آهي. == وڌيڪ ڏسو == {{Portal|يورپي يونين|يورپ}} * {{anl|آفريقي يونين}} * [[برسلز ۽ يورپي يونين]] * [[يورپي يونين ۾ سينسرشپ]] * {{anl|Euroscepticism|يورپي شڪ پَسندي}} * [[ملڪن جي گروپن جي فهرست]] * {{anl|گهڻ-پاسي آزاد واپار جي معاهدن جي فهرست}} * {{anl|يورپي يونين جو خاڪو}} * {{anl|يورپي قومپرستي}} * [[يورپي اقتصادي علائقي جي ميمبرن جا خاص علائقا]] * {{anl|Wojciech Jastrzębowski}}، جنهن 1831ع ۾، روس جي خلاف پولينڊ جي [[نومبر بغاوت (1830ع)]] ۾ وڙهڻ کانپوءِ، پنهنجي تجويز ڪيل يورپي يونين لاءِ پهريون آئين تيار ڪيو هو. == حوالا == === ماخذ (Citations) === {{Reflist}} === استعمال ٿيل مواد (Works cited) === {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{Cite book |last1=Craig |first1=Paul |title=EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials |last2=De Burca |first2=Grainne |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-957699-9 |edition=5th |location=Oxford}} * {{Cite book |last=Demey |first=Thierry |title=Brussels, capital of Europe |publisher=Badeaux |others=S. Strange (trans.) |year=2007 |isbn=978-2-9600414-6-0 |location=Brussels}} * {{Cite book |title=Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84971-469-3 |editor-last=Jordan |editor-first=A.J. |edition=3rd |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]] |editor-last2=Adelle |editor-first2=Camilla}} * {{Cite book |last=McCormick |first=John |title=The European superpower |date=2007 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-9845-3 |oclc=71266552 |author-link=John McCormick (Jean Monnet Chair)}} * {{Cite book |last=Piris |first=Jean-Claude |title=The Lisbon Treaty: A Legal and Political Analysis |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-19792-2 |location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book |title=EuroDiversity |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-87719-381-4 |editor-last=Simons |editor-first=George F. |location=Abingdon-on-Thames}} * {{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalrel00wilk_012 |title=International Relations: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-280157-9 |edition=1st |location=Oxford |url-access=limited}} {{Refend}} ==نوٽ== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha|30em|refs=}} 53iauarwpntxsqujn09gg4ixyx6t5dz 0 38006 370440 158370 2026-04-07T06:13:29Z Ibne maryam 17680 370440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[فائل:2010-07-20 Black windup alarm clock face.jpg|thumb|رسمي انتباھي گھنٽو]] '''انتباهي گھنٽو''' يا '''آگاهي گھڙيال''' <small>(alarm clock)</small> ھڪ قسم جو گھنٽو جيڪو مخصوص وقت يا تاريخ تي گھنٽي ڏيندو آھي. ھن قسم جا [[گھڙيال]] عام طور تي ماڻھن کي ننڊ مان جاڳائڻ جي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويندا آھن. گھڻا دفعا اِنھن جو استعمال ياد ڏياريندڙ <small>(reminder)</small> طور بہ ڪيو ويندو آهي. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[گھڙيال]] * [[رقمي گھڙيال]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons|Category:Alarm clocks}} [[زمرو:ننڊ]] [[زمرو:وقت]] [[زمرو:گھڙيال]] [[زمرو:ايجادون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] 9orypeobxgigdipiwzfz5ep7v96yuj6 0 38016 370345 370221 2026-04-06T17:42:22Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* جمهوريت جي واپسي */ 370345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] 7j6m124gfgwrk7dht3o837flogm381d 370346 370345 2026-04-06T17:48:20Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* آب هوا */ 370346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] p1jfhs1zc9z0yry9evxsgxqx8nkpceu 370347 370346 2026-04-06T17:51:47Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* فوج */ 370347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] 68jhji0161m1dnoh7al1ias8b152cjo 370348 370347 2026-04-06T17:54:59Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* سياحت */ 370348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] eyc7i03zfd72ygxecdeu7ghhg0ifghg 370349 370348 2026-04-06T17:57:32Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* ٻوليون */ 370349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] daejgxnjmz1mh41smirjgmzls6v48xz 370350 370349 2026-04-06T17:59:57Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* ميڊيا */ 370350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. === رانديون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ رانديون}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|فٽبالر [[ليونل ميسي]]، اٺ ڀيرا [[Ballon d'Or]] کٽيندڙ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم]] جو موجوده ڪپتان آهي.]] ''[[Pato]]'' ارجنٽائن جي [[قومي راند]] آهي،<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> جيڪا گهوڙي سواريءَ جي هڪ قديم راند آهي. اها 1600ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ مقامي طور تي شروع ٿي هئي ۽ هيءَ راند [[horseball]] جي پيش رو سمجهي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> هتان جي سڀ کان مشهور راند [[فٽبال]] آهي. [[برازيل قومي فٽبال ٽيم|برازيل]]، [[جرمني قومي فٽبال ٽيم|جرمني]] ۽ [[فرانس قومي فٽبال ٽيم|فرانس]] سان گڏ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم|ارجنٽائن جي مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن [[فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|ورلڊ ڪپ]] ( [[1978 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1978]]، [[1986 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1986]] ۽ [[2022 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|2022]] ۾)، ڪنفيدريشن ڪپ، ۽ اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، اهي سڀئي کٽيا آهن. هنن 16 ڀيرا [[ڪوپا آمريڪا]] (Copas América) ۽ 7 ڀيرا پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل پڻ کٽيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]، [[ڊيگو ماراڊونا]] ۽ [[ليونل ميسي]] کي راندين جي تاريخ جي بهترين رانديگرن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} ملڪ جي فيلڊ هاڪي جي عورتن جي ٽيم، جنهن کي ''Las Leonas'' چيو وڃي ٿو، دنيا جي ڪامياب ترين ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن چار اولمپڪ ميڊل، ٻه ورلڊ ڪپ، هڪ ورلڊ ليگ ۽ ست ڀيرا چيمپيئنز ٽرافي کٽي آهي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] کي هن راند جي تاريخ جي بهترين عورت رانديگر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو،<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> جيڪا اٺ ڀيرا 'FIH پليئر آف دي ايئر' جو ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ واحد رانديگر آهي.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[باسڪيٽ بال]] پڻ هڪ تمام مشهور راند آهي. [[ارجنٽائن قومي باسڪيٽ بال ٽيم|مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] FIBA آمريڪا زون جي واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن ورلڊ چيمپئن شپ، اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، ڊائمنڊ بال، آمريڪا چيمپئن شپ، ۽ پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل کٽيا آهن. هنن 13 ڀيرا ڏکڻ آمريڪي چيمپئن شپ پڻ کٽي آهي.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]]، [[Luis Scola]] ۽ [[Andrés Nocioni]] ملڪ جي مڃيل رانديگرن مان آهن، جيڪي NBA جو حصو رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} ارجنٽائن 1950ع ۽ 1990ع ۾ باسڪيٽ بال ورلڊ ڪپ جي ميزباني پڻ ڪئي. [[Rugby Union|رگبي]] (Rugby) ارجنٽائن جي هڪ ٻي مقبول راند آهي. مردن جي قومي ٽيم، جنهن کي 'Los Pumas' چيو وڃي ٿو، هر رگبي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. هنن جي بهترين ڪارڪردگي 2007ع جي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ هئي جتي هو ٽئين نمبر تي آيا هئا. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن پولو اوپن چيمپئن شپ]]]] ارجنٽائن [[باڪسنگ]] جي ميدان ۾ ڪيترائي عالمي چيمپئن پيدا ڪيا آهن، جن ۾ [[Carlos Monzón]] (تاريخ جو بهترين مڊل ويٽ باڪسر)،<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ۽ [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]] شامل آهن. هي سڀ [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] جا ميمبر آهن.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[ٽينس]] پڻ هر عمر جي ماڻهن ۾ مشهور رهي آهي. [[Guillermo Vilas]] لاطيني آمريڪا جو عظيم ترين رانديگر آهي،{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} جڏهن ته [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ارجنٽائن جي ڪامياب ترين عورت رانديگر آهي، جيڪا WTA رينڪنگ ۾ نمبر 3 تائين پهتي هئي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} ارجنٽائن جي ٽيم 2016ع ۾ [[ڊيوس ڪپ]] (Davis Cup) پڻ کٽيو هو. ارجنٽائن [[پولو]] (Polo) راند ۾ بنا ڪنهن مقابلي جي عالمي بادشاهت رکي ٿو. هن ملڪ ڪنهن به ٻئي ملڪ جي مقابلي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي چيمپئن شپس کٽيون آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} [[Adolfo Cambiaso]] کي پولو جي تاريخ جو بهترين رانديگر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} آٽو ريسنگ (Auto racing) ۾ به ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ مضبوط رهي آهي. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] پنج ڀيرا [[فارمولا ون]] ورلڊ چيمپئن رهيو ۽ کيس تاريخ جي عظيم ترين ڊرائيورن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] 23ov3obmsgbmbscllprtahxgj6uzu8x 370351 370350 2026-04-06T18:00:53Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* رانديون */ 370351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. === رانديون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ رانديون}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|فٽبالر [[ليونل ميسي]]، اٺ ڀيرا [[Ballon d'Or]] کٽيندڙ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم]] جو موجوده ڪپتان آهي.]] ''[[Pato]]'' ارجنٽائن جي [[قومي راند]] آهي،<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> جيڪا گهوڙي سواريءَ جي هڪ قديم راند آهي. اها 1600ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ مقامي طور تي شروع ٿي هئي ۽ هيءَ راند [[horseball]] جي پيش رو سمجهي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> هتان جي سڀ کان مشهور راند [[فٽبال]] آهي. [[برازيل قومي فٽبال ٽيم|برازيل]]، [[جرمني قومي فٽبال ٽيم|جرمني]] ۽ [[فرانس قومي فٽبال ٽيم|فرانس]] سان گڏ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم|ارجنٽائن جي مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن [[فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|ورلڊ ڪپ]] ( [[1978 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1978]]، [[1986 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1986]] ۽ [[2022 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|2022]] ۾)، ڪنفيدريشن ڪپ، ۽ اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، اهي سڀئي کٽيا آهن. هنن 16 ڀيرا [[ڪوپا آمريڪا]] (Copas América) ۽ 7 ڀيرا پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل پڻ کٽيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]، [[ڊيگو ماراڊونا]] ۽ [[ليونل ميسي]] کي راندين جي تاريخ جي بهترين رانديگرن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} ملڪ جي فيلڊ هاڪي جي عورتن جي ٽيم، جنهن کي ''Las Leonas'' چيو وڃي ٿو، دنيا جي ڪامياب ترين ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن چار اولمپڪ ميڊل، ٻه ورلڊ ڪپ، هڪ ورلڊ ليگ ۽ ست ڀيرا چيمپيئنز ٽرافي کٽي آهي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] کي هن راند جي تاريخ جي بهترين عورت رانديگر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو،<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> جيڪا اٺ ڀيرا 'FIH پليئر آف دي ايئر' جو ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ واحد رانديگر آهي.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[باسڪيٽ بال]] پڻ هڪ تمام مشهور راند آهي. [[ارجنٽائن قومي باسڪيٽ بال ٽيم|مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] FIBA آمريڪا زون جي واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن ورلڊ چيمپئن شپ، اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، ڊائمنڊ بال، آمريڪا چيمپئن شپ، ۽ پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل کٽيا آهن. هنن 13 ڀيرا ڏکڻ آمريڪي چيمپئن شپ پڻ کٽي آهي.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]]، [[Luis Scola]] ۽ [[Andrés Nocioni]] ملڪ جي مڃيل رانديگرن مان آهن، جيڪي NBA جو حصو رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} ارجنٽائن 1950ع ۽ 1990ع ۾ باسڪيٽ بال ورلڊ ڪپ جي ميزباني پڻ ڪئي. [[Rugby Union|رگبي]] (Rugby) ارجنٽائن جي هڪ ٻي مقبول راند آهي. مردن جي قومي ٽيم، جنهن کي 'Los Pumas' چيو وڃي ٿو، هر رگبي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. هنن جي بهترين ڪارڪردگي 2007ع جي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ هئي جتي هو ٽئين نمبر تي آيا هئا. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن پولو اوپن چيمپئن شپ]]]] ارجنٽائن [[باڪسنگ]] جي ميدان ۾ ڪيترائي عالمي چيمپئن پيدا ڪيا آهن، جن ۾ [[Carlos Monzón]] (تاريخ جو بهترين مڊل ويٽ باڪسر)،<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ۽ [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]] شامل آهن. هي سڀ [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] جا ميمبر آهن.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[ٽينس]] پڻ هر عمر جي ماڻهن ۾ مشهور رهي آهي. [[Guillermo Vilas]] لاطيني آمريڪا جو عظيم ترين رانديگر آهي،{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} جڏهن ته [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ارجنٽائن جي ڪامياب ترين عورت رانديگر آهي، جيڪا WTA رينڪنگ ۾ نمبر 3 تائين پهتي هئي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} ارجنٽائن جي ٽيم 2016ع ۾ [[ڊيوس ڪپ]] (Davis Cup) پڻ کٽيو هو. ارجنٽائن [[پولو]] (Polo) راند ۾ بنا ڪنهن مقابلي جي عالمي بادشاهت رکي ٿو. هن ملڪ ڪنهن به ٻئي ملڪ جي مقابلي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي چيمپئن شپس کٽيون آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} [[Adolfo Cambiaso]] کي پولو جي تاريخ جو بهترين رانديگر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} آٽو ريسنگ (Auto racing) ۾ به ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ مضبوط رهي آهي. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] پنج ڀيرا [[فارمولا ون]] ورلڊ چيمپئن رهيو ۽ کيس تاريخ جي عظيم ترين ڊرائيورن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} == نوٽ == {{notelist}} {{notelist-ua}} == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] fdjeldcvitwvbpwqk20hhc2hg25krm4 370352 370351 2026-04-06T18:01:59Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* حوالا */ 370352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. === رانديون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ رانديون}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|فٽبالر [[ليونل ميسي]]، اٺ ڀيرا [[Ballon d'Or]] کٽيندڙ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم]] جو موجوده ڪپتان آهي.]] ''[[Pato]]'' ارجنٽائن جي [[قومي راند]] آهي،<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> جيڪا گهوڙي سواريءَ جي هڪ قديم راند آهي. اها 1600ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ مقامي طور تي شروع ٿي هئي ۽ هيءَ راند [[horseball]] جي پيش رو سمجهي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> هتان جي سڀ کان مشهور راند [[فٽبال]] آهي. [[برازيل قومي فٽبال ٽيم|برازيل]]، [[جرمني قومي فٽبال ٽيم|جرمني]] ۽ [[فرانس قومي فٽبال ٽيم|فرانس]] سان گڏ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم|ارجنٽائن جي مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن [[فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|ورلڊ ڪپ]] ( [[1978 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1978]]، [[1986 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1986]] ۽ [[2022 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|2022]] ۾)، ڪنفيدريشن ڪپ، ۽ اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، اهي سڀئي کٽيا آهن. هنن 16 ڀيرا [[ڪوپا آمريڪا]] (Copas América) ۽ 7 ڀيرا پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل پڻ کٽيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]، [[ڊيگو ماراڊونا]] ۽ [[ليونل ميسي]] کي راندين جي تاريخ جي بهترين رانديگرن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} ملڪ جي فيلڊ هاڪي جي عورتن جي ٽيم، جنهن کي ''Las Leonas'' چيو وڃي ٿو، دنيا جي ڪامياب ترين ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن چار اولمپڪ ميڊل، ٻه ورلڊ ڪپ، هڪ ورلڊ ليگ ۽ ست ڀيرا چيمپيئنز ٽرافي کٽي آهي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] کي هن راند جي تاريخ جي بهترين عورت رانديگر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو،<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> جيڪا اٺ ڀيرا 'FIH پليئر آف دي ايئر' جو ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ واحد رانديگر آهي.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[باسڪيٽ بال]] پڻ هڪ تمام مشهور راند آهي. [[ارجنٽائن قومي باسڪيٽ بال ٽيم|مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] FIBA آمريڪا زون جي واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن ورلڊ چيمپئن شپ، اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، ڊائمنڊ بال، آمريڪا چيمپئن شپ، ۽ پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل کٽيا آهن. هنن 13 ڀيرا ڏکڻ آمريڪي چيمپئن شپ پڻ کٽي آهي.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]]، [[Luis Scola]] ۽ [[Andrés Nocioni]] ملڪ جي مڃيل رانديگرن مان آهن، جيڪي NBA جو حصو رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} ارجنٽائن 1950ع ۽ 1990ع ۾ باسڪيٽ بال ورلڊ ڪپ جي ميزباني پڻ ڪئي. [[Rugby Union|رگبي]] (Rugby) ارجنٽائن جي هڪ ٻي مقبول راند آهي. مردن جي قومي ٽيم، جنهن کي 'Los Pumas' چيو وڃي ٿو، هر رگبي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. هنن جي بهترين ڪارڪردگي 2007ع جي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ هئي جتي هو ٽئين نمبر تي آيا هئا. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن پولو اوپن چيمپئن شپ]]]] ارجنٽائن [[باڪسنگ]] جي ميدان ۾ ڪيترائي عالمي چيمپئن پيدا ڪيا آهن، جن ۾ [[Carlos Monzón]] (تاريخ جو بهترين مڊل ويٽ باڪسر)،<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ۽ [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]] شامل آهن. هي سڀ [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] جا ميمبر آهن.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[ٽينس]] پڻ هر عمر جي ماڻهن ۾ مشهور رهي آهي. [[Guillermo Vilas]] لاطيني آمريڪا جو عظيم ترين رانديگر آهي،{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} جڏهن ته [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ارجنٽائن جي ڪامياب ترين عورت رانديگر آهي، جيڪا WTA رينڪنگ ۾ نمبر 3 تائين پهتي هئي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} ارجنٽائن جي ٽيم 2016ع ۾ [[ڊيوس ڪپ]] (Davis Cup) پڻ کٽيو هو. ارجنٽائن [[پولو]] (Polo) راند ۾ بنا ڪنهن مقابلي جي عالمي بادشاهت رکي ٿو. هن ملڪ ڪنهن به ٻئي ملڪ جي مقابلي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي چيمپئن شپس کٽيون آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} [[Adolfo Cambiaso]] کي پولو جي تاريخ جو بهترين رانديگر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} آٽو ريسنگ (Auto racing) ۾ به ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ مضبوط رهي آهي. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] پنج ڀيرا [[فارمولا ون]] ورلڊ چيمپئن رهيو ۽ کيس تاريخ جي عظيم ترين ڊرائيورن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} == نوٽ == {{notelist}} {{notelist-ua}} == حوالا == {{reflist}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] kpx3d9wwmnpzrg07hvg9jhn2bcxe1bk 370353 370352 2026-04-06T18:03:10Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* حوالا */ 370353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. === رانديون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ رانديون}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|فٽبالر [[ليونل ميسي]]، اٺ ڀيرا [[Ballon d'Or]] کٽيندڙ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم]] جو موجوده ڪپتان آهي.]] ''[[Pato]]'' ارجنٽائن جي [[قومي راند]] آهي،<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> جيڪا گهوڙي سواريءَ جي هڪ قديم راند آهي. اها 1600ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ مقامي طور تي شروع ٿي هئي ۽ هيءَ راند [[horseball]] جي پيش رو سمجهي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> هتان جي سڀ کان مشهور راند [[فٽبال]] آهي. [[برازيل قومي فٽبال ٽيم|برازيل]]، [[جرمني قومي فٽبال ٽيم|جرمني]] ۽ [[فرانس قومي فٽبال ٽيم|فرانس]] سان گڏ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم|ارجنٽائن جي مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن [[فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|ورلڊ ڪپ]] ( [[1978 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1978]]، [[1986 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1986]] ۽ [[2022 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|2022]] ۾)، ڪنفيدريشن ڪپ، ۽ اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، اهي سڀئي کٽيا آهن. هنن 16 ڀيرا [[ڪوپا آمريڪا]] (Copas América) ۽ 7 ڀيرا پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل پڻ کٽيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]، [[ڊيگو ماراڊونا]] ۽ [[ليونل ميسي]] کي راندين جي تاريخ جي بهترين رانديگرن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} ملڪ جي فيلڊ هاڪي جي عورتن جي ٽيم، جنهن کي ''Las Leonas'' چيو وڃي ٿو، دنيا جي ڪامياب ترين ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن چار اولمپڪ ميڊل، ٻه ورلڊ ڪپ، هڪ ورلڊ ليگ ۽ ست ڀيرا چيمپيئنز ٽرافي کٽي آهي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] کي هن راند جي تاريخ جي بهترين عورت رانديگر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو،<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> جيڪا اٺ ڀيرا 'FIH پليئر آف دي ايئر' جو ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ واحد رانديگر آهي.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[باسڪيٽ بال]] پڻ هڪ تمام مشهور راند آهي. [[ارجنٽائن قومي باسڪيٽ بال ٽيم|مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] FIBA آمريڪا زون جي واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن ورلڊ چيمپئن شپ، اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، ڊائمنڊ بال، آمريڪا چيمپئن شپ، ۽ پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل کٽيا آهن. هنن 13 ڀيرا ڏکڻ آمريڪي چيمپئن شپ پڻ کٽي آهي.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]]، [[Luis Scola]] ۽ [[Andrés Nocioni]] ملڪ جي مڃيل رانديگرن مان آهن، جيڪي NBA جو حصو رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} ارجنٽائن 1950ع ۽ 1990ع ۾ باسڪيٽ بال ورلڊ ڪپ جي ميزباني پڻ ڪئي. [[Rugby Union|رگبي]] (Rugby) ارجنٽائن جي هڪ ٻي مقبول راند آهي. مردن جي قومي ٽيم، جنهن کي 'Los Pumas' چيو وڃي ٿو، هر رگبي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. هنن جي بهترين ڪارڪردگي 2007ع جي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ هئي جتي هو ٽئين نمبر تي آيا هئا. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن پولو اوپن چيمپئن شپ]]]] ارجنٽائن [[باڪسنگ]] جي ميدان ۾ ڪيترائي عالمي چيمپئن پيدا ڪيا آهن، جن ۾ [[Carlos Monzón]] (تاريخ جو بهترين مڊل ويٽ باڪسر)،<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ۽ [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]] شامل آهن. هي سڀ [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] جا ميمبر آهن.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[ٽينس]] پڻ هر عمر جي ماڻهن ۾ مشهور رهي آهي. [[Guillermo Vilas]] لاطيني آمريڪا جو عظيم ترين رانديگر آهي،{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} جڏهن ته [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ارجنٽائن جي ڪامياب ترين عورت رانديگر آهي، جيڪا WTA رينڪنگ ۾ نمبر 3 تائين پهتي هئي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} ارجنٽائن جي ٽيم 2016ع ۾ [[ڊيوس ڪپ]] (Davis Cup) پڻ کٽيو هو. ارجنٽائن [[پولو]] (Polo) راند ۾ بنا ڪنهن مقابلي جي عالمي بادشاهت رکي ٿو. هن ملڪ ڪنهن به ٻئي ملڪ جي مقابلي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي چيمپئن شپس کٽيون آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} [[Adolfo Cambiaso]] کي پولو جي تاريخ جو بهترين رانديگر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} آٽو ريسنگ (Auto racing) ۾ به ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ مضبوط رهي آهي. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] پنج ڀيرا [[فارمولا ون]] ورلڊ چيمپئن رهيو ۽ کيس تاريخ جي عظيم ترين ڊرائيورن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} == نوٽ == {{notelist}} {{notelist-ua}} == حوالا == <references/> [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] h17kiuwl5zjnw2gvteygny9a9zxpr98 370354 370353 2026-04-06T18:03:38Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* نوٽ */ 370354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. === رانديون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ رانديون}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|فٽبالر [[ليونل ميسي]]، اٺ ڀيرا [[Ballon d'Or]] کٽيندڙ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم]] جو موجوده ڪپتان آهي.]] ''[[Pato]]'' ارجنٽائن جي [[قومي راند]] آهي،<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> جيڪا گهوڙي سواريءَ جي هڪ قديم راند آهي. اها 1600ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ مقامي طور تي شروع ٿي هئي ۽ هيءَ راند [[horseball]] جي پيش رو سمجهي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> هتان جي سڀ کان مشهور راند [[فٽبال]] آهي. [[برازيل قومي فٽبال ٽيم|برازيل]]، [[جرمني قومي فٽبال ٽيم|جرمني]] ۽ [[فرانس قومي فٽبال ٽيم|فرانس]] سان گڏ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم|ارجنٽائن جي مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن [[فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|ورلڊ ڪپ]] ( [[1978 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1978]]، [[1986 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1986]] ۽ [[2022 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|2022]] ۾)، ڪنفيدريشن ڪپ، ۽ اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، اهي سڀئي کٽيا آهن. هنن 16 ڀيرا [[ڪوپا آمريڪا]] (Copas América) ۽ 7 ڀيرا پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل پڻ کٽيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]، [[ڊيگو ماراڊونا]] ۽ [[ليونل ميسي]] کي راندين جي تاريخ جي بهترين رانديگرن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} ملڪ جي فيلڊ هاڪي جي عورتن جي ٽيم، جنهن کي ''Las Leonas'' چيو وڃي ٿو، دنيا جي ڪامياب ترين ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن چار اولمپڪ ميڊل، ٻه ورلڊ ڪپ، هڪ ورلڊ ليگ ۽ ست ڀيرا چيمپيئنز ٽرافي کٽي آهي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] کي هن راند جي تاريخ جي بهترين عورت رانديگر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو،<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> جيڪا اٺ ڀيرا 'FIH پليئر آف دي ايئر' جو ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ واحد رانديگر آهي.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[باسڪيٽ بال]] پڻ هڪ تمام مشهور راند آهي. [[ارجنٽائن قومي باسڪيٽ بال ٽيم|مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] FIBA آمريڪا زون جي واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن ورلڊ چيمپئن شپ، اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، ڊائمنڊ بال، آمريڪا چيمپئن شپ، ۽ پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل کٽيا آهن. هنن 13 ڀيرا ڏکڻ آمريڪي چيمپئن شپ پڻ کٽي آهي.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]]، [[Luis Scola]] ۽ [[Andrés Nocioni]] ملڪ جي مڃيل رانديگرن مان آهن، جيڪي NBA جو حصو رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} ارجنٽائن 1950ع ۽ 1990ع ۾ باسڪيٽ بال ورلڊ ڪپ جي ميزباني پڻ ڪئي. [[Rugby Union|رگبي]] (Rugby) ارجنٽائن جي هڪ ٻي مقبول راند آهي. مردن جي قومي ٽيم، جنهن کي 'Los Pumas' چيو وڃي ٿو، هر رگبي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. هنن جي بهترين ڪارڪردگي 2007ع جي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ هئي جتي هو ٽئين نمبر تي آيا هئا. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن پولو اوپن چيمپئن شپ]]]] ارجنٽائن [[باڪسنگ]] جي ميدان ۾ ڪيترائي عالمي چيمپئن پيدا ڪيا آهن، جن ۾ [[Carlos Monzón]] (تاريخ جو بهترين مڊل ويٽ باڪسر)،<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ۽ [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]] شامل آهن. هي سڀ [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] جا ميمبر آهن.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[ٽينس]] پڻ هر عمر جي ماڻهن ۾ مشهور رهي آهي. [[Guillermo Vilas]] لاطيني آمريڪا جو عظيم ترين رانديگر آهي،{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} جڏهن ته [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ارجنٽائن جي ڪامياب ترين عورت رانديگر آهي، جيڪا WTA رينڪنگ ۾ نمبر 3 تائين پهتي هئي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} ارجنٽائن جي ٽيم 2016ع ۾ [[ڊيوس ڪپ]] (Davis Cup) پڻ کٽيو هو. ارجنٽائن [[پولو]] (Polo) راند ۾ بنا ڪنهن مقابلي جي عالمي بادشاهت رکي ٿو. هن ملڪ ڪنهن به ٻئي ملڪ جي مقابلي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي چيمپئن شپس کٽيون آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} [[Adolfo Cambiaso]] کي پولو جي تاريخ جو بهترين رانديگر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} آٽو ريسنگ (Auto racing) ۾ به ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ مضبوط رهي آهي. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] پنج ڀيرا [[فارمولا ون]] ورلڊ چيمپئن رهيو ۽ کيس تاريخ جي عظيم ترين ڊرائيورن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} == نوٽ == {{notelist}} == حوالا == <references/> [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] rv2tqfdwf0jvur1yfrnecy8d98rx560 370355 370354 2026-04-06T18:04:27Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* حوالا */ 370355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. === رانديون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ رانديون}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|فٽبالر [[ليونل ميسي]]، اٺ ڀيرا [[Ballon d'Or]] کٽيندڙ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم]] جو موجوده ڪپتان آهي.]] ''[[Pato]]'' ارجنٽائن جي [[قومي راند]] آهي،<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> جيڪا گهوڙي سواريءَ جي هڪ قديم راند آهي. اها 1600ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ مقامي طور تي شروع ٿي هئي ۽ هيءَ راند [[horseball]] جي پيش رو سمجهي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> هتان جي سڀ کان مشهور راند [[فٽبال]] آهي. [[برازيل قومي فٽبال ٽيم|برازيل]]، [[جرمني قومي فٽبال ٽيم|جرمني]] ۽ [[فرانس قومي فٽبال ٽيم|فرانس]] سان گڏ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم|ارجنٽائن جي مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن [[فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|ورلڊ ڪپ]] ( [[1978 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1978]]، [[1986 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1986]] ۽ [[2022 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|2022]] ۾)، ڪنفيدريشن ڪپ، ۽ اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، اهي سڀئي کٽيا آهن. هنن 16 ڀيرا [[ڪوپا آمريڪا]] (Copas América) ۽ 7 ڀيرا پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل پڻ کٽيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]، [[ڊيگو ماراڊونا]] ۽ [[ليونل ميسي]] کي راندين جي تاريخ جي بهترين رانديگرن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} ملڪ جي فيلڊ هاڪي جي عورتن جي ٽيم، جنهن کي ''Las Leonas'' چيو وڃي ٿو، دنيا جي ڪامياب ترين ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن چار اولمپڪ ميڊل، ٻه ورلڊ ڪپ، هڪ ورلڊ ليگ ۽ ست ڀيرا چيمپيئنز ٽرافي کٽي آهي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] کي هن راند جي تاريخ جي بهترين عورت رانديگر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو،<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> جيڪا اٺ ڀيرا 'FIH پليئر آف دي ايئر' جو ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ واحد رانديگر آهي.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[باسڪيٽ بال]] پڻ هڪ تمام مشهور راند آهي. [[ارجنٽائن قومي باسڪيٽ بال ٽيم|مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] FIBA آمريڪا زون جي واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن ورلڊ چيمپئن شپ، اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، ڊائمنڊ بال، آمريڪا چيمپئن شپ، ۽ پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل کٽيا آهن. هنن 13 ڀيرا ڏکڻ آمريڪي چيمپئن شپ پڻ کٽي آهي.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]]، [[Luis Scola]] ۽ [[Andrés Nocioni]] ملڪ جي مڃيل رانديگرن مان آهن، جيڪي NBA جو حصو رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} ارجنٽائن 1950ع ۽ 1990ع ۾ باسڪيٽ بال ورلڊ ڪپ جي ميزباني پڻ ڪئي. [[Rugby Union|رگبي]] (Rugby) ارجنٽائن جي هڪ ٻي مقبول راند آهي. مردن جي قومي ٽيم، جنهن کي 'Los Pumas' چيو وڃي ٿو، هر رگبي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. هنن جي بهترين ڪارڪردگي 2007ع جي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ هئي جتي هو ٽئين نمبر تي آيا هئا. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن پولو اوپن چيمپئن شپ]]]] ارجنٽائن [[باڪسنگ]] جي ميدان ۾ ڪيترائي عالمي چيمپئن پيدا ڪيا آهن، جن ۾ [[Carlos Monzón]] (تاريخ جو بهترين مڊل ويٽ باڪسر)،<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ۽ [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]] شامل آهن. هي سڀ [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] جا ميمبر آهن.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[ٽينس]] پڻ هر عمر جي ماڻهن ۾ مشهور رهي آهي. [[Guillermo Vilas]] لاطيني آمريڪا جو عظيم ترين رانديگر آهي،{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} جڏهن ته [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ارجنٽائن جي ڪامياب ترين عورت رانديگر آهي، جيڪا WTA رينڪنگ ۾ نمبر 3 تائين پهتي هئي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} ارجنٽائن جي ٽيم 2016ع ۾ [[ڊيوس ڪپ]] (Davis Cup) پڻ کٽيو هو. ارجنٽائن [[پولو]] (Polo) راند ۾ بنا ڪنهن مقابلي جي عالمي بادشاهت رکي ٿو. هن ملڪ ڪنهن به ٻئي ملڪ جي مقابلي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي چيمپئن شپس کٽيون آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} [[Adolfo Cambiaso]] کي پولو جي تاريخ جو بهترين رانديگر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} آٽو ريسنگ (Auto racing) ۾ به ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ مضبوط رهي آهي. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] پنج ڀيرا [[فارمولا ون]] ورلڊ چيمپئن رهيو ۽ کيس تاريخ جي عظيم ترين ڊرائيورن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} == نوٽ == {{notelist}} == نوٽ == {{notelist-ua}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] d2lwwevt9bhfoun0tif742p0t0baycu 370356 370355 2026-04-06T18:05:09Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* نوٽ */ 370356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. === رانديون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ رانديون}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|فٽبالر [[ليونل ميسي]]، اٺ ڀيرا [[Ballon d'Or]] کٽيندڙ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم]] جو موجوده ڪپتان آهي.]] ''[[Pato]]'' ارجنٽائن جي [[قومي راند]] آهي،<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> جيڪا گهوڙي سواريءَ جي هڪ قديم راند آهي. اها 1600ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ مقامي طور تي شروع ٿي هئي ۽ هيءَ راند [[horseball]] جي پيش رو سمجهي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> هتان جي سڀ کان مشهور راند [[فٽبال]] آهي. [[برازيل قومي فٽبال ٽيم|برازيل]]، [[جرمني قومي فٽبال ٽيم|جرمني]] ۽ [[فرانس قومي فٽبال ٽيم|فرانس]] سان گڏ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم|ارجنٽائن جي مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن [[فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|ورلڊ ڪپ]] ( [[1978 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1978]]، [[1986 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1986]] ۽ [[2022 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|2022]] ۾)، ڪنفيدريشن ڪپ، ۽ اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، اهي سڀئي کٽيا آهن. هنن 16 ڀيرا [[ڪوپا آمريڪا]] (Copas América) ۽ 7 ڀيرا پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل پڻ کٽيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]، [[ڊيگو ماراڊونا]] ۽ [[ليونل ميسي]] کي راندين جي تاريخ جي بهترين رانديگرن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} ملڪ جي فيلڊ هاڪي جي عورتن جي ٽيم، جنهن کي ''Las Leonas'' چيو وڃي ٿو، دنيا جي ڪامياب ترين ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن چار اولمپڪ ميڊل، ٻه ورلڊ ڪپ، هڪ ورلڊ ليگ ۽ ست ڀيرا چيمپيئنز ٽرافي کٽي آهي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] کي هن راند جي تاريخ جي بهترين عورت رانديگر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو،<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> جيڪا اٺ ڀيرا 'FIH پليئر آف دي ايئر' جو ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ واحد رانديگر آهي.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[باسڪيٽ بال]] پڻ هڪ تمام مشهور راند آهي. [[ارجنٽائن قومي باسڪيٽ بال ٽيم|مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] FIBA آمريڪا زون جي واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن ورلڊ چيمپئن شپ، اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، ڊائمنڊ بال، آمريڪا چيمپئن شپ، ۽ پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل کٽيا آهن. هنن 13 ڀيرا ڏکڻ آمريڪي چيمپئن شپ پڻ کٽي آهي.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]]، [[Luis Scola]] ۽ [[Andrés Nocioni]] ملڪ جي مڃيل رانديگرن مان آهن، جيڪي NBA جو حصو رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} ارجنٽائن 1950ع ۽ 1990ع ۾ باسڪيٽ بال ورلڊ ڪپ جي ميزباني پڻ ڪئي. [[Rugby Union|رگبي]] (Rugby) ارجنٽائن جي هڪ ٻي مقبول راند آهي. مردن جي قومي ٽيم، جنهن کي 'Los Pumas' چيو وڃي ٿو، هر رگبي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. هنن جي بهترين ڪارڪردگي 2007ع جي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ هئي جتي هو ٽئين نمبر تي آيا هئا. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن پولو اوپن چيمپئن شپ]]]] ارجنٽائن [[باڪسنگ]] جي ميدان ۾ ڪيترائي عالمي چيمپئن پيدا ڪيا آهن، جن ۾ [[Carlos Monzón]] (تاريخ جو بهترين مڊل ويٽ باڪسر)،<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ۽ [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]] شامل آهن. هي سڀ [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] جا ميمبر آهن.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[ٽينس]] پڻ هر عمر جي ماڻهن ۾ مشهور رهي آهي. [[Guillermo Vilas]] لاطيني آمريڪا جو عظيم ترين رانديگر آهي،{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} جڏهن ته [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ارجنٽائن جي ڪامياب ترين عورت رانديگر آهي، جيڪا WTA رينڪنگ ۾ نمبر 3 تائين پهتي هئي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} ارجنٽائن جي ٽيم 2016ع ۾ [[ڊيوس ڪپ]] (Davis Cup) پڻ کٽيو هو. ارجنٽائن [[پولو]] (Polo) راند ۾ بنا ڪنهن مقابلي جي عالمي بادشاهت رکي ٿو. هن ملڪ ڪنهن به ٻئي ملڪ جي مقابلي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي چيمپئن شپس کٽيون آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} [[Adolfo Cambiaso]] کي پولو جي تاريخ جو بهترين رانديگر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} آٽو ريسنگ (Auto racing) ۾ به ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ مضبوط رهي آهي. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] پنج ڀيرا [[فارمولا ون]] ورلڊ چيمپئن رهيو ۽ کيس تاريخ جي عظيم ترين ڊرائيورن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} == حوالا == {{reflist}} == نوٽ == {{notelist-ua}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] ju1l2nxw3f4b7wdi5gm0dbz223ndbjb 370358 370356 2026-04-06T18:05:42Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* حوالا */ 370358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. === رانديون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ رانديون}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|فٽبالر [[ليونل ميسي]]، اٺ ڀيرا [[Ballon d'Or]] کٽيندڙ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم]] جو موجوده ڪپتان آهي.]] ''[[Pato]]'' ارجنٽائن جي [[قومي راند]] آهي،<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> جيڪا گهوڙي سواريءَ جي هڪ قديم راند آهي. اها 1600ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ مقامي طور تي شروع ٿي هئي ۽ هيءَ راند [[horseball]] جي پيش رو سمجهي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> هتان جي سڀ کان مشهور راند [[فٽبال]] آهي. [[برازيل قومي فٽبال ٽيم|برازيل]]، [[جرمني قومي فٽبال ٽيم|جرمني]] ۽ [[فرانس قومي فٽبال ٽيم|فرانس]] سان گڏ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم|ارجنٽائن جي مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن [[فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|ورلڊ ڪپ]] ( [[1978 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1978]]، [[1986 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1986]] ۽ [[2022 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|2022]] ۾)، ڪنفيدريشن ڪپ، ۽ اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، اهي سڀئي کٽيا آهن. هنن 16 ڀيرا [[ڪوپا آمريڪا]] (Copas América) ۽ 7 ڀيرا پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل پڻ کٽيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]، [[ڊيگو ماراڊونا]] ۽ [[ليونل ميسي]] کي راندين جي تاريخ جي بهترين رانديگرن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} ملڪ جي فيلڊ هاڪي جي عورتن جي ٽيم، جنهن کي ''Las Leonas'' چيو وڃي ٿو، دنيا جي ڪامياب ترين ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن چار اولمپڪ ميڊل، ٻه ورلڊ ڪپ، هڪ ورلڊ ليگ ۽ ست ڀيرا چيمپيئنز ٽرافي کٽي آهي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] کي هن راند جي تاريخ جي بهترين عورت رانديگر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو،<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> جيڪا اٺ ڀيرا 'FIH پليئر آف دي ايئر' جو ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ واحد رانديگر آهي.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[باسڪيٽ بال]] پڻ هڪ تمام مشهور راند آهي. [[ارجنٽائن قومي باسڪيٽ بال ٽيم|مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] FIBA آمريڪا زون جي واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن ورلڊ چيمپئن شپ، اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، ڊائمنڊ بال، آمريڪا چيمپئن شپ، ۽ پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل کٽيا آهن. هنن 13 ڀيرا ڏکڻ آمريڪي چيمپئن شپ پڻ کٽي آهي.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]]، [[Luis Scola]] ۽ [[Andrés Nocioni]] ملڪ جي مڃيل رانديگرن مان آهن، جيڪي NBA جو حصو رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} ارجنٽائن 1950ع ۽ 1990ع ۾ باسڪيٽ بال ورلڊ ڪپ جي ميزباني پڻ ڪئي. [[Rugby Union|رگبي]] (Rugby) ارجنٽائن جي هڪ ٻي مقبول راند آهي. مردن جي قومي ٽيم، جنهن کي 'Los Pumas' چيو وڃي ٿو، هر رگبي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. هنن جي بهترين ڪارڪردگي 2007ع جي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ هئي جتي هو ٽئين نمبر تي آيا هئا. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن پولو اوپن چيمپئن شپ]]]] ارجنٽائن [[باڪسنگ]] جي ميدان ۾ ڪيترائي عالمي چيمپئن پيدا ڪيا آهن، جن ۾ [[Carlos Monzón]] (تاريخ جو بهترين مڊل ويٽ باڪسر)،<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ۽ [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]] شامل آهن. هي سڀ [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] جا ميمبر آهن.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[ٽينس]] پڻ هر عمر جي ماڻهن ۾ مشهور رهي آهي. [[Guillermo Vilas]] لاطيني آمريڪا جو عظيم ترين رانديگر آهي،{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} جڏهن ته [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ارجنٽائن جي ڪامياب ترين عورت رانديگر آهي، جيڪا WTA رينڪنگ ۾ نمبر 3 تائين پهتي هئي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} ارجنٽائن جي ٽيم 2016ع ۾ [[ڊيوس ڪپ]] (Davis Cup) پڻ کٽيو هو. ارجنٽائن [[پولو]] (Polo) راند ۾ بنا ڪنهن مقابلي جي عالمي بادشاهت رکي ٿو. هن ملڪ ڪنهن به ٻئي ملڪ جي مقابلي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي چيمپئن شپس کٽيون آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} [[Adolfo Cambiaso]] کي پولو جي تاريخ جو بهترين رانديگر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} آٽو ريسنگ (Auto racing) ۾ به ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ مضبوط رهي آهي. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] پنج ڀيرا [[فارمولا ون]] ورلڊ چيمپئن رهيو ۽ کيس تاريخ جي عظيم ترين ڊرائيورن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} == حوالا == {{reflist|2}} == نوٽ == {{notelist-ua}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] 2gf9mcshe0psvsp885zkcjbjwnk35ci 370359 370358 2026-04-06T18:06:24Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* نوٽ */ 370359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ملڪ}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ارجنٽائن جمهوريه | native_name = {{nativename|es|República Argentina}} | common_name = ارجنٽائن | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | coa_size = 80 | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|100px|link=Sol de Mayo]] | other_symbol_type = {{native name|es|[[Sun of May|Sol de Mayo]] {{sfnm|1a1=Crow|1y=1992|1p=457|1ps=: "In the meantime, while the crowd assembled in the plaza continued to shout its demands at the cabildo, the sun suddenly broke through the overhanging clouds and clothed the scene in brilliant light. The people looked upward with one accord and took it as a favorable omen for their cause. This was the origin of the "sun of May" which has appeared in the center of the Argentine flag and on the Argentine coat of arms ever since."|2a1=Kopka|2y=2011|2p=5|2ps=: "The sun's features are those of [[Inti]], the [[Inca]]n sun god. The sun commemorates the appearance of the sun through cloudy skies on 25 May 1810, during the first mass demonstration in favor of independence."}}|nolink=yes|paren=off}}<br />{{small|"مئي جو سج"}} | national_motto = {{lang|es|[[En unión y libertad]]}}<br />{{small|"اتحاد ۽ آزاديءَ ۾"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Argentine National Anthem|Himno Nacional Argentino]]''<br />{{small|"ارجنٽائن جو قومي ترانو"}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]{{Legend|#336830|ارجنٽائن جو مقام}} {{Legend|#61E760|[[:Category:Territorial disputes of Argentina|دعويٰ ڪيل پر قبضي ۾ نه آيل علائقو]]}}|گلووب ڏيکاريو|[[File:Argentina_adm_location_map.svg|upright=1.15|179px|frameless]]|ارجنٽائن جو نقشو ڏيکاريو|default=1}} | map_caption = | map_width = 220px | capital = [[بيونس آئرس]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = گاديءَ جو هنڌ | languages_type = [[قومي ٻولي]] | languages = [[اسپينش ٻولي|اسپينش]]{{efn|name=note-lang}} | languages2_type = علائقائي ٻوليون | languages2 = {{Plainlist| * [[Guarani language|گواراني]] ([[Corrientes Province|ڪورينٽيس]] ۾)<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[Southern Quechua|ڪيچوا]] ([[Santiago del Estero Province|سانٽياگو ڊيل ايسٽيرو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. |quote=Declárase de interés oficial la preservación, difusión, estímulo, estudio y práctica de la lengua Quíchua en todo el territory de la provincia [..] |language=es-AR |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Toba Qom language|قوم]]، [[Mocoví language|موڪووي]]، ۽ [[Wichí languages|ويچي]] ([[Chaco Province|چاڪو]] ۾)<ref>{{cite book |title=Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |trans-title=Teaching and continuous development of the Welsh language in the province of Chubut. Expression of approval. Menna, Quetglas and Austin. |quote=Declarar de interés de la Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación la enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut... |language=es |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 79.6% [[عيسائيت]] ** 62.9% [[Catholic Church in Argentina|ڪيٿولڪ]] ** 15.3% [[Evangelism|ايوانجيليڪل]] ** 1.4% ٻيا عيسائي {{Tree list/end}} |{{Tree list}} * 18.9% [[Irreligion|لادينيت]] ** 9.7% ڪو به نه ** 6.0% [[دهريت]] ** 3.2% [[لاادريت]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.3% ٻيا مذهب |0.3% غير واضع}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | title=Argentina Religions – Demographics | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312160757/https://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/religions.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = ارجنٽائنين | government_type = وفاقي [[صدارتي جمهوريه]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Argentina|صدر]] | leader_name1 = [[خاوير ميلئي]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] | leader_name2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئيل]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers|ڪيبينٽ جو چيف]] | leader_name3 = [[مانويل اڊورني]] | leader_title4 = [[List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽي جو صدر]] | leader_name4 = [[مارٽن مينيم]] | leader_title5 = [[Supreme Court of Argentina|سپريم ڪورٽ جو چيف جسٽس]] | leader_name5 = [[هوراشيو روزاٽي]] | legislature = [[National Congress of Argentina|نيشنل ڪانگريس]] | upper_house = [[Argentine Senate|سينيٽ]] | lower_house = [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|چيمبر آف ڊپٽيز]] | sovereignty_type = [[Argentine War of Independence|آزادي]] | sovereignty_note = [[Spanish Empire|اسپين]] کان | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[May Revolution|مئي انقلاب]]}} | established_date1 = 25 مئي 1810 | established_event2 = [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|اعلان]] | established_date2 = 9 جولاءِ 1816 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Argentina|آئين]]}} | established_date3 = 1 مئي 1853 | area_km2 = 2780085<ref name="Area.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |title=3.1. Datos Nacionales (2020): Total (3,669,710.7 km²); Argentina Continental (2,780,084.6 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Antártida Argentina (873,718.4 km²) [pg.23] |publisher=[[:es:Instituto Geográfico Nacional (Argentina)]] – IGN |website=www.ign.gob.ar |date=2022 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206060548/https://www.ign.gob.ar/descargas/geoespacial/Informe_supercies_de_Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Area1.ARG">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/ftp/cuadros/territorio/010101_2022.xlsx |format=XLS |title=Superficie total del país: Total (3,669,710.9 km²); Parte continental americana (2,780,084.8 km²); Islas del Atlántico Sur (15,907.7 km²); Sector antártico argentino (873,718.4 km²) |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina|INDEC]] |website=www.indec.gob.ar |others=Census 2022 |date = 2024 |access-date=9 February 2025 |language=es}}</ref> | area_footnote = {{efn-ua|name=excl_area|دعويٰ ڪيل ڪل رقبو 3,669,710.7 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جنهن مان کنڊ وارو حصو 2,780,084.6 چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي. ان ۾ انٽارڪٽيڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ٻيٽن جون دعوائون شامل ناهن.<ref name="Area.ARG"/><ref name="Area1.ARG"/>}} | area_rank = 8th | percent_water = 1.57 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,735,004<ref name=renaper1>{{cite news|url=https://estadisticas.renaper.gob.ar/app_poblacion/|title=Sistema Estadístico de Población: Estructura de la población identificada con residencia en Argentina|work=RENAPER - Dirección Nacional de Población|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 46,044,703<ref name="P12-CENSO">{{cite news |access-date=31 January 2023 |periodical=[[Página/12]] |quote=La población argentina tiene actualmente 46.044.703 habitantes. |title=El INDEC difundió los resultados provisionales Censo 2022 |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222323/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/520102-censo-2022-4-datos-clave-sobre-la-poblacion-argentina |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = 32nd | population_density_km2 = {{#expr:46735004/2780085 round 1}} | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.577 ٽريلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Argentina) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 28th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,818<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 68th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $667.922 بلين<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $13,895<ref name="IMFWEO.AR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini = 40.7 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.865 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 47th | currency = [[Argentine peso|ارجنٽائن پيسو]] ([[Dollar sign|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[Time in Argentina|ART]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | date_format = {{abbr|dd|ڏينهن}}/{{abbr|mm|مهينو}}/{{abbr|yyyy|سال}} | drives_on = ساڄي | calling_code = [[+54]] | cctld = [[.ar]] | footnotes = {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=note-lang|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل ناهي، پر اسپينش واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ قانونن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي، ان ڪري اها حقيقت ۾ (de facto) سرڪاري ٻولي آهي.}} }} }} '''ارجنٽائن'''، باضابطه طور تي '''ارجنٽائن جمهوريه'''، [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي (Southern Cone) ۾ واقع هڪ ملڪ آهي. اهو {{convert|2780085|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} جي رقبي تي پکڙيل آهي، جيڪو کيس برازيل کان پوءِ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو ملڪ، پوري آمريڪا کنڊ جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو ۽ دنيا جو اٺون نمبر وڏو ملڪ بڻائي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جي اولهه ۾ چلي، اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي، اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، اوڀر ۾ يوروگوئي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ واقع آهن. ارجنٽائن هڪ وفاقي رياست آهي جيڪا ٽيويھ صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، [[بيونس آئرس]] تي مشتمل آهي، جيڪو ملڪ جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ سڀ کان وڏو شهر آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ انساني موجودگيءَ جا قديم ترين آثار قديم پٿر واري دور (Paleolithic) سان ملي اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borrero |first=Luis |date=September 1999 |title=The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonization of Fuego-Patagonia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25801146 |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=321–355 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> ڪولمبس کان اڳ واري دور ۾ ملڪ جي اتر-اولهه واري حصي ۾ انڪا سلطنت (Inca Empire) جو قبضو هو. جديد ارجنٽائن جون پاڙون 16 هين صدي ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي نظام ۾ آهن.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ارجنٽائن "وائسرائلٽي آف دي ريو ڊي لا پليٽا" جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو. 9 جولاءِ 1816 تي ارجنٽائن جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ اسپين کان آزاديءَ جي جنگ (1810-1825) کانپوءِ ملڪ ۾ هڪ ڊگهي عرصي تائين گهريلو ويڙهه جاري رهي، جيڪا 1880 ۾ ملڪ جي وفاق طور ٻيهر تنظيم سازي تي ختم ٿي. ان کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ امن امان قائم ٿيو ۽ يورپي ملڪن، خاص ڪري اٽلي ۽ اسپين کان وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ ٿي، جنهن هتان جي ثقافت ۽ آباديءَ تي گهرا اثر ڇڏيا. 1880 کان 1916 تائين ارجنٽائن جي سياست تي نيشنل آٽونومسٽ پارٽي جو غلبو رهيو. وڏي معاشي مدي (Great Depression) کانپوءِ 1930 ۾ جنرل خوسيه فيلڪس اوريبورو جي قيادت ۾ پهرين فوجي بغاوت ٿي، جنهن سان "بدنام ڏهاڪي" (Infamous Decade) جي شروعات ٿي. 1974 ۾ صدر خوان پيرون جي وفات کانپوءِ هن جي بيواهه ازابيل پيرون صدارت سنڀالي، جنهن کي 1976 ۾ هڪ ٻي فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. == نالي جو بنياد (Etymology) == {{main|ارجنٽائن جي نالي جو بنياد}} علائقي لاءِ لفظ ''Argentina'' (ارجنٽائن) جو استعمال 1536ع ۾ هڪ [[وينس جي جمهوريه|وينيسي]] نقشي ۾ مليو آهي.<ref>The name ''Argentine'' (Spanish) [http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm El nombre de Argentina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175318/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi99/libros-digitales/html/argentin.htm |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> انگريزيءَ ۾، نالو ''Argentina'' [[اسپيني ٻولي]] مان آيو آهي؛ پر، اهو نالو پاڻ اسپيني نه، بلڪه [[اطالوي ٻولي|اطالوي]] آهي. {{lang|it|Argentina}} (مذڪر {{lang|it|argentino}}) جو اطالوي ۾ مطلب آهي 'चांदी مان ٺهيل يا چاندي جھڙي رنگ جو'، جيڪو لاطيني لفظ {{lang|la|argentum}} (چاندي) مان نڪتل آهي. اطالوي ۾، صفت يا [[خاص اسم]] کي اڪثر اسم طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ ان کي {{lang|it|l'Argentina}} چيو ويندو آهي.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} نالو ''Argentina'' ممڪن طور تي پهرين وينيسي ۽ جينوئيز ملاحن، جهڙوڪ [[جيواني ڪابوٽو]] (Giovanni Caboto) ڏنو هو. اسپيني ۽ پرتگالي ۾ 'چاندي' لاءِ لفظ ترتيب وار {{lang|es|plata}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prata}} آهن، ۽ 'چاندي مان ٺهيل' لاءِ {{lang|es|plateado}} ۽ {{lang|pt|prateado}} استعمال ٿين ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اسپيني ۾ چاندي لاءِ {{lang|es|argento}} لفظ به موجود آهي. ''Argentina'' پهريون ڀيرو [[سيرا ڊي لا پليٽا|چاندي جي جبلن جي ڏند ڪٿا]] سان منسوب ڪيو ويو، جيڪا [[لا پليٽا بيسن]] جي شروعاتي يورپي ڳولا ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور هئي.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1pp=6, 8|2a1=Edwards|2y=2008|2p=7}} اسپيني ۾ هن نالي جو پهريون لکيل استعمال 1602ع جي هڪ نظم ''[[لا ارجنٽينا (نظم)|La Argentina]]'' ۾ ملي ٿو، جيڪو [[مارٽن ڊيل بارڪو سينٽينيرا]] جو لکيل آهي.{{sfn|Traba|1985|pp=15, 71}} جيتوڻيڪ 18هين صدي تائين "Argentina" عام استعمال ۾ اچي چڪو هو، پر سرڪاري طور تي هن ملڪ کي [[اسپيني سلطنت]] پاران "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]]" ۽ آزاديءَ کان پوءِ "[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جون گڏيل رياستون]]" سڏيو ويندو هو. [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1826|1826ع جي آئين]] ۾ پهريون ڀيرو قانوني دستاويزن ۾ "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" (Argentine Republic) جو نالو استعمال ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1826, art. 1}} "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" جو نالو پڻ عام هو ۽ ان کي [[ارجنٽائن جو دستور 1853|1853ع جي آئين]] ۾ سرڪاري حيثيت ڏني وئي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=1853, Preamble}} 1860ع ۾ هڪ صدارتي فرمان ذريعي ملڪ جو نالو "ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريه" مقرر ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Rosenblat|1964|p=78}} == تاريخ == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ}} === قبل از ڪولمبيا دور === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو}} [[File:Cueva_de_las_Manos_(6811931046).jpg|thumb|left|[[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] ۾ موجود هٿن جي غار ([[Cueva de las Manos]])]] ثبوتن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته ارجنٽائن واري علائقي ۾ انسان 21,000 سال اڳ آباد هئا. 2015ع ۾، [[بيونس آئرس]] ويجهو هڪ قديم جانور ''[[Neosclerocalyptus]]'' جا فوسل مليا، جن تي پٿر جي اوزارن جا نشان هئا، جيڪي [[آخري گليشيئل ميڪسيمم]] دوران انساني سرگرمين جو ثبوت آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butchered animal bones indicate earliest human presence in southern South America |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/butchered-animal-bones-indicate-earliest-human-presence-southern-south-america-2024-07-17/ |last1=Bianco |first1=Miguel Lo }}</ref> ڏکڻ ۾، [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]] ۾ [[پيڊرا ميوزيو]] سائيٽ تان 11,000 سال پراڻا انساني باقيات مليا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=WHO UNESCO |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/936 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> هڪ ٻي اهم جاءِ [[هٿن جي غار]] (Cueva de las Manos) آهي، جنهن ۾ 7,300 ق.م ۽ 700ع جي وچ ۾ ٺهيل هٿن جا نشان ۽ شڪار جا منظر موجود آهن. يورپي نوآبادياتي دور تائين، ارجنٽائن ۾ مختلف ثقافتن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جن کي ٽن مکيه گروپن ۾ ورڇي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} پهريون گروهه شڪاري ۽ کاڌو گڏ ڪندڙ هو جن وٽ مٽيءَ جا ٿانو (pottery) نه هئا، جهڙوڪ ڏکڻ جا [[سيلڪنام ماڻهو|سيلڪنام]]۔ ٻيو گروهه ترقي يافته شڪاري هو، جن ۾ [[ٽيهوئلچي ماڻهو|ٽيهوئلچي]] شامل هئا. ٽيون گروهه هاري هئا جيڪي مٽيءَ جا ٿانو ٺاهيندا هئا، جهڙوڪ [[گواراني ماڻهو|گواراني]] ۽ [[ڊيگيويٽا]] ثقافت، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[انڪا سلطنت]] جي اثر هيٺ آيا.{{sfn|Edwards|2008|p=12}} === نوآبادياتي دور === {{Main|نوآبادياتي ارجنٽائن}} {{See also|آمريڪا جي اسپيني نوآبادياتي تاريخ}} [[File:La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|[[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا تي برطانوي حملن]] دوران برطانوي فوج جو سينٽياگو ڊي لينيئرز آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ جو منظر۔|left]] يورپي ماڻهو پهرين ڀيرو 1502ع ۾ [[آمريگو وسپوچي]] جي سفر دوران هن علائقي ۾ پهتا. اسپيني ملاحن [[جوان ڊياز ڊي سوليس]] ۽ [[سيبسٽين ڪيبوٽ]] ترتيب وار 1516ع ۽ 1526ع ۾ هتي جو دورو ڪيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} 1536ع ۾ [[پيڊرو ڊي مينڊوزا]] بيونس آئرس جو بنياد رکيو، پر 1541ع ۾ ان کي خالي ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} اسپيني سلطنت ارجنٽائن جي علائقي کي [[پيرو]] ۽ [[بوليويا]] جي چاندي ۽ سون جي کاڻين جي دولت لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. 1776ع ۾ [[ريو ڊي لا پليٽا جي وائسرايلٽي]] قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ بيونس آئرس بڻيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=347}} 1806ع ۽ 1807ع ۾ بيونس آئرس برطانوي حملن کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=421}} === آزادي ۽ گهرو ويڙهه === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي جنگ آزادي|ارجنٽائن جون گهرو ويڙهيون}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]]، ارجنٽائن، چلي ۽ پيرو جو آزادي ڏياريندڙ (Libertador)]] 1810ع جي [[مئي انقلاب]] سان هڪ عمل شروع ٿيو جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ارجنٽائن وائسرايلٽي جي جانشين رياست طور اڀريو.{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=194ff}} 9 جولائي 1816ع تي، [[ٽوڪومن ڪانگريس]] سرڪاري طور تي [[ارجنٽائن جي آزادي جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfnm|1a1=Rock|1y=1987|1p=92|2a1=Lewis|2y=2003|2p=41}} جنرل [[جوزي ڊي سان مارٽن]] انڊيز جبلن کي پار ڪري چلي ۽ پيرو جي آزاديءَ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. آزاديءَ کان پوءِ، ملڪ ٻن گروپن جي وچ ۾ ورهايل رهيو: مرڪزيت پسند (Centralists) ۽ وفاقي پسند (Federalists)، جنهن جي ڪري ڪيتريون ئي گهرو ويڙهيون ٿيون.{{sfn|Lewis|2003|pp=39–40}} 1831ع ۾ [[جوان ميوئل ڊي روساس]] جي قيادت ۾ "ارجنٽائن ڪنفڊريشن" قائم ٿي. 1853ع ۾ هڪ وفاقي آئين منظور ڪيو ويو. === جديد قوم جو اڀرڻ === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي صدرن جي فهرست|80 جي نسل}} [[File:Italian immigrants buenos aires.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس پهچندڙ [[اطالوي ارجنٽائن|اطالوي مهاجر]]، ارجنٽائن ڏانهن يورپي لڏپلاڻ جي وڏي لهر دوران۔]] 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] متحد ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] جي صدارت دوران جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جا بنياد رکيا ويا.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع کان يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر ارجنٽائن پهچڻ شروع ٿي، جنهن ملڪ جي ثقافت ۽ معيشت کي مڪمل طور تي تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. 1861ع جي [[پاوون جي جنگ]] ۾ ارڪوئيزا (Urquiza) کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، [[بارٽولومي ميٽري]] بيونس آئرس جي برتري کي محفوظ ڪيو ۽ ٻيهر متحد ٿيل ملڪ جو پهريون صدر چونڊيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ [[ڊومينگو فاسٽينو سارميينٽو]] ۽ [[نڪولس اويليناڊا]] صدر بڻيا؛ انهن ٽنهي صدرن جديد ارجنٽائن رياست جو بنياد وڌو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. I|pp=363–541}} 1880ع ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کان شروع ٿيندڙ ڏهن لاڳيتو وفاقي حڪومتن [[معاشي لبرلزم|آزاد خيال معاشي پاليسين]] تي زور ڏنو. انهن جي حوصلا افزائي سان [[ارجنٽائن ۾ لڏپلاڻ|يورپي مهاجرن جي وڏي لهر]] (جيڪا آمريڪا کان پوءِ ٻئي نمبر تي هئي) ارجنٽائن جي سماج ۽ معيشت کي نئين سر تعمير ڪيو. 1908ع تائين ارجنٽائن دنيا جي ستين امير ترين{{sfn|Bolt|Van Zanden|2013}} ترقي يافته قوم{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|p=1}} بڻجي ويو. لڏپلاڻ جي هن لهر ۽ موت جي شرح ۾ گهٽتائي سبب ارجنٽائن جي آبادي پنجوڻي ۽ معيشت 15 گنا وڌي وئي:{{sfn|Lewis|1990|pp=18–30}} 1870ع کان 1910ع تائين، ارجنٽائن جي [[ڪڻڪ]] جي برآمدات 1,00,000 مان وڌي 25,00,000 ٽن ساليانو ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته منجمد گوشت جي برآمدات 25,000 مان وڌي 3,65,000 ٽن ساليانو تائين پهچي وئي،{{sfn|Mosk|1990|pp=88–89}} جنهن ارجنٽائن کي دنيا جي مٿين پنجن برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} ريلوي لائنن جو ڄار 503 ڪلوميٽرن مان وڌي 31,104 ڪلوميٽرن تائين پکڙجي ويو.{{sfn|Díaz Alejandro|1970|pp=2–3}} [[ارجنٽائن قانون 1420|عوامي، لازمي، مفت ۽ لاديني تعليم]] جي نئين نظام سبب، [[پڙهيل لکيل|خواندگي]] جي شرح 22 سيڪڙو مان وڌي تيزيءَ سان 65 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Cruz|1990|p=10}} [[File:La conquista del desierto.jpg|thumb|left|''[[ريگستان جي فتح]]''، خوان ميوئل بلينس پاران (ان ۾ [[جوليو ارجنٽينو روڪا]] کي اڳيان ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو [[80 جي نسل]] جو اهم اڳواڻ هو)]] 1878ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾، "[[ريگستان جي فتح]]" (Conquest of the Desert) جو عمل ٿيو، جنهن جو مقصد مقامي قبيلن کان علائقا کسي ارجنٽائن جي ايراضيءَ کي ٽي گنا وڌائڻ هو.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barros|first=Álvaro|title=Fronteras y territories federales de las pampas del Sud|publisher=tipos á vapor|year=1872|pages=155–57|language=es}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت ان وقت [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي ماڻهن]] کي گهٽ تر سمجهندي هئي ۽ کين اهي حق حاصل نه هئا جيڪي يورپي مهاجرن کي حاصل هئا. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://coleccion.educ.ar/coleccion/CD9/contenidos/recursos/pueblos-originarios/breve-historia/index.html|title=Breve historia de los pueblos aborígenes en Argentina|publisher=Ministerio de Educación de Argentina|access-date=20 February 2018|language=es}}</ref> 1912ع ۾ صدر [[روڪي سينز پينا]] مردن لاءِ عالمي ۽ ڳجهي ووٽ جو قانون لاڳو ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[هپوليٽو يريگوين]] (Hipólito Yrigoyen) 1916ع جون چونڊون کٽي ورتيون. هن سماجي ۽ معاشي سڌارا آندا. ارجنٽائن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران غير جانبدار رهيو. پر يريگوين جي ٻي دور ۾ [[عظيم معاشي گهٽتائي]] (Great Depression) سبب ملڪ مالي بحران جو شڪار ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} [[File:Golpe de Estado en Argentina en 1930.jpg|thumb|1930ع جي [[ارجنٽائن فوجي بغاوت]] دوران ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس ٻاهران ماڻهن جو هجوم]] 1930ع ۾ يريگوين کي [[جوزي فيلڪس اوريبورو]] جي قيادت ۾ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو. هي فوجي بغاوت ارجنٽائن جي لڳاتار معاشي ۽ سماجي زوال جي شروعات هئي، جنهن ملڪ کي ٻيهر ترقي پذير ملڪن جي قطار ۾ آڻي بيهاريو.<ref name=developed>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/special-report/2004/06/05/becoming-a-serious-country|title=Becoming a serious country|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 June 2004}}</ref> ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ارجنٽائن شروع ۾ غير جانبدار رهيو، پر آمريڪا جي دٻاءُ هيٺ اچي جنگ جي خاتمي کان ڪجهه مهينا اڳ (27 مارچ 1945ع تي) محور طاقتن (Axis Powers) خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ان دوران هڪ فوجي آفيسر [[خوان پيرون]] (Juan Perón) تيزيءَ سان سياست ۾ اڀريو ۽ 1946ع جي چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان صدر چونڊيو ويو. === پيرونسٽ سال === {{Main|پيرونزم}} [[File:Juan_y_Eva_Oficial.jpg|thumb|[[خوان پيرون]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايوا پيرون]]، 1947ع]] [[ليبر پارٽي (ارجنٽائن)|ليبر پارٽي]] (جنهن جو نالو بعد ۾ جسٽسلسٽ پارٽي رکيو ويو) خوان پيرون جي صدارت سان اقتدار ۾ آئي. هن اهم صنعتن کي سرڪاري تحويل ۾ ورتو، پگهارون وڌايون، ۽ 1947ع ۾ عورتن کي ووٽ جو حق ڏياريو.{{sfn|Barnes|1978|p=3}} پر 1950ع کان معاشي حالت خراب ٿيڻ لڳي. پيرون سياسي مخالفن کي دٻائڻ جي پاليسي پڻ اختيار ڪئي. 1955ع ۾ بحري فوج بيونس آئرس جي پلازا ڊي مايو تي بمباري ڪئي، ۽ ڪجهه مهينن کان پوءِ هڪ فوجي بغاوت ذريعي پيرون کي اقتدار تان هٽايو ويو، جنهن کان پوءِ هو اسپين هلي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=303–51}} === انقلاب آزادي (Revolución Libertadora) === {{Main|Revolución Libertadora}} نئين فوجي حڪومت پيرونزم تي پابندي مڙهي ڇڏي. 1958ع ۾ [[آرٽورو فرونڊيزي]] صدر چونڊيو ويو، پر هن کي به فوجي بغاوت ذريعي هٽايو ويو. سياسي بي چينيءَ جي هن دور ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتون آيون ۽ ويون. 1966ع ۾ جنرل [[خوان ڪارلوس اونگانيا]] اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=381–422}} === پيرون جي واپسي ۽ وفات === وڌندڙ سياسي دٻاءُ سبب 1973ع ۾ ٻيهر چونڊون ڪرايون ويون. پيرون جو ساٿي هيڪٽر ڪيمپورا صدر بڻيو، پر جلد ئي استعيفيٰ ڏنائين ته جيئن پيرون پاڻ چونڊ وڙهي سگهي. پيرون ٽيون ڀيرو صدر چونڊيو ويو ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ايزابيل پيرون]] نائب صدر بڻي. پر 1 جولائي 1974ع تي پيرون جي وفات ٿي وئي ۽ ايزابيل پيرون صدر بڻي. سندس دور سياسي انتشار، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا حملن ۽ معاشي بدحاليءَ جو شڪار رهيو، جنهن 1976ع جي فوجي بغاوت لاءِ رستو هموار ڪيو. === قومي تنظيم جو عمل (National Reorganization Process) === {{Main|قومي تنظيم جو عمل|ڊرٽي وار}} [[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|هڪ "[[قومي تنظيم جو عمل|فوجي جنتا]]" – ايڊمرل [[ايميليو ايڊوارڊو ميسيرا]]، ليفٽيننٽ جنرل [[جورجي رافائيل ويڊيلا]] ۽ برگيڊيئر جنرل [[اورلينڊو رامون آگوسٽي]] (کاٻي کان ساڄي) – 9 جولائي 1978ع تي آزاديءَ جي ڏينهن جي پريڊ جو مشاهدو ڪندي۔]] "ڊرٽي وار" ({{lang|es|Guerra Sucia}}) [[آپريشن ڪانڊور]] جو حصو هو، جنهن ۾ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ٻين ساڄي ڌر جي آمريت پسند حڪومتن پڻ شرڪت ڪئي هئي. هن دور ۾ ارجنٽائن جي رياستي دهشتگردي سياسي مخالفن، کاٻي ڌر جي گوريلا گروپن، ۽ هر ان شخص خلاف هئي جيڪو سوشلزم سان وابسته يا حڪومت جي [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] معاشي پاليسين جو مخالف سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Robben|2007|p=145}} رڳو ارجنٽائن ۾ هن تشدد جي شڪار ٿيندڙن جو اندازو 15,000 کان 30,000 تائين لڳايو ويو آهي، جن ۾ سياسي ڪارڪن، مزدور اڳواڻ، شاگرد، صحافي ۽ مارڪس وادي شامل هئا.{{cite web|url=http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|title=Argentina's Dirty War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129015852/http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/argentinas-dirty-war|archive-date=29 January 2017}} ان جي مقابلي ۾ گوريلا گروپن جي ڪاررواين ۾ تقريبن 500 کان 540 فوجي ۽ پوليس اهلڪار{{cite web|url=http://www.desaparecidos.org/arg/doc/cifras/mili.html|title=Militares Muertos Durante la Guerra Sucia}} ۽ اٽڪل 230 شهري مارجي ويا. ارجنٽائن کي هن دور ۾ آمريڪا جي مختلف انتظاميا پاران فني ۽ فوجي مدد پڻ حاصل رهي. هن جبر جي صحيح شروعاتي تاريخ تي اڃا تائين بحث جاري آهي، پر سياسي جنگ جي پاڙون 1969ع کان ملن ٿيون. 1955ع ۾ پلازا ڊي مايو جي بمباري، 1972ع جو ٽريليو قتل عام (Trelew massacre) ۽ 1973ع ۾ "ارجنٽائن اينٽي ڪميونسٽ الائنس" جون ڪارروايون ان ڏس ۾ اهم واقعا آهن. [[File:Marines&Paras with POWs Stanley 1982.JPG|thumb|1982ع ۾ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ارجنٽائن جا جنگي قيدي]] مارچ 1982ع ۾، ارجنٽائن جي فوج برطانوي علائقي [[ڏکڻ جارجيا]] جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو ۽ 2 اپريل تي ارجنٽائن [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] تي حملو ڪري قبضو ڪيو. جواب ۾ برطانيه ٻيٽن جو قبضو واپس وٺڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوج موڪلي. 14 جون تي ارجنٽائن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ سندن فوج واپس موڪلي وئي. هن شرمناڪ شڪست کان پوءِ بيونس آئرس جي رستن تي هنگاما ٿيا ۽ فوجي قيادت کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي.{{cite news |last1=Meislin |first1=Richard J. |title=THOUSANDS IN BUENOS AIRES ASSAIL JUNTA FOR SURRENDERING TO BRITAIN |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/16/world/thousands-in-buenos-aires-assail-junta-for-surrendering-to-britain.html |work=The New York Times |date=16 June 1982}} [[رينالڊو بيگنون]] (Reynaldo Bignone) گالٽيئري جي جاءِ ورتي ۽ ملڪ کي جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ڪيو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=505–32}} === جمهوريت جي واپسي === {{Main|رائول الفونسن جي صدارت|ارجنٽائن جو معاشي بحران (1999–2002)}} [[File:De la Rúa con Menem.jpg|thumb|[[ڪارلوس مينيم|مينيم]] (کاٻي) [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] سان گڏ، 10 ڊسمبر 1999ع تي جڏهن ڊي لا روا صدر بڻيو۔|left]] [[رائول الفونسن]] 1983ع جون چونڊون کٽيون. هن پنهنجي مهم دوران "قومي تنظيم جي عمل" (Proceso) دوران انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙن تي ڪيس هلائڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو. جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ فوجي جنتا جي اڳواڻن کي سزا ڏني وئي. پر فوجي دٻاءُ سبب هن ڪجهه اهڙا قانون پڻ پاس ڪيا جنهن سان هيٺين سطح جي آفيسرن تي ڪيس هلائڻ روڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=533–49}} وڌندڙ معاشي بحران ۽ ماهوار وڌندڙ مهانگائي ([[hyperinflation]]) سبب سندس مقبوليت گهٽجي وئي ۽ 1989ع ۾ پيرونسٽ اڳواڻ [[ڪارلوس مينيم]] صدر چونڊجي ويو. [[File: Crisis 20 diciembre 2001.jpg|thumb|ڊسمبر 2001ع جي هنگامن دوران پلازا ڊي مايو تي عوامي احتجاج، جنهن ڊي لا روا کي استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو۔]] مينيم [[نيو لبرلزم|نيو لبرل]] پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون، جن ۾ خانگيڪاري (privatization) ۽ ڪاروباري پابندين جو خاتمو شامل هو. 1994ع جي آئيني ترميم ذريعي هو ٻيو ڀيرو به صدر بڻيو. پر 1995ع کان معيشت ٻيهر زوال جو شڪار ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1999ع ۾ [[فرنينڊو ڊي لا روا]] صدر چونڊجي ويو.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=551–573}} ڊي لا روا جي دور ۾ مالي بحران ايترو وڌي ويو جو بئنڪ اڪائونٽس منجمد ڪيا ويا، جنهن تي سڄي ملڪ ۾ وڏا هنگاما ٿيا ۽ کيس استعيفيٰ ڏيڻي پئي. 2003ع ۾ [[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] صدر بڻيو. هن معاشي بحران کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ اهم قدم کنيا ۽ ارجنٽائن جي قرضن جي نئين سر ترتيب ڪئي.{{sfn|Epstein|Pion-Berlin|2006|p=15}} هن انساني حقن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندڙ فوجي آفيسرن تي ٻيهر ڪيس هلائڻ جي اجازت ڏني. هن کان پوءِ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا فرنينڊز ڊي ڪرشنر]] 2007ع ۽ 2011ع جون چونڊون کٽي صدر بڻي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=597–626}} [[File:Cristina con baston de mando (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[نيسٽر ڪرشنر]] ۽ سندس گهرواري [[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 10 ڊسمبر 2007ع تي۔]] 22 نومبر 2015ع تي [[مائوريسيو ماڪري]] چونڊون کٽي ملڪ جو صدر بڻيو. هو 1916ع کان پوءِ پهريون غير پيرونسٽ صدر هو جنهن پنهنجو مدو پورو ڪيو.{{cite web|url=http://www.losandes.com.ar/article/mauricio-macri-el-primer-presidente-desde-1916-que-no-es-peronista-ni-radical|title=Mauricio Macri, el primer presidente desde 1916 que no es peronista ni radical|work=Los Andes}} پر سندس دور ۾ به معيشت ۾ گهڻي سڌار نه آيو ۽ غربت ۾ اضافو ٿيو. 2019ع ۾ [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] صدر چونڊجي ويو، جنهن جي نائب صدر ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر هئي. [[File:Javier Milei y Alberto Fernández1.jpg|thumb|[[جويئر ملي]] 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي [[البرٽو فرنينڊز]] کان صدارت جو چارج وٺندي۔]] نومبر 2023ع جي چونڊن ۾ هڪ لبرٽيرين اڳواڻ [[جويئر ملي]] (Javier Milei) 55.7 سيڪڙو ووٽ کڻي تاريخي فتح حاصل ڪئي. هن 10 ڊسمبر 2023ع تي عهدو سنڀاليو. مارچ 2026ع تائين، صدر مليءَ جي حڪومت ملڪ ۾ سخت معاشي سڌارا ۽ خرچن ۾ ڪٽوتي واري پاليسي جاري رکي آهي. آڪٽوبر 2025ع جي وچ واري چونڊن ([[midterm elections]]) ۾ سندس پارٽي "لا لبرٽيڊ اوانزا" وڏي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن سان کيس پنهنجا سڌارا لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڌيڪ آساني ٿي وئي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina elections: Javier Milei and his 'chainsaw' austerity win big |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gw8qpyvqdo |work=www.bbc.com |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> == جاگرافيائي بيھڪ == {{Main|Geography of Argentina}} [[File:Argentina topo blank.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جو طبعي نقشو]] {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} جي مکيه زميني مٿاڇري سان،{{efn-ua|name=excl_area}} ارجنٽائن [[ڏکڻ مخروط]] ([[Southern Cone]]) يعني ڏکڻ آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ ۾ واقع آهي. ان جون زميني حدون اولهه ۾ [[انڊيز]] جبلن جي قطار پار ڪري چلي سان؛ اتر ۾ بوليويا ۽ پيراگوئي سان؛ اتر-اوڀر ۾ برازيل، [[يوراگوئي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] سان ملن ٿيون؛<ref name=igngeo>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|last=Albanese|first=Rubén|title=Información geográfica de la República Argentina|trans-title=Geographic information of the Argentine Republic|publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional|place=Buenos Aires|year=2009|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031020728/http://www.ign.gob.ar/node/46|archive-date=31 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ڊريڪ پيسيج]] ([[Drake Passage]]) اٿس؛{{sfnm|1a1=McKinney|1y=1993|1p=6|2a1=Fearns|2a2=Fearns|2y=2005|2p=31}} جنهن جي ڪل زميني سرحد جي ڊيگهه {{convert|9376|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي. ان جي ساحلي سرحد [[ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا]] ۽ ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ تي {{convert|5117|km|0|abbr=on}} ڊگهي آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان اوچو هنڌ [[مينڊوزا صوبي]] ۾ [[اڪونڪاگوا]] (Aconcagua) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} اوچو آهي)،<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> هي ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو پڻ بلند ترين مقام آهي.{{sfn|Young|2005|p=52}} سڀ کان هيٺانهون هنڌ [[سانتا ڪروز صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز صوبي]] جي 'سان جوليان گريٽ ڊيپريشن' ۾ [[لاگونا ڊيل ڪاربون]] (Laguna del Carbón) آهي (جيڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} هيٺ آهي،<ref name=ignmax /> جيڪو ڏکڻ ۽ مغربي اڌ گول جو سڀ کان هيٺانهون ۽ زمين تي ستون نمبر هيٺانهون هنڌ آهي).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archive-date=27 March 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> اترين نقطو [[جوجوئي صوبي]] ۾ ريو گرانڊي ڊي سان جوان ۽ موجينيٽ نديءَ جي سنگم تي آهي؛ ڏکڻ وارو نقطو [[ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبو، ارجنٽائن|ٽيئرا ڊيل فيوگو صوبي]] ۾ [[ڪيپ سان پيو]] (Cape San Pío) آهي؛ اوڀر وارو نقطو برنارڊو ڊي ايريگوين جي اتر-اوڀر ۾ آهي ۽ اولهه وارو نقطو سانتا ڪروز صوبي ۾ [[لاس گليشيئرس نيشنل پارڪ]] جي اندر واقع آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|3694|km|0|abbr=on}} آهي، جڏهن ته اوڀر کان اولهه تائين وڌ ۾ وڌ مفاصلو {{convert|1423|km|mi|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref name=igngeo /> اهم ندين ۾ [[پرانا ندي|پرانا]]، [[يوراگوئي ندي|يوراگوئي]]—جيڪي ملي ريو ڊي لا پلاٽا ٺاهين ٿيون، [[پيراگوئي ندي|پيراگوئي]]، [[سالاڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|سالاڊو]]، [[ريو نيگرو ندي، ارجنٽائن|نيگرو]]، [[سانتا ڪروز ندي، ارجنٽائن|سانتا ڪروز]]، [[پيلڪومايو ندي|پيلڪومايو]]، [[برميٽو ندي|برميٽو]] ۽ [[ڪولوراڊو ندي، ارجنٽائن|ڪولوراڊو]] شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=5, 7–8, 51, 175}} هي نديون [[ارجنٽائن سمنڊ]] ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿيون، جيڪو [[پيٽاگونين شيلف]] تي ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جو گهٽ اونهو علائقو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=8}} هتان جي پاڻيءَ تي ٻن وڏن سامونڊي وهڪرن جو اثر هوندو آهي: گرم [[برازيل ڪرنٽ]] ۽ ٿڌو [[فاڪ لينڊ ڪرنٽ]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=18}} === حياتياتي تنوع === {{Main|Environment of Argentina}} [[File:Aconcagua2016.jpg|thumb|alt=جبلن جون چوٽيون بادلن سان گڏ ڏيکاريل آهن.|[[اڪونڪاگوا]] ايشيا کان ٻاهر بلند ترين جبل آهي، جيڪو {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}} تي آهي، ۽ ڏکڻ اڌ گول جو بلند ترين مقام آهي.<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=es |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8 m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |access-date=3 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>]] [[File:Pncardones.jpg|thumb|[[لاس ڪارڊونس نيشنل پارڪ]]]] [[File:Cockspur Coral Tree (Erythrina crista-galli).jpg|thumb|سيبو جو گل (''[[Erythrina crista-galli]]'') ڊڪري نمبر 13,847/42 تحت ارجنٽائن جو قومي گل ۽ وڻ آهي<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decreto 13.847/42 {{!}} Declaratoria del ceibo como flor nacional |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/decreto-13847-42-ceibo-flor-nacional.pdf |website=Portal oficial del Estado argentino |publication-date=23 December 1942}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع|حياتياتي تنوع]] رکندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ آهي،<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archive-date=19 October 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> جتي دنيا جي عظيم ترين ماحولياتي سرشتن ([[Ecosystem]]) جي تنوع موجود آهي: 15 کنڊاتي زون، 2 سامونڊي زون، ۽ انٽارڪٽڪ علائقو سڀ هن جي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. هن وڏي ماحولياتي تنوع جي ڪري حياتياتي ورهاست دنيا جي وڏين ورهاستن مان هڪ بڻجي وئي آهي: 9,372 قلمبند ٿيل [[رڳدار ٻوٽا|رڳدار ٻوٽن]] جون جنسون (24 هون نمبر)؛ 1,038 پکين جون جنسون (14 هون نمبر)؛ 375 [[ٿڻائور جانور|ٿڻائورن]] جون جنسون (12 هون نمبر)؛ 338 [[سريپ|رڙهندڙ جانورن]] جون جنسون (16 هون نمبر)؛ ۽ 162 [[جل ٿلي|جل ٿلين]] جون جنسون (19 هون نمبر) شامل آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻيلن جو علائقو ڪل زميني حصي جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي. 2020 ۾ ٻيلن جو رقبو 28,573,000 هيڪٽر هو، جيڪو 1990 ۾ 35,204,000 هيڪٽر هو. 2020 تائين، قدرتي طور ٻيهر پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻيلن 27,137,000 هيڪٽر ۽ پوکيل ٻيلن 1,436,000 هيڪٽرن کي ڍڪي ورتو هو. ٻيلن جي ڪل علائقي جو لڳ ڀڳ 7 سيڪڙو محفوظ علائقن ۾ مليو.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 |archive-date=11 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911122341/https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Argentina |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=11 September 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104507/https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARG/home/overview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> اصل [[پامپا]] (Pampa) جي ميدانن ۾ عملي طور ڪي به وڻ نه هئا؛ ڪجهه ٻاهريون جنسون جهڙوڪ آمريڪي سيڪامور يا يوڪلپٽس هاڻي رستن يا شهرن ۾ موجود آهن. پامپا جو واحد مقامي وڻ جهڙو ٻوٽو سدابهار [[اومبو]] (Ombú) آهي. پامپا جي مٿاڇري واري مٽي گهري ڪاري رنگ جي آهي، جنهن کي عام طور تي 'هيومس' (Humus) چيو وڃي ٿو. هي خطو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ زرعي پيداوار وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. اولهه واري پامپا ۾ گهٽ برسات پوي ٿي، جنهن کي 'سڪل پامپا' چيو وڃي ٿو. ارجنٽائن جا قومي پارڪ 35 پارڪن جي نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهن. [[ارجنٽائن جي قومي پارڪن جي انتظاميه]] (Administración de Parques Nacionales) انهن پارڪن جي حفاظت ۽ انتظام ڪري ٿي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن جو فاريسٽ لينڊ اسڪيپ انٽيگرٽي انڊيڪس اسڪور 7.21/10 هو، جيڪو عالمي سطح تي 172 ملڪن ۾ 47 هين نمبر تي هو. === آب هوا === {{Main|Climate of Argentina|Climatic regions of Argentina}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 ARG 1991–2020.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ڪوپن آب هوا جي درجه بندي]]]] [[File:Perito Moreno (39986110524).jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ اهڙا گليشيئر به آهن، جن کي [[پيريٽو مورينا گليشيئر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.]] عام طور تي، ارجنٽائن ۾ چار مکيه آب هوا جا قسم آهن: گرم [[هم ٻاراني گهميل آب هوا|هم ٻاراني گهميل]]، معتدل هم ٻاراني گهميل، [[رڻپٽ آب هوا|خوشڪ]]، ۽ [[ٿڌي رڻپٽ آب هوا|ٿڌي]]، جيڪي سڀ ويڪرائي ڦاڪ (Latitude) ۽ اوچائيءَ جي فرق سان طئي ٿين ٿا.<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباد علائقا عام طور تي معتدل آهن، پر ارجنٽائن ۾ آب هوا جي غير معمولي تنوع موجود آهي، جيڪا اتر ۾ سب ٽراپيڪل کان وٺي ڏکڻ ۾ قطبي (Polar) تائين پکڙيل آهي.<ref name = FAO /> سالياني اوسط برسات پيٽاگونيا جي خشڪ حصن ۾ {{convert|150|mm|in|0}} کان وٺي اتر اوڀر حصن ۾ {{convert|2000|mm|in|0}} کان وڌيڪ ٿئي ٿي. سراسري سالياني گرمي پد ڏکڻ ۾ {{convert|5|C|0}} کان وٺي اتر ۾ {{convert|25|C|0}} تائين هجي ٿو. مکيه هوائي وهڪرن ۾ 'پامپيرو' (Pampero) شامل آهي جيڪا پيٽاگونيا ۽ پامپا جي ميدانن ۾ هلندڙ ٿڌي هوا آهي؛ سياري جي آخر ۾ اتر کان گرم وهڪرا هلندا آهن. [[سوديسٽاڊا]] (Sudestada) عام طور تي ٿڌي گرمي پد کي معتدل بڻائي ٿي پر وڏي برسات، سامونڊي لهرن ۽ ساحلي ٻوڏ جو سبب بڻجي ٿي. [[زونڊا هوا|زونڊا]] (Zonda) هڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ هوا آهي جيڪا سيويو (Cuyo) ۽ مرڪزي پامپا تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي. جون ۽ نومبر جي وچ ۾ جڏهن زونڊا هلندي آهي ته مٿانهن علائقن ۾ برفاني طوفان اچن ٿا.{{sfn|Menutti|Menutti|1980|p=53}} [[ارجنٽائن ۾ موسمي تبديلي]] جي ڪري زندگيءَ جي حالتن تي اهم اثر پوڻ جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=cambioclimatico2009>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |language=es |title=El Cambio Climatico en Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable |access-date=20 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052049/http://www.ambiente.gov.ar/archivos/web/UCC/File/09ccargentina.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> ملڪ جي اوڀر وارن حصن ۾ برساتن ۾ اضافو ٿيو آهي، جنهن سان اترين حصن ۾ سال به سال برسات جي تبديلي وڌي وئي آهي ۽ وڏي خشڪ سالي (Droughts) جا خطرن ۾ پڻ اضافو ٿيو آهي. == حڪومت ۽ سياست == {{Main|Politics of Argentina}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 300 | image1 = Javier Milei in pull-aside meeting at the United Nations Headquarters (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[جاوير ملي]]<br /><small>[[President of Argentina|صدر]] </small> | image2 = Victoria villarruel 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption2 = [[وڪٽوريا ويلاروئل]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Argentina|نائب صدر]] </small> }} 20 هين صديءَ ۾، ارجنٽائن وڏي سياسي هڻ هٻان ۽ جمهوري ناڪامين جو تجربو ڪيو.<ref name=Robinson>{{Cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=James|url=[suspicious link removed]|title=Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy|last2=Acemoglu|first2=Daron|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=7–8|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014121611/https://scholar.harvard.edu/jrobinson/publications/economic-origins-dictatorship-and-democracy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=LevitskyMurillo>{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Murillo|first2=María Victoria|title=Introduction|encyclopedia=Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness|publisher=Penn State University Press|pages=1–2|date=2005|isbn=0271046341|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1|editor1=Steven Levitsky|editor2=María Victoria Murillo|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=y836oj86VSUC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 1930ع ۽ 1976ع جي وچ ۾، [[ارجنٽائن جون هٿياربند فوجون|هٿياربند فوجن]] ارجنٽائن جي ڇهن حڪومتن جو تختو اونڌو ڪيو؛<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ۽ ملڪ ۾ جمهوريت (1912-1930، 1946-1955، ۽ 1973-1976) ۽ فوجي راڄ جا دور مٽجندا رهيا.<ref name=Robinson /> 1983ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[جمهوريت ڏانهن منتقلي]] کان پوءِ،<ref name=Anderson>{{Cite book|author=Leslie E. Anderson|title=Democratization by Institutions: Argentina's Transition Years in Comparative Perspective|publisher=University of Michigan Press|date=2016|page=15}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ مڪمل جمهوريت بحال ڪئي وئي.<ref name=Robinson /><ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> ارجنٽائن جي جمهوريت [[1998-2002 ارجنٽائن جو وڏو معاشي بحران|2001-02 جي بحران]] مان گذري اڄ تائين قائم آهي؛ ان کي 1983ع کان اڳ واري دور ۽ لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٻين جمهوريتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مضبوط سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=LevitskyMurillo /> عالمي اسٽيٽ آف ڊيموڪريسي (GSoD) جي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن مذهبي آزادي، ووٽ جو حق، ۽ شهري شموليت ۾ بهترين ڪارڪردگي ڏيکاري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina {{!}} The Global State of Democracy |url=https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/country/argentina |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، 2023 ۾ V-Dem ڊيموڪريسي انڊيڪس مطابق، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ ٻيو نمبر سڀ کان وڌيڪ جمهوري ملڪ هو.<ref name="vdem_dataset" /> === حڪومت === {{Main|Government of Argentina|Ministries of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:Casa_Rosada,_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|thumb|بيونس آئرس ۾ [[ڪاسا روساڊا]] (Casa Rosada)، جيڪا ارجنٽائن جي صدر جي ڪم جي جڳهه آهي.]] [[File:J30 498 Congreso de la Nación.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن جي نيشنل ڪانگريس]] سينٽ ۽ چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 63}}]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[وفاقيت|وفاقي]] دستوري جمهوريه ۽ [[نمائنده جمهوريت]] آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} حڪومتي نظام [[ارجنٽائن جو آئين|آئين]] جي تحت "اختيارن جي ورهاست" (Checks and balances) جي بنياد تي هلي ٿو. حڪومت جو مرڪز [[بيونس آئرس]] شهر آهي، جيڪو ڪانگريس پاران نامزد ڪيو ويو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 3}} ووٽ جو حق عالمي، برابر، خفيه ۽ لازمي آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 37}}{{efn-ua|2012 کان وٺي 16 ۽ 17 سالن جي عمر وارن لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ اختياري آهي.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|title=Argentina lowers its voting age to 16|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington, DC|date=1 November 2012|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511081513/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2012/11/01/argentina-voting-age/|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status = live}}</ref>}} وفاقي حڪومت ٽن شاخن تي مشتمل آهي: * مقننہ (Legislative): هي ٻن ايوانن واري ڪانگريس آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] ۽ [[ارجنٽائن جي چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز|چيمبر آف ڊيپيوٽيز]] شامل آهن. ڪانگريس وفاقي قانون ٺاهڻ، جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ ۽ معاهدن جي منظوري ڏيڻ جو اختيار رکي ٿي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 53, 59, 75}} * انتظاميہ (Executive): ملڪ جو [[President of Argentina|صدر]] هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. صدر وفاقي قانونن ۽ پاليسين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن کي مقرر ڪندو آهي.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 99}} صدر جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي ۽ هو لڳاتار ٻه ڀيرا چونڊجي سگهي ٿو.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 90}} * عدليہ (Judicial): هن ۾ [[ارجنٽائن جي سپريم ڪورٽ|سپريم ڪورٽ]] ۽ ماتحت وفاقي عدالتون شامل آهن، جيڪي قانونن جي تشريح ڪن ٿيون.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 116}} عدليه انتظاميه ۽ مقننه کان آزاد آهي. === صوبا === {{Argentina imagemap with province names | float = right | size = 300px }} {{Main|Provinces of Argentina}} ارجنٽائن ٽيويهه (23) صوبن ۽ هڪ خودمختيار شهر، بيونس آئرس، جو وفاق آهي. صوبا انتظامي مقصدن لاءِ "ڊپارٽمينٽن" ۽ ميونسپالٽين ۾ ورهايل آهن. بيونس آئرس شهر "ڪميونن" (Communes) ۾ ورهايل آهي. صوبن وٽ اهي سڀ اختيار آهن جيڪي انهن وفاقي حڪومت کي نه ڏنا آهن؛{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} اهي مڪمل طور تي خودمختيار آهن: اهي پنهنجو آئين ٺاهين ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 123}} پنهنجي مقامي حڪومتن کي منظم ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 122}} ۽ پنهنجي قدرتي ۽ مالي وسيلن جو انتظام ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 124–125}} ارجنٽائن [[انٽارڪٽيڪا]] جي هڪ حصي تي پڻ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو، جيڪو برطانيه ۽ چلي جي دعوائن سان گڏوگڏ آهي. ان کان علاوه، ارجنٽائن جو برطانيه سان [[فاڪ لينڊ ٻيٽ]] (Falkland Islands) ۽ ڏکڻ جارجيا تي سياسي تڪرار آهي.<ref name="Duggan and Lewis" /> === پرڏيھي لاڳاپا === {{Main|Foreign relations of Argentina}} [[File:BRICS members and guest at the 6th BRICS summit 2014.jpg|thumb|left|[[ڪرسٽينا ڪرشنر]] 2014 ۾ برڪس (BRICS) جي ميمبرن سان گڏ]] پرڏيهي پاليسي جو معاملو [[پرڏيهي معاملن جي وزارت]] سنڀاليندي آهي. ارجنٽائن دنيا جي [[G-20]] معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ گڏيل قومن (UN)، عالمي بينڪ (WBG) ۽ عالمي واپاري تنظيم (WTO) جو باني ميمبر آهي. ارجنٽائن کي هڪ "وچولي طاقت" (Middle power) طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Wood|1y=1988|1p=18|2a1=Solomon|2y=1997|2p=3}} ارجنٽائن [[مرڪوسور]] (Mercosur) بلاڪ جو باني ميمبر آهي، جنهن ۾ برازيل، پيراگوئي، يوراگوئي ۽ وينزويلا شامل آهن. 2002ع کان وٺي، ملڪ لاطيني آمريڪي اتحاد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|p=600}} ارجنٽائن 1998ع کان وٺي "غير نيٽو (NATO) ميمبر وڏو اتحادي" آهي.<ref name="Major Non-NATO Ally Status"/> === فوج === {{Main|Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic}} [[File:A-4AR_Fightinghawk_2010.jpg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي هوائي فوج جو هڪ جهاز]] صدر ارجنٽائن جي هٿياربند فوجن جو ڪمانڊر ان چيف هوندو آهي. وفاقي حڪومت قومي دفاع جي ذميوار آهي، جيڪا [[دفاع جي وزارت]] جي نگراني هيٺ ارجنٽائن جي فوج (Army)، بحريه (Navy) ۽ فضائيه (Air Force) تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=23554 – Defensa Nacional|bo=26375|p=4|date=5 May 1988}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي دفاعي صنعت پڻ ملڪي دفاعي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. == معيشت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي معيشت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن ۾ صنعت|ارجنٽائن جي پرڏيهي واپار}} [[File:Puerto_Madero_-_Puente_de_la_mujer_(44673627614).jpg|thumb|[[بيونس آئرس]] جي مرڪزي ڪاروباري ضلعي ۾ [[Puerto Madero]] بزنس ڪمپليڪس]] ڀرپور [[قدرتي وسيلا|قدرتي وسيلن]]، هڪ اعليٰ پڙهيل لکيل آبادي، متنوع صنعتي بنياد، ۽ برآمد تي ٻڌل زرعي شعبي مان فائدو وٺندي، ارجنٽائن جي معيشت لاطيني آمريڪا جي ٽيون نمبر وڏي،<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archive-date=7 March 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> ۽ [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻي نمبر وڏي معيشت آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927060536/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status = live}}</ref> 1913 ۾، ارجنٽائن في ڪس جي ڊي پي (GDP per capita) جي لحاظ کان دنيا جي امير ترين ملڪن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina was one of the world's richest countries. Now poverty is rife and inflation is over 100 per cent – ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-05/argentina-is-dealing-with-100-per-cent-inflation-heres-how/102930048 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=amp.abc.net.au |date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120222441/https://amp.abc.net.au/article/102930048 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن جو [[انساني ترقي جو اشاريو|انساني ترقي جي اشاريي]] تي "تمام اعليٰ" درجو آهي<ref name="UNHDR" /> ۽ [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|نامزد في ڪس جي ڊي پي]] جي لحاظ کان 66 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |title=Argentina and the IMF |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=IMF |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126135045/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/ARG |url-status=live }}</ref> جنهن ۾ هڪ وڏي [[Single market|اندروني مارڪيٽ]] ۽ [[هائي ٽيڪ]] شعبي جو وڌندڙ حصو شامل آهي. هڪ [[emerging economy|وچولي اڀرندڙ معيشت]] ۽ دنيا جي اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومن مان هڪ هجڻ جي ناتي، هي [[جي-20|G-20 وڏين معيشتن]] جو رڪن آهي.<ref name=undp2013>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2013|publisher=UNDP – United Nations Development Program|place=New York|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725114447/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2014|url-status = live}}</ref>{{efn-ua|ٻيون اعليٰ ترقي پذير قومون برازيل، چين، هندستان، انڊونيشيا، ميڪسيڪو، ڏکڻ آفريڪا ۽ ترڪي آهن.<ref name=undp2013 />}} [[File:Viñedos_de_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|[[مينڊوزا صوبو|مينڊوزا]] ۾ هڪ انگورن جو باغ. ارجنٽائن [[شراب]] جي پيداوار ۾ دنيا جو ڇهون نمبر وڏو ملڪ آهي.<ref name="Johnson atlas pg 300-301">H. Johnson & J. Robinson ''The World Atlas of Wine'' pg 300–301 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 {{ISBN|1-84000-332-4}}</ref>]] ارجنٽائن دنيا ۾ [[yerba mate]] جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي (جيڪو مقامي سطح تي [[mate (drink)|ميٽي]] جي وڏي استعمال جي ڪري آهي)، [[سويابين]]، [[جوار]] (maize)، [[سج مکي جا ٻج]]، [[ليمون]] ۽ [[ناشپاتي]] جي دنيا جي پنجن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ [[جو]] (barley)، [[انگور]]، [[artichoke]]، [[تنباکو]] ۽ [[ڪپهه]] جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي؛ ۽ [[ڪڻڪ]]، [[ऊस]] (sugarcane)، [[سورغم]] ۽ [[گريپ فروٽ]] جي 15 وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن مان هڪ آهي. هي ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ڪڻڪ، سج مکي، جو، ليمون ۽ ناشپاتي جو سڀ کان وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Agriculture of Argentina, por FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |title=Um dos maiores produtores de trigo do mundo, Argentina terá a menor área de plantio em 12 anos |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184702/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/mundo/noticia/2022/06/um-dos-maiores-produtores-de-trigo-do-mundo-argentina-tera-a-menor-area-de-plantio-em-12-anos-cl47bif46006f01hme2j8fklm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> شراب جي معاملي ۾، ارجنٽائن عام طور تي دنيا جي ڏهن وڏن پيدا ڪندڙن ۾ شامل هوندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=2019 Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture|url=https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206112544/https://www.oiv.int/public/medias/6782/oiv-2019-statistical-report-on-world-vitiviniculture.pdf|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=7 March 2021|website=International Organisation of Vine and Wine}}</ref> ارجنٽائن گوشت جو هڪ روايتي برآمد ڪندڙ ملڪ آهي، جيڪو 2019 ۾ 3 ملين ٽن پيداوار سان [[ڳائي جو گوشت|بيف]] (beef) جو چوٿون عالمي پيدا ڪندڙ هو (رڳو آمريڪا، برازيل ۽ چين کان پويان)، ماکي جو چوٿون ۽ ان کان علاوه ٻين لاڳاپيل پيداوارن ۾ دنيا جو ڏهون نمبر وڏو [[اُڻ|اُڻ]] (wool) پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |title=Argentina's livestock production in 2019, by FAO |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |title=Argentina retomará exportações de carne bovina à China após suspensão de limites |date=29 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184701/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/argentina-retomara-exportacoes-de/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Producción Minera en la Cordillera de los Andes, prov. de San Juan.jpg|thumb|[[Veladero mine]] [[سان خوان صوبو، ارجنٽائن|سان خوان صوبي]] ۾ سون جي هڪ کاڻ آهي.]] [[File:Fiat-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|[[ڪورڊوبا، ارجنٽائن]] ۾ [[فياٽ]] (Fiat) فيڪٽري]] ارجنٽائن جي [[کاڻين جي صنعت]] (mining industry) ٻين ملڪن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ نمايان آهي پر هي [[ليٿيم]] جو چوٿون نمبر وڏو،<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=USGS Lithium Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چاندي]] جو 11 هين،<ref>{{Cite web |title=USGS Silver Production Statistics |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20241220035538/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref> ۽ [[سون]] جو دنيا ۾ 17 هين نمبر وڏو پيدا ڪندڙ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |title=USGS Gold Production Statistics |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن [[قدرتي گئس]] جي پيداوار ۾ پڻ اڳڀرو آهي، جيڪو ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو ۽ عالمي سطح تي 18 هين نمبر تي آهي. ارجنٽائن روزانو اوسطاً 5,00,000 بيرل [[پيٽروليم]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ مالي ۽ فني رڪاوٽن جي ڪري Vaca Muerta فيلڊ مان وسيلن جي مڪمل استعمال ۾ ڪمي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |title=petroleum and other liquids production |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627013533/https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/petroleum-and-other-liquids/annual-petroleum-and-other-liquids-production |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |title=A ameaça do nationalism do petróleo na Argentina |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713193805/https://opetroleo.com.br/a-ameaca-do-nacionalismo-do-petroleo-na-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2012 تائين، [[manufacturing|صنعتي پيداوار]] جي ڊي پي جو 20.3 سيڪڙو هئي—جيڪو ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جو سڀ کان وڏو شعبو هو.<ref name=infoeco1>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |format=XLS |title=Información Económica al Día – Nivel de Actividad |publisher=Dirección Nacional de Política Macroeconómica – Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas Públicas |place=Buenos Aires |year=2013 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410031557/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/download/infoeco/actividad_ied.xls |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي زراعت سان چڱي طرح جڙيل هجڻ ڪري، صنعتي برآمدات جو اڌ حصو ٻهراڙيءَ مان ملي ٿو.<ref name=infoeco1 /> 2011 ۾ 6.5 سيڪڙو پيداواري واڌ جي شرح سان، متنوع پيداواري شعبو [[صنعتي پارڪن]] جي مسلسل وڌندڙ نيٽ ورڪ تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪي 2013 ۾ 314 هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|title=Argentina – Industrial production growth rate|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310152617/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/industrial_production_growth_rate.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|title=Argentina – Economy Overview|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203023305/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/economy_overview.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> 2012 ۾، حجم جي لحاظ کان مکيه شعبا هي هئا: خوراڪ جي پروسيسنگ، مشروبات ۽ تمباکو جون شيون؛ موٽر گاڏيون ۽ آٽو پارٽس؛ [[ڪپڙا]] (textiles) ۽ چمڙو؛ ريفائنري جون شيون ۽ [[بائيو ڊيزل]]؛ ڪيميائي ۽ فارماسيوٽيڪلز؛ [[اسٽيل]]، [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[لوهه]]؛ صنعتي ۽ فارم مشينري؛ گهريلو سامان ۽ فرنيچر؛ پلاسٽڪ ۽ ٽائر؛ شيشو ۽ سيمينٽ؛ ۽ رڪارڊنگ ۽ پرنٽ ميڊيا.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن هڪ عرصي کان دنيا جي پنجن وڏن شراب پيدا ڪندڙ ملڪن مان هڪ رهيو آهي.<ref name=infoeco1 /> ارجنٽائن [[Transparency International]] جي 2017 جي [[ڪرپشن پرسپشن انڊيڪس]] ۾ 180 ملڪن مان 85 هين نمبر تي آهي،<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International |access-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010205/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017 |archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> جيڪو 2014 جي درجابندي جي مقابلي ۾ 22 پوزيشنن جي بهتري آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|access-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن 2016 ۾ Mauricio Macri جي چونڊ کانپوءِ نام نهاد [[vulture funds]] سان پنهنجو ڊگھو قرضن جو بحران حل ڪيو، جنهن ارجنٽائن کي هڪ ڏهاڪي ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ڪيپيٽل مارڪيٽن ۾ داخل ٿيڻ جي اجازت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|title=Argentina Plans to Offer 100-Year Bonds|date=19 June 2017|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135600/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-19/argentina-plans-to-sell-first-100-year-bond-as-soon-as-monday|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن جي حڪومت مئي 2020 ۾ پنهنجي قرض ڏيندڙن کي مقرر تاريخ تائين 500 ملين ڊالر ادا ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ٿيڻ تي ڊيفالٽ ڪري وئي. پنهنجي 66 بلين ڊالر جي قرض جي بحاليءَ لاءِ ڳالهيون جاري آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |website=[[Reuters]] |title=Argentina, creditors get ready to resume debt talks after ninth sovereign default |date=23 May 2020 |language=en |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014050201/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-debt/argentina-creditors-get-ready-to-resume-debt-talks-after-ninth-sovereign-default-idUSKBN22Z0NV |url-status=live }}</ref> اعليٰ [[مهانگائي]] (inflation)—جيڪا ڏهاڪن کان ارجنٽائن جي معيشت جي هڪ ڪمزوري رهي آهي—هڪ ڀيرو ٻيهر مصيبت بڻجي وئي آهي،<ref name="nyt-2011-02-06">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |title=Inflation, an Old Scourge, Plagues Argentina Again |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 February 2011 |last1=Barrionuevo |first1=Alexei |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617194639/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/americas/06argentina.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> جيڪا تازو 2024 ۾ 220 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي هئي.<ref name="Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030">{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316750/inflation-rate-in-argentina/|title=Argentina: Inflation rate from 2004 to 2030|language=en|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> 2023 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي تقريبن 43 سيڪڙو آبادي غربت جي لڪير کان هيٺ زندگي گذاري رهي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title=Top food exporter Argentina confronts rising hunger and poverty |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418041329/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/02/09/Argentina-food-hunger-poverty-hyperinflation |url-status=live }}</ref> ان کي روڪڻ ۽ پیسو (peso) کي سهارو ڏيڻ لاءِ حڪومت پرڏيهي ڪرنسي ڪنٽرول لاڳو ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|title=Argentina imposes currency controls to support economy|date=2 September 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904010707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49547189|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمدني جي ورڇ]]، جيڪا 2002 کان بهتر ٿي هئي، "وچولي" طور تي درجه بندي ڪئي وئي آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اها اڃا تائين ڪافي غير مساوي آهي.<ref name="gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Argentina |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221122233431/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AR |archive-date=22 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> 10 ڊسمبر 2023 تي، [[Javier Milei]] صدر طور تي حلف کنيو. هن قومي معاشي بحران کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ ڊي-ريگيوليشن پاليسيون اختيار ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-11 |title=Javier Milei: New president tells Argentina 'shock treatment' looms |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67678276 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina: Javier Milei announces deregulation of economy |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/argentina-javier-milei-announces-deregulation-of-economy/ar-AA1lOSDZ |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |via=msn.com }}</ref> جنوري 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي غربت جي شرح 57.4 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي وئي، جيڪا 2004 کان پوءِ ملڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ غربت جي شرح هئي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Herald |first1=Buenos Aires |title=Poverty in Argentina hits 57%, highest number in 20 years, report says |url=https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |work=Buenos Aires Herald |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322084231/https://buenosairesherald.com/society/poverty-in-argentina-hits-57-highest-number-in-20-years-report-says |url-status=live }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، 2024 جي ٻئي اڌ تائين، غربت جي سطح تيزيءَ سان گهٽجي 38 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا 2022 کان وٺي سڀ کان گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty in Argentina Falls Sharply as Prices Cool Under Milei |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-03-31/poverty-in-argentina-falls-sharply-as-prices-cool-under-milei |website=Bloomberg |date=March 31, 2025 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref> نومبر 2024 ۾، ارجنٽائن جي ماهوار مهانگائي جي شرح گهٽجي 2.4 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي، جيڪا گذريل چئن سالن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ هئي. سالياني مهانگائي 2024 جي آخر تائين 100 سيڪڙو جي ويجهو ختم ٿيڻ جي اميد هئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentina inflation hits four-year low as locals dare to hope the worst is over |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentina-inflation-dips-locals-dare-hope-worst-is-over-2024-12-11/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> 2025 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي معيشت ۾ سازگار نتيجن ۽ نارملائيزيشن جي جاري رهڻ جي اميد آهي. سالياني مهانگائي جي شرح 2025 ۾ 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ ٿيڻ جي توقع آهي. 2024 جي شروعات ۾ سخت کساد بازاري (recession) کانپوءِ معاشي سرگرميون به بحال ٿيڻ شروع ٿي ويون آهن. اميد آهي ته 2025 ۾ معيشت ۾ 4 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ واڌ ٿيندي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina: the economy's normalization will continue in 2025 |url=https://www.santander.com/en/press-room/specials/latin-america-growth-drivers-for-2025/argentina-the-normalization-of-the-economy-will-continue-in-2025 |website=www.santander.com |language=en}}</ref> === سياحت === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ سياحت}} 2013 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 5.57 ملين سياح آيا، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ آمريڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان مٿانهون بين الاقوامي سياحتي مقام ۽ ميڪسيڪو کان پوءِ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾ ٻيو نمبر هو. == آباديءَ سان لاڳاپيل انگ اکر== {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} [[File:Population density by municipality in Argentina, 2022.svg|thumb|ارجنٽائن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي جو نقشو، 2022]] {{census-ar|2022}} جي آدمشماري مطابق ارجنٽائن جي آبادي 4,60,44,703 هئي، جيڪا 2010 ۾ 4,01,17,096 هئي.<ref name="P12-CENSO"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015 |work=Gustavo Pérez|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=es |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archive-date=15 June 2011}}</ref> 2024 ۾ تخمينو لڳايو ويو آهي ته آبادي وڌي 4,70,67,441 ٿي وئي آهي.<ref name="Proyecciones y estimaciones">{{cite web |url=https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |title=Proyecciones y estimaciones |publisher=INDEC |website=www.indec.gob.ar |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609202751/https://www.indec.gob.ar/indec/web/Nivel3-Tema-2-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن ڪل آبادي جي لحاظ کان ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ ٽيون، لاطيني آمريڪا ۾ چوٿون ۽ عالمي سطح تي 33 هين نمبر تي آهي. هن جي آبادي جي گھاٽائي 15 ماڻهو في چورس ڪلوميٽر آهي، جيڪا دنيا جي اوسط 50 ماڻهن کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ آبادي جي واڌ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ 1.03٪ سالياني هئي، جنهن ۾ پيدائش جي شرح 17.7 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) ۽ موت جي شرح 7.4 (في 1,000 ماڻهو) هئي. 2010 کان وٺي، خالص [[هجرت جي شرح]] صفر کان هيٺ کان وٺي چار مهاجر في 1,000 رهاڪن تائين رهي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=UNCEF |title=Argentina – MIGRATION PROFILES, Part II. Population indicators |url=https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418040522/https://esa.un.org/miggmgprofiles/indicators/files/Argentina.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ارجنٽائن هن وقت هڪ [[آبادياتي تبديلي]] (demographic transition) جي وچ ۾ آهي، جتي آبادي وڌيڪ عمر رسيده ۽ سستي رفتاري سان وڌي رهي آهي. 15 سالن کان گهٽ عمر وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 25.6٪ آهي (دنيا جي اوسط 28٪ کان گهٽ)، جڏهن ته 65 سال ۽ ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن جو تناسب 10.8٪ آهي، جيڪو نسبتاً وڌيڪ آهي. لاطيني آمريڪا ۾، هي انگ اکر رڳو [[يوراگوئي]] کان گهٽ آهن ۽ دنيا جي اوسط (7٪) کان مٿي آهن. ارجنٽائن ۾ ٻارن جي موت جي شرح ڪافي گهٽ آهي. 2010 ۾ ارجنٽائن جي پيدائش جي شرح 2.3 ٻار في عورت هئي، جيڪا 1895 جي 7.0 ٻار في عورت واري اعليٰ شرح کان ڪافي گهٽ آهي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|pages=2, 10|title=El crecimiento de la población argentina|author=Ramiro A. Flores Cruz|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025124711/http://webiigg.sociales.uba.ar/pobmigra/archivos/Ramiro_Flores/Crecimiento.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> پر اڃا به اسپين يا اٽلي جي مقابلي ۾ تقريبن ٻيڻي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |title=PRB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf| archive-date= 22 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''UN Demographic Yearbook, 2007.''</ref> 2015 ۾، وچولي عمر 31.9 سال هئي ۽ پيدائش وقت [[زندگي جي اميد]] (life expectancy) 77.14 سال هئي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nee|first=Patrick W.|title=Key Facts on Argentina: Essential Information on Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10|year=2015|publisher=The Internationalist|page=10|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143336/https://books.google.com/books?id=PysOnrdZJXgC&pg=PT10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[LGBT حق|LGBT ماڻهن]] ڏانهن رويو عام طور تي مثبت آهي.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=The Global Divide on Homosexuality |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |access-date=8 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218111304/http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010 ۾، ارجنٽائن لاطيني آمريڪا جو پهريون، آمريڪي کنڊ جو ٻيون ۽ دنيا جو ڏهون ملڪ بڻجي ويو جنهن [[هم جنس پرست شادي]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |work=Seattle Times|date=15 July 2010 |access-date=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archive-date=21 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |magazine=Time |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=20 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102203903/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |archive-date=2 November 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> === شهري آبادي === {{See also|آبادي جي لحاظ کان ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست|ارجنٽائن جي شهرن جي فهرست}} ارجنٽائن ۾ شهري آبادي جو تناسب تمام گهڻو آهي، جتي 92٪ آبادي شهرن ۾ رهي ٿي:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status = live}}</ref> ملڪ جي ڏهن وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ اڌ آبادي رهي ٿي. تقريبن 30 لک ماڻهو بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ رهن ٿا. گريٽر بيونس آئرس جي شهري علائقي جي آبادي تقريبن 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي، جيڪو دنيا جي وڏن شهري علائقن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=majorcities>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |title=About Argentina – Major Cities |publisher=Government of Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919212817/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1484 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ڪورڊوبا ۽ روساريو جي ميٽروپوليٽن علائقن ۾ تقريبن 13-13 لک رهاڪو آهن.<ref name=majorcities /> مينڊوزا، سان ميگوئل ڊي توڪومان، لا پلاٽا، مار ڊيل پلاٽا، سالٽا ۽ سانتا في شهرن ۾ به گهٽ ۾ گهٽ پنج لک ماڻهو رهن ٿا.<ref name=majorcities /> آبادي جي ورڇ غير مساوي آهي: تقريبن 60٪ آبادي پامپاس (Pampas) جي علائقي ۾ رهي ٿي (جيڪو ڪل رقبي جو 21٪ آهي)، جنهن ۾ بيونس آئرس صوبي جا 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو شامل آهن. ڪورڊوبا ۽ سانتا في جي صوبن، ۽ بيونس آئرس شهر ۾ تقريبن 30-30 لک ماڻهو آهن. ستن ٻين صوبن ۾ ڏهن لکن کان وڌيڪ آبادي آهي: مينڊوزا، توڪومان، اينٽري ريوس، سالٽا، چاڪو، ڪورينٽس ۽ ميسيونيس. {{convert|64.3|PD/km2}} سان توڪومان ارجنٽائن جو واحد صوبو آهي جيڪو دنيا جي اوسط کان وڌيڪ گھاٽي آبادي وارو آهي. ان جي ابتڙ، ڏاکڻي صوبي سانتا ڪروز جي گھاٽائي تقريبن {{convert|1.1|/km2|abbr=on}} آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |title=República Argentina por provincia. Densidad de población. Año 2010 |publisher=INDEC |language=es |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901061446/http://200.51.91.231/censo2010/ |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === نسل نگاري === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ماڻهو}} {{See also|ارجنٽائن جي نسل نگاري|ارجنٽائن ڏانهن هجرت}} [[File:Map showing the ethnic groups in Argentina.png|thumb|ارجنٽائن ۾ يورپي ۽ مقامي نسلن جو تناسب]] ارجنٽائن کي مهاجرن جو ملڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=encuesta>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611004448/http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |url=http://www.indec.gov.ar/webcenso/ECPI/index_ecpi.asp|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina]]|title=Encuesta Complementaria de Pueblos Indígenas 2004–2005|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Coke">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 | last1 = Cruz-Coke | first1 = R. | last2 = Moreno | first2 = R.S. | title = Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 31 | issue = 9 | pages = 702–06 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7815439 | pmc = 1050080 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |title=About Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919230812/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1669 |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ارجنٽائني ماڻهو عام طور تي پنهنجي ملڪ کي ''crisol de razas'' (نسلن جو ميلاپ، يا [[melting pot]]) چوندا آهن. ارجنٽائني ماهر جينيات [[Daniel Corach]] پاران 218 ماڻهن تي ڪيل 2010 جي هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي اوسط جينياتي نسبت 79٪ يورپي (خاص طور تي اٽلي ۽ اسپين)، 18٪ مقامي (indigenous) ۽ 4.3٪ آفريڪي آهي. آزمايل گروپ مان 63.6٪ ماڻهن جو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ هڪ وڏو [[ارجنٽائن جا قديم رهاڪو|قديم رهاڪو]] هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corach |first1=Daniel |last2=Lao |first2=Oscar |last3=Bobillo |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van Der Gaag |first4=Kristiaan |last5=Zuniga |first5=Sofia |last6=Vermeulen |first6=Mark |last7=Van Duijn |first7=Kate |last8=Goedbloed |first8=Miriam |last9=Vallone |first9=Peter M. |last10=Parson |first10=Walther |last11=De Knijff |first11=Peter |last12=Kayser |first12=Manfred |title=Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=January 2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x |pmid=20059473 |hdl=11336/14301 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avena |first1=Sergio A. |last2=Goicoechea |first2=Alicia S. |last3=Rey |first3=Jorge |last4=Dugoujon |first4=Jean M. |last5=Dejean |first5=Cristina B. |last6=Carnese |first6=Francisco R. |title=Mezcla génica en una muestra poblacional de la ciudad de Buenos Aires |journal=Medicina (Buenos Aires) |date=April 2006 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=113–118 |url=https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |archive-date=22 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222165924/https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S0025-76802006000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> اڪثر ارجنٽائني ڪيترن ئي يورپي نسلي گروپن مان آهن، جن ۾ بنيادي طور تي [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]] ۽ [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] شامل آهن. 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان وڌيڪ ارجنٽائني (آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 60٪) جزوي طور تي اٽالين نسل مان آهن.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=Pope Francis: The Pope from the End of the Earth|first=Thomas J.|last=Craughwell|year=2013|publisher=TAN Books|isbn=978-1-61890-138-5|page=63|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129143337/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuC7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ۾ [[ايشيائي ارجنٽائني|ايشيائي]] آبادي به موجود آهي، جن مان گهڻا يا ته اولهه ايشيائي (يعني [[لبناني ماڻهو|لبناني]] ۽ [[شامي ماڻهو|شامي]])<ref name="Lizcano2007">{{cite journal|last=Lizcano Fernández|first=Francisco|url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI|trans-title=Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century|language=es|journal=Convergencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales|publisher=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México|location=Toluca, México|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2013|pages=194–195|quote=En principio, se pueden distinguir dos grupos muy distintos al interior de esta etnia: el que procede de Asia occidental (sobre todo árabes cristianos llegados desde Siria y Líbano) y el que salió de Asia oriental (chinos y japoneses principalmente).}}</ref> آهن، يا وري مشرقي ايشيائي جيئن ته [[چيني ماڻهو|چيني]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|author=Sánchez, Gonzalo|title=La comunidad china en el país se duplicó en los últimos 5 años|publisher=Clarin.com|date=27 September 2010|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207042630/http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-china-duplico-ultimos-anos_0_343165728.html|archive-date=7 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[ڪوريائي ماڻهو|ڪوريائي]] ۽ [[جاپاني ماڻهو|جاپاني]] آهن.<ref>Masterson, Daniel M. and Sayaka Funada-Classen. ''[[The Japanese in Latin America]]''. [[University of Illinois Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0252071441}}, 9780252071447. p. 146–147.</ref> جاپاني نسل جي ماڻهن جو تعداد تقريبن 1,80,000 آهي. [[عرب ارجنٽائني]] ماڻهن جو ڪل تعداد (جن مان گهڻا لبناني يا شامي آهن) 13 لک کان 35 لکن جي وچ ۾ آهي. گهڻا عرب ارجنٽائني ڪيٿولڪ چرچ يا مشرقي آرٿوڊوڪس چرچ سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته هڪ اقليت [[مسلمان]] پڻ آهي. 2018 ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ 1,80,000 [[علوي]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | doi=10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | title='Alawis in Argentina: Religious and political identity in the diaspora | year=2018 | last1=Montenegro | first1=Silvia | journal=Contemporary Islam | volume=12 | pages=23–38 | s2cid=255312769 | hdl=11336/76408 | hdl-access=free | archive-date=18 March 2024 | access-date=17 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318213629/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11562-017-0405-7 | url-status=live }}</ref> 1970 جي ڏهاڪي کان وٺي، هجرت گهڻو ڪري [[بوليوييا]]، [[پيراگوئي]] ۽ [[پيرو]] مان ٿي رهي آهي. 2022 ۾ يوڪرين تي روسي حملي کانپوءِ 18,500 کان وڌيڪ روسي پڻ ارجنٽائن آيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undertones: Inside Russian influencer chats in Argentina |url=https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |website=Global Voices |language=en |date=20 July 2023 |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106130245/https://globalvoices.org/2023/07/20/undertones-inside-russian-influencer-chats-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === ٻوليون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جون ٻوليون}} [[File:Dialectos_del_idioma_español_en_Argentina.png|thumb|upright|ارجنٽائن ۾ [[اسپيني ٻولي]] جا مختلف لهجا]] ارجنٽائن جي ''[[de facto]]''{{efn-ua|جيتوڻيڪ قانوني طور تي اعلانيل نه آهي، پر اسپيني واحد ٻولي آهي جيڪا قانونن، سرڪاري دستاويزن ۽ عوامي عملن ۾ استعمال ٿئي ٿي.}} سرڪاري ٻولي [[اسپيني ٻولي|اسپيني]] آهي، جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ تمام ارجنٽائني ڳالهائين ٿا.{{sfn|Lewis|Simons|Fennig|2014}} ارجنٽائن دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي اسپيني ڳالهائيندڙ معاشرت آهي جيڪا عالمي سطح تي {{lang|es|[[voseo]]}} استعمال ڪري ٿي (يعني ''tú'' جي بدران ضمير ''vos'' جو استعمال). ارجنٽائن جي وسيع جاگرافيائي بيهڪ سبب، اسپيني ٻوليءَ جا ڪيترائي علائقائي لهجا آهن، جن ۾ سڀ کان مشهور ''[[Rioplatense Spanish|Rioplatense]]'' آهي، جيڪو پامپاس ۽ پاٽاگونيا جي علائقن ۾ ڳالهايو وڃي ٿو. اٽالين مهاجرن جي اثر سبب هتي هڪ علائقائي ٻولي ''[[Lunfardo]]'' به جنم ورتو، جنهن جا لفظ ٻين لاطيني آمريڪي ملڪن ۾ به مشهور ٿيا. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻيون ٻوليون به استعمال ۾ آهن: جنهن ۾ انگريزي (تقريبن 28 لک ماڻهن پاران) شامل آهي. == ثقافت == {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت}} {{See also|ارجنٽائني ماڻهن جي فهرست}} [[File:sol de mayo moneda.png|thumb|1813 جي [[Asamblea del Año XIII|پهرين ارجنٽائني سڪي]] تي [[مئي جو سج]] (Sun of May)]] ارجنٽائن هڪ [[ڪثير الثقافتي]] ملڪ آهي جنهن تي يورپي اثرات تمام گهڻا آهن. جديد ارجنٽائني ثقافت تي ٻين سان گڏوگڏ [[اٽلي جا ماڻهو|اٽالين]]، [[اسپين جا ماڻهو|اسپيني]] ۽ [[فرانس]]، [[روس]]، ۽ [[برطانيا]] مان ايندڙ يورپي مهاجرن جو وڏو اثر رهيو آهي. هن جي شهرن جي خاصيت يورپي نسل جي ماڻهن جي گهڻائي، ۽ فيشن، فن تعمير ۽ ڊيزائن ۾ آمريڪي توڻي يورپي طرز جي شعوري پيروي آهي.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> تمام وڏن شهري مرڪزن ۾ عجائب گھر، سنيما گھر ۽ گئلريون وڏي تعداد ۾ موجود آهن، ان سان گڏوگڏ ادبي بار (literary bars) جهڙا روايتي ادارا، يا اهي بار جيڪي مختلف صنفن جي [[لائيو ميوزڪ]] پيش ڪن ٿا، تمام گهڻا آهن. جيتوڻيڪ هتي [[آمريڪي قديم رهاڪو|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[آفريڪي ثقافت]] جا اثر گهٽ آهن، پر اهي خاص طور تي موسيقي ۽ فن جي شعبن ۾ نمايان آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} ٻيو وڏو اثر [[گاوچو]] (gauchos) ۽ انهن جي خودمختاري واري روايتي ٻهراڙي واري طرز زندگي جو آهي.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} قديم آمريڪي روايتون به عام ثقافتي ماحول ۾ جذب ٿي چڪيون آهن. ارجنٽائني اديب [[Ernesto Sabato]] ارجنٽائن جي ثقافت جي نوعيت تي هن طرح خيالن جو اظهار ڪيو آهي: {{blockquote|هجرت جي ڪري لا پلاٽا بيسن ۾ قديم هسپانوي آمريڪي حقيقت جي ٽٽڻ سان، هتان جا رهاڪو ڪنهن حد تائين ٻٽي شخصيت جا مالڪ بڻجي ويا آهن، جنهن ۾ خطرا به آهن ته فائدا به: اسان جي يورپي پاڙن جي ڪري، اسان قوم کي پراڻي دنيا جي دائمي قدرن سان گهري نموني ڳنڍيون ٿا؛ اسان جي آمريڪي هجڻ جي ناتي، اسان پاڻ کي کنڊ جي باقي حصي سان ڳنڍيون ٿا، اندروني لوڪ ادب ۽ پراڻي ڪاسٽيلين ٻولي جي ذريعي جيڪا اسان کي متحد ڪري ٿي، ۽ اسان ڪنهن حد تائين ان 'پاٽريا گرانڊي' (Patria Grande) جو جذبو محسوس ڪريون ٿا جنهن جو تصور ڪڏهن سان مارٽن ۽ بوليور ڪيو هو. |author=[[Ernesto Sabato]] |source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, pp. 17–18.</ref>}} === ادب === {{Main|ارجنٽائني ادب}} [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|چار ارجنٽائني اديب. مٿي کاٻي کان هيٺ ساڄي تائين: [[Julio Cortázar]]، [[Victoria Ocampo]]، [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ۽ [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]].]] جيتوڻيڪ ارجنٽائن جي شاندار ادبي تاريخ لڳ ڀڳ 1550ع کان شروع ٿئي ٿي،{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} پر ان کي مڪمل خودمختاري [[Esteban Echeverría]] جي 'El Matadero' سان ملي، جيڪو هڪ [[رومانوي ادب|رومانوي]] سنگ ميل هو جنهن 19th صدي جي ارجنٽائني افسانوي ادب جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} اها تاريخ ٻن نظرياتي حصن ۾ ورهايل هئي: هڪ پاسي [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]] جي '[[Martín Fierro]]' جي عوامي ۽ وفاقي شاعري هئي، ته ٻئي پاسي [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]] جي شاهڪار تخليق '[[Facundo]]' جو اشرافيه ۽ تهذيب يافته بحث هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}} [[جديد ادب|جديديت پسند]] (Modernist) تحريڪ 20th صدي تائين وڌي، جنهن ۾ [[Leopoldo Lugones]] ۽ شاعرہ [[Alfonsina Storni]] جهڙا نالا شامل هئا؛{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} ان کان پوءِ [[Vanguardism]] آيو، جنهن ۾ [[Ricardo Güiraldes]] جو '[[Don Segundo Sombra]]' هڪ اهم حوالو هو.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–09|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}} [[Jorge Luis Borges]]، ارجنٽائن جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مڃيل اديب ۽ [[ادب جي تاريخ]] جي اهم ترين شخصيتن مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} هن جديد دنيا کي [[استعارو|استعاري]] ۽ فلسفيانه بحث ۾ ڏسڻ جا نوان طريقا ڳوليا ۽ سندس اثر سڄي دنيا جي ليکڪن تائين پکڙجي ويو. مختصر ڪهاڻيون جهڙوڪ '[[Ficciones]]' ۽ '[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]' سندس مشهور ڪم آهن. هو [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]] جو دوست ۽ ساٿي هو، جنهن مشهور [[سائنسي فڪشن]] ناول '[[The Invention of Morel]]' لکيو هو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}} [[Julio Cortázar]]، جيڪو [[لاطيني آمريڪي بوم]] (Latin American Boom) جي اڳواڻن مان هڪ ۽ 20th صدي جي ادب جو وڏو نالو آهي،{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} هن آمريڪا ۽ يورپ جي اديبن جي هڪ پوري نسل کي متاثر ڪيو.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ارجنٽائن جي موسيقي}} [[File:Mercedes Sosa, by Annemarie Heinrich.jpg|thumb|[[Annemarie Heinrich]] پاران کنيل [[Mercedes Sosa]] جي تصوير]] [[ٽانگو]] (Tango)، جيڪو يورپي ۽ آفريڪي اثرات رکندڙ هڪ ميوزيڪل صنف آهي،{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} ارجنٽائن جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي نشانين مان هڪ آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}} ٽانگو جو سنهري دور، 1930ع کان 1950ع جي وچ تائين هو، جنهن ۾ [[Osvaldo Pugliese]] ۽ [[Aníbal Troilo]] جهڙا وڏا آرڪيسٽرا شامل هئا.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} 1955ع کان پوءِ، [[Astor Piazzolla]] '[[Nuevo tango]]' کي مقبول بڻايو.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} اڄڪلهه دنيا ۾ ٽانگو تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. ارجنٽائن ۾ ڪلاسيڪل ميوزڪ ۽ رقص جي هڪ مضبوط تاريخ آهي، جنهن مان [[Martha Argerich]] (پيانسٽ) ۽ [[Daniel Barenboim]] (ڊائريڪٽر) جهڙا فنڪار پيدا ٿيا آهن. ارجنٽائن جو لوڪ انداز (Folk style) 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ اڀريو، جنهن ۾ [[Mercedes Sosa]] سڄي دنيا ۾ مشهور ٿي. [[ارجنٽائني راڪ]] (Argentine rock) 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ ترقي ڪئي، جنهن ۾ [[Gustavo Cerati]] ۽ [[Charly García]] جهڙا وڏا نالا شامل آهن.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}} === ٿيٽر ۽ سنيما === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ ٿيٽر|ارجنٽائن جو سنيما}} [[File:Andy Muschietti at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-1470.jpg|thumb|[[Andy Muschietti]]، فلم '[[It (2017 film)|It]]' جو ڊائريڪٽر، جيڪا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪمائي ڪندڙ هارر فلم آهي.]] بيونس آئرس دنيا جي عظيم ٿيٽر گاديءَ وارن شهرن مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archive-date=3 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Corrientes Avenue]] کي بيونس آئرس جو براڊوي (Broadway) چيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] اوپيرا ۽ ڪلاسيڪل پرفارمنس لاءِ هڪ عالمي يادگار آهي؛ جنهن جو آواز (acoustics) دنيا جي مٿين پنجن جاين ۾ شمار ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}} ارجنٽائن جي فلمي صنعت تاريخي طور تي لاطيني آمريڪي سنيما جي ٽن ترقي يافته صنعتن مان هڪ رهي آهي (ميڪسيڪو ۽ برازيل سان گڏ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Cultura – Cine |date=16 October 2011 |language=es |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> ارجنٽائن ٻه ڀيرا [[Best Foreign Language Film]] جو اڪيڊمي ايوارڊ (آسڪر) کٽي چڪو آهي: فلم '[[The Official Story]]' (1985) ۽ '[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]' (2009) لاءِ. === بصري فن ۽ فن تعمير === {{See also|ارجنٽائني مصوري|ارجنٽائن جو فن تعمير}} [[File:Fuente_de_las_Nereidas.jpg|thumb|[[Lola Mora]] پاران بڻايل ''Las Nereidas Font'']] ارجنٽائن جي مشهور مصورن ۾ [[Cándido López]]، [[Antonio Berni]]، ۽ [[Xul Solar]] شامل آهن. 1946ع ۾ ارجنٽائن ۾ [[Madí Movement]] شروع ٿيو جيڪو پوءِ يورپ ۽ آمريڪا تائين پکڙجي ويو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref> مشهور بت تراشن (sculptors) ۾ [[Lola Mora]] ۽ [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] جا نالا اهم آهن. فن تعمير ۾ اسپيني نوآبادياتي دور جي 'بيروڪ' (Baroque) طرز اڃا تائين سانتا في ۽ ڪورڊوبا جي چرچن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿي. 19th صدي جي شروعات ۾ اطالوي ۽ فرانسيسي اثرات وڌيا جنهن ارجنٽائن جي عمارتن کي هڪ منفرد روپ ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status = live}}</ref> === ميڊيا === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ مواصلات}} [[File:Canal_7_Argentina.JPG|thumb|چينل 7 جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر، جيڪو ملڪ جو پهريون ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن آهي]] ارجنٽائن ۾ پرنٽ ميڊيا جي صنعت تمام گهڻي ترقي يافته آهي، جتي ٻن سو کان وڌيڪ اخبارون شايع ٿين ٿيون. اهم قومي اخبارن ۾ [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] (لاطيني آمريڪا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ وڪرو ٿيندڙ اخبار)، ''[[La Nación (Buenos Aires)|La Nación]]''، ۽ ''[[Página/12]]'' شامل آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|p=45}}{{sfn|Akstinat|2013|p=20}} ارجنٽائن ۾ دنيا جي پهرين باقاعده ريڊيو نشريات جي شروعات 27 آگسٽ 1920ع تي ٿي، جڏهن بيونس آئرس جي [[Teatro Coliseo]] تان ميڊيڪل جي شاگردن جي هڪ ٽيم پاران رچرڊ ويگنر جو '[[Parsifal]]' نشر ڪيو ويو. === رانديون === {{Main|ارجنٽائن ۾ رانديون}} [[File:Lionel Messi WC2022.jpg|thumb|فٽبالر [[ليونل ميسي]]، اٺ ڀيرا [[Ballon d'Or]] کٽيندڙ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم]] جو موجوده ڪپتان آهي.]] ''[[Pato]]'' ارجنٽائن جي [[قومي راند]] آهي،<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> جيڪا گهوڙي سواريءَ جي هڪ قديم راند آهي. اها 1600ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ مقامي طور تي شروع ٿي هئي ۽ هيءَ راند [[horseball]] جي پيش رو سمجهي وڃي ٿي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–25}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archive-date= 6 July 2011 |url-status = dead|quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city.}}</ref> هتان جي سڀ کان مشهور راند [[فٽبال]] آهي. [[برازيل قومي فٽبال ٽيم|برازيل]]، [[جرمني قومي فٽبال ٽيم|جرمني]] ۽ [[فرانس قومي فٽبال ٽيم|فرانس]] سان گڏ، [[ارجنٽائن قومي فٽبال ٽيم|ارجنٽائن جي مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن [[فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|ورلڊ ڪپ]] ( [[1978 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1978]]، [[1986 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|1986]] ۽ [[2022 فيفا ورلڊ ڪپ|2022]] ۾)، ڪنفيدريشن ڪپ، ۽ اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، اهي سڀئي کٽيا آهن. هنن 16 ڀيرا [[ڪوپا آمريڪا]] (Copas América) ۽ 7 ڀيرا پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل پڻ کٽيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]، [[ڊيگو ماراڊونا]] ۽ [[ليونل ميسي]] کي راندين جي تاريخ جي بهترين رانديگرن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}} ملڪ جي فيلڊ هاڪي جي عورتن جي ٽيم، جنهن کي ''Las Leonas'' چيو وڃي ٿو، دنيا جي ڪامياب ترين ٽيمن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن چار اولمپڪ ميڊل، ٻه ورلڊ ڪپ، هڪ ورلڊ ليگ ۽ ست ڀيرا چيمپيئنز ٽرافي کٽي آهي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] کي هن راند جي تاريخ جي بهترين عورت رانديگر طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو،<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref> جيڪا اٺ ڀيرا 'FIH پليئر آف دي ايئر' جو ايوارڊ حاصل ڪندڙ واحد رانديگر آهي.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archive-date=12 December 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[باسڪيٽ بال]] پڻ هڪ تمام مشهور راند آهي. [[ارجنٽائن قومي باسڪيٽ بال ٽيم|مردن جي قومي ٽيم]] FIBA آمريڪا زون جي واحد ٽيم آهي جنهن ورلڊ چيمپئن شپ، اولمپڪ گولڊ ميڊل، ڊائمنڊ بال، آمريڪا چيمپئن شپ، ۽ پين آمريڪن گولڊ ميڊل کٽيا آهن. هنن 13 ڀيرا ڏکڻ آمريڪي چيمپئن شپ پڻ کٽي آهي.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]]، [[Luis Scola]] ۽ [[Andrés Nocioni]] ملڪ جي مڃيل رانديگرن مان آهن، جيڪي NBA جو حصو رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} ارجنٽائن 1950ع ۽ 1990ع ۾ باسڪيٽ بال ورلڊ ڪپ جي ميزباني پڻ ڪئي. [[Rugby Union|رگبي]] (Rugby) ارجنٽائن جي هڪ ٻي مقبول راند آهي. مردن جي قومي ٽيم، جنهن کي 'Los Pumas' چيو وڃي ٿو، هر رگبي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. هنن جي بهترين ڪارڪردگي 2007ع جي ورلڊ ڪپ ۾ هئي جتي هو ٽئين نمبر تي آيا هئا. [[File:Campeonato Argentino de Polo 2010 - 5236515585 2b8cb412de o.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائن پولو اوپن چيمپئن شپ]]]] ارجنٽائن [[باڪسنگ]] جي ميدان ۾ ڪيترائي عالمي چيمپئن پيدا ڪيا آهن، جن ۾ [[Carlos Monzón]] (تاريخ جو بهترين مڊل ويٽ باڪسر)،<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA |date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archive-date=15 June 2014 |url-status = dead}}</ref> ۽ [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]] شامل آهن. هي سڀ [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]] جا ميمبر آهن.{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–65}} [[ٽينس]] پڻ هر عمر جي ماڻهن ۾ مشهور رهي آهي. [[Guillermo Vilas]] لاطيني آمريڪا جو عظيم ترين رانديگر آهي،{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} جڏهن ته [[Gabriela Sabatini]] ارجنٽائن جي ڪامياب ترين عورت رانديگر آهي، جيڪا WTA رينڪنگ ۾ نمبر 3 تائين پهتي هئي.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} ارجنٽائن جي ٽيم 2016ع ۾ [[ڊيوس ڪپ]] (Davis Cup) پڻ کٽيو هو. ارجنٽائن [[پولو]] (Polo) راند ۾ بنا ڪنهن مقابلي جي عالمي بادشاهت رکي ٿو. هن ملڪ ڪنهن به ٻئي ملڪ جي مقابلي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي چيمپئن شپس کٽيون آهن.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} [[Adolfo Cambiaso]] کي پولو جي تاريخ جو بهترين رانديگر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}} آٽو ريسنگ (Auto racing) ۾ به ارجنٽائن جي تاريخ مضبوط رهي آهي. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] پنج ڀيرا [[فارمولا ون]] ورلڊ چيمپئن رهيو ۽ کيس تاريخ جي عظيم ترين ڊرائيورن ۾ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} == حوالا == {{reflist|2}} == نوٽ == {{notelist|2}} {{notelist-ua}} {{notelist-ua}} [[زمرو:ارجنٽائن]] [[زمرو:عيسائي رياستون]] [[زمرو:وفاقي جمهوريا]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:جمهوريتون]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:لاطيني آمريڪا جا ملڪ]] [[زمرو:گڏيل قومن جا ڀاتي ملڪ]] [[زمرو:اڳوڻي اسپيني ڪالونيون]] [[زمرو:مرڪوسور جون ميمبر رياستون]] [[زمرو:اسپيني ٻولي ڳالھائيندڙ ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:اسپيني سرڪاري ٻولي وارا ملڪ ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ آمريڪا ۾ 1811ع قائم ٿيل ادارا]] [[زمرو:1811ع ۾ قائم ٿيندڙ رياستون ۽ علائقا]] j7ksbjcj654g7gof0a1ip0b7nkgnr2u 0 40137 370504 354119 2026-04-07T11:56:43Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 370504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Emperor of the French (r. 1804–1814, 1815)}} {{Infobox royalty | image = Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg | alt = Portrait of Napoleon in his late thirties, in high-ranking white and dark blue military dress uniform. In the original image he stands amid rich 18th-century furniture laden with papers, and gazes at the viewer. His hair is Brutus style, cropped close but with a short fringe in front, and his right hand is tucked in his waistcoat. | caption = شهنشاهه نيپولن ٽيليريز ۾ پنهنجي مطالعي جي روم ۾، 1812ع | succession = فرانس جو شهنشاهه | reign = 18 مئي 1804 - 6 اپريل 1814ع | reign-type = پهريون | cor-type = | coronation = | predecessor = | successor = لوئس ارڙهون {{efn|name=louis reign|As [[King of France]]}} | reign-type1 = ٻيو | reign1 = 20 مارچ – 22 جون 1815ع | predecessor1 = | successor1 = لوئس ارڙهون {{efn|name=louis reign|As [[King of France]]}} {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = فرانسيسي جمهوريه جو پهريون قونصل | term_start = 13 ڊسمبر 1799 | term_end = 18 مئي 1804 }} | birth_name = نيپولين دي بوناپارٽ | birth_date = {{Birth date|1769|8|15|df=yes}} | birth_place = اجاسيو - ڪورسيڪا - [[فرانس]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1821|5|5|1769|8|15|df=yes}} | death_place = لانگ وڊ، سينٽ هيلينا | burial_date = 15 ڊسمبر 1840ع | burial_place = لئس انواليديس - [[پيرس]] | spouses = {{plainlist| * جوزيفائن ڊي بوهرنئس (9 مارچ 1796ع؛ 10 جنوري 1810ع) * آسٽريا جي ماري لوئس (11 مارچ 1810؛ سيپٽمبر 1814) }} | religion = | regnal name = | issue = نيپولين ٻيون | issue-link = #Children | issue-pipe = وڌيڪ… | full name = | house = | father = | mother = | signature = File:Firma Napoleón Bonaparte.svg }} {{OSM Location map | coord = {{coord|45.3|13}} | zoom = 3 | float = right | width = 306 | height = 330 | title = نيپولين جون جنگيون | caption = Rescale the fullscreen map to see Saint Helena. | shapeD = n-circle | shape-colorD = navy | shape-outlineD = white | mark-sizeD = 16 | label-posD = bottom | ldxD=0 | ldyD=-7 | label-colorD = re | label-sizeD = 8 | mark-coord1 = {{coord|43.13|5.92}} | mark-title1 = [[Siege of Toulon (1793)]] from 29 August to 19 December 1793 | mark-description1 = [[Toulon]] | label1= Toulon | mark-coord2 = {{coord|48.86|2.35}} | mark-title2 = [[13 Vendémiaire]] on 5 October 1795 | mark-description2 = Paris | label2= Paris | mark-coord3 = {{coord|45.36|11.28}} | mark-title3 = {{br entries|[[Battle of Arcole]] is the primary link|---|[[Battle of Montenotte]] from 11 to 12 April 1796|[[Battle of Millesimo]] from 13 to 14 April 1796|[[Second Battle of Dego]] from 14 to 15 April 1796|[[Battle of Ceva]] on 16 April 1796|[[Battle of Mondovì]] from 20 to 22 April 1796|[[Battle of Fombio]] from 7 to 9 May 1796|[[Battle of Lodi]] on 10 May 1796|[[Battle of Borghetto]] on 30 May 1796|[[Battle of Lonato]] from 3 to 4 August 1796|[[Battle of Castiglione]] on 5 August 1796|[[Siege of Mantua (1796–1797)]] from 27 August 1796 to 2 February 1797|[[Battle of Rovereto]] on 4 September 1796|[[Battle of Bassano]] on 8 September 1796|[[Second Battle of Bassano]] on 6 November 1796|[[Battle of Caldiero (1796)]] on 12 November 1796|[[Battle of Arcole]] from 15 to 17 November 1796|[[Battle of Rivoli]] from 14 to 15 January 1797|[[Battle of Valvasone (1797)]] on 16 March 1797|[[Battle of Tagliamento]] on 16 March 1797|[[Battle of Tarvis (1797)]] from 21 to 23 March 1797}} | mark-description3 = [[Arcole]] | label3= Arcole | ldx3=+15 | ldy3=-10 | mark-coord4 = {{coord|35.88|14.45}} | mark-title4 = [[French invasion of Malta]] from 10 to 12 June 1798 | mark-description4 = [[Malta (island)]] | label4= Malta | ldx4=+7 | mark-coord5 = {{coord|30.04|31.25}} | mark-title5 = {{br entries|[[Revolt of Cairo]] is the primary link|---|[[Battle of Shubra Khit]] on 13 July 1798|[[Battle of the Pyramids]] on 21 July 1798|[[Battle of the Nile]] from 1 to 3 August 1798|[[Revolt of Cairo]] from 21 to 22 October 1798|[[Siege of El Arish]] from 8 to 20 February 1799|[[Siege of Jaffa]] from 3 to 7 March 1799|[[Siege of Acre (1799)]] from 20 March to 21 May 1799|[[Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)]] on 16 April 1799|[[Battle of Abukir (1799)]] on 25 July 1799}} | mark-description5 = [[Cairo]] | label5= Cairo | label-pos5 = left | ldx5=9 | ldy5=-7 | mark-coord6 = {{coord|44.88|8.68}} | mark-title6 = [[Battle of Marengo]] on 14 June 1800 | mark-description6 = [[Spinetta Marengo]] | label6= Marengo | label-pos6 = left | ldx6=5 | ldy6=-7 | mark-coord7 = {{coord|49.19|16.76}} | mark-title7 = [[Battle of Austerlitz]] on 2 December 1805 | mark-description7 = [[Slavkov u Brna]] | label7= Austerlitz | label-pos7 = right | ldx7=-5 | ldy7=-10 | mark-coord8 = {{coord|50.93|11.59}} | mark-title8 = [[Battle of Jena–Auerstedt]] on 14 October 1806 | mark-description8 = [[Jena]] | label8= Jena | label-pos8 = left | ldx8=8 | ldy8=2 | mark-coord9 = {{coord|54.43|21.03}} | mark-title9 = {{br entries|[[Battle of Friedland]] is the primary link|---|[[Battle of Czarnowo]] on 23 December 1806|[[Battle of Eylau]] from 7 to 8 February 1807|[[Battle of Friedland]] on 14 June 1807}} | mark-description9 = [[Pravdinsk]], Friedland | label9= Friedland | mark-coord10 = {{coord|41.15|-3.58}} | mark-title10 = [[Battle of Somosierra]] on 30 November 1808 | mark-description10 = [[Somosierra]] | label10= Somosierra | label-pos10 = top | ldx10=-15 | ldy10=2 | mark-coord11 = {{coord|48.18|16.52}} | mark-title11 = {{br entries|[[Battle of Wagram]] is the primary link|---|[[Battle of Teugen-Hausen]] on 19 April 1809|[[Battle of Abensberg]] on 20 April 1809|[[Battle of Landshut (1809)]] on 21 April 1809|[[Battle of Eckmühl]] from 21 to 22 April 1809|[[Battle of Ratisbon]] on 23 April 1809|[[Battle of Aspern-Essling]] from 21 to 22 May 1809|[[Battle of Wagram]] from 5 to 6 July 1809|[[Battle of Znaim]] from 10 to 11 July 1809}} | mark-description11 = [[Lobau]], Wagram | label11= Wagram | ldx11=-10 | ldy11=-8 | mark-coord12 = {{coord|55.53|35.82}} | mark-title12 = {{br entries|[[Battle of Borodino]] is the primary link|---|[[Battle of Vitebsk (1812)|Battle of Vitebsk]] on 26 July 1812|[[Battle of Smolensk (1812)|Battle of Smolensk]] on 16 August 1812|[[Battle of Borodino]] on 7 September 1812}} | mark-description12 = [[Borodino (village), Mozhaysky District, Moscow Oblast|Borodino (village)]] | label12= Borodino | ldx12=-10 | mark-coord13 = {{coord|54.23|28.5}} | mark-title13 = [[Battle of Berezina]] from 26 to 29 November 1812 | mark-description13 = [[Barysaw]] | label13= Berezina | label-pos13 = bottom | ldx13=0 | ldy13=-4 | mark-coord14 = {{coord|51.33|12.38}} | mark-title14 = {{br entries|[[Battle of Leipzig]] is the primary link|---|[[Battle of Lützen (1813)]] on 2 May 1813|[[Battle of Bautzen (1813)]] from 20 to 21 May 1813|[[Battle of Dresden]] from 26 to 27 August 1813|[[Battle of Leipzig]] from 16 to 19 October 1813|[[Battle of Hanau]] from 30 to 31 October 1813}} | mark-description14 = [[Leipzig]] | label14= Leipzig | label-pos14 = right | ldx14=-4 | ldy14=-2 | mark-coord15 = {{coord|48.64|4.95}} | mark-title15 = {{br entries|[[Battle of Saint-Dizier]] is the primary link|---|[[Battle of Brienne]] on 29 January 1814|[[Battle of La Rothière]] on 1 February 1814|[[Battle of Champaubert]] on 10 February 1814|[[Battle of Montmirail]] on 11 February 1814|[[Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)]] on 12 February 1814|[[Battle of Vauchamps]] on 14 February 1814|[[Battle of Mormant]] on 17 February 1814|[[Battle of Montereau]] on 18 February 1814|[[Battle of Craonne]] on 7 March 1814|[[Battle of Laon]] from 9 to 10 March 1814|[[Battle of Reims (1814)]] from 12 to 13 March 1814|[[Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube]] from 20 to 21 March 1814|[[Battle of Saint-Dizier]] on 26 March 1814}} | mark-description15 = [[Saint-Dizier]] | label15= Dizier | label-pos15 = right | ldx15=-5 | ldy15=-5 | mark-coord16 = {{coord|42.78|10.29}} | mark-title16 = [[Principality of Elba|Exile to Elba]] from 30 May 1814 to 26 February 1815 | mark-description16 = [[Elba]] | label16 = Elba | label-pos16 = bottom | ldx16=7 | ldy16=-7 | mark-coord17 = {{coord|50.72|4.4}} | mark-title17 = [[Battle of Waterloo]] on 18 June 1815 | mark-description17 = [[Waterloo, Belgium]] | label17 = Waterloo | label-pos17 = left | ldx17=7 | ldy17=-5 | mark-coord18 = {{coord|45.94|-0.96}} | mark-title18 = [[Frederick Lewis Maitland#Helenaincampaignwaterloo|Surrender of Napoleon]] on 15 July 1815 | mark-description18 = [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime]] | label18 = Rochefort | label-pos18 = left | ldx18=7 | ldy18=-5 | mark-coord19 = {{coord|-15.97|-5.7}} | mark-title19 = {{br entries|[[Briars, Saint Helena|Exile on Saint Helena]]|Napoleon died on 5 May 1821}} | mark-description19 = [[Saint Helena]] | label19 = Saint Helena }} '''نيپولين بوناپارٽ''' (Napoléon Bonaparte؛پيدائش: نيپولين دي بوناپارٽ {{sfnp|Dwyer|2008a|p=xv}} 15 آگسٽ 1769ع – 5 مئي 1821ع)، جيڪو بعد ۾ سندس شاهي نالي، "نيپولين پھريون" سان مشهور ٿيو، هڪ فرانسيسي فوجي آفيسر ۽ سياستدان هو، جيڪو فرانس جي انقلاب دوران مشهور ٿيو ۽ سڄي يورپ ۾ ڪامياب مهمن جي هڪ سلسلي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي. سال 1796ع کان 1815ع تائين فرانس جي انقلابي ۽ نيپولين جنگين دوران هو 1799ع کان 1804ع تائين فرنچ ريپبلڪ جو فرسٽ قونصلر، پوءِ سال 1804ع کان 1814ع تائين فرانسيسي سلطنت جو شهنشاهه، ۽ مختصر طور تي وري 1815ع ۾ شهنشاهه هو. ڪورسيڪا ٻيٽ تي اطالوي نسل جي خاندان ۾ پيدا ٿين وارو، نيپولين سال 1779ع ۾ سرزمين فرانس لڏي ويو ۽ 1785ع ۾ فرينچ رائل آرمي ۾ آفيسر طور ڪم ڪيو ويو. هن 1789ع ۾ فرانس جي انقلاب جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ ڪورسيڪا ۾ پنهنجي مقصد کي اڳتي وڌايو. سال 1793ع ۾ طولون ([[Siege of Toulon (1793)|Toulon]]) جو گهيرو کٽڻ ۽ سال 1795ع ۾ 13 وينڊميائر تي پيرس ۾ شاهي باغين کي شڪست ڏيڻ کان پوءِ هو تيزيءَ سان صفن مان اڳتي وڌيو. سال 1796ع ۾ نيپولن آسٽريا ۽ انهن جي اطالوي اتحادين جي خلاف جنگ ۾ پهرين اتحاد جي جنگ ۾ فوجي مهم جو حڪم ڏنو ۽ فيصلا ڪن فتحن سان قومي هيرو بڻجي ويو. هن سال 1798ع ۾ مصر ۽ شام تي حملي جي اڳواڻي ڪئي جيڪا سياسي طاقت لاءِ اسپرنگ بورڊ طور ڪم ڪيو. نومبر 1799ع ۾، نيپولين ڊائريڪٽري جي خلاف 18 بروميئر جي بغاوت کي انجنيئر ڪيو ۽ جمهوريه جو پهريون قونصلر ٿيو. هن سال 1800ع ۾ مارينگو جي جنگ کٽي، جنهن ٻي جنگ ۾ فرانس جي فتح حاصل ڪئي ۽ 1803ع ۾ لوزيانا جو علائقو آمريڪا کي وڪڻي ڇڏيو. ڊسمبر 1804ع ۾ نيپولين پاڻ کي فرانس جو شهنشاهه بڻائي، پنهنجي طاقت کي وڌيڪ وڌايو. امينز (Amiens) جي معاهدي جي ڀڃڪڙي سال 1805ع ۾ ٽن اتحاد جي جنگ جو سبب بڻيو. نيپولين آسٽرلز (Austerlitz) جي جنگ ۾ هڪ فيصلي واري فتح سان اتحاد کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ مقدس رومن سلطنت کي ختم ڪيو ويو. چوٿين اتحاد جي جنگ ۾، نيپولين 1806ع ۾ جينا-اورسٽڊٽ جي جنگ ۾ پروشيا کي شڪست ڏني، پنهنجي گرانڊي آرميءَ کي اوڀر يورپ ڏانهن روانو ڪيو، ۽ 1807ع ۾ فريڊلينڊ جي جنگ ۾ روسين کي شڪست ڏني. برطانيه جي خلاف پنهنجي واپاري پابندي کي وڌائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندي، نيپولين آئبيرين جزيري نما تي حملو ڪيو ۽ 1808ع ۾ پنهنجي ڀاء جوزف کي اسپين جو بادشاهه مقرر ڪيو، جزيري جي جنگ جو سبب بڻيو. 1809ع ۾ آسٽريا وارن پنجين اتحاد جي جنگ ۾ فرانس کي ٻيهر چيلينج ڪيو، جنهن ۾ نيپولين وگرام جي جنگ کٽڻ بعد يورپ تي پنهنجي گرفت مضبوط ڪئي. 1812ع جي اونهاري ۾، هن روس تي حملو ڪيو، جيڪو سياري ۾ هن جي فوج جي تباهي واري پٺڀرائي ۾ ختم ٿي ويو. 1813ع ۾ پروشيا ۽ آسٽريا روس سان ڇهين اتحاد جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا، جنهن ۾ ليپزگ جي جنگ ۾ نيپولين کي عبرتناڪ شڪست ڏني وئي. اتحاد فرانس تي حملو ڪيو ۽ پيرس تي قبضو ڪيو، نيپولين کي اپريل 1814ع ۾ تخت ڇڏڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. انهن کيس ميڊيٽرينين ٻيٽ ايلبا تي جلاوطن ڪيو ۽ بوربونن کي اقتدار ۾ بحال ڪيو. ڏهن مهينن کان پوءِ، نيپولين ايلبا کان هڪ بريگيڊ تي ڀڄي ويو ۽ هڪ هزار ماڻهن سان فرانس ۾ آيو ۽ پيرس ڏانهن روانو ٿيو ۽ ٻيهر ملڪ تي قبضو ڪيو. سندس مخالفن جواب ۾ ستين اتحاد ٺهرايو، جنهن کيس جون 1815ع ۾ واٽرلو جي جنگ ۾ شڪست ڏني. نيپولن کي ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ جي ڏورانهن ٻيٽ سينٽ هيلينا ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هو سال 1821ع ۾ معدي جي ڪينسر سبب 51 سالن جي عمر ۾ وفات ڪري ويو. نيپولين کي تاريخ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو فوجي ڪمانڊر سمجهيو ويندو آهي ۽ نيپولين جي حڪمت عملي اڃا تائين سڄي دنيا ۾ فوجي اسڪولن ۾ پڙهائي رهيا آهن. هن جي ورثي کي جديد قانوني ۽ انتظامي سڌارن جي ذريعي برداشت ڪري ٿو، جيڪو هن فرانس ۽ مغربي يورپ ۾ نافذ ڪيو، نيپولين ڪوڊ ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. هن عوامي تعليم جو هڪ نظام قائم ڪيو،{{sfnp|Grab|2003|page=56}} جاگيرداري جا نشان ختم ڪيا، <ref name="Broers2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMgIBFA5AcUC&pg=PA230|title=The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture|last1=Broers|first1=M.|last2=Hicks|first2=P.|last3=Guimera|first3=A.|date=10 October 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-27139-6|pages=230|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202040241/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMgIBFA5AcUC&pg=PA230|archive-date=2 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> يهودين ۽ ٻين مذهبي اقليتن کي آزاد ڪيو، {{sfnp|Conner|2004|pp=38–40}} اسپينش انڪويزيشن کي ختم ڪيو، <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oL0js9g5kkC&pg=PA98|title=The Spanish Inquisition: A History|last=Pérez|first=Joseph|date=2005|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11982-4|pages=98|author-link=Joseph Pérez|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202040241/https://books.google.com/books?id=9oL0js9g5kkC&pg=PA98|archive-date=2 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> هڪ اڀرندڙ وچولي طبقي لاءِ قانون آڏو برابري جو اصول نافذ ڪيو{{sfnp|Fremont-Barnes|Fisher|2004|p=336}} ۽ مذهبي اختيارين جي جاء تي رياستي طاقت کي مرڪزي حيثيت ڏني.{{sfnp|Grab|2017|pp=204-211}} سندس فتوحات سياسي تبديليءَ ۽ قومي رياستن جي ترقيءَ لاءِ اتساهه جو ڪم ڪيو. بهرحال، هو جنگين ۾ پنهنجي ڪردار جنهن يورپ کي تباهه ڪيو، سندس فتح ڪيل علائقن جي ڦرلٽ ۽ شهري حقن تي سندس مخلوط رڪارڊ جي ڪري تڪراري آهي. هن آزاد پريس کي ختم ڪيو، سڌي طرح چونڊيل نمائندن جي حڪومت کي ختم ڪيو، پنهنجي حڪومت جي نقادن کي جلاوطن ڪيو ۽ جيل ۾ وڌو، هيٽي کان سواء فرانس جي نوآبادين ۾ غلامي کي بحال ڪيو، فرانس ۾ ڪارين ۽ ملٽي جي داخلا تي پابندي لڳائي، فرانس ۾ عورتن ۽ ٻارن جي شهري حقن کي گهٽايو، هڪ موروثي بادشاهت ۽ شرافت کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو{{sfnp|Dwyer|2015a|pp=574-76, 582-84}}{{sfnp|Conner|2004|pp=32-34, 50-51}}{{sfnp|Bell|2015|p=52}} ۽ هن جي حڪمراني جي خلاف عوامي بغاوت کي تشدد سان دٻايو.<ref name="Repa2222">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4491668.stm|title=Furore over Austerlitz ceremony|last=Repa|first=Jan|date=2 December 2005|access-date=5 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420234710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4491668.stm|archive-date=20 April 2010|publisher=BBC|url-status=live}}</ref> == شروعاتي زندگي == == شروعاتي ڪيريئر == == فرانس جو حڪمران == == سينٽ هيلينا تي جلاوطني == == مذهب == == شخصيت == == ظاهر ۽ تصوير == == سڌارا == ==ورثو ۽ مان== === تنقيد === [[File:El Tres de Mayo, by Francisco de Goya, from Prado thin black margin.jpg|thumb|right|فرانسسڪو گويا جي پينٽنگ، "3 مئي، 1808ع"، فرينچ فوجين پاران اسپيني مزاحمت ڪارن جي قتل عام کي ظاهر ڪندي.]] [[File:Plate L from 'An Historical Account of the Campaign in the Netherlands' by William Mudford (1817).jpg|thumb|واٽرلو جي جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل سپاهين جي اجتماعي قبر (پينٽنگ).]]ان تي بحث آهي ته ڇا نيپولين "هڪ روشن خيال آمر هو جنهن جديد يورپ جو بنياد رکيو" يا "هڪ ميگلومانيڪ جنهن هٽلر جي اچڻ کان اڳ ڪنهن به انسان طرفان وڌيڪ مصيبت پيدا ڪئي“.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/book-review-napoleon-a-life-by-andrew-roberts-1414788232|title=Everything is Owed to Glory|last=Hastings|first=Max|date=31 October 2014|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113133508/http://online.wsj.com/articles/book-review-napoleon-a-life-by-andrew-roberts-1414788232|archive-date=13 November 2014}}</ref> هن جو مقابلو ايڊولف هٽلر سان سال 1947ع ۾ پيٽر گيئل ۽ ڪلاڊ ريبي سال 2005ع ۾ ڪيو.<ref>{{harvp|Dwyer|2008b}}</ref> جڏهن ته نيپولين جا اڪثر جديد نقاد، هن جي هٽلر سان مقابلي کي رد ڪرڻ ٿا، اهو دليل ڏيندي ته نيپولن نسل ڪشي نه ڪئي هئي ۽ نه ئي هن جي سياسي مخالفن جي قتل عام ۽ قيد ۾ ملوث هو. تنهن هوندي به، ڊيوڊ اي. بيل ۽ ميڪلين سر زمين شام جي جنگ ۾ هن جي هٿان 3,000 کان 5,000 ترڪ قيدين جي قتل جي مذمت ڪن ٿا.{{sfnp|McLynn|1997|p=280}} ڪيترن ئي مؤرخن دليل ڏنو ته هن جي توسيع پسند پرڏيهي پاليسي "نيپولين جنگين" جو هڪ وڏو عنصر هو،<ref>Charles Esdaile (2008), ''Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815'', p. 39</ref> جنهن ۾ 60 لک زندگيون ضايع ٿيون ۽ هڪ نسل لاءِ معاشي خلل پيدا ٿيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.claremont.org/crb/article/the-little-tyrant/|title=The Little Tyrant, A review of ''Napoleon: A Penguin Life''|author=Hanson, Victor Davis|author-link=Victor Davis Hanson|year=2003|publisher=The Claremont Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824130449/https://www.claremont.org/crb/article/the-little-tyrant/|archive-date=24 August 2019|access-date=16 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ميڪلين ۽ ڪوريلي بارنيٽ جو چوڻ آهي ته نيپولين جي هڪ فوجي جينيئس جي حيثيت ۾ شهرت مبالغو آهي.{{sfnp|McLynn|1997|p=665}} ڪوبن ۽ سوسن پي. ڪونر جو چوڻ آهي ته نيپولين پنهنجي سپاهين جي جانن جي پرواهه نه ڪندو هو ۽ هن جي جنگي حڪمت عملين جي ڪري گهڻو جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfnp|Conner|2004|pp=62, 105-07}} نقاد پڻ نيپولين طرفان فتح ڪيل علائقن جي استحصال جو حوالو ڏين ٿا.{{sfnp|McLynn|1997|p=665}} هن جي جنگين جي ماليات لاء، نيپولن شامل ڪيل علائقن ۽ سيٽلائيٽ رياستن مٿان ٽيڪس ۽ فوجي محصولات وڌايو.{{sfnp|Cobban|1963|p=29, 46}} هن غير مساويانه چنگي (Tariff) جي پاليسين کي پڻ متعارف ڪرايو جنهن اتحادين ۽ سيٽلائيٽ رياستن جي جاء تي فرانس جي واپار کي وڌايو.{{sfnp|Cobban|1963|p=52}} هن ڦرلٽ کي قانوني شڪل ڏنو: فرانسيسي عجائب گهر نيپولين جي فوجن طرفان سڄي يورپ مان چوري ڪيل فن پارن تي مشتمل آهن. نوادرات کي پيرس ۾ آندو ويو، هڪ عظيم مرڪزي عجائب گھر، "لوور ميوزيم" (Musée du Louvre) لاء، ھڪڙي مثال، جن جي پوء اچڻ واري سامراجي قوتون پيروي ڪيون.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210507-glory-of-arms-and-art-napoleonic-plunder-and-the-birth-of-national-museums|title='Glory of arms and art': Napoleonic plunder and the birth of national museums|last=Dodman|first=Benjamin|date=7 May 2021|website=[[France 24]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109005739/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210507-glory-of-arms-and-art-napoleonic-plunder-and-the-birth-of-national-museums|archive-date=9 November 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> ڪيترا ئي مؤرخ نيپولين جي آمرانه طرز حڪمراني تي تنقيد ڪيا آهن، خاص ڪري 1807ع کان پوءِ، جنهن ۾ سينسرشپ، آزاد اخبارن جي بندش، سڌين چونڊن ۽ نمائندن جي حڪومت جي پاسداري، آزاديءَ ڏيکاريندڙ ججن جي برطرفي ۽ راڄ جي نقادن جي جلاوطني شامل هئي.{{sfnp|Dwyer|2015a|pp=574-76, 582-84}}{{sfnp|Conner|2004|pp=32-34}}{{sfnp|Bell|2015|p=52}} مورخ پڻ نيپولين تي عورتن، ٻارن ۽ رنگ دار ماڻهن جي شهري حقن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ سول موت ۽ ملڪيت جي ضبطي جي قانوني سزا کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائڻ جو الزام پڻ لڳائڻ ٿا.{{sfnp|Dwyer|2015a|pp=578, 584}}{{sfnp|Conner|2004|pp=32-34}}{{sfnp|Cobban|1963|p=27-28}} موروثي بادشاهت ۽ شرافت جو سندس ٻيهر تعارف تڪراري رهي ٿو.{{sfnp|Conner|2004|p=49}}{{sfnp|Dwyer|2015a|pp=579-84}} هيٽي جي انقلاب ۾ سندس ڪردار ۽ ڪيريبين ۽ هندي سمنڊ ۾ فرانس جي نوآبادين ۾ غلاميءَ کي بحال ڪرڻ جو فيصلو سندس شهرت تي منفي اثر پيو.<ref name="Repa222">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4491668.stm|title=Furore over Austerlitz ceremony|last=Repa|first=Jan|date=2 December 2005|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420234710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4491668.stm|archive-date=20 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56977769|title=Napoleon's incendiary legacy divides France 200 years on|last=Williamson|first=Lucy|date=4 May 2021|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> ===Propaganda and memory=== {{Main|Napoleonic propaganda|Bonapartism}} [[File:Napoleon's exile to Elba3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|1814 English caricature of Napoleon being exiled to [[Elba]]: the ex-emperor is riding a donkey backwards while holding a broken sword.]] Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his regime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship and control of the [[Mass media|press]], books, theatre, and art were part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing peace and stability to France. Propaganda focused on his role first as a general then as a civil leader and emperor. He fostered a relationship with artists, commissioning and controlling different forms of art to suit his propaganda goals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forrest |first=A. |title=Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France |url=https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/fh/18.4.426 |journal=French History |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=426–445 |date=1 December 2004 |doi=10.1093/fh/18.4.426 |issn=0269-1191 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207110509/https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-abstract/18/4/426/591574?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live}}</ref> Napoleonic propaganda survived his exile to Saint Helena. Las Cases, who was with Napoleon in exile, published ''[[The Memorial of Saint Helena]]'' in 1822, creating a legend of Napoleon as a liberal, visionary proponent of European unification, deposed by reactionary elements of the ''Ancien Régime''.{{sfnp|Price|2014|p=262}}{{sfnp|Bell|2015|p=106}} Napoleon remained a central figure in the romantic art and literature of the 1820s and 1830s.{{sfnp|Bell|2015|p=107}} The Napoleonic legend played a key role in collective political defiance of the Bourbon restoration monarchy in 1815–1830. People from different walks of life and areas of France, particularly Napoleonic veterans, drew on the Napoleonic legacy and its connections with the ideals of the 1789 Revolution.<ref name=Memory>{{Cite journal |last=Hazareesingh |first=Sudhir |author-link=Sudhir Hazareesingh |title=Memory and Political Imagination: The Legend of Napoleon Revisited |url=https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/fh/18.4.463 |journal=French History |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=463–483 |doi=10.1093/fh/18.4.463 |issn=0269-1191 |date=2004 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207110510/https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-abstract/18/4/463/591569?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live}}</ref> The defiance manifested itself in seditious materials, displaying the tricolour and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations.<ref name=Memory /> Bell sees the return of Napoleon's remains to France in 1840 as an attempt by Louis-Phillipe to prop up his unpopular regime by associating it with Napoleon, and that the regime of Napoleon III was only possible due to the continued resonance of the Napoleonic legend.{{sfnp|Bell|2015|pp=107-109}} Venita Datta argues that following the collapse of militaristic [[Georges Ernest Boulanger|Boulangism]] in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Writers and critics of the ''[[Belle Époque]]'' exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/french-historical-studies/article/28/1/1/9475/L-appel-Au-Soldat-Visions-of-the-Napoleonic-Legend |last=Datta |first=Venita |title="L'appel Au Soldat": Visions of the Napoleonic Legend in Popular Culture of the Belle Epoque |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1215/00161071-28-1-1 |issn=0016-1071 |date=2005 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207104224/https://read.dukeupress.edu/french-historical-studies/article-abstract/28/1/1/9475/L-appel-Au-Soldat-Visions-of-the-Napoleonic-Legend?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 21st century, Napoleon appears regularly in popular fiction, drama and advertising. Napoleon and his era remain major topics of historical research with a sharp increase in historical books, articles and symposia during the bicentenary years of 1999 to 2015.{{sfnp|Bell|2015|pp=109-12}}<ref>{{cite web |title=H-Net announcements 2004-08-12 - 2004-08-17 | url=https://arthist.net/archive/26563 | website=Arthist.net}}</ref><gallery widths="200" heights="200"> File:Napoleon at the Great St. Bernard - Jacques-Louis David - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|''[[Napoleon Crossing the Alps]]'', [[Romanticism|romantic]] version by [[Jacques-Louis David]] in 1805 File:Paul Delaroche - Napoleon Crossing the Alps - Google Art Project 2.jpg|''[[Bonaparte Crossing the Alps]]'', [[Realism (art movement)|realist]] version by [[Paul Delaroche]] in 1848 File:Moscow (1812). Napoleon leaves the Kremlin.jpg|Moscow (1812). ''Napoleon leaves the Kremlin'', part of the [[French occupation of Moscow]], painting by [[Maurice Orange]]. </gallery> ===Long-term influence outside France=== {{Main|:Influence of the French Revolution}} [[File:Flickr - USCapitol - Napoleon I (1769-1821).jpg|thumb|upright|[[commons:Bas-reliefs in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives|Bas-relief]] of Napoleon in the chamber of the [[United States House of Representatives]]]]Napoleon was responsible for spreading many of the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially through the Napoleonic Code.{{sfnp|Grab|2017|p=2016ff}} After the fall of Napoleon, it continued to influence the law in western Europe and other parts of the world including Latin America, the Dominican Republic, Louisiana and Quebec.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lobingier |first=Charles Sumner |date=December 1918 |title=Napoleon and His Code |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1327640 |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=114–134 |doi=10.2307/1327640 |issn=0017-811X |jstor=1327640 |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210214854/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1327640 |url-status=live}}</ref> Napoleon's regime abolished remnants of feudalism in the lands he conquered and in his satellite states. He liberalized [[property law]]s, ended [[manorialism]], abolished the [[guild]] of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship, legalized divorce, closed the Jewish [[ghetto]]s and ended the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and [[equality before the law]] was proclaimed for all men.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=R. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernw0000palm_l5v4/page/428 |title=A history of the modern world |date=1995 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-07-040826-5 |pages=428–429 |author-link=Robert Roswell Palmer}}</ref> Napoleon reorganized what had been the [[Holy Roman Empire]], made up of about three hundred ''[[Kleinstaaterei]]'', into a more streamlined forty-state [[Confederation of the Rhine]]; this helped promote the [[German Confederation]] and the [[unification of Germany]] in 1871, as it sparked a new wave of [[German nationalism]] that opposed the French intervention.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scheck |first=Raffael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QWqtAwAAQBAJ |title=Germany, 1871-1945: A Concise History |date=2008 |publisher=Berg |isbn=978-1-84520-817-2 |pages=11–13 |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207104231/https://books.google.com/books?id=QWqtAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> The movement toward [[Italian unification]] was similarly sparked by Napoleonic rule.<ref>{{cite book |last=Astarita |first=Tommaso |url=https://archive.org/details/betweensaltwater00tomm |title=Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy |date=2005 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=0-393-05864-6 |page=264ff}}</ref> These changes contributed to the development of nationalism and the [[nation state]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Alter |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/unitydiversityin0000unse_f1p7 |title=Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800 |date=2006 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-726382-8 |editor1=T. C. W. Blanning |editor1-link=T. C. W. Blanning |pages=61–76 |editor2=Hagen Schulze |editor2-link=Hagen Schulze}}</ref> The Napoleonic invasion of Spain and ousting of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy had a significant effect on [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]]. Many local elites sought to rule in the name of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]], whom they considered the legitimate monarch. Napoleon indirectly began the process of [[Spanish American wars of independence|Latin American independence]] when the power vacuum was filled by local political leaders such as [[Simón Bolívar]] and [[José de San Martín]]. Such leaders embraced nationalistic sentiments influenced by French nationalism and led successful independence movements in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Crisis of 1808 |url=https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/spanishsetting/pages/crisis.html |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=www.brown.edu |publisher=Brown University |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731113614/https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/spanishsetting/pages/crisis.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[John Lynch (historian)|John Lynch]], ''Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850''. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992, pp. 402–403.</ref> Napoleon's reputation is generally favourable in Poland, which is the only country in the world to evoke him in its national anthem, [[Poland Is Not Yet Lost]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/napoleon-and-polish-identity |last=Nieuwazny |first=Andrzej |title=Napoleon and Polish Identity |website=www.historytoday.com |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207104311/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/napoleon-and-polish-identity |url-status=live}}</ref> ==ٻار== [[File:François_Pascal_Simon_Gérard_004b.jpg|thumb|ايمپريس ميري لوئس ۽ سندس پٽ نيپولين، فرانڪوس گيرارڊ جي پينٽنگ، 1813ع|upright=.85]] نيپولين 1796ع ۾ جوزيفائن سان شادي ڪئي، پر ان شاديءَ مان ڪوبه اولاد نه ٿي.{{sfnp|Dwyer|2013|pp=320-21}} سال 1806ع ۾، هن پنهنجي سوٽ پٽ، يوگين ڊي بيوهارنيس (1781-1824ع) ۽ انهن جي ٻئي کزن، اسٽيفني ڊي بيوهارنيس (1789-1860ع) کي گود ورتو ۽ انهن لاء خانداني شاديون ترتيب ڏنيون.{{sfnp|McLynn|1997|p=318-19}} نيپولين جي ميري لوئس سان شادي هڪ ٻار، نيپولين فرانسس جوزف چارلس <small>('''نيپولين'''</small> <small>'''بيون؛ 1811-1832ع''')</small> پيدا ڪيو، جيڪو ڄمڻ کان وٺي روم جي بادشاهه طور سڃاتو ويندو هو. جڏهن نيپولين سال 1815ع ۾ تخت تان دستبردار ٿيو ته هن پنهنجي پٽ جو نالو ”نيپولين ٻيون“ رکيو، پر اتحادين کيس سڃاڻڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. هن کي سال 1818ع ۾ ڊيوڪ آف ريخسٽڊٽ جو لقب ڏنو ويو ۽ هي 21 سالن جي عمر ۾ تپ دق (<small>TB</small>) جي سبب وفات ڪيائين، جنهن ۾ ڪوبه اولاد نه هو.{{sfnp|Palmer|1984|p=203}} نيپولن ايلونور ڊينيلي ڊي لا پليگين طرفان هڪ ناجائز پٽ، چارلس ليون (<small>1806-1881</small><small>ع</small>) تسليم ڪيو.<ref name="m63022">{{harvp|McLynn|1997|p=630}}</ref> اليگزينڊر ڪولونا-والوسڪي (<small>1810-1868</small><small>ع</small>)، هن جي پولستاني رکيل ماريا ويلوسڪا جو پٽ، پڻ وڏي پيماني تي مشهور هو ته هن جو ٻار هو، جيئن ڊي اين اي ثبوت تصديق ڪئي آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lucotte|first1=Gérard|last2=Macé|first2=Jacques|last3=Hrechdakian|first3=Peter|date=September 2013|title=Reconstruction of the Lineage Y Chromosome Haplotype of Napoléon the First|url=http://www.ijsciences.com/pub/pdf/V220130935.pdf|journal=International Journal of Sciences|volume=2|pages=127–139|issn=2305-3925|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406223823/http://www.ijsciences.com/pub/pdf/V220130935.pdf|archive-date=6 April 2014|name-list-style=amp|url-status=live|number=9}}</ref> ٿي سگهي ٿو ته هن کي وڌيڪ ناجائز اولاد هجي.<ref name="McLynn42322">{{harvp|McLynn|1997|p=423}}</ref> ==ٽائيٽل== {{S-start}} {{s-off}} {{S-bef | rows = 1 | before = [[French Directory]] }} {{S-ttl | rows = 1 | title = [[First Consul of France|First Consul of the French Republic]]<ref>[[s:The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative of the History of France, 1789–1907/58|Constitution of 13 December 1799]] (decreed on the 13th, proclaimed on the 15th)</ref> | years = 13 December 1799 – 18 May 1804<br /><small>with [[Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès]]<br />and [[Charles-François Lebrun]]</small> | years1 = | years2 = }} {{S-aft | rows = 1| after = Himself as Emperor }} {{S-bef | rows = 1 | before = [[Cisalpine Republic|Cisalpine Directory]] }} {{S-ttl | rows = 1 | title = [[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|President of the Italian Republic]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kubben |first=Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z76UjBOEU8cC&pg=PA276 |title=Franco-Batavian Relations in the Revolutionary Era, 1795-1803 |date=2011 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-18558-6 |page=276 |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202040849/https://books.google.com/books?id=z76UjBOEU8cC&pg=PA276 |url-status=live}}</ref> | years = 26 January 1802 – 18 May 1805<br /><small>with [[Francesco Melzi d'Eril]] as Vicepresident</small> }} {{S-aft | rows = 1| after = Himself as King }} {{S-bef | rows = 1 | before = [[Helvetic Republic|Helvetic Assembly]] }} {{S-ttl | rows = 1 | title = [[Act of Mediation|Mediator of the Swiss Confederation]]<ref>[https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009808/2009-12-08/ Acte de Médiation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202040846/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009808/2009-12-08/ |date=2 December 2023}}; [https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009798/2009-10-29/ Médiation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202040847/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009798/2009-10-29/ |date=2 December 2023}}, ''[[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]]''</ref> | years = 19 February 1803 – 29 December 1813 | regent1 = }} {{S-aft | rows = 1| after = [[Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland|Swiss Restoration]] }} {{S-bef | rows = 1 | before = Himself as [[First Consul]]<br />[[Louis XVIII]] as [[King of France]] }} {{S-ttl | rows = 1 | title = [[Emperor of the French]]<ref>[[s:Constitution of the Year XII|Constitution of 18 May 1804]]</ref><br />as Napoleon I | years = 18 May 1804 – 6 April 1814<br />20 March – 22 June 1815 }} {{S-aft | rows = 1| after = [[Louis XVIII]] as [[King of France]] }} {{S-bef | rows = 1 | before = Himself as President }} {{S-ttl | rows = 1 | title = [[King of Italy]]<ref>[[s:fr:Statut constitutionnel du 17 mars 1805|Statut constitutionnel du 17 mars 1805]]</ref> | years = 17 March 1805 – 6 April 1814<br /><small>with [[Eugène de Beauharnais]] as [[Viceroy]]</small> }} {{s-vac|rows=1|next=[[Victor Emmanuel II]] in 1861}} {{S-bef | rows = 1 | before = [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]]<br /><small>(Emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]])</small> }} {{S-ttl | rows = 1 | title = [[Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine]]<ref>[[s:de:Seite:De Zeumer V2 532.jpg|Die Rheinbunds-Akte. – 1806, Juli 12.]]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Emsley |first=Clive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GSPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 |title=Napoleonic Europe |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89780-4 |pages=246–248 |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202040849/https://books.google.com/books?id=6GSPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 |url-status=live}}</ref> | years = 12 July 1806 – 4 November 1813<br /><small>with [[Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg|Karl von Dalberg]] as [[Prince-primate]]</small> }} {{S-aft | rows = 1| after = [[Francis I, Emperor of Austria|Francis II (I)]]<br /><small>(Head of the [[German Confederation]])</small> }} {{S-bef | rows = 1 | before = Himself as Emperor }} {{S-ttl | rows = 1 | title = [[Principality of Elba|Prince of Elba]]<ref>[[s:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)|Treaty of Fontainebleau, 11 April 1814.]]</ref> | years = 11 April 1814 – 26 February 1815 }} {{S-aft | rows = 1| after = Himself as Emperor }} {{S-end}} ==نشان== On becoming emperor, Napoleon adopted the [[French Imperial Eagle]] as his arms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boureau |first=Alain |title=L'aigle : chronique politique d'un emblème. |publisher=Éditions du Cerf |year=1985 |location=Paris|pages=204|chapter=Chp.VI "Un signe de ralliement : l'aigle étatique des États-Unis et de l'Empire français (1776-1804) L'aigle d'Amérique L'aigle de l'Empire français"}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 300 | background color = white | header_background = White | header = Imperial Arms of Napoleon | image1 = Arms of the French Empire.svg | alt1 = Arms of Napoleon | caption1 = Arms: ''Azure, an Eagle Or, head facing to the sinister, clutching in its talons a Thunderbolt Or.'' | website = | image2 = Imperial Coat of Arms of France (1804-1815).svg | alt2 = | caption2 = Achievement of Napoleon | footer_background = White | footer = '''Arms and Achievement of Napoleon'''<ref name="Neubecker">{{cite book | title = Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meanings | author = Ottfried Neubecker & J P Brooke-Little | year = 1980 | publisher = The Book Service Ltd | isbn = 978-0354044936 | page = 98 }}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Louda">{{cite book |title = Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |author = Jirí Louda & Michael MacLagan |year = 1999 |publisher = Little, Brown |isbn = 978-1856054690 | page = 125 }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Normand|first=Charles|title=Armes et sceau de l'Empire français|location=Paris|year=1804|quote=*The Arms depicts a shield with a golden eagle in front of a blue background, within its talons clutching a thunderbolt. The shield is surrounded by Napoleon's red Imperial mantle, filled with golden bees. The shield is topped by the Imperial crown, which sits atop a golden Imperial helmet. Surrounding the shield is the chain and pendant of the Legion d'honneur. Crossed behind the shield are the Scepters of justice and mercy.|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8413215d/f1.zoom}}</ref>{{,}} <ref name="Lamarque21">{{Citation |title=ARMORIAL DU PREMIER EMPIRE, Par Philippe LAMARQUE, Index armorum : Michel POPOFF, Iconographie : Gregor JAKUBOWSKI – BARTHEL de WEYDENTHAL, Éditions du Gui, page 21 |url=http://ameliefr.club.fr/armorial.html |accessdate=2025-02-02 |archive-date=2009-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202114805/http://ameliefr.club.fr/armorial.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>[http://www.napoleon.org/fr/essentiels/symbolique/index.asp Symbolique des armes impériales sur www.napoleon.org]</ref>{{,}}<ref>[https://books.google.fr/books?id=8HYxAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA213&dq=Maurice+Gabriel+Joseph+de+Riquet&lr=#PRA1-PA210,M1 Bulletin des lois - France - Google Livres] , Publié par Imprimerie impériale, 1809</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Roret1854">{{cite book |first=Nicolas |last=Roret |title=Nouveau manuel complet du blason ou code héraldique, archéologique et historique; avec un armorial de l'Empire, une généalogie de la dynastie impériale des Bonaparte jusqu'à nos jours, etc... |year=1854 |pages=340 |isbn= }}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{cite book|first=Alain|last= Boureau|title=L'aigle : chronique politique d'un emblème.|location= Paris|publisher= Éditions du Cerf|year=1985}}</ref> }} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|b=European History/Napoleon Bonaparte and the Rise of Nationalism|d=yes}} * [http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm The Napoleonic Guide] * [http://www.napoleon-series.org/ Napoleon Series] * [http://www.napoleonicsociety.com/ International Napoleonic Society] * [https://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/home.html Biography] by the US [[Public Broadcasting Service]] * [https://www.napoleon-empire.net/en/napoleon-itinerary.php Daily tracking of Napoleon's location] {{Authority control}} [[زمرو: نيپولين| ]] [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:فرانس جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:1821ع جون فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي سياستدان]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو: 1769 پيدائشون]] [[زمرو: 1821 موت]] [[زمرو: جنگ ۽ امن ۾ ڪردار]] [[زمرو: ڪورسيڪن سياستدان]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي شهنشاهه]] [[زمرو: جلاوطن شاهي خاندان]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي فوجي اهلڪار]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي قونصل خانو]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي ديوتا]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي جلاوطن]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي جنرل]] [[زمرو: مصر جا فرانسيسي گورنر]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي فوجي اڳواڻ]] [[زمرو: نيپولين جنگيون]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي قوم پرست]] [[زمرو: اطالوي نسل جا فرانسيسي ماڻهو]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي انقلابي جنگيون]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي رومن ڪيٿولڪ]] [[زمرو:پهرين فرانسيسي سلطنت جا جنرل]] [[زمرو:بوناپارٽ جو گھر]] [[زمرو:اڳواڻ جيڪي بغاوت ذريعي اقتدار تي قبضو ڪيو]] [[زمرو:فرانس جا مارشل]] [[زمرو:پهرين فرانسيسي سلطنت جا مارشل]] [[زمرو:پيرس جا فوجي گورنر]] [[زمرو:اجيسيو جا فوجي اهلڪار]] [[زمرو:جنگ جي وقت ۾ قيد ڪيل بادشاهن]] [[زمرو:بادشاهن جيڪي دستبردار ٿيا]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز جا آفيسر]] [[زمرو:ٽسڪن نسل جا ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:اجيسيو جا سياستدان]] [[زمرو:شاهي تدفين]] lkh50bko21b9gle8x8t4g4p6gijeb16 0 41320 370489 323164 2026-04-07T11:26:10Z سائين بخش 21992 /* عائشہ وٽ نبيءَ جو غم */ 370489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tone}}{{infobox person | name= عائشہ <br>[[ام المومنين]] | image = Ayesha bint Abi Bakr.png | native_name={{smaller|([[Arabic]]): عائشة}} | birth_name =‘ عائشہ بنت ابي بڪر | birth_date = c. 613/614 ع | birth_place = {{longitem|[[ مڪو]]، [[حجاز]]،[[عربستان]]<br/> {{smaller|موجوده [[سعودي عرب]]}}}} | death_date= 13 جولاءِ 678 / 17 رمضان 58ھ(64 سالن جي عمر ۾) | death_place = {{longitem|[[مدينو]]،[[نجد]]،[[عربستان]]<br/> {{smaller|موجوده [[ سعودي عرب]])}}}} | resting_place=[[جنت البقيع]]، [[مدينو]]،[[حجاز]]،[[عربستان]]<br/> {{smaller| موجوده[[ سعودي عرب]])}} | religion=[[اسلام]] | parents=[[ابوبڪر]] {{smaller|(پيءُ)}}<br> [[ام رومان]] {{smaller|(ماء)}} | module ={{infobox military person|embed=yes | battles= [[جنگ جمل]] يا اٺ واري جنگ}} | spouse=[[حضرت محمد صہ]] <br>(شادي 619 کان 8 جون 632 تائين ) }} '''حضرت بيبي عائشہ رضہ''':{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي= '''Bibi Aisha '''}} حضرت عائشه رضه رسول الله ﷺ جن جي گهر واري ۽ پهرين خليفي حضرت ابوبڪر رضه جي نياڻي هئي، هوءَ پيءُ جي طرفان قريشي، ۽ ماءُ جي طرفان ڪناني هئي. هوءَ نبوت جي چوٿين ورهيه ۾ ڄائي هئي، ۽ مسلماني رواجي دستور موجب هن جي پرورش ٿي. ==شادي== جڏهن ته حضرت رسول الله ﷺ جن جي پهرينءَ بيبي خديجہ رضه وفات ڪئي، تڏهن سندن خير خواهن کين ٻيءَ شاديءَ جي صلاح ڏني، ۽ ڪي آڇون به ٿيڻ لڳيون. انهيءَ وقت، حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جي عمر پنجاهه ورهيه هئي،. نبوت جي ڏهين ورهيه پاڻ بيبي عائشہ رضه سان نڪاح ڪيائون، جا ڇهن ورهين جي هئي<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. ساڳئي وقت ۾، بيبي ”سوده“ سان به سندن نڪاح ٿيو. ٽن ورهين کان پوءِ حضرت محمد ﷺ جن، سڀني مسلمانن سميت، مڪي مان هجرت ڪري مديني ويا، ۽ اُتي وڃي رهڻ لڳا<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />.سندس شادي 623 ۾ مديني ۾ ٿي ، ان وقت سندس عمر نو سال ھئي.<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام "> - Encyclopedia of Islam- Juan E. Campo J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor-: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 - pages # 25 , </ref>. جيتوڻيڪ مديني ۾ رهي حضرت محمد ﷺ جن ٻين به گهڻين بيبين سان نڪاح ڪيو، ته به جيتري محبت بيبي عائشہ رضه سان هين، اهڙيءَ ٻيءَ ڪنهن سان نه هين<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. جيتوڻيڪ ظاهري رواجي سلوڪ سڀني سان هڪجهڙو رکندا آيا. ٻيون ڪي بيبيون هن کان زياده خوبصورت هيون. جيئن ته صفيه ۽ زينب - مگر عقلمنديءَ جي ڪري، هيءَ سڀني ۾ برک هئي<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. اڪثر جڏهن پاڻ سفر تي ويندا هئا، تڏهن هيءَ بيبي پاڻ سان نيندا هئا. پوءِ ڪڏهن پاڻ سان گڏ ساڳئي اُٺ تي، ۽ ڪڏهن ڌار ٻئي اُٺ تي. حضرت محمد ﷺ جن پڇاڙيءَ وارو حج جو ڪيو، تنهن ۾ به هيءَ بيبي بہ ساڻن گڏ هئي<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. کيس ڪا اولاد ڪانہ ٿي<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام" />. == عائشہ وٽ نبيءَ جو ڏک == جڏهن حضرت محمد ﷺ جن وفات ڪئي، تڏهن هيءَ بيبي ارڙهن ورهين جي هئي ۽ جڏهن حضرت محمد ﷺ جن قريب المرگ ٿيا، تڏهن بيبين جي اجازت سان، بيبي عائشہ رضه جي گهر اچي ترسيا، ۽ دم به اتي ڏنائون. <ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ">{ڪتاب: تحفتہ النسوان؛ از: مرزا قليچ بيگ؛پھريون ايڊيشن 1958، پبلشر: سنڌي ادبي بورڊ ڄامشورو {{cite web|url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Personalties/Book2/Book_page5.html}}}</ref>انهيءَ وقت سندن مٿو بيبيءَ جي جهوليءَ ۾ هو. حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جي وفات ڪري سڀني بيبين کي _ خاص طرح بيبي عائشہ رضه کي ڏاڍو مصيبت جهڙو صدمو پهتو، ليڪن صبر ڪري وقت گذاريائين، پر جيسين جيئري هئي. تيسين اهو ڏک نه وساريائين. ==والد جي وفات== حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جي وفات کان ٻه ورهيه پوءِ، بيبيءَ کي ٻيو صدمو سهڻو پيو- يعني سندس پيءُ حضرت ابو بڪر رضه جو، جو حضرت محمد ﷺ جن کان پوءِ، سندس جاءِ تي پهريون خليفو مقرر ٿيو هو. ==جنگ جمل== 655ع ۾<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام" /> حضرت عثمان رضه، ٽئي خليفي جي قتل ٿيڻ کانپوءِ، جڏهن حضرت علي ڪرم الله وجهه خليفو ٿيو، تڏهن حضرت عثمان رضه جي قاتلن کي سزا ڏيڻ مشڪل نظر ٿي آيو ۽ انھن نئين خليفي جي بیعت ان مطالبي سان مشروط ڪري ڇڏي ۽ حضرت علي ڪرم الله وجهه پاران ڪاروائي کي بیعت سان مشروط ڪيو ويو جنھن جي نتيجي م 656ع ۾<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام" /> جنگ جمل یا جنگ بصرہ 13 جمادی الاولیٰ 36ھ (7 نومبر 656) بصرہ، عراق ۾ ٿي. بيبي عائشہ رضه مديني مان لشڪر جي قيادت ڪندي رواني ٿي ۽ اھڙي طرح جنگ جمل جو واقعو پيش آيو جنهن م بيبي صاحبه جي لشڪر کي شڪست آئي. جنگ جي خاتمي وقت بيبي صاحبه اٺ تي سوار ھئي ۽ لھڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ۽ ان سان بي ادبي ڪرڻ جي ڪنھن کي جرئت ڪانہ ھئي ان ڪري اٺ جون چارئي ٽنگون تلوارن سان ھڪ ئي وقت وڍيون ويون جنھن بعد بيبي صاحبه اٺ تان ھيٺ لٿي ۽ کيس ادب سان مديني واپس پھچايو ويو. اٺ جي ان واقعي تي ان جنگ جو نالو جمل پئجي ويو. جمل عربي ۾ اٺ کي چوندا آھن. ==وفات== حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جي وفات کان 47 ورهيه پوءِ، 57 هجري سن ۾ (676ع<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />) 678ع<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام" /> ۾ معاويي جي خلافت جي ڏينهن ۾، بيبي عائشہ رضه وفات ڪئي، ۽ ”جنت البقيع“ ۾ دفن ڪئي ويئي. انهيءَ وقت سندس عمر 66 ورهين جي هئي<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام" />.<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" /> ==بيبي صاحبه جي شخصيت== بيبي عائشہ رضه رسول الله ﷺ جن جي خدمت ۽ صحبت ۾ نو ورهيه رهي، ۽ کين گهڻي پياري هئي. هوءَ ڏاڍي قابل هئي. ٻين بيبين کان ته زياده علم واري هئي، پر گهڻن اصحابن کان به وڌيڪ هئي. گهڻن مسئلن ۾ ماڻهو کانئس پڇا ڪندا هئا، ۽ هوءَ خوشيءَ سان انهن کي پورا جواب ڏيندي هئي. هـن کي ”اُم المؤمنين“، يعنيٰ مؤمن جي ماءُ ڪري سڏيندا هئا، ۽ علميت ۽ فضيلت جي ڪري سڀ ماڻهو کيس ڏاڍي تعظيم ڏيندا هئا. ڪن ڳالهين ۾ ته هن جي راءِ ٻين سڀني کان _ بلڪ وقت جي خليفي کان به _ علحدگي هوندي هئي، انهيءَ لاءِ هوءَ قرآن ۽ حديث جي حجت آڻيندي هئي. هن بيبيءَ وٽان حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جون ”هڪ هزار ٻه سئو ڏهه“ حديثون ماڻهن کي مليون ۽ انهن جا بيان ڪندڙ وڏا وڏا اصحابي هئا جن ۾ حضرت عمر رضي الله تعاليٰ عنہ ۽ انهيءَ جو پٽ عبدالله، ۽ ابو هُريره، ۽ ٻيا شامل هئا<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام مطابق ان ٻہ ھزار کان مٿي حديثون بيان ڪيون<ref name="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا آف اسلام" />. علم سان گڏ هوءَ ذهين، فصيح ۽ حاضر جواب به ڏاڍي هوندي هئي. حديثن جو بيان ڪندي. هن جي تقريرن مان فصاحت ۽ بلاغت ظاهر پيئي ٿيندي هئي<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جي وفات کانپوءِ، ته هوءَ سڄو وقت عبادت ۾ گذاريندي هئي. ٿوري خطا ڪندي هئي، ته ورهين تائين شرمندي رهندي هئي. دل جي سختي به هئي. هڪڙي دفعي ستر هزار درهم خيرات ڪيائين، مگر سندس ڪپڙا جي پراڻا ۽ ڦاٽل هئا، تن جي بدران ٻيا نوان وٺي نه ڍڪيائين، ٻئي ڀيري سندس ڀاڻيجي عبدالله هڪ لک درهم ڏانهس موڪليا، سي بيبيءَ ڪجهه غريب مائٽن کي ۽ ڪجهه مسڪينن، محتاجن ۽ فقيرن کي ڏيئي ڇڏيا، ۽ هڪڙو پئسو به نه بچايائين. انهيءَ هوندي به وفات وقت چوڻ لڳي ته ”جي آءٌ هڪڙو پٿر هجان ها يا هڪڙو وڻ هجان ها ته چڱو هو، ته من ماڻهو وڍي اڇلائي ڇڏين ها ۽ دنيا ۾ مون کي ڪوبه نه ڄاڻي سڃاڻي ها، يا جي آءٌ نه ڄمان ها، ته چڱو هو“<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. بيبي عائشہ رضه جي فصاحت ۽ بلاغت مشهور آهي. سندس قابليت ۽ چڱن اخلاقن ڪري حضرت رسول الله ﷺ جن کيس ٻين بيبين کان زياده پسند ڪندا هئا. ساڻس گهڻي گفتگو ڪندا هئا. ۽ خــانــگي ڪمن ڪارين ۾ اڪثر سندس صــلاح وٺــندا هــئا. جيــڪي عورتون حضرت محمد ﷺ جن کان ڪو دين جو مسئلو پڇڻ اينديون هيون، ته بيبي عائشہ رضه جي معرفت پڇنديون هيون، ۽ خود سنديس به اها عادت هوندي هئي، ته جيڪا ڳالهه نه سمجهندي هئي، سا هڪدم حضرت محمد ﷺ جن کان پڇي پڪ ڪندي هئي<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. انهيءَ ڪري سندس علمي مايو زياده ٿيو، ۽ حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جي وفات کانپوءِ جيڪي ڏکيا ڏکيا ديني مسئلا وٽس ايندا هئا، تن جا فيصلا قرآن ۽ حديث موجب عمديءَ طرح ڪندي هئي. خود خليفا پاڻ ۽ ٻيا اصحاب به،ڪن ڳالهين ۾، هن جي راءِ توڙي حديثون کانئس پڇندا هئا<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. قديم شاعرن جا شڪر به کيس گهڻا ياد هئا. حشمت واري به اهڙي هئي، جو وڏا حاڪم، عالم ۽ زبردست بهادر به سندس اڳيان ايندي پيا ڏڪندا هئا. سچي ۽ راستباز ۽ انصاف پسند به هوندي هئي. پنهنجي چڱائي وساري، ٻين کي چڱو چوندي هئي<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. پاڻ لکي ٿي ته ”وفات کان ٿورو اڳڀرو، حضرت محمد ﷺ جن پنهنجين بيبين کي فرمايو ته ”اوهان مان سڀني کان اڳي مون وٽ هُن جهان ۾ اُها بيبي ايندي، جنهن جا هٿ زياده وڏا هوندا.“ حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جي وفات کانپوءِ، اسين سڀ ڄڻيون، ڀتين تي پنهنجا هٿ ماپينديون هيون سين ته ڪنهن جا هٿ وڏا آهن. اسان مان سڀ کان ننڍا هٿ زينب جا هئا، پر سڀني کان اڳي انهيءَ وفات ڪئي، تڏهن اسان سهي ڪيو، ته وڏن هٿن جي معنيٰ آهي”سخاوت ۽ فياضي“. ڇالاءِ جو زينب اسان سڀني مان زياده سخي هئي<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />.“ بيبي عائشہ رضه انهيءَ ڳالهه تي فخر ڪندي هئي ته رسول الله ﷺ جي بيبين مان آءٌ ئي هڪڙي ڪنواري آهيان، منهنجا ماءُ _ پيءُ ٻيئي هجرت ڪري مديني ۾ آيل آهن. حضرت محمد ﷺ تي هميشه منهنجي ئي گهر وحي نازل ٿيندو هو، ۽ وفات مهل حضرت محمد ﷺ جن جو مٿو منهنجي جهوليءَ ۾ هو، ۽ هُو منهنجيءَ ئي جاءِ ۾ دفن ٿيا.<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />“ بيبي عائشہ رضه اڃا ننڍڙي هُئي، ته خواب لڌو هئائين ته ”ٽي چنڊ منهنجي جهوليءَ ۾ اچي ڪِري پيا آهن. انهيءَ وقت ته ان جو تعبير ڪنهن کي خيال ۾ نه ٿي آيو، سندس وفات کان پوءِ اهو تعبير ٿيو ته ” اول حضرت رسول الله ﷺ پاڻ، ٻيو پڻس خليفو حضرت ابوبڪر رضه، ۽ ٽيون خليفو حضرت عمر رضه وفات کان پوءِ سندس ڪوٺيءَ ۾ دفن ڪيا ويا<ref name="مرزا قليچ بيگ" />. ==بيبي صاحبه جي شاعري== بيبي صاحبه شاعر پڻ ھئي. مرزا قليچ بيگ سندس شعر پنھنجي ڪتاب ۾ نقل ڪيا آهن جن مان ھڪ ھيٺ ڏجي ٿو : {{quote| فلو سمعواني مصر اوصاف خنده لما بذلوا في سوم يوسف من نقد، لواحي زليخا لو راين جبينہ، لاثرن بالقطع القلوب علي الايدي!<br> ( ترجمو:"جيڪڏهن مصر وارا هن جي گل جي تعريف ٻڌن ها، ته جيڪر يوسف جي خريداريءَ ۾ نقد زر نه خرچ ڪن ها، جيڪڏهن زليخا جيئري هجي ۽ مصر جو زالون هن جي پيشاني ڏسن، ته جيڪر هٿن جي بدران دليون وڍي ڇڏين!“)<ref name=" مرزا قليچ بيگ" />|بيبي عائشه رضه|}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:محمد]] [[زمرو:صحابيات]] [[زمرو:ازواج مطھرات]] [[زمرو:مھاجر صحابيات]] [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:مسلمان عورتون]] [[زمرو:تاريخ ۾ عورتون]] lne2lugj7aue37cr2xm4nznch1d9qld 828 43495 370393 347505 2026-04-07T03:08:18Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 370393 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local locmap = require('Module:Location map') local function switcherSeparate(s) if s == nil then return {} end local retval = {} for i in string.gmatch(s .. '#', '([^#]*)#') do i = mw.text.trim(i) retval[#retval + 1] = (i ~= '' and i) end return retval end function p.container(frame, args, map) local caption_list = {} if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map+', valueFunc = locmap.valueFunc}) end if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = locmap.getMapParams(mapname, frame) end if args['caption'] then if args['caption'] == "" then while #caption_list < #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = args['caption'] end else for caption in mw.text.gsplit(args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = locmap.getMapParams('World', frame) end end if type(map) == 'table' then local placeslist = mw.text.gsplit(args.places, '#PlaceList#') local permaplaces = {} local numbermaps = #map local count = 0 for i = 1,numbermaps do permaplaces[i] = {} end for place in placeslist do table.insert(permaplaces[count%numbermaps + 1],place) count = count + 1 end local altmaps = switcherSeparate(args.AlternativeMap) if #altmaps > #map then error(string.format('%d AlternativeMaps were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #altmaps, #map)) end local overlays = switcherSeparate(args.overlay_image) if #overlays > #map then error(string.format('%d overlay_images were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #overlays, #map)) end if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) end local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do args.AlternativeMap = altmaps[k] args.overlay_image = overlays[k] args.caption = caption_list[k] args.places = table.concat(permaplaces[k]) outputs[k] = p.container(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return locmap.top(frame, args, map) .. (args.places and args.places:gsub('%s*\n%s*', '') or '') .. locmap.bottom(frame, args, map) end end local function manyMakeArgs(fullArgs, n) if n == 1 then return { lat = fullArgs.lat1 or fullArgs.lat, long = fullArgs.long1 or fullArgs.long, coordinates = fullArgs.coordinates1 or fullArgs.coordinates, lat_deg = fullArgs.lat1_deg or fullArgs.lat_deg, lat_min = fullArgs.lat1_min or fullArgs.lat_min, lat_sec = fullArgs.lat1_sec or fullArgs.lat_sec, lat_dir = fullArgs.lat1_dir or fullArgs.lat_dir, lon_deg = fullArgs.lon1_deg or fullArgs.lon_deg, lon_min = fullArgs.lon1_min or fullArgs.lon_min, lon_sec = fullArgs.lon1_sec or fullArgs.lon_sec, lon_dir = fullArgs.lon1_dir or fullArgs.lon_dir, outside = fullArgs.outside1 or fullArgs.outside, mark = fullArgs.mark1 or fullArgs.mark, marksize = fullArgs.mark1size or fullArgs.marksize, link = fullArgs.link1 or fullArgs.link, label = fullArgs.label1 or fullArgs.label, label_size = fullArgs.label1_size or fullArgs.label_size, label_width = fullArgs.label1_width or fullArgs.label_width, position = fullArgs.position1 or fullArgs.pos1 or fullArgs.position or fullArgs.pos, background = fullArgs.background1 or fullArgs.bg1 or fullArgs.background or fullArgs.bg } else return { lat = fullArgs['lat' .. n], long = fullArgs['long' .. n], coordinates = fullArgs['coordinates' .. n], lat_deg = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_deg'], lat_min = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_min'], lat_sec = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_sec'], lat_dir = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_dir'], lon_deg = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_deg'], lon_min = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_min'], lon_sec = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_sec'], lon_dir = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_dir'], outside = fullArgs['outside' .. n], mark = fullArgs['mark' .. n], marksize = fullArgs['mark' .. n .. 'size'], link = fullArgs['link' .. n], label = fullArgs['label' .. n], label_size = fullArgs['label' .. n .. '_size'], label_width = fullArgs['label' .. n .. '_width'], position = fullArgs['position' .. n] or fullArgs['pos' .. n], background = fullArgs['background' .. n] or fullArgs['bg' .. n] } end end function p.many(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map many', valueFunc = locmap.valueFunc}) end if not args[1] then args[1] = 'World' end if not map then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = locmap.getMapParams(mapname, frame) end if #map ~= 1 then local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do outputs[k] = p.many(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' end map = map[1] end local marks = {} local markhigh if args.markhigh then mw.log('Removed parameter markhigh used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') markhigh = true end for k, v in pairs(args) do -- @todo change to uargs once we have that if v then if string.sub(k, -4) == '_deg' then k = string.sub(k, 1, -5) end if string.sub(k, 1, 3) == 'lat' then k = tonumber(string.sub(k, 4)) if k then table.insert(marks, k) end elseif string.sub(k, 1, 11) == 'coordinates' then k = tonumber(string.sub(k, 12)) if k then table.insert(marks,k) end end end end table.sort(marks) if marks[1] ~= 1 and (args.lat or args.lat_deg or args.coordinates) then table.insert(marks, 1, 1) end local body = '' for _, v in ipairs(marks) do -- don't try to consolidate this into the above loop. ordering of elements from pairs() is unspecified body = body .. tostring( locmap.mark(frame, manyMakeArgs(args, v), map) ) if args['mark' .. v .. 'high'] then mw.log('Removed parameter mark' .. v .. 'high used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') markhigh = true end end args.label = nil -- there is no global label return locmap.top(frame, args, map) .. body .. locmap.bottom(frame, args, map) .. (markhigh and '[[Category:Location maps with possible errors|Page using removed parameter]]' or '') end function p.load(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true}) end local dataModule = mw.loadData(args[1]) local containerArgs = dataModule.containerArgs if not map then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(containerArgs[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = locmap.getMapParams(mapname, frame) end if #map ~= 1 then local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do outputs[k] = p.load(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' end map = map[1] end local marks = {} if dataModule.marks then for k,markArgs in ipairs(dataModule.marks) do marks[k] = tostring(locmap.mark(frame, markArgs, map)) end end if dataModule.secondaryModules then for _,modname in ipairs(dataModule.secondaryModules) do for _,markArgs in ipairs(mw.loadData(modname).marks) do marks[#marks + 1] = tostring(locmap.mark(frame, markArgs, map)) end end end if args.autoSwitcherLabel then local TableTools = require('Module:TableTools') containerArgs = TableTools.shallowClone(containerArgs) containerArgs.autoSwitcherLabel = true end return locmap.top(frame, containerArgs, map) .. table.concat(marks) .. locmap.bottom(frame, containerArgs, map) end return p q9gz44tzbnjx2aljxbl0067zos3ns53 0 45274 370491 357740 2026-04-07T11:40:24Z Memon2025 21315 /* خارجي ڳنڍڻا */ 370491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''زان فرانسوا جاريج''' (Jean-François Jarrige؛ 5 آگسٽ، 1940ع، لورڊيس – 18 نومبر، 2014ع، [[پيرس]])، هڪ فرانسيسي آثار قديمه جو ماهر، جيڪو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جي آثار قديمه ۽ [[سنڌيات]] تي مهارت رکندڙ هو. هن پي ايڇ ڊي جي سند اڀرندي آثار قديمه تي "پيرس يونيورسٽي" کان حاصل ڪئي. هن [[بلوچستان، پاڪستان|بلوچستان]] جي [[مهرڳڙھه]] ۽ پيراڪ جي کوٽائي پڻ ڪئي. هي سال 2004ع تي "گوئيمئي ميوزم" جو ڊائريڪٽر پڻ مقرر ٿيو. {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} هن ماهر آثار قديمه ڪيٿرين جاريج سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس ٻه نياڻيون آهن.<ref>[http://tech2.npm.gov.tw/faimp/curators/en/apr29-r4.pdf Curriculum vitae] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005152346/http://tech2.npm.gov.tw/faimp/curators/en/apr29-r4.pdf |date=2011-10-05 }}</ref> ==ڪم== *1990 - ''تاريخ کان اڳ سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيب {{ٻيا نالا|فرانسيسي=La Préhistoire et la civilisation de l'Indus}}'' (ايڊيٽر) *1993 - ''مهر ڳڙهه بلوچستان مان ڏٺل قديم سنڌو تهذيب جون روايتون {{ٻيا نالا|فرانسيسي=The Early architectural traditions of the greater Indus Valley as seen from Mehrgarh, Baluchistan}}'' (ايڊيٽر) *1995 - ''Du néolithique à la civilisation de l'Inde ancienne: contribution des recherches archéologiques dans le nord-ouest du sous-continent indo-pakistanais'' == حوالا == {{حوالا}} ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== *[http://archaeology.about.com/library/glossary/bldef_jarrigejf.htm آتم ڪٿا] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524022251/http://archaeology.about.com/library/glossary/bldef_jarrigejf.htm |date=2006-05-24 }} *http://www.aibl.fr/fr/membres/academ/jarrige.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225030102/https://www.aibl.fr/fr/membres/academ/jarrige.html |date=2021-02-25 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024626/http://www.indeaparis.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=54&pos=170 گپتا پيرس تقريب ۾ زان فرانسوا جاريج جون تصويون] {{Navbox |name = سنڌيات |title = [[سنڌيات|سنڌولاجي]] |list1 = [[آسڪو پارپولا]]{{·}}{{·}} [[نبي بخش خان بلوچ]]{{·}}{{·}} [[حسام الدين راشدي]]{{·}}{{·}} [[احمد حسن داني]]{{·}}{{·}}[[ائينيمري شمل]]{{·}}{{·}} [[علامه آءِ آءِ قاضي]]{{·}}{{·}} [[غلام علي الانا]]{{·}}{{·}} زان فرانسوا جاريج{{·}}{{·}} [[محمد عثمان ڏيپلائي]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:جاريج، زان فرانسوا}} [[زمرو:آثار قديمه جا ماهر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:لورڊيس جا ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:ايشيائي آثار قديمه]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي آثار قديمه جا ماهر]] [[زمرو:سنڌيات جا ماهر فرانسيسي]] [[زمرو:1940ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:2014ع جون فوتگيون]] gs35fxykgi5l5p3elt0dtb2y81w1byi 0 46071 370458 370184 2026-04-07T08:57:58Z Memon2025 21315 370458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [[زمرو:مضمون نگار]] [[زمرو:مهراڻ شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:انگريزي مان فرانسيسي ۾ ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:مترجم جو وليم شيڪسپيئر جون ادبي لکڻيون]] [[زمرو: جنيوا ليکڪ]] [[زمرو: ايپيگرامس جو ليکڪ]] [[زمرو: انسان دوست]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو: سبزي خور]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي مذهبي مخالف]] [[زمرو: موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو: فرانس ۾ سام دشمني]] [[زمرو: ستم ظريفي]] [[زمرو: صحافي]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو]، جنيوا لائبريري بلاگ [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناٽڪ نگار]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] == Pour approfondir == {{Autres projets | commons = Category:Voltaire | wikisource = Auteur:Voltaire | wikiquote = Voltaire }} === Bibliographie === {{légende plume}} ==== Ressources bibliographiques ==== [[زمرو: قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو: شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو: فلسفي جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''Quarante années d'études voltairiennes, bibliographie analytique des livres et articles sur Voltaire, 1926-1965'', Paris: A. Colin, 1968. * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * [[Georges Bengesco|Bengesco, George]]. ''Voltaire, bibliographie de ses œuvres'', Paris: Perrin, 1882-1890 (Reproduction anastatique: Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1977-1979 (4 volumes). ** t. 1. Théâtre. Poésies. Grands ouvrages historiques. Dictionnaire philosophique et Questions sur l'Encyclopédie. Romans. ** t. 2. Mélanges. Ouvrages édités par Voltaire. Ouvrages annotés par Voltaire. ** t. 3. Correspondance. Cent lettres de Voltaire non recueillies dans les diverses éditions de ses œuvres. Répertoire chronologique de la correspondance de Voltaire de 1711 à 1778, avec l'indication des principales sources de chaque lettre. ** t. 4. Œuvres complètes de Voltaire. Principaux extraits de Voltaire. Ouvrages faussement attribués à Voltaire. * Bestermann, Theodore. ''{{langue|en|texte=Some Eighteenth-century Voltaire editions unknown to Bengesco}}'', Banbury, Voltaire Foundation, 1973. * Spear Frederick A. avec la participation de Elizabeth Kreager, ''Bibliographie analytique des écrits relatifs a Voltaire: 1966-1990'', Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1992. ==== Études ==== [[Fichier:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]] * [[André Bellessort]], ''Essai sur Voltaire'', Perrin, 1938 * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * [[Georges Bilhaut]], {{citation|Des lettres de Voltaire en Picardie}}, ''Bulletin de la [[Société d'émulation d'Abbeville]]'', tome XX, fascicule 2, 1957. * Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, ''Voltaire et le siècle des Lumières'', Bruxelles, Éditions Complexe, 1994 * [[Paul Cunisset-Carnot]], La Querelle du [[Charles de Brosses|président de Brosses]] avec Voltaire (1888) * [[Eugène Noël]], ''Voltaire à Ferney'', Brière et fils, Rouen, 1867. * [[Max Gallo]], ''Moi, j’écris pour agir : vie de Voltaire'', Paris, Fayard, 2008 * Jean Goldzink, ''Voltaire, la légende de saint Arouet'', Paris, Gallimard, coll. « [[Découvertes Gallimard]] / Littératures » ([[Liste des volumes de « Découvertes Gallimard » (1re partie)|{{nº|65}}]]), 1989 * {{Ouvrage|auteur1=[[Jean Goulemot]]|auteur2=[[André Magnan (universitaire)|André Magnan]]|auteur3=[[Didier Masseau]]|titre=Inventaire Voltaire|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Gallimard|année=1995|isbn=978-2-07-073757-4}} * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du {{s-|XVII}}, Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] *[[Renan Larue]], "Le Végétarisme dans l'œuvre de Voltaire (1762-1778)" ''Dix-Huitième siècle'' ({{n°|42}}), 2010 * [[Pierre Lepape]], ''Voltaire le conquérant : naissance des intellectuels au siècle des Lumières'', Paris, Seuil, 1997 {{plume}} * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. {{nobr|1 {{vol.}}}}, 344{{nb p.}}, relié, {{dunité|15|22|cm}}. {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Patricia Ménissier, ''Les Amies de Voltaire dans la correspondance : 1749-1778'', Paris, H. Champion, 2007. * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Roger Peyrefitte]], ''Voltaire, sa jeunesse et son temps'', Albin Michel, 1985 * [[René Pomeau]] : **''La Religion de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1956 ({{2e}}{{éd.}} 1969) ** ''Politique de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1963 ({{3e}}{{éd.}} 1994) ** ''Voltaire en son temps'', Voltaire Foundation, Oxford, 1988 {{plume}} *** Tome 1 : ''D'Arouet à Voltaire (1694-1734)'' *** Tome 2 : ''Avec Madame du Châtelet (1734-1749)'' *** Tome 3 : ''De la Cour au Jardin (1750-1759)'' *** Tome 4 : ''Écraser l'Infâme (1759-1770)'' *** Tome 5 : ''On a voulu l'enterrer (1770-1778)'' * Charles Porset, ''Voltaire humaniste'', Paris, Edimaf, 2003 * Guilhem Scherf, ''Pigalle - Voltaire nu'', Musée du Louvre, Département des Sculptures, 2010 {{plume}} * [[Raymond Trousson]], ''Voltaire 1778-1878'', Paris, PUPS, 2008 * {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Raymond Trousson|auteur2=Jeroom Vercruysse|titre=Dictionnaire général de Voltaire|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Champion|année=2020|isbn=978-2-380-96016-7|et al.=oui}}{{Commentaire biblio SRL|réédition en poche, première parution 2003}} * René Vaillot, ''Voltaire en son temps. 2. Avec {{Mme|Du Châtelet}} : 1734-1749'', Oxford Voltaire Foundation, 1988. * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994{{plume}} * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 === Liens externes === {{Liens}} * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ ''Tout Voltaire'' sur le site de l'ARTFL] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ Château de Voltaire à Ferney] * [http://societe-voltaire.org Société Voltaire (Ferney)]. La Société Voltaire organise chaque année à Ferney des journées d’échanges des jeunes chercheurs et publie plusieurs fois par an un ''Bulletin de la Société Voltaire''. * [http://voltaire.lire.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr Société des Études voltairiennes (Sorbonne)]. La Société des études voltairiennes, dont le siège social est au Centre d’Étude de la Littérature et de la Langue Françaises des {{s2-|XVII|XVIII}}, Université Sorbonne – Paris IV, coordonne les études, recherches et manifestations relatives à Voltaire. Elle s'occupe, avec d’autres universités, dont Lyon II et Oxford, de la réalisation de l’édition critique des ''Œuvres complètes de Voltaire''. Elle organise tous les ans à Paris des « Journées Voltaire » et publie une revue annuelle, la ''Revue Voltaire'', aux Presses Universitaires de la Sorbonne. * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html Textes de Voltaire édités à athena.unige.ch] * {{Lien web |url=https://www.voltaire.ox.ac.uk/ |titre=Voltaire Foundation |éditeur=[[Université d'Oxford]]|date=}} * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève {{Palette |Œuvres de Voltaire |{{Palette Succession/Académie française|avant=[[Jean Bouhier de Savigny|Jean Bouhier]]|Numéro=33|Période=1746-1778|après=[[Jean-François Ducis]]}} |Personnalités enterrées au Panthéon de Paris |Philosophie des Lumières |Anticléricalisme |Libéralisme français }} {{Portail|littérature française|philosophie|théâtre|XVIIIe siècle|libéralisme|Académie française|liberté d'expression|Lumières|Pays de Gex|Suisse|Paris}} [[Catégorie:Naissance à Paris au XVIIe siècle]] [[Catégorie:Écrivain français du XVIIIe siècle]] [[Catégorie:Philosophe français du XVIIIe siècle]] [[Catégorie:Philosophe des Lumières]] [[Catégorie:Philosophe mécaniste]] [[Catégorie:Dramaturge français du XVIIIe 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[[Catégorie:Personnalité incarcérée à la Bastille]] [[Catégorie:Personnalité transférée au Panthéon de Paris]] [[Catégorie:Personnalité de la franc-maçonnerie française]] [[Catégorie:Personnalité de la franc-maçonnerie initiée avant 1800]] [[Catégorie:Personnalité végétarienne]] [[Catégorie:Anticlérical français]] [[Catégorie:Adversaire de la peine de mort]] [[Catégorie:Antisémitisme en France]] [[Catégorie:Ironie]] [[Catégorie:Correspondant de Condorcet]] [[Catégorie:Correspondant de Denis Diderot]] [[Catégorie:Maître ès Jeux floraux]] [[Catégorie:Membre de la commission du Dictionnaire de l'Académie française]] [[Catégorie:Membre de l'Académie royale des sciences de Prusse]] [[Catégorie:Membre de l'Académie des sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg]] [[Catégorie:Membre de la Royal Society]] [[Catégorie:Membre de l'Académie nationale des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Bordeaux]] [[Catégorie:Membre de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts d'Angers]] [[Catégorie:Récipiendaire de 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wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [[زمرو:مضمون نگار]] [[زمرو:مهراڻ شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:انگريزي مان فرانسيسي ۾ ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:مترجم جو وليم شيڪسپيئر جون ادبي لکڻيون]] [[زمرو: جنيوا ليکڪ]] [[زمرو: ايپيگرامس جو ليکڪ]] [[زمرو: انسان دوست]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو: سبزي خور]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي مذهبي مخالف]] [[زمرو: موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو: فرانس ۾ سام دشمني]] [[زمرو: ستم ظريفي]] [[زمرو: صحافي]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو]، جنيوا لائبريري بلاگ [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناٽڪ نگار]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] == Pour approfondir == === Bibliographie === ==== Ressources bibliographiques ==== [[زمرو: قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو: شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو: فلسفي جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''Quarante années d'études voltairiennes, bibliographie analytique des livres et articles sur Voltaire, 1926-1965'', Paris: A. Colin, 1968. * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * [[Georges Bengesco|Bengesco, George]]. ''Voltaire, bibliographie de ses œuvres'', Paris: Perrin, 1882-1890 (Reproduction anastatique: Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1977-1979 (4 volumes). ** t. 1. Théâtre. Poésies. Grands ouvrages historiques. Dictionnaire philosophique et Questions sur l'Encyclopédie. Romans. ** t. 2. Mélanges. Ouvrages édités par Voltaire. Ouvrages annotés par Voltaire. ** t. 3. Correspondance. Cent lettres de Voltaire non recueillies dans les diverses éditions de ses œuvres. Répertoire chronologique de la correspondance de Voltaire de 1711 à 1778, avec l'indication des principales sources de chaque lettre. ** t. 4. Œuvres complètes de Voltaire. Principaux extraits de Voltaire. Ouvrages faussement attribués à Voltaire. * Bestermann, Theodore. , Banbury, Voltaire Foundation, 1973. * Spear Frederick A. avec la participation de Elizabeth Kreager, ''Bibliographie analytique des écrits relatifs a Voltaire: 1966-1990'', Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1992. ==== Études ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]] * [[André Bellessort]], ''Essai sur Voltaire'', Perrin, 1938 * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * [[Georges Bilhaut]], , ''Bulletin de la [[Société d'émulation d'Abbeville]]'', tome XX, fascicule 2, 1957. * Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, ''Voltaire et le siècle des Lumières'', Bruxelles, Éditions Complexe, 1994 * [[Paul Cunisset-Carnot]], La Querelle du [[Charles de Brosses|président de Brosses]] avec Voltaire (1888) * [[Eugène Noël]], ''Voltaire à Ferney'', Brière et fils, Rouen, 1867. * [[Max Gallo]], ''Moi, j’écris pour agir : vie de Voltaire'', Paris, Fayard, 2008 * Jean Goldzink, ''Voltaire, la légende de saint Arouet'', Paris, Gallimard, coll. « [[Découvertes Gallimard]] / Littératures » ([[Liste des volumes de « Découvertes Gallimard » (1re partie)|{{nº|65}}]]), 1989 * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] *[[Renan Larue]], "Le Végétarisme dans l'œuvre de Voltaire (1762-1778)" ''Dix-Huitième siècle'' (), 2010 * [[Pierre Lepape]], ''Voltaire le conquérant : naissance des intellectuels au siècle des Lumières'', Paris, Seuil, 1997 * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Patricia Ménissier, ''Les Amies de Voltaire dans la correspondance : 1749-1778'', Paris, H. Champion, 2007. * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Roger Peyrefitte]], ''Voltaire, sa jeunesse et son temps'', Albin Michel, 1985 * [[René Pomeau]] : **''La Religion de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1956 ( 1969) ** ''Politique de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1963 ( 1994) ** ''Voltaire en son temps'', Voltaire Foundation, Oxford, 1988 *** Tome 1 : ''D'Arouet à Voltaire (1694-1734)'' *** Tome 2 : ''Avec Madame du Châtelet (1734-1749)'' *** Tome 3 : ''De la Cour au Jardin (1750-1759)'' *** Tome 4 : ''Écraser l'Infâme (1759-1770)'' *** Tome 5 : ''On a voulu l'enterrer (1770-1778)'' * Charles Porset, ''Voltaire humaniste'', Paris, Edimaf, 2003 * Guilhem Scherf, ''Pigalle - Voltaire nu'', Musée du Louvre, Département des Sculptures, 2010 * [[Raymond Trousson]], ''Voltaire 1778-1878'', Paris, PUPS, 2008 * René Vaillot, ''Voltaire en son temps. 2. Avec : 1734-1749'', Oxford Voltaire Foundation, 1988. * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève [[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:آزاد تقرير ڪارڪن]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] kbqraylxv303p4i2kja8mn4chn6uol3 370460 370459 2026-04-07T09:12:05Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهرين لنڪس */ 370460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو]، جنيوا لائبريري بلاگ [[زمرو:وولٽيئر]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] == Pour approfondir == === Bibliographie === ==== Ressources bibliographiques ==== [[زمرو: قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو: فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو: شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو: فلسفي جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''Quarante années d'études voltairiennes, bibliographie analytique des livres et articles sur Voltaire, 1926-1965'', Paris: A. Colin, 1968. * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * [[Georges Bengesco|Bengesco, George]]. ''Voltaire, bibliographie de ses œuvres'', Paris: Perrin, 1882-1890 (Reproduction anastatique: Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1977-1979 (4 volumes). ** t. 1. Théâtre. Poésies. Grands ouvrages historiques. Dictionnaire philosophique et Questions sur l'Encyclopédie. Romans. ** t. 2. Mélanges. Ouvrages édités par Voltaire. Ouvrages annotés par Voltaire. ** t. 3. Correspondance. Cent lettres de Voltaire non recueillies dans les diverses éditions de ses œuvres. Répertoire chronologique de la correspondance de Voltaire de 1711 à 1778, avec l'indication des principales sources de chaque lettre. ** t. 4. Œuvres complètes de Voltaire. Principaux extraits de Voltaire. Ouvrages faussement attribués à Voltaire. * Bestermann, Theodore. , Banbury, Voltaire Foundation, 1973. * Spear Frederick A. avec la participation de Elizabeth Kreager, ''Bibliographie analytique des écrits relatifs a Voltaire: 1966-1990'', Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1992. ==== Études ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]] * [[André Bellessort]], ''Essai sur Voltaire'', Perrin, 1938 * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * [[Georges Bilhaut]], , ''Bulletin de la [[Société d'émulation d'Abbeville]]'', tome XX, fascicule 2, 1957. * Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, ''Voltaire et le siècle des Lumières'', Bruxelles, Éditions Complexe, 1994 * [[Paul Cunisset-Carnot]], La Querelle du [[Charles de Brosses|président de Brosses]] avec Voltaire (1888) * [[Eugène Noël]], ''Voltaire à Ferney'', Brière et fils, Rouen, 1867. * [[Max Gallo]], ''Moi, j’écris pour agir : vie de Voltaire'', Paris, Fayard, 2008 * Jean Goldzink, ''Voltaire, la légende de saint Arouet'', Paris, Gallimard, coll. « [[Découvertes Gallimard]] / Littératures » ([[Liste des volumes de « Découvertes Gallimard » (1re partie)|{{nº|65}}]]), 1989 * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] *[[Renan Larue]], "Le Végétarisme dans l'œuvre de Voltaire (1762-1778)" ''Dix-Huitième siècle'' (), 2010 * [[Pierre Lepape]], ''Voltaire le conquérant : naissance des intellectuels au siècle des Lumières'', Paris, Seuil, 1997 * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Patricia Ménissier, ''Les Amies de Voltaire dans la correspondance : 1749-1778'', Paris, H. Champion, 2007. * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Roger Peyrefitte]], ''Voltaire, sa jeunesse et son temps'', Albin Michel, 1985 * [[René Pomeau]] : **''La Religion de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1956 ( 1969) ** ''Politique de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1963 ( 1994) ** ''Voltaire en son temps'', Voltaire Foundation, Oxford, 1988 *** Tome 1 : ''D'Arouet à Voltaire (1694-1734)'' *** Tome 2 : ''Avec Madame du Châtelet (1734-1749)'' *** Tome 3 : ''De la Cour au Jardin (1750-1759)'' *** Tome 4 : ''Écraser l'Infâme (1759-1770)'' *** Tome 5 : ''On a voulu l'enterrer (1770-1778)'' * Charles Porset, ''Voltaire humaniste'', Paris, Edimaf, 2003 * Guilhem Scherf, ''Pigalle - Voltaire nu'', Musée du Louvre, Département des Sculptures, 2010 * [[Raymond Trousson]], ''Voltaire 1778-1878'', Paris, PUPS, 2008 * René Vaillot, ''Voltaire en son temps. 2. Avec : 1734-1749'', Oxford Voltaire Foundation, 1988. * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève [[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:آزاد تقرير ڪارڪن]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] svpxyuatqoxtdjm9bnwfnlj75ypklxk 370461 370460 2026-04-07T09:13:21Z Memon2025 21315 370461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو]، جنيوا لائبريري بلاگ [[زمرو:وولٽيئر]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] 4h02nzj3urttffhen6s62ecvma0548q 370462 370461 2026-04-07T09:15:02Z Memon2025 21315 /* == Pour approfondir */ 370462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> ==== Pour approfondir == === Bibliographie === ====Ressources bibliographiques==== * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''Quarante années d'études voltairiennes, bibliographie analytique des livres et articles sur Voltaire, 1926-1965'', Paris: A. Colin, 1968. * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * [[Georges Bengesco|Bengesco, George]]. ''Voltaire, bibliographie de ses œuvres'', Paris: Perrin, 1882-1890 (Reproduction anastatique: Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1977-1979 (4 volumes). ** t. 1. Théâtre. Poésies. Grands ouvrages historiques. Dictionnaire philosophique et Questions sur l'Encyclopédie. Romans. ** t. 2. Mélanges. Ouvrages édités par Voltaire. Ouvrages annotés par Voltaire. ** t. 3. Correspondance. Cent lettres de Voltaire non recueillies dans les diverses éditions de ses œuvres. Répertoire chronologique de la correspondance de Voltaire de 1711 à 1778, avec l'indication des principales sources de chaque lettre. ** t. 4. Œuvres complètes de Voltaire. Principaux extraits de Voltaire. Ouvrages faussement attribués à Voltaire. * Bestermann, Theodore. , Banbury, Voltaire Foundation, 1973. * Spear Frederick A. avec la participation de Elizabeth Kreager, ''Bibliographie analytique des écrits relatifs a Voltaire: 1966-1990'', Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1992. ==== Études ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]] * [[André Bellessort]], ''Essai sur Voltaire'', Perrin, 1938 * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * [[Georges Bilhaut]], , ''Bulletin de la [[Société d'émulation d'Abbeville]]'', tome XX, fascicule 2, 1957. * Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, ''Voltaire et le siècle des Lumières'', Bruxelles, Éditions Complexe, 1994 * [[Paul Cunisset-Carnot]], La Querelle du [[Charles de Brosses|président de Brosses]] avec Voltaire (1888) * [[Eugène Noël]], ''Voltaire à Ferney'', Brière et fils, Rouen, 1867. * [[Max Gallo]], ''Moi, j’écris pour agir : vie de Voltaire'', Paris, Fayard, 2008 * Jean Goldzink, ''Voltaire, la légende de saint Arouet'', Paris, Gallimard, coll. « [[Découvertes Gallimard]] / Littératures » ([[Liste des volumes de « Découvertes Gallimard » (1re partie)|{{nº|65}}]]), 1989 * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] *[[Renan Larue]], "Le Végétarisme dans l'œuvre de Voltaire (1762-1778)" ''Dix-Huitième siècle'' (), 2010 * [[Pierre Lepape]], ''Voltaire le conquérant : naissance des intellectuels au siècle des Lumières'', Paris, Seuil, 1997 * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Patricia Ménissier, ''Les Amies de Voltaire dans la correspondance : 1749-1778'', Paris, H. Champion, 2007. * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Roger Peyrefitte]], ''Voltaire, sa jeunesse et son temps'', Albin Michel, 1985 * [[René Pomeau]] : **''La Religion de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1956 ( 1969) ** ''Politique de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1963 ( 1994) ** ''Voltaire en son temps'', Voltaire Foundation, Oxford, 1988 *** Tome 1 : ''D'Arouet à Voltaire (1694-1734)'' *** Tome 2 : ''Avec Madame du Châtelet (1734-1749)'' *** Tome 3 : ''De la Cour au Jardin (1750-1759)'' *** Tome 4 : ''Écraser l'Infâme (1759-1770)'' *** Tome 5 : ''On a voulu l'enterrer (1770-1778)'' * Charles Porset, ''Voltaire humaniste'', Paris, Edimaf, 2003 * Guilhem Scherf, ''Pigalle - Voltaire nu'', Musée du Louvre, Département des Sculptures, 2010 * [[Raymond Trousson]], ''Voltaire 1778-1878'', Paris, PUPS, 2008 * René Vaillot, ''Voltaire en son temps. 2. Avec : 1734-1749'', Oxford Voltaire Foundation, 1988. * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] [[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:آزاد تقرير ڪارڪن]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو]، جنيوا لائبريري بلاگ [[زمرو:وولٽيئر]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] ll6gmp3pnxxrg8lmwkq6br0a5fwgjhk 370463 370462 2026-04-07T09:15:37Z Memon2025 21315 370463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> == Pour approfondir == === Bibliographie === ====Ressources bibliographiques==== * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''Quarante années d'études voltairiennes, bibliographie analytique des livres et articles sur Voltaire, 1926-1965'', Paris: A. Colin, 1968. * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * [[Georges Bengesco|Bengesco, George]]. ''Voltaire, bibliographie de ses œuvres'', Paris: Perrin, 1882-1890 (Reproduction anastatique: Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1977-1979 (4 volumes). ** t. 1. Théâtre. Poésies. Grands ouvrages historiques. Dictionnaire philosophique et Questions sur l'Encyclopédie. Romans. ** t. 2. Mélanges. Ouvrages édités par Voltaire. Ouvrages annotés par Voltaire. ** t. 3. Correspondance. Cent lettres de Voltaire non recueillies dans les diverses éditions de ses œuvres. Répertoire chronologique de la correspondance de Voltaire de 1711 à 1778, avec l'indication des principales sources de chaque lettre. ** t. 4. Œuvres complètes de Voltaire. Principaux extraits de Voltaire. Ouvrages faussement attribués à Voltaire. * Bestermann, Theodore. , Banbury, Voltaire Foundation, 1973. * Spear Frederick A. avec la participation de Elizabeth Kreager, ''Bibliographie analytique des écrits relatifs a Voltaire: 1966-1990'', Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1992. ==== Études ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]] * [[André Bellessort]], ''Essai sur Voltaire'', Perrin, 1938 * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * [[Georges Bilhaut]], , ''Bulletin de la [[Société d'émulation d'Abbeville]]'', tome XX, fascicule 2, 1957. * Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, ''Voltaire et le siècle des Lumières'', Bruxelles, Éditions Complexe, 1994 * [[Paul Cunisset-Carnot]], La Querelle du [[Charles de Brosses|président de Brosses]] avec Voltaire (1888) * [[Eugène Noël]], ''Voltaire à Ferney'', Brière et fils, Rouen, 1867. * [[Max Gallo]], ''Moi, j’écris pour agir : vie de Voltaire'', Paris, Fayard, 2008 * Jean Goldzink, ''Voltaire, la légende de saint Arouet'', Paris, Gallimard, coll. « [[Découvertes Gallimard]] / Littératures » ([[Liste des volumes de « Découvertes Gallimard » (1re partie)|{{nº|65}}]]), 1989 * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] *[[Renan Larue]], "Le Végétarisme dans l'œuvre de Voltaire (1762-1778)" ''Dix-Huitième siècle'' (), 2010 * [[Pierre Lepape]], ''Voltaire le conquérant : naissance des intellectuels au siècle des Lumières'', Paris, Seuil, 1997 * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Patricia Ménissier, ''Les Amies de Voltaire dans la correspondance : 1749-1778'', Paris, H. Champion, 2007. * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Roger Peyrefitte]], ''Voltaire, sa jeunesse et son temps'', Albin Michel, 1985 * [[René Pomeau]] : **''La Religion de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1956 ( 1969) ** ''Politique de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1963 ( 1994) ** ''Voltaire en son temps'', Voltaire Foundation, Oxford, 1988 *** Tome 1 : ''D'Arouet à Voltaire (1694-1734)'' *** Tome 2 : ''Avec Madame du Châtelet (1734-1749)'' *** Tome 3 : ''De la Cour au Jardin (1750-1759)'' *** Tome 4 : ''Écraser l'Infâme (1759-1770)'' *** Tome 5 : ''On a voulu l'enterrer (1770-1778)'' * Charles Porset, ''Voltaire humaniste'', Paris, Edimaf, 2003 * Guilhem Scherf, ''Pigalle - Voltaire nu'', Musée du Louvre, Département des Sculptures, 2010 * [[Raymond Trousson]], ''Voltaire 1778-1878'', Paris, PUPS, 2008 * René Vaillot, ''Voltaire en son temps. 2. Avec : 1734-1749'', Oxford Voltaire Foundation, 1988. * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] [[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:آزاد تقرير ڪارڪن]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو]، جنيوا لائبريري بلاگ [[زمرو:وولٽيئر]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] 5nza0uxn8yxuwac3c78xlpvjy31du3w 370464 370463 2026-04-07T09:40:13Z Memon2025 21315 370464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> == Pour approfondir == === Bibliographie === ====== ڪتاب: اثاثا: ڪتاب ====== * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * ميري مارگريٽ هيريسن. وولٽيئر جي چاليهه سال جي مطالعي: وولٽيئر تي ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي، 1926–1965*، پيرس: اي. ڪولن، 1968. * بينگيسڪو، جارج. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، پيرس: پيرين، 1882–1890. * بيسٽرمين، ٿيوڊور. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، بينبري: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1973. * اسپيئر، فريڊرڪ اي.، ايلزبيٿ ڪريگر جي شرڪت سان. *وولٽيئر سان لاڳاپيل لکڻين جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي: 1966–1990، آڪسفورڊ: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1992. === مطالعو === * وولٽيئر کي ٽرپل هوميج (ڪوائي ڊي وولٽيئر، هوٽل ڊي ويلٽ). * اينڊري بيلسورٽ، "ايس آن وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 1938. * جارجس بلهوت، "بليٽن آف دي ايبيويل سوسائٽي آف ايموليشن،" جلد XX، شمارو 2، 1957. * گائي چوسينند-نوگارٽ، "وولٽيئر اينڊ دي ايج آف اينلائنمينٽ،" برسلز، ايڊيشن ڪمپليڪس، 1994. * پال ڪينيسٽ-ڪارنوٽ، صدر ڊي بروسس ۽ وولٽيئر جي وچ ۾ جهڳڙو (1888). * يوگين نوئل، "وولٽيئر ايٽ فرني،" بريئر ايٽ فلز، روئن، 1867. * ميڪس گيلو، "آءِ رائيٽ ٽو ايڪٽ: دي لائف آف وولٽيئر،" پيرس، فيارڊ، 2008. * جين گولڊزنڪ، "وولٽيئر، دي ليجنڊ آف سينٽ اروئيٽ،" پيرس، گيليمارڊ، 1989. * فرانسوا جيڪب، "وولٽيئر،" فوليو بايوگرافيز سيريز، گيليمارڊ، 2015. * رينن لارو، "وولٽيئر جي ڪمن ۾ سبزي خور (1762-1778)،" اٺين صدي، 2010. * پيئر ليپيپ، "وولٽيئر دي ڪانڪرر: دي برٿ آف انٽليڪٽوز ان دي ايج آف انٽليڪٽوڪس،" پيرس، سيول، 1997. * ويرونڪ لي رو، "وولٽيئر نيوٽونين. سائنس لاءِ هڪ فلسفي جي جنگ، پيرس، 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * زيويئر مارٽن، ''والٽيئر دي نامعلوم: روشنيءَ جي انسانيت جا پوشيده پهلو (1750-1800)''، پيرس، ڊومينڪ مارٽن مورين، 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * ايلين مارٽن-هاگ، ''والٽيئر. ڪارٽيزينزم کان روشنيءَ تائين، پيرس، ورن، 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}}'' * ''سلوين ميننٽ، "وولٽيئر جي جمالياتيات"، پيرس، SEDES، 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}}'' * ''Guillaume Métayer، "Nietzsche and Voltaire." "تمدن جي روح جي آزادي تي،" پيرس، فلاماريون، 2011. {{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}}'' * ''پيئر ملزا، "وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 2007، {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}}'' * ''جين اوريڪس، "وولٽيئر،" فلاماريون، 1966'' * ''ڪرسٽوفي پيلارڊ، "والٽيئر ايٽ هز شيٽو ڊي فرني،" پيرس، ايڊيشنس دو پيٽريموئن، 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * راجر پيريفٽ، "وولٽيئر، سندس جواني ۽ سندس وقت،" البن مشيل، 1985'' ==== Études ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]] * [[André Bellessort]], ''Essai sur Voltaire'', Perrin, 1938 * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * [[Georges Bilhaut]], , ''Bulletin de la [[Société d'émulation d'Abbeville]]'', tome XX, fascicule 2, 1957. * Guy Chaussinand-Nogaret, ''Voltaire et le siècle des Lumières'', Bruxelles, Éditions Complexe, 1994 * [[Paul Cunisset-Carnot]], La Querelle du [[Charles de Brosses|président de Brosses]] avec Voltaire (1888) * [[Eugène Noël]], ''Voltaire à Ferney'', Brière et fils, Rouen, 1867. * [[Max Gallo]], ''Moi, j’écris pour agir : vie de Voltaire'', Paris, Fayard, 2008 * Jean Goldzink, ''Voltaire, la légende de saint Arouet'', Paris, Gallimard, coll. « [[Découvertes Gallimard]] / Littératures » ([[Liste des volumes de « Découvertes Gallimard » (1re partie)|{{nº|65}}]]), 1989 * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] *[[Renan Larue]], "Le Végétarisme dans l'œuvre de Voltaire (1762-1778)" ''Dix-Huitième siècle'' (), 2010 * [[Pierre Lepape]], ''Voltaire le conquérant : naissance des intellectuels au siècle des Lumières'', Paris, Seuil, 1997 * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Patricia Ménissier, ''Les Amies de Voltaire dans la correspondance : 1749-1778'', Paris, H. Champion, 2007. * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Roger Peyrefitte]], ''Voltaire, sa jeunesse et son temps'', Albin Michel, 1985 * [[René Pomeau]] : **''La Religion de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1956 ( 1969) ** ''Politique de Voltaire'', Paris, Colin, 1963 ( 1994) ** ''Voltaire en son temps'', Voltaire Foundation, Oxford, 1988 *** Tome 1 : ''D'Arouet à Voltaire (1694-1734)'' *** Tome 2 : ''Avec Madame du Châtelet (1734-1749)'' *** Tome 3 : ''De la Cour au Jardin (1750-1759)'' *** Tome 4 : ''Écraser l'Infâme (1759-1770)'' *** Tome 5 : ''On a voulu l'enterrer (1770-1778)'' * Charles Porset, ''Voltaire humaniste'', Paris, Edimaf, 2003 * Guilhem Scherf, ''Pigalle - Voltaire nu'', Musée du Louvre, Département des Sculptures, 2010 * [[Raymond Trousson]], ''Voltaire 1778-1878'', Paris, PUPS, 2008 * René Vaillot, ''Voltaire en son temps. 2. Avec : 1734-1749'', Oxford Voltaire Foundation, 1988. * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] [[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:آزاد تقرير ڪارڪن]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو]، جنيوا لائبريري بلاگ [[زمرو:وولٽيئر]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] hqdfb2c9dg1c06lknlljyc785wv7ety 370465 370464 2026-04-07T09:45:26Z Memon2025 21315 370465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> == اثاثا == === ڪتاب === * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * ميري مارگريٽ هيريسن. وولٽيئر جي چاليهه سال جي مطالعي: وولٽيئر تي ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي، 1926–1965*، پيرس: اي. ڪولن، 1968. * بينگيسڪو، جارج. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، پيرس: پيرين، 1882–1890. * بيسٽرمين، ٿيوڊور. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، بينبري: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1973. * اسپيئر، فريڊرڪ اي.، ايلزبيٿ ڪريگر جي شرڪت سان. *وولٽيئر سان لاڳاپيل لکڻين جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي: 1966–1990، آڪسفورڊ: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1992. === مطالعو === * اينڊري بيلسورٽ، "ايس آن وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 1938. * جارجس بلهوت، "بليٽن آف دي ايبيويل سوسائٽي آف ايموليشن،" جلد XX، شمارو 2، 1957. * گائي چوسينند-نوگارٽ، "وولٽيئر اينڊ دي ايج آف اينلائنمينٽ،" برسلز، ايڊيشن ڪمپليڪس، 1994. * پال ڪينيسٽ-ڪارنوٽ، صدر ڊي بروسس ۽ وولٽيئر جي وچ ۾ جهڳڙو (1888). * يوگين نوئل، "وولٽيئر ايٽ فرني،" بريئر ايٽ فلز، روئن، 1867. * ميڪس گيلو، "آءِ رائيٽ ٽو ايڪٽ: دي لائف آف وولٽيئر،" پيرس، فيارڊ، 2008. * جين گولڊزنڪ، "وولٽيئر، دي ليجنڊ آف سينٽ اروئيٽ،" پيرس، گيليمارڊ، 1989. * فرانسوا جيڪب، "وولٽيئر،" فوليو بايوگرافيز سيريز، گيليمارڊ، 2015. * رينن لارو، "وولٽيئر جي ڪمن ۾ سبزي خور (1762-1778)،" اٺين صدي، 2010. * پيئر ليپيپ، "وولٽيئر دي ڪانڪرر: دي برٿ آف انٽليڪٽوز ان دي ايج آف انٽليڪٽوڪس،" پيرس، سيول، 1997. * ويرونڪ لي رو، "وولٽيئر نيوٽونين. سائنس لاءِ هڪ فلسفي جي جنگ، پيرس، 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * زيويئر مارٽن، ''والٽيئر دي نامعلوم: روشنيءَ جي انسانيت جا پوشيده پهلو (1750-1800)''، پيرس، ڊومينڪ مارٽن مورين، 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * ايلين مارٽن-هاگ، ''والٽيئر. ڪارٽيزينزم کان روشنيءَ تائين، پيرس، ورن، 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}}'' * ''سلوين ميننٽ، "وولٽيئر جي جمالياتيات"، پيرس، SEDES، 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}}'' * ''Guillaume Métayer، "Nietzsche and Voltaire." "تمدن جي روح جي آزادي تي،" پيرس، فلاماريون، 2011. {{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}}'' * ''پيئر ملزا، "وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 2007، {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}}'' * ''جين اوريڪس، "وولٽيئر،" فلاماريون، 1966'' * ''ڪرسٽوفي پيلارڊ، "والٽيئر ايٽ هز شيٽو ڊي فرني،" پيرس، ايڊيشنس دو پيٽريموئن، 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * راجر پيريفٽ، "وولٽيئر، سندس جواني ۽ سندس وقت،" البن مشيل، 1985'' ==== هوميج ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]]وولٽيئر کي ٽرپل هوميج (ڪوائي ڊي وولٽيئر، هوٽل ڊي ويلٽ) * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] [[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:آزاد تقرير ڪارڪن]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو]، جنيوا لائبريري بلاگ [[زمرو:وولٽيئر]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] jsmrn9el4va9nzsfpnd63sy6wezvf2c 370466 370465 2026-04-07T09:46:10Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 370466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> == اثاثا == === ڪتاب === * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * ميري مارگريٽ هيريسن. وولٽيئر جي چاليهه سال جي مطالعي: وولٽيئر تي ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي، 1926–1965*، پيرس: اي. ڪولن، 1968. * بينگيسڪو، جارج. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، پيرس: پيرين، 1882–1890. * بيسٽرمين، ٿيوڊور. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، بينبري: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1973. * اسپيئر، فريڊرڪ اي.، ايلزبيٿ ڪريگر جي شرڪت سان. *وولٽيئر سان لاڳاپيل لکڻين جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي: 1966–1990، آڪسفورڊ: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1992. === مطالعو === * اينڊري بيلسورٽ، "ايس آن وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 1938. * جارجس بلهوت، "بليٽن آف دي ايبيويل سوسائٽي آف ايموليشن،" جلد XX، شمارو 2، 1957. * گائي چوسينند-نوگارٽ، "وولٽيئر اينڊ دي ايج آف اينلائنمينٽ،" برسلز، ايڊيشن ڪمپليڪس، 1994. * پال ڪينيسٽ-ڪارنوٽ، صدر ڊي بروسس ۽ وولٽيئر جي وچ ۾ جهڳڙو (1888). * يوگين نوئل، "وولٽيئر ايٽ فرني،" بريئر ايٽ فلز، روئن، 1867. * ميڪس گيلو، "آءِ رائيٽ ٽو ايڪٽ: دي لائف آف وولٽيئر،" پيرس، فيارڊ، 2008. * جين گولڊزنڪ، "وولٽيئر، دي ليجنڊ آف سينٽ اروئيٽ،" پيرس، گيليمارڊ، 1989. * فرانسوا جيڪب، "وولٽيئر،" فوليو بايوگرافيز سيريز، گيليمارڊ، 2015. * رينن لارو، "وولٽيئر جي ڪمن ۾ سبزي خور (1762-1778)،" اٺين صدي، 2010. * پيئر ليپيپ، "وولٽيئر دي ڪانڪرر: دي برٿ آف انٽليڪٽوز ان دي ايج آف انٽليڪٽوڪس،" پيرس، سيول، 1997. * ويرونڪ لي رو، "وولٽيئر نيوٽونين. سائنس لاءِ هڪ فلسفي جي جنگ، پيرس، 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * زيويئر مارٽن، ''والٽيئر دي نامعلوم: روشنيءَ جي انسانيت جا پوشيده پهلو (1750-1800)''، پيرس، ڊومينڪ مارٽن مورين، 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * ايلين مارٽن-هاگ، ''والٽيئر. ڪارٽيزينزم کان روشنيءَ تائين، پيرس، ورن، 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}}'' * ''سلوين ميننٽ، "وولٽيئر جي جمالياتيات"، پيرس، SEDES، 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}}'' * ''Guillaume Métayer، "Nietzsche and Voltaire." "تمدن جي روح جي آزادي تي،" پيرس، فلاماريون، 2011. {{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}}'' * ''پيئر ملزا، "وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 2007، {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}}'' * ''جين اوريڪس، "وولٽيئر،" فلاماريون، 1966'' * ''ڪرسٽوفي پيلارڊ، "والٽيئر ايٽ هز شيٽو ڊي فرني،" پيرس، ايڊيشنس دو پيٽريموئن، 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * راجر پيريفٽ، "وولٽيئر، سندس جواني ۽ سندس وقت،" البن مشيل، 1985'' ==== هوميج ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]]وولٽيئر کي ٽرپل هوميج (ڪوائي ڊي وولٽيئر، هوٽل ڊي ويلٽ) * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو]، جنيوا لائبريري بلاگ [[زمرو:وولٽيئر]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] s0rn7l2gf70z72s6hd19w9zqsoff293 370467 370466 2026-04-07T09:47:58Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهرين لنڪس */ 370467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> == اثاثا == === ڪتاب === * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * ميري مارگريٽ هيريسن. وولٽيئر جي چاليهه سال جي مطالعي: وولٽيئر تي ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي، 1926–1965*، پيرس: اي. ڪولن، 1968. * بينگيسڪو، جارج. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، پيرس: پيرين، 1882–1890. * بيسٽرمين، ٿيوڊور. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، بينبري: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1973. * اسپيئر، فريڊرڪ اي.، ايلزبيٿ ڪريگر جي شرڪت سان. *وولٽيئر سان لاڳاپيل لکڻين جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي: 1966–1990، آڪسفورڊ: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1992. === مطالعو === * اينڊري بيلسورٽ، "ايس آن وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 1938. * جارجس بلهوت، "بليٽن آف دي ايبيويل سوسائٽي آف ايموليشن،" جلد XX، شمارو 2، 1957. * گائي چوسينند-نوگارٽ، "وولٽيئر اينڊ دي ايج آف اينلائنمينٽ،" برسلز، ايڊيشن ڪمپليڪس، 1994. * پال ڪينيسٽ-ڪارنوٽ، صدر ڊي بروسس ۽ وولٽيئر جي وچ ۾ جهڳڙو (1888). * يوگين نوئل، "وولٽيئر ايٽ فرني،" بريئر ايٽ فلز، روئن، 1867. * ميڪس گيلو، "آءِ رائيٽ ٽو ايڪٽ: دي لائف آف وولٽيئر،" پيرس، فيارڊ، 2008. * جين گولڊزنڪ، "وولٽيئر، دي ليجنڊ آف سينٽ اروئيٽ،" پيرس، گيليمارڊ، 1989. * فرانسوا جيڪب، "وولٽيئر،" فوليو بايوگرافيز سيريز، گيليمارڊ، 2015. * رينن لارو، "وولٽيئر جي ڪمن ۾ سبزي خور (1762-1778)،" اٺين صدي، 2010. * پيئر ليپيپ، "وولٽيئر دي ڪانڪرر: دي برٿ آف انٽليڪٽوز ان دي ايج آف انٽليڪٽوڪس،" پيرس، سيول، 1997. * ويرونڪ لي رو، "وولٽيئر نيوٽونين. سائنس لاءِ هڪ فلسفي جي جنگ، پيرس، 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * زيويئر مارٽن، ''والٽيئر دي نامعلوم: روشنيءَ جي انسانيت جا پوشيده پهلو (1750-1800)''، پيرس، ڊومينڪ مارٽن مورين، 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * ايلين مارٽن-هاگ، ''والٽيئر. ڪارٽيزينزم کان روشنيءَ تائين، پيرس، ورن، 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}}'' * ''سلوين ميننٽ، "وولٽيئر جي جمالياتيات"، پيرس، SEDES، 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}}'' * ''Guillaume Métayer، "Nietzsche and Voltaire." "تمدن جي روح جي آزادي تي،" پيرس، فلاماريون، 2011. {{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}}'' * ''پيئر ملزا، "وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 2007، {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}}'' * ''جين اوريڪس، "وولٽيئر،" فلاماريون، 1966'' * ''ڪرسٽوفي پيلارڊ، "والٽيئر ايٽ هز شيٽو ڊي فرني،" پيرس، ايڊيشنس دو پيٽريموئن، 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * راجر پيريفٽ، "وولٽيئر، سندس جواني ۽ سندس وقت،" البن مشيل، 1985'' ==== هوميج ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]]وولٽيئر کي ٽرپل هوميج (ڪوائي ڊي وولٽيئر، هوٽل ڊي ويلٽ) * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:آزاد تقرير ڪارڪن]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] [[زمرو:قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جو مخفف]] eok1iuacpd5sk5wejgeh9nb3g5o0ql1 370468 370467 2026-04-07T09:51:39Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهرين لنڪس */ 370468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> == اثاثا == === ڪتاب === * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * ميري مارگريٽ هيريسن. وولٽيئر جي چاليهه سال جي مطالعي: وولٽيئر تي ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي، 1926–1965*، پيرس: اي. ڪولن، 1968. * بينگيسڪو، جارج. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، پيرس: پيرين، 1882–1890. * بيسٽرمين، ٿيوڊور. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، بينبري: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1973. * اسپيئر، فريڊرڪ اي.، ايلزبيٿ ڪريگر جي شرڪت سان. *وولٽيئر سان لاڳاپيل لکڻين جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي: 1966–1990، آڪسفورڊ: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1992. === مطالعو === * اينڊري بيلسورٽ، "ايس آن وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 1938. * جارجس بلهوت، "بليٽن آف دي ايبيويل سوسائٽي آف ايموليشن،" جلد XX، شمارو 2، 1957. * گائي چوسينند-نوگارٽ، "وولٽيئر اينڊ دي ايج آف اينلائنمينٽ،" برسلز، ايڊيشن ڪمپليڪس، 1994. * پال ڪينيسٽ-ڪارنوٽ، صدر ڊي بروسس ۽ وولٽيئر جي وچ ۾ جهڳڙو (1888). * يوگين نوئل، "وولٽيئر ايٽ فرني،" بريئر ايٽ فلز، روئن، 1867. * ميڪس گيلو، "آءِ رائيٽ ٽو ايڪٽ: دي لائف آف وولٽيئر،" پيرس، فيارڊ، 2008. * جين گولڊزنڪ، "وولٽيئر، دي ليجنڊ آف سينٽ اروئيٽ،" پيرس، گيليمارڊ، 1989. * فرانسوا جيڪب، "وولٽيئر،" فوليو بايوگرافيز سيريز، گيليمارڊ، 2015. * رينن لارو، "وولٽيئر جي ڪمن ۾ سبزي خور (1762-1778)،" اٺين صدي، 2010. * پيئر ليپيپ، "وولٽيئر دي ڪانڪرر: دي برٿ آف انٽليڪٽوز ان دي ايج آف انٽليڪٽوڪس،" پيرس، سيول، 1997. * ويرونڪ لي رو، "وولٽيئر نيوٽونين. سائنس لاءِ هڪ فلسفي جي جنگ، پيرس، 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * زيويئر مارٽن، ''والٽيئر دي نامعلوم: روشنيءَ جي انسانيت جا پوشيده پهلو (1750-1800)''، پيرس، ڊومينڪ مارٽن مورين، 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * ايلين مارٽن-هاگ، ''والٽيئر. ڪارٽيزينزم کان روشنيءَ تائين، پيرس، ورن، 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}}'' * ''سلوين ميننٽ، "وولٽيئر جي جمالياتيات"، پيرس، SEDES، 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}}'' * ''Guillaume Métayer، "Nietzsche and Voltaire." "تمدن جي روح جي آزادي تي،" پيرس، فلاماريون، 2011. {{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}}'' * ''پيئر ملزا، "وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 2007، {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}}'' * ''جين اوريڪس، "وولٽيئر،" فلاماريون، 1966'' * ''ڪرسٽوفي پيلارڊ، "والٽيئر ايٽ هز شيٽو ڊي فرني،" پيرس، ايڊيشنس دو پيٽريموئن، 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * راجر پيريفٽ، "وولٽيئر، سندس جواني ۽ سندس وقت،" البن مشيل، 1985'' ==== هوميج ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]]وولٽيئر کي ٽرپل هوميج (ڪوائي ڊي وولٽيئر، هوٽل ڊي ويلٽ) * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:آزاد تقرير ڪارڪن]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] [[زمرو:قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جو مخفف]] 4fyuzk0dgnzbbp8ogk7ntbikdrjbssw 370470 370468 2026-04-07T09:53:58Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهرين لنڪس */ 370470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{بهترين مضمون}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} '''فرينڪوئي ميري اروٽ''' ({{lang-en|Voltaire}}) (21 نومبر 1694 - 30 مَئي 1778ع) [[پيرس]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو، بعد ۾ هِن جو نالو '''والٽئر''' رکيو ويو، هي پنهنجي ڏاهپ سبب فرانسيسي روشن خيال ليکڪ، تاريخدان ۽ فلسفي طور مشهور ٿيو، هي بهترين تنقيدنگار ٿي گذريو، پاڻ عيسائيت، خاص طور تي ڪيٿولڪ چرچ مٿان تنقيد، دين کان آزاديءَ، اظهار جي آزادي، مذهب ۽ سياست کي الڳ لڳ ڪرڻ جو حمايتي هو. والٽئر هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهميت رکندڙ ليکڪ هيو، هِن تقريبن ادبي روپ سان گڏوگڏ بيت، ناول، مضمون، تاريخي، ۽ سائنسي ڪم پڻ ڪيا. هِن 20،000 هزار کان وڌيڪ خط ۽ 2000 کان وڌيڪ ڪتاب ۽ پمفليٽ لکيا، هِي سماج جي آزادي جو بااختيار وڪيل پڻ هيو، ڳالهيون اهڙيون هونديون هيس جو ماڻهو هِن جي ڳالهين تي چڙندا هُئا پر سچ هجڻ ڪري ان کي نندي به نه سگهندا هيا. == زندگي بابت == والٽئر جڏهن اسڪول ڇڏيو، هن فيصلو ڪيو ته هو ليکڪ ٿيندو، جيڪو هِن جي پيءُ جي خواهشن جي سخت خلاف هيو، هُن جو چوڻ هيو ته والٽئر وڪيل ٿئي، هن جي پيءُ کي ان ڳالهه جي پهرين ئي خبر هئي ته والٽئر ننڍي هوندي کان ئي لکڻ طرف راغب آهي، جڏهن هِن کي خبر پئي ته والٽئر پنهنجو گھڻو وقت پيرس ۾ نوٽس ۽ شاعري کي ڏيندو آهي ته هن والٽئر کي زبردستي قانون پرهائڻ لاءِ موڪليو پر پوءِ به والٽئر لکڻ جاري رکيو، هِن ڪيترائي مضمون ۽ تاريخي اڀياس لکيا، 1713ع ۾ هن جي پيءُ جڏهن هِن کي سفارتي نمائندي جي طور [[نيدرلينڊز|هالينڊ]] موڪليو، پر هن اتي سفارتي ضابطن کي ٽوڙي ڇڏيو، هن کي هالينڊ جي شهر هيگ ۾مظاهرو ڪندڙ فرانسيسي پناهگير ڇوڪري ڪيمٿين الاولپپ ڊيوور سان زندگيءَ ۾ پهريون عشق ٿيو، هن چاهيو پئي ته شادي کان سواءِ پنهنجي محبوبا کي [[فرانس]] وٺي وڃڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿئي پر سفارتي سطح تي جڏهن اها خبر عام ٿي ته هن کي ڏاڍو خوار ۽ خراب ڪيو ويو ۽ هن کي تمام وڏي ذلت سان وطن واپس موڪليو ويو. [[فائل:Bastille 1715.jpg|thumb|بيسٽل جيل جتي والٽئر کي قيد ڪيو،]] هن [[فرانس]] اچي وري لکڻ پڙهڻ شروع ڪيو، هن هڪ سچي قلمڪار جي حيثيت سان اهو ڪجهه لکيو جيڪو ان وقت جي حڪومت لاءِ پريشاني جو سبب بڻيو، والٽئر جي شروعاتي زندگي گھڻو ڪري پيرس جي چوڌاري گذري، شروعات کان وٺي والٽئر جي [[تنقيدي مضمون|تنقيدي لکڻين]] حڪومت کي مصيبت ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو، ان جي نتيجي ۾ هِن کي ٻه ڀيرا جيل جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي، والٽئر جي دوستن هِن کي آزاد ڪرائڻ لاءِ ڀڄ ڊوڙ شروع ڪئي ۽ انهن کي والٽئر کي آزاد ڪرائڻ ۾ يارهن مهينا لڳي ويا، جڏهن [[فرانس]] جي ان وقت جي سڀ کان وڏي اداڪارا [[ايڊرني ليڪوريٽر]] سڪرات جي حالت ۾ هئي تڏهن والٽئر کي خبر پئي ته پادري هن کي ان ڳالهه تي مجبور ڪري رهيا آهن ته هوءَ مرڻ کان اڳ پنهنجي فن کي گند سڏي خدا کان معافيءَ جي طلبگار ٿئي جيئن ان جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري لاءِ دعا گهري سگهجي. ان زماني ۾ ڪلاڪارن سان ائين ٿيندو هيو ته مرڻ وقت انهن کي پنهنجي ڪلاڪار طور گهاريل زندگيءَ کي گناهه قرار ڏئي معافيءَ تي مجبور ڪري انهن کان اهو اقرار ڪرايو ويندو هيو ته واقعي انهن پنهنجي زندگي گناهن ۾ بسر ڪئي آهي جنهن لاءِ ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهري وڃي. سڪرات جي حالت ۾ به سخت لفظن ۾ ان ڳالهه مڃڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ته ڪو هن جي زندگي ڪنهن گناهه جو حصو هئي. هن جي اها ڳالهه ٻڌي پادري هن جي روحاني ڇوٽڪاري جي دعا گهرڻ بنا ائين ئي هليا ويا ۽ پوليس ان جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان اڳ زوريءَ کڻي وڃي هڪ کڏ ۾ اڇلائي مٿان چوني جو ليپو ڪرائي ڇڏيو. والٽئر جي دل ۾ ان ڏينهن کان مذهب خلاف نفرت پيدا ٿي ۽ مذهب خلاف هن جي اها نفرت نه ڪو [[فرانس]] ۽ مسيحت تائين محدود رهي، پر هر اهو ظلم جيڪو [[پروٽسٽنٽ]] فرقي کان ٿيندو هيو يا [[ڪيٿولڪ]] فرقي کان، فرانس ۾ ٿيندو هيو يا فرانس کان ٻاهر، والٽئر ان ظلم خلاف هڪ آواز بڻجي اٿندو هيو. هو چوندو هيو ته ”جيڪو شخص مونکي ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته خدا توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندو، اهو دراصل ائين چوي ٿو ته منهنجي عقيدي تي ايمان آڻ نه ته مان توکي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيندس“. جڏهن ٻئي دفعي گرفتار ڪري ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هن کي ان شرط تي ڇڏيو ويو ته فرانس کي ڇڏي ڪنهن ٻئي ملڪ هليو ويندو. هن کي تمام مجبوريءَ جي حالت ۾ فرانس ڇڏي برطانيه روانو ٿيڻو پيو. === برطانيه جو سفر === '''1726ع''' ۾ هو هڪڙي ”ديٽ سنڊي“ جي ڏينهن [[برطانيا]] پهتو ۽ هن ٽيمز درياهه وارو مشهور جشن ڏٺو. پنهنجي برطانوي زندگيءَ ۾ هو ويسٽ منسٽر ايبي ۾ سر آئزڪ نيوٽن جي دفنائڻ واري منظر کان ڏاڍو متاثر ٿيو، اهو ان ڪري جو ان وقت فرانس نه ته ڪنهن سائنسدان کي نائٽ جو اعزاز ڏنو هيو ۽ نه ڪنهن کي اهڙي پروقار طريقي سان دفنايو ويو هيو. هو انگريز قوم جي ان ڳالهه کان تمام متاثر ٿيو ته انگريز قوم جيئرن شاعرن ۽ دانشورن کي به اهڙي ئي عزت ۽ احترام سان ڏسي ٿي، جيئن [[ملٽن]] ۽ [[شيڪسپيئر]] کي. برطانوي پارليامينٽري نظام جي قوت ۽ آزادي کي ڏسي هن کي اتان گهڻو ڪجهه پرائڻ جو موقعو مليو، برطانوي انصاف ۽ عدالتن جي طور طريقن کي ڏسي هن کي حيرت ٿي ته فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ برطانوي سماج ڪيترو نه حقيقت تي مبني ۽ اتان جي عوام جو ڪنهن حد تائين ترجمان آهي. جتي والٽئر برطانيه جي پارليامينٽري ۽ عدالتي نظام کان متاثر ٿيو اتي هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاريءَ جا جديد گر به سکيا. هن محسوس ڪيو ته برطانيه جو سرمائيدار ۽ ڪاروباري ماڻهو ڪيترو نه ذهين ۽ پنهنجي ڪاروباري وسعت لاءِ صحيح اڳڪٿي ڪندڙ آهي، هن برطانوي سرمائيڪاري نظام کان اهو ڪجهه پرايو جو هن کي فرانس واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مالي طرح مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪا به ڏکيائي محسوس نه ٿي. '''1729ع''' ۾ جڏهن والٽئر پنجٽيهن سالن جو هو ته هن کي [[فرانس]] واپس اچڻ جي اجازت ملي ۽ جڏهن هو [[فرانس]] واپس پهتو ته هن کي ڪنهن به مالي دشواري جو منهن نه ڏسڻو پيو، جڏهن هن کي هڪ رياضي دان کان اها خبر پئي ته هن سال سرڪاري خزاني جي سربراهه کان قومي لاٽريءَ جي ٽڪيٽن جي جاري ڪرڻ ۾ غلطي ٿي آهي ته والٽئر هڪ سنڊيڪيٽ تشڪيل ڏني جنهن سمورين ٽڪيٽن کي خريد ڪري ورتو. جڏهن قومي خزاني جي سربراهه کي پنهنجي غلطيءَ جو احساس ٿيو ته هن لاٽريءَ جي رقم ڏيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو پر والٽئر ان خلاف عدالت ۾ ڪيس داخل ڪيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هن کي اڍائي لک ڊالرن جيڏي وڏي رقم ملي وئي. ايتري عقلمندي دنيا جي ڪنهن [[اديب]] يا شاعر ۾ مشڪل سان نظر ايندي پر والٽئر اهو سڀ برطانوي ڪاروباري نظام مان پرايو هيو. ان وڏي رقم مان هن [[ڀارت|هندستان]]، [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۽ دنيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن مال موڪلڻ واري ڪاروبار جي شروعات ڪئي. '''1734ع کان 1749ع''' تائين هو [[ايملي مارڪوئيس]] سان گڏ رهيو جيڪا هڪ نواب جي طلاق ڏنل زال هئي. هن جي دوستن ۾ حسين اداڪارا [[ليڪوئر]] کان وٺي ويندي هڪ ڇوڪريءَ سان پڻ تعلقات هيا جنهن کي هو پيار مان ”ملن“ سڏيندو هيو. والٽئر انسان ذات جي آزادي ۽ ان جي ڪرتوتن ۽ عملن کي ناجائز ذريعن سان دٻائڻ جي خلاف هيو پر هن جون ڪجهه ڪمزوريون به هيون، هو پاڻ پڏائڻ ۾ فخر محسوس ڪندو هيو. هر ٿوري ڳالهه تي هو جذباتي ٿي ويڙهه تي لهي ايندو هيو، جڏهن جان ڇڏائڻ لاءِ ڪو چاڙهو نه ڏسندو هيو ته ڪوڙ ڳالهائڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. جڏهن اهڙي خطري ۾ وڪوڙجي ويندو هيو جنهن مان جان بچائڻ جي اميد نه هوندي هيس ته پوءِ اتان ڀڄڻ ۾ به دير نه ڪندو هيو. ڪڏهن ڪنهن اڻ وڻندڙ صورت حال کان بچڻ لاءِ پاڻ کي بيمار تصور ڪندو هيو يا ڪوڙ ۾بيمار ٿي پوندو هيو. ان جي باوجود والٽئر جو اخلاقي تصور انهن ماڻهن کان گهڻو مٿي هيو جيڪي هن جي ڪردار کي ننديندا هيا. === سئزرلينڊ جو سفر === '''1755ع''' ۾ هن پيرسن فلسفيءَ دنيا جي هڪ آزاد جمهوري ملڪ [[سئزرلينڊ]] ۾ پناهه ورتي. هن هر ايندڙ ملاقاتيءَ جو فرشتن جهڙي مرڪ سان استقبال ڪيو. ڪافيءَ جا دور هلندا ها ۽ والٽئر راتين جو دير تائين انهن محلفن ۾ جيڪي [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ مثالي تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون، ماڻهو ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ لاءِ ايندا هيا ۽ ٽي ٽي مهينا ٽڪي پوندا هيا. ”خدا مون کي منهنجي دوستن کان محفوظ رکي“. والٽئر ٿڌو ساهه کڻي چوندو هيو، ”دشمنن سان ته مان پاڻ ئي نبري پوندس“. [[فائل:Voltaire - Élémens de la philosophie de Neuton.png|thumb|نيوتون جي فلسفو جي عناصر، 1738ع جي تصوير]] هن جون سخاوتون هن جي مهمان نوازيءَ جي بنسبت لڪل هونديون هيون. ڪيترائي غريب ۽ مسڪين، سياسي يا مذهبي جنون جو شڪار ٿي هن جي در تي ايندا هيا، والٽئر اهڙن ماڻهن لاءِ باقاعدي گهر اڏائڻ شروع ڪيا ۽ ڏسندي ئي ڏسندي اتي هڪ ڳوٺ آباد ٿي ويو. هن ڳوٺ جي ماڻهن کي انهن جي صلاحيتن مطابق ڌنڌا کولي ڏنا، انهن ۾ گهڻا ماڻهو گهڙي سازيءَ جو ڪم ڄاڻيندا هيا، والٽئر جلد گهڙي سازيءَ جي ڪاروبار جو سيلز ايجنٽ بڻجي ويو، هو پنهنجي ماڻهن جون ٺاهيل گهڙيون ٻين جي مقابلي ۾ ٽين حصي جيتري رقم جي رعايت سان وڪڻندو هيو، جنهن ڪري هن جو اهو ڪاروبار ڄمي هلڻ لڳو، انهن گهڙين جا اشتهار هو پاڻ لکندو هيو، جيڪڏهن اڄ اهو اشتهار ڪنهن وٽ محفوظ آهي ته اهو بي بها آهي. والٽئر چاهي ها ته پنهنجي پيريءَ جا ڏينهن ڏاڍي آرام سان گذاري ها، هو دنيا جو امير ترين ماڻهو هيو پر هن جي حق لاءِ وڙهندڙ طبيعت هن کي هڪ دفعو وري سڪون سان ويهڻ نه ڏنو. '''1762ع''' ۾ جڏهن ٽونور جا مذهبي جنوني ان شهر ۾ چار هزار ماڻهن جي قتل جي ٻه سوئين ورسي ملهائي رهيا هئا جن کي مذهبي جنون تحت قتل ڪيو ويو هيو ته هڪ نوجوان شخص کي ڦاسيءَ تي لٽڪيل ڏٺو ويو. هر طرف اهي ئي چئمگويون گشت ڪري رهيون هيون ته اهو نوجوان رومن ڪيٿولڪ هيو جيڪو پروٽسٽنٽ ٿيڻ چاهي پيو. مذهبي جنونين ان ڳالهه کي غلط نموني سان پيش ڪيو، انهن راءِ ڏني ته ان نوجوان کي پنهنجي پيءُ زان ڪيلاس جيڪو هڪ ڪمزور ۽ شريف ماڻهو هيو ڦاسي ڏني آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ زان ڪيلاس تي گهڻو تشدد ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته هن ان ڳالهه کي قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو ته ڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ کي ڦاسيءَ جي تختي تي چاڙهيو آهي تڏهن به هن کي ناحق موت جي سزا ڏني وئي، نه صرف ايترو پر پوري زان ڪيلاس گهراڻي کي تشدد جو نشانو بڻايو ويو. والٽئر ان معاملي ۾ دلچسپي ورتي ۽ قانون جا بخيا اڊيڙڻ شروع ڪيا. هن تعزيراتي قانونن جي حقيقت کي بي نقاب ڪري ڇڏيو، جيڪا نه صرف فرانس پر پوري يورپ ۾ رائج هئي. انهن قانونن جي تحت جيوريءَ جو ڪو به تصور نه هيو. ملزم کي پنهنجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ وڪيل جو حق نه هيو. ان جي حمايت ۾ ڪا به شهادت قبول نه ڪئي ويندي هئي. الزام لڳائڻ وارا لڪيل طريقي شهادت ڏيندا هيا. والٽئر کي اهو به معلوم ٿيو ته گهڻا فوجداري قانون لکت ۾ موجود نه آهن، اهي صرف وڪيلن جي حافظي تائين محدود هيا ۽ اهي جڏهن ڪنهن کي سزا ڏياريندا هيا ته پنهنجي حق ۾ انهن قانونن جي تشريح ڪندا هيا. ان زماني جي سرمائيدار ۽ اثر و رسوخ واري طبقي کي اهڙن قانونن جي دهشت گردين جو ڪو به علم نه هيو، اهي ان مان مطمئن هيا ۽ سمجهندا هيا ته غريب جن کي سزائون ملن ٿيون اهي قدرتي طور ڏوهي آهن، والٽئر پنهنجي تمام اثر رسوخ ۽ دولت جي زور تي ان معاملي کي پنهنجن هٿن ۾ کنيو. ٽن سالن تائين بقول هن جي هن کي مرڪڻ جيتري مهلت به نه ملي. هن جي راتين جي ننڊ حرام ٿي وئي، هن جي هر گهڙي قانون جي ماهرن، ڪليسيا جي وارثن ، بادشاهن ۽ يورپ جي پريس تي ان مطالبي ۾ گذرندي هئي ته زان ڪيلاس جي مقدمي کي ٻيهر هلايو وڃي، عوام جو ان تي وڏو ردعمل ٿيو ۽ نيٺ بادشاهه مجبور ٿي والٽئر جو اهو مطالبو منظور ڪيو. زان ڪيلاس جي موت کان پوءِ جڏهن ان جي مقدمي جي ٻيهر شروعات ڪئي وئي ته والٽئر عدالت کان اهو تسليم ڪرائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿي ويو ته زان ڪيلاس بي ڏوهي هيو ۽ ٽائوس جي عدالت جنهن زان ڪيلاس کي موت جي سزا ڏئي ڦاهي تي لڙڪايو هيو، هڪ وڏي شرمندگيءَ سان همڪنار ٿي وئي. جيئن ئي زان ڪيلاس جو مقدمو کٽيو ويو، اهي سڀ ماڻهو والٽئر وٽ اچي گڏ ٿيا جن سان قانوني ناانصافيون ٿيون هيون، والٽئر انهن سڀني کي پنهنجا حق وٺرائي ڏنا. هن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪاوڙ ان ڳالهه تي ايندي هئي ته ڪليسا کي اهڙا اختيار ڇو آهن، جن تحت اهي ڪليسائي قانونن جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ ماڻهوءَ کي عذاب پهچائڻ کان وٺي ويندي ڦاسي چاڙهڻ تائين خودمختيار هيا. هن مطالبو ڪيو ته مذهب کي سياست ۽ قانون کان الڳ ڪيو وڃي. مذهب جو ڪم صرف روحاني اصلاح تائين محدود ڪيو وڃي، جيستائين گناهن جو تعلق آهي ته انهن جي سزا مذهبي طرح خدا وٽ هجڻ گهرجي، ڪليسا کي خدائيءَ جو حق نه ٿو پهچي، جيستائين قانون جو تعلق آهي ته هر ڪنهن کي قانون سان محبت هئڻ گهرجي ۽ جيڪو شخص ان جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري ٿو ان کي پنهنجي ڌرتيءَ سان محبت نه آهي. === فرانس ۾ واپسي === مرڻ کان پهريون والٽئر جي دل ۾ هڪ دفعو وري فرانس کي ڏسڻ جي خواهش پيدا ٿي. '''ڊسمبر 1777ع''' ۾ هڪ ڏينهن پئرس جي هڪ محصول چوڪيءَ وٽ هڪ آفيسر ڪنهن گاڏي کي چڪاس لاءِ روڪيو. هن ان گاڏيءَ ۾ اهو ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڪا ناجائز شيءِ ته ان ۾ موجود نه آهي. گاڏيءَ جي اندران هڪ ڪمزور ۽ جهيڻو آواز آيو.”هن گاڏيءَ ۾ مون کان سواءِ ڪا به ناجائز شيءِ موجود نه آهي“. چنگيءَ جي آفيسر گاڏيءَ جي دريءَ مان ليئو پائي اندر ويٺل پوڙهي شخص کي نهاريو ۽ هن جي ذري گهٽ رڙ نڪري وئي. ”توهان موسيو والٽئر؟“ ان آفيسر چيو، والٽئر جو پوڙهو منهن هاڻي ڪنهن لاءِ به اڻ ڄاتل نه رهيو هيو، لکين ماڻهو ان شڪل کي ڏسي سڃاڻي ويندا هيا ته اهو پوڙهو آزاديءَ جو ڪرڻو والٽئر آهي. پئرس جا لکين ماڻهو پنهنجي محبوب رهنما جي آجيان لاءِ گڏ ٿي ويا. اها ئي نيشنل اڪيڊمي جنهن روايتن جي پابندي ڪندي والٽئر کي نظرانداز ڪري ڇڏيو هيو، هن لاءِ عزت جا دروازا کولي ڇڏيا ”[[ڪوميڊي فرانسيسي]]“. جي عمارت ۾ هن عظيم ڊرامانگار جي آجيان ڪرڻ لاءِ پوري ڪاسٽ جمع ٿي وئي ۽ هن جو آخري ڊرامو اتي ئي پيش ڪيو ويو، جنهن جو اڀ ڏاريندڙ نعرن سان اختتام ٿيو. [[فائل:Voltaire-last-house.jpg|thumb|گهر جتي والٽئر جو موت ٿيو]] '''مئي 1778ع''' ۾ والٽئر هن دنيا مان لاڏاڻو ڪيو. ڪليسا جي پادرين هن جي لاش کي دفن ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، ٿي سگهي ٿو هن جي لاش سان به اها ئي حالت ٿي ها جيڪا مشهور اداڪارا ليڪوريٽر جي لاش سان ٿي هئي، پر والٽئر جا دوست هن جي لاش کي ڪجهه اهڙي نموني سنڀاليندا کڻي هليا ويا جو سپاهين کي اهو دوکو ٿيو ته والٽئر جيئرو آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر تڪڙ ۾ پروقار طريقي سان والٽئر کي دفن ڪيو ويو. والٽئر مري چڪو هيو پر نظرياتي طرح هو فرانس جي عوام ۾ جيئرو هيو. هن جي ان نعري نيٺ پنهنجو اثر ڏيکاريو ته ”اي انسانو سجاڳ ٿيو ۽ پنهنجا زنجير ٽوڙي ڇڏيو. '''1791ع''' ۾ فرانس ۾ انقلاب رونما ٿيو ته والٽئر جو لاش کوٽي ڪڍي ان کي عزت ۽ احترام سان پئرس آندو ويو ۽ پوري رات بيسٽل جي کنڊرن تي فاتحانا انداز ۾ رکيو ويو. اڍائي لکن جي عوامي جلوس گهوڙن تي سوار ۽ پيدل فوجي دستن سان گڏ فرانس جي هن عظيم انقلابي کي پوري رات سلامي پيش ڪئي ۽ پوءِ هن جي لاش کي پيانٿيال ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو، جتي فرانس جون عظيم هستيون دفن آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=696}}</ref> == اثاثا == === ڪتاب === * Barr, Mary Margaret Harrison. ''A Century of Voltaire Study. À Bibliography of Writings on Voltaire, 1825-1925'', New York: B. Franklin, 1972. * ميري مارگريٽ هيريسن. وولٽيئر جي چاليهه سال جي مطالعي: وولٽيئر تي ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي، 1926–1965*، پيرس: اي. ڪولن، 1968. * بينگيسڪو، جارج. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، پيرس: پيرين، 1882–1890. * بيسٽرمين، ٿيوڊور. وولٽيئر: سندس ڪمن جي هڪ ببليوگرافي، بينبري: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1973. * اسپيئر، فريڊرڪ اي.، ايلزبيٿ ڪريگر جي شرڪت سان. *وولٽيئر سان لاڳاپيل لکڻين جي هڪ تجزياتي ببليوگرافي: 1966–1990، آڪسفورڊ: وولٽيئر فائونڊيشن، 1992. === مطالعو === * اينڊري بيلسورٽ، "ايس آن وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 1938. * جارجس بلهوت، "بليٽن آف دي ايبيويل سوسائٽي آف ايموليشن،" جلد XX، شمارو 2، 1957. * گائي چوسينند-نوگارٽ، "وولٽيئر اينڊ دي ايج آف اينلائنمينٽ،" برسلز، ايڊيشن ڪمپليڪس، 1994. * پال ڪينيسٽ-ڪارنوٽ، صدر ڊي بروسس ۽ وولٽيئر جي وچ ۾ جهڳڙو (1888). * يوگين نوئل، "وولٽيئر ايٽ فرني،" بريئر ايٽ فلز، روئن، 1867. * ميڪس گيلو، "آءِ رائيٽ ٽو ايڪٽ: دي لائف آف وولٽيئر،" پيرس، فيارڊ، 2008. * جين گولڊزنڪ، "وولٽيئر، دي ليجنڊ آف سينٽ اروئيٽ،" پيرس، گيليمارڊ، 1989. * فرانسوا جيڪب، "وولٽيئر،" فوليو بايوگرافيز سيريز، گيليمارڊ، 2015. * رينن لارو، "وولٽيئر جي ڪمن ۾ سبزي خور (1762-1778)،" اٺين صدي، 2010. * پيئر ليپيپ، "وولٽيئر دي ڪانڪرر: دي برٿ آف انٽليڪٽوز ان دي ايج آف انٽليڪٽوڪس،" پيرس، سيول، 1997. * ويرونڪ لي رو، "وولٽيئر نيوٽونين. سائنس لاءِ هڪ فلسفي جي جنگ، پيرس، 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * زيويئر مارٽن، ''والٽيئر دي نامعلوم: روشنيءَ جي انسانيت جا پوشيده پهلو (1750-1800)''، پيرس، ڊومينڪ مارٽن مورين، 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * ايلين مارٽن-هاگ، ''والٽيئر. ڪارٽيزينزم کان روشنيءَ تائين، پيرس، ورن، 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}}'' * ''سلوين ميننٽ، "وولٽيئر جي جمالياتيات"، پيرس، SEDES، 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}}'' * ''Guillaume Métayer، "Nietzsche and Voltaire." "تمدن جي روح جي آزادي تي،" پيرس، فلاماريون، 2011. {{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}}'' * ''پيئر ملزا، "وولٽيئر،" پيرين، 2007، {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}}'' * ''جين اوريڪس، "وولٽيئر،" فلاماريون، 1966'' * ''ڪرسٽوفي پيلارڊ، "والٽيئر ايٽ هز شيٽو ڊي فرني،" پيرس، ايڊيشنس دو پيٽريموئن، 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * راجر پيريفٽ، "وولٽيئر، سندس جواني ۽ سندس وقت،" البن مشيل، 1985'' ==== هوميج ==== [[File:Triple hommage à Voltaire Paris.jpg|vignette|Triple hommage à Voltaire ([[quai Voltaire|quai homonyme]], [[hôtel de Villette]]).]]وولٽيئر کي ٽرپل هوميج (ڪوائي ڊي وولٽيئر، هوٽل ڊي ويلٽ) * Rémy Bijaoui, ''Voltaire avocat. Calas, Sirven et autres affaires…'', Paris, Tallandier, 1994 {{ISBN|978-2-23502-118-0}} * François Jacob, ''Voltaire'', collection ''Folio biographies'', Gallimard, 2015, 319 p. {{ISBN|978-2-07046-139-4}} * [[Frédéric Lachèvre]], ''Voltaire mourant, enquête faite en 1778 sur les circonstances de sa dernière maladie publiée sur le manuscrit inédit et annotée, suivi de Le catéchisme des libertins du , Les quatrains du déiste ou l'anti-bigot'', Honoré Champion libraire-éditeur, Paris, 1908 [https://archive.org/details/voltairemourante00lachuoft/page/n7/mode/2up (''lire en ligne'')] * [[Véronique Le Ru]], ''Voltaire newtonien. Le combat d’un philosophe pour la science'', Paris, Vuibert/ADAPT, 2005 {{ISBN|978-2-7117-5374-1}} * Sébastien Longchamp [Valet de chambre et copiste de Voltaire, de 1746 à 1751.], ''Anecdotes sur la vie privée de Monsieur de Voltaire''. Texte établi par Frédéric S. Eigeldinger. Présenté et annoté par Raymond Trousson. Éditions Honoré Champion, [[2009]]. , 344, relié, . {{ISBN|978-2-7453-1861-9}} * [[Xavier Martin]], ''Voltaire méconnu : aspects cachés de l’humanisme des Lumières (1750-1800)'', Paris, Dominique Martin Morin, 2006 {{ISBN|978-2-85652-303-2}} * Éliane Martin-Haag, ''Voltaire. Du cartésianisme aux Lumières'', Paris, Vrin, 2002 {{ISBN|978-2-7116-1537-7}} * Sylvain Menant, ''Esthétique de Voltaire'', Paris, SEDES, 1995 {{ISBN|978-2-7181-1555-9}} * Guillaume Métayer, ''Nietzsche et Voltaire. De la liberté de l’esprit de la civilisation'', Paris, Flammarion, 2011.{{ISBN|978-2-08-124925-7}} * [[Pierre Milza]], ''Voltaire'', Perrin, 2007, {{ISBN|978-2-262-02251-8}} * [[Jean Orieux]], ''Voltaire'', Flammarion, 1966 * Christophe Paillard, ''Voltaire en son château de Ferney'', Paris, Éditions du Patrimoine, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-7577-0027-3}} * [[Jean van Win]], ''Voltaire et la franc-maçonnerie sous l’éclairage des rituels du temps'', Paris, Ed. Télètes, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-90603-175-3}}. * [[André Versaille]] (éd.), ''Dictionnaire de la pensée de Voltaire'', Bruxelles, [[éditions Complexe]], 1994 * Ghislain Waterlot, ''Voltaire : le procureur des Lumières'', Paris, Michalon, 1996 * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire Voltaire, son œuvre en version audio] [[Fichier:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] * [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/bge-numerique/personnalites/voltaire Voltaire (1694-1778), Écrivain, homme de théâtre et philosophe], Bibliothèque de Genève numérique * [https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/liste_des_textes?field_codefm_value=&field_first_verse_value=&field_last_verse_value=&field_description_value=&field_year_value=&field_author_value=Voltaire&field_keywords_value=&field_reference_value=&field_like_a_song_value=&body= Liste de poèmes satiriques attribués ou écrits par Voltaire]. * [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile Un costume de Voltaire: quand la conservation préventive conduit à une enquête textile], Blog de la Bibliothèque de Genève ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهرين لنڪس== * [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/toutvoltaire/ "Al About Voltaire" ARTFL ويب سائيٽ تي] * [http://www.chateau-ferney-voltaire.fr/ فرني ۾ وولٽيئر جو قلعو] * [http://athena.unige.ch/athena/voltaire/voltaire.html وولٽيئر جا متن athena.unige.ch تي شايع ٿيا] * [https://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/auteur/voltaire وولٽيئر، سندس ڪم آڊيو ورزن ۾] [[فائل:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] [https://www.bge-geneve.ch/blog/un-costume-de-voltaire-quand-la-conservation-preventive-conduit-une-enquete-textile وولٽيئر جو هڪ لباس: جڏهن بچاءُ وارو تحفظ ڪپڙي جي تحقيق ڏانهن وٺي وڃي ٿو] [[زمرو:وولٽيئر| ]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:خيالن جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:آزاد تقرير ڪارڪن]] [[زمرو:سياسي فلاسافي]] [[زمرو:قلمي نالو]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:شاعر جو مخفف]] [[زمرو:فلسفي جو مخفف]] ikvrxqpg6d08y030p2quo9zrcd7lqea 10 52640 370385 171180 2026-04-07T00:35:46Z CommonsDelinker 103 Replacing Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands_(pre-1999).svg with [[File:Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands_(1959—1999).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set) 370385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = ڪيمين ٻيٽ | flag alias = Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg | flag alias-old = Flag of the Cayman Islands (1959—1999).svg | flag alias-civil = Civil Ensign of the Cayman Islands.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = old | var2 = civil | redir1 = CYM | redir2 = CAY </noinclude> }} 7yizbtgyqxlj0jxduekwcol6vcezzfa 0 55073 370387 367187 2026-04-07T02:55:36Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 370387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} rbdwjwmeorbm1ivo3w15l8wmo3n52bz 370388 370387 2026-04-07T02:58:16Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* بلقان ۾ تڪرار */ 370388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} gcgbrc71ar4ugecfofoq9g4ka7zd9ga 370389 370388 2026-04-07T03:01:15Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* جولاءِ جو بحران */ 370389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. nupeb500giujmca16krq4btfwkgpqre 370390 370389 2026-04-07T03:03:27Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* بحري جنگ */ 370390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} qe61lhvawxv8ihmupt82u4hwe6lqif1 370391 370390 2026-04-07T03:05:11Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* اطالوي محاذ */ 370391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} 4ux5zjbautz3fzcc6nz3p6q0px82w7g 370395 370391 2026-04-07T03:15:36Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* رومانيا جي شرڪت */ 370395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> fnxex91ev52hgf2aho0ul0xtmcuezs7 370396 370395 2026-04-07T03:18:41Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون */ 370396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> k0nihejv2q3o0vkt2j8x6uvdhyrfvj9 370397 370396 2026-04-07T03:20:42Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) */ 370397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} ati06ihagt86zwxfplf4kgvtfj9mqvl 370398 370397 2026-04-07T03:22:30Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ */ 370398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> tpy9pizms1vkckadnpghzgq7o3bbav8 370399 370398 2026-04-07T03:25:43Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* قومي سڃاڻپ */ 370399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} e8mflj78z2tia41k0lqo5tz5qpvnrum 370400 370399 2026-04-07T03:27:22Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* جنگي قيدي */ 370400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} 74agbf5u4beupgpmac56a8gcuuuuzdm 370401 370400 2026-04-07T03:28:28Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا */ 370401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} s26n2dtts1kc77inwnppqxm903w5f03 370402 370401 2026-04-07T03:29:42Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* معاشي اثرات */ 370402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> egztt40fa4ib8ra4bu5cjg31gkzjiwv 370403 370402 2026-04-07T03:30:51Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* مخالفت */ 370403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> == ٽيڪنالاجي == {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران ٽيڪنالاجي}} [[File:British Aircraft of the First World War 1914-1918 (IWM Q67556).jpg|thumb|[[رائل ايئر فورس]] جو [[سوپوٿ ڪيمل]] جهاز. اپريل 1917ع ۾، مغربي محاذ تي هڪ برطانوي پائلٽ جي اوسط عمر صرف 93 اڏام جا ڪلاڪ هئي.{{sfn|Lawson|Lawson|2002|p=123}}]] پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات 20 هين صديءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ 19 هين صديءَ جي [[فوجي حڪمت عملي|فوجي طريقن]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقابلي طور ٿي، جنهن جو نتيجو وڏي جاني نقصان جي صورت ۾ نڪتو. تنهن هوندي به، 1917ع جي آخر تائين، وڏين فوجن جديد بڻجي چڪيون هيون ۽ اهي ٽيليفون، [[وائرليس مواصلات]]،{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |p=154}} [[بڪتربند گاڏي|بڪتربند گاڏين]]، [[ٽينڪ|ٽينڪن]] (خاص طور تي پهرين نموني واري ٽينڪ [[لٽل ولي]] جي اچڻ سان)، ۽ هوائي جهازن جو استعمال ڪري رهيون هيون.{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |pp=82–86}} ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي زهريلي گئس جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪڏهن به هڪ فيصله ڪن هٿيار ثابت نه ٿي سگهي، پر اها جنگ جي سڀ کان خوفناڪ شين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. <ref name=":0" />{{sfn |Love |1996}} [[Image:Marcel Louis Courmes en fourrure 1915.jpg|thumb|آگسٽ 1915ع ۾ فرانسيسي بمباري گروپ جو پائلٽ [[مارسل ڪورمس]]]] توپخاني (Artillery) ۾ پڻ هڪ انقلاب آيو. 1914ع ۾، توپون اڳئين صف (فرنٽ لائن) تي رکيون وينديون هيون ۽ سڌو سنئون نشانو بڻائينديون هيون. 1917ع تائين، ٻين طريقن جهڙوڪ [[انڊائريڪٽ فائر]] (اڻ سڌي فائرنگ) جو استعمال عام ٿي ويو، جنهن ۾ نشانو ڳولڻ لاءِ هوائي جهازن ۽ [[فيلڊ ٽيليفون]] جو سهارو ورتو ويندو هو. <ref>Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-732-6}} p. 444.</ref> شروعات ۾ هوائي جهازن کي [[جسوسي]] (Reconnaissance) ۽ زميني حملن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. دشمن جي جهازن کي ڪيرائڻ لاءِ [[هوائي دفاعي توپون]] (Anti-aircraft guns) ۽ [[ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] (Fighter aircraft) تيار ڪيا ويا. [[اسٽريٽجڪ بمبار]] جهاز پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، خاص طور تي جرمني ۽ برطانيه طرفان، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن [[زپيلن]] (فضائي غبارا) جو به استعمال ڪيو.{{Sfn|Cross|1991}} جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ ڌاري، پهريون ڀيرو [[بحريه جو جهاز|بحري جهازن تان جهاز اڏائڻ]] (Aircraft carriers) جو تجربو ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ HMS ''Furious'' تان جهاز اڏائي 1918ع ۾ جرمن زپيلن هينگرز کي تباهه ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Cross|1991|pp=56–57}} l34uxk9i06kmc9tyxdwsid9aham927u 370404 370403 2026-04-07T03:31:40Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* ٽيڪنالاجي */ 370404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> == ٽيڪنالاجي == {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران ٽيڪنالاجي}} [[File:British Aircraft of the First World War 1914-1918 (IWM Q67556).jpg|thumb|[[رائل ايئر فورس]] جو [[سوپوٿ ڪيمل]] جهاز. اپريل 1917ع ۾، مغربي محاذ تي هڪ برطانوي پائلٽ جي اوسط عمر صرف 93 اڏام جا ڪلاڪ هئي.{{sfn|Lawson|Lawson|2002|p=123}}]] پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات 20 هين صديءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ 19 هين صديءَ جي [[فوجي حڪمت عملي|فوجي طريقن]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقابلي طور ٿي، جنهن جو نتيجو وڏي جاني نقصان جي صورت ۾ نڪتو. تنهن هوندي به، 1917ع جي آخر تائين، وڏين فوجن جديد بڻجي چڪيون هيون ۽ اهي ٽيليفون، [[وائرليس مواصلات]]،{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |p=154}} [[بڪتربند گاڏي|بڪتربند گاڏين]]، [[ٽينڪ|ٽينڪن]] (خاص طور تي پهرين نموني واري ٽينڪ [[لٽل ولي]] جي اچڻ سان)، ۽ هوائي جهازن جو استعمال ڪري رهيون هيون.{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |pp=82–86}} ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي زهريلي گئس جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪڏهن به هڪ فيصله ڪن هٿيار ثابت نه ٿي سگهي، پر اها جنگ جي سڀ کان خوفناڪ شين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. <ref name=":0" />{{sfn |Love |1996}} [[Image:Marcel Louis Courmes en fourrure 1915.jpg|thumb|آگسٽ 1915ع ۾ فرانسيسي بمباري گروپ جو پائلٽ [[مارسل ڪورمس]]]] توپخاني (Artillery) ۾ پڻ هڪ انقلاب آيو. 1914ع ۾، توپون اڳئين صف (فرنٽ لائن) تي رکيون وينديون هيون ۽ سڌو سنئون نشانو بڻائينديون هيون. 1917ع تائين، ٻين طريقن جهڙوڪ [[انڊائريڪٽ فائر]] (اڻ سڌي فائرنگ) جو استعمال عام ٿي ويو، جنهن ۾ نشانو ڳولڻ لاءِ هوائي جهازن ۽ [[فيلڊ ٽيليفون]] جو سهارو ورتو ويندو هو. <ref>Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-732-6}} p. 444.</ref> شروعات ۾ هوائي جهازن کي [[جسوسي]] (Reconnaissance) ۽ زميني حملن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. دشمن جي جهازن کي ڪيرائڻ لاءِ [[هوائي دفاعي توپون]] (Anti-aircraft guns) ۽ [[ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] (Fighter aircraft) تيار ڪيا ويا. [[اسٽريٽجڪ بمبار]] جهاز پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، خاص طور تي جرمني ۽ برطانيه طرفان، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن [[زپيلن]] (فضائي غبارا) جو به استعمال ڪيو.{{Sfn|Cross|1991}} جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ ڌاري، پهريون ڀيرو [[بحريه جو جهاز|بحري جهازن تان جهاز اڏائڻ]] (Aircraft carriers) جو تجربو ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ HMS ''Furious'' تان جهاز اڏائي 1918ع ۾ جرمن زپيلن هينگرز کي تباهه ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Cross|1991|pp=56–57}} == سفارتڪاري == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} [[File:Cartoon for a Telegram.jpg|thumb|1917ع جو هڪ سياسي ڪارٽون جيڪو [[زيمرمن ٽيليگرام]] بابت آهي]] قومن جي وچ ۾ غير فوجي سفارتي ۽ پروپيگنڊا واري رابطن جو مقصد پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ يا دشمن جي حمايت کي ڪمزور ڪرڻ هو. گهڻي ڀاڱي، جنگ جي وقت جي سفارتڪاري پنجن مکيه مسئلن تي مرڪوز هئي: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پروپيگنڊا مهمون]]؛ جنگي مقصدن جي تعريف ۽ ٻيهر تعريف ڪرڻ، جيڪي جنگ جي وڌڻ سان گڏ وڌيڪ سخت ٿيندا ويا؛ غير جانبدار ملڪن (اٽلي، عثماني سلطنت، بلغاريه، رومانيا) کي دشمن جي علائقن جو لالچ ڏئي اتحاد ۾ شامل ڪرڻ؛ ۽ اتحادين پاران مرڪزي طاقتن جي اندر قومپرست اقليتي تحريڪن جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ، خاص طور تي چيڪ، پولش ۽ عربن جي وچ ۾. ان کان علاوه، غير جانبدار ملڪن يا هڪ ٻئي طرفان امن جون ڪيتريون ئي تجويزون پيش ڪيون ويون، پر انهن مان ڪا به اڳتي وڌي نه سگهي.{{sfn |Stevenson |1988 |p={{page needed|date=July 2020}}}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Z. A. B. |last=Zeman |title=Diplomatic History of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000zema |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-297-00300-7 }}</ref><ref>See {{cite book |author=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |title=Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 |editor-first=James Brown |editor-last=Scott |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924016943106 |publisher=Washington, D.C., The Endowment }}</ref> a16mm5m4vnig73uiuxtsivr3oerdr5y 370405 370404 2026-04-07T03:32:35Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* سفارتڪاري */ 370405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> == ٽيڪنالاجي == {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران ٽيڪنالاجي}} [[File:British Aircraft of the First World War 1914-1918 (IWM Q67556).jpg|thumb|[[رائل ايئر فورس]] جو [[سوپوٿ ڪيمل]] جهاز. اپريل 1917ع ۾، مغربي محاذ تي هڪ برطانوي پائلٽ جي اوسط عمر صرف 93 اڏام جا ڪلاڪ هئي.{{sfn|Lawson|Lawson|2002|p=123}}]] پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات 20 هين صديءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ 19 هين صديءَ جي [[فوجي حڪمت عملي|فوجي طريقن]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقابلي طور ٿي، جنهن جو نتيجو وڏي جاني نقصان جي صورت ۾ نڪتو. تنهن هوندي به، 1917ع جي آخر تائين، وڏين فوجن جديد بڻجي چڪيون هيون ۽ اهي ٽيليفون، [[وائرليس مواصلات]]،{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |p=154}} [[بڪتربند گاڏي|بڪتربند گاڏين]]، [[ٽينڪ|ٽينڪن]] (خاص طور تي پهرين نموني واري ٽينڪ [[لٽل ولي]] جي اچڻ سان)، ۽ هوائي جهازن جو استعمال ڪري رهيون هيون.{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |pp=82–86}} ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي زهريلي گئس جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪڏهن به هڪ فيصله ڪن هٿيار ثابت نه ٿي سگهي، پر اها جنگ جي سڀ کان خوفناڪ شين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. <ref name=":0" />{{sfn |Love |1996}} [[Image:Marcel Louis Courmes en fourrure 1915.jpg|thumb|آگسٽ 1915ع ۾ فرانسيسي بمباري گروپ جو پائلٽ [[مارسل ڪورمس]]]] توپخاني (Artillery) ۾ پڻ هڪ انقلاب آيو. 1914ع ۾، توپون اڳئين صف (فرنٽ لائن) تي رکيون وينديون هيون ۽ سڌو سنئون نشانو بڻائينديون هيون. 1917ع تائين، ٻين طريقن جهڙوڪ [[انڊائريڪٽ فائر]] (اڻ سڌي فائرنگ) جو استعمال عام ٿي ويو، جنهن ۾ نشانو ڳولڻ لاءِ هوائي جهازن ۽ [[فيلڊ ٽيليفون]] جو سهارو ورتو ويندو هو. <ref>Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-732-6}} p. 444.</ref> شروعات ۾ هوائي جهازن کي [[جسوسي]] (Reconnaissance) ۽ زميني حملن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. دشمن جي جهازن کي ڪيرائڻ لاءِ [[هوائي دفاعي توپون]] (Anti-aircraft guns) ۽ [[ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] (Fighter aircraft) تيار ڪيا ويا. [[اسٽريٽجڪ بمبار]] جهاز پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، خاص طور تي جرمني ۽ برطانيه طرفان، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن [[زپيلن]] (فضائي غبارا) جو به استعمال ڪيو.{{Sfn|Cross|1991}} جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ ڌاري، پهريون ڀيرو [[بحريه جو جهاز|بحري جهازن تان جهاز اڏائڻ]] (Aircraft carriers) جو تجربو ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ HMS ''Furious'' تان جهاز اڏائي 1918ع ۾ جرمن زپيلن هينگرز کي تباهه ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Cross|1991|pp=56–57}} == سفارتڪاري == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} [[File:Cartoon for a Telegram.jpg|thumb|1917ع جو هڪ سياسي ڪارٽون جيڪو [[زيمرمن ٽيليگرام]] بابت آهي]] قومن جي وچ ۾ غير فوجي سفارتي ۽ پروپيگنڊا واري رابطن جو مقصد پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ يا دشمن جي حمايت کي ڪمزور ڪرڻ هو. گهڻي ڀاڱي، جنگ جي وقت جي سفارتڪاري پنجن مکيه مسئلن تي مرڪوز هئي: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پروپيگنڊا مهمون]]؛ جنگي مقصدن جي تعريف ۽ ٻيهر تعريف ڪرڻ، جيڪي جنگ جي وڌڻ سان گڏ وڌيڪ سخت ٿيندا ويا؛ غير جانبدار ملڪن (اٽلي، عثماني سلطنت، بلغاريه، رومانيا) کي دشمن جي علائقن جو لالچ ڏئي اتحاد ۾ شامل ڪرڻ؛ ۽ اتحادين پاران مرڪزي طاقتن جي اندر قومپرست اقليتي تحريڪن جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ، خاص طور تي چيڪ، پولش ۽ عربن جي وچ ۾. ان کان علاوه، غير جانبدار ملڪن يا هڪ ٻئي طرفان امن جون ڪيتريون ئي تجويزون پيش ڪيون ويون، پر انهن مان ڪا به اڳتي وڌي نه سگهي.{{sfn |Stevenson |1988 |p={{page needed|date=July 2020}}}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Z. A. B. |last=Zeman |title=Diplomatic History of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000zema |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-297-00300-7 }}</ref><ref>See {{cite book |author=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |title=Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 |editor-first=James Brown |editor-last=Scott |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924016943106 |publisher=Washington, D.C., The Endowment }}</ref> == ورثو ۽ يادگيريون == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي آخري بچيل ويڙهاڪن جي فهرست|ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن|آمريڪي بيٽل مونومينٽس ڪميشن}} {{Further|عوامي ثقافت ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ}} === يادگار === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا يادگار}} [[File:Sacrario militare di Redipuglia agosto 2014.JPG|thumb|اٽلي جو [[ريڊيپوگليا وار ميموريل]]، جنهن ۾ 100,187 سپاهين جون باقيات موجود آهن]] هزارين ڳوٺن ۽ شهرن ۾ جنگي يادگار تعمير ڪيا ويا. لڙائيءَ جي ميدانن جي ويجهو، عارضي قبرستانن مان لاشن کي ڪڍي باقاعده قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جن جي سار سنڀال [[ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن]] ۽ ٻيون تنظيمون ڪن ٿيون. انهن مان ڪيترن ئي قبرستانن ۾ گم ٿيل يا [[نامعلوم سپاهي جي قبر|نامعلوم]] مليل سپاهين لاءِ به يادگار ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[مينين گيٽ]] ميموريل.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |website=Department of Veterans' Affairs |date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154418/https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |url-status=live }}</ref> 1915ع ۾ ڪينيڊين فوجي ڊاڪٽر [[جان مڪڪري]] مشهور نظم ''[[ان فلينڊرز فيلڊز]]'' لکيو، جيڪو اڄ به [[يادگيري جو ڏينهن|آرمسٽس ڊي]] تي پڙهيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1918 |title=John McCrae |journal=Nature |publisher=Historica |volume=100 |issue=2521 |pages=487–488 |bibcode=1918Natur.100..487. |doi=10.1038/100487b0 |s2cid=4275807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> آمريڪا جي شهر ڪنساس سٽي ۾ [[نيشنل ورلڊ وار I ميوزيم اينڊ ميموريل]] انهن تمام آمريڪين جي ياد ۾ ٺاهيو ويو آهي جن هن جنگ ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. برطانوي حڪومت پڻ 2014ع کان 2018ع تائين جنگ جي سو سالا تقريبن لاءِ وڏا وسيلا وقف ڪيا هئا. 2018ع ۾، فرانسيسي صدر [[ايمنيوئل ميڪرون]] ۽ جرمن چانسلر [[اينجلا مرڪل]] ان جاءِ جو دورو ڪيو جتي جنگ بندي (Armistice) جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون ۽ اتي مفاهمت جي هڪ تختي لڳائي وئي. === تاريخ نويسي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سببن جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{blockquote |text=<poem>...{{nbsp}}"عجيب آهي، دوست،" مون چيو، "هتي ماتم جو ڪو سبب ناهي." "ڪو به نه،" ٻئي چيو، "سواءِ انهن ضايع ٿيل سالن جي"{{nbsp}}...</poem> |author=[[ولفرڊ اوون]] |source=''Strange Meeting'', 1918<ref name="Wilfred Owen 2004">''Wilfred Owen: poems'', 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004)</ref>}} پهرين عالمي جنگ جي نتيجن کي سمجهڻ جون ڪوششون اڄ به جاري آهن. ٻي عالمي جنگ جي مقابلي ۾، جنهن کي "نيڪي ۽ بدي" جي ويڙهه طور پڙهايو وڃي ٿو، پهرين عالمي جنگ کي اڪثر هڪ اهڙي جنگ طور ڏٺو ويندو آهي جيڪا "غلط سببن جي ڪري وڙهي وئي".<ref name="Neiberg2">{{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael |title=The World War I Reader |date=2007 |page=1}}</ref> مورخ بحث ڪن ٿا ته هي جنگ ڇو شروع ٿي، اتحادي ڇو کٽيا، ۽ ڇا جنرل ايتري وڏي جاني نقصان جا ذميوار هئا؟ جديد دور جا اسڪالر هاڻي جنگ جي نفسياتي اثرن، [[ذهني صحت]] ۽ قبضي هيٺ آيل علائقن جي صورتحال تي به تحقيق ڪري رهيا آهن.{{sfn| Jones| 2013|p=858}} === اڻ ڦاٽل بارود === {{Further|زون روج|آئرن هارسٽ}} اڄ به، لڳ ڀڳ هڪ صدي گذرڻ باوجود، ورڊون (Verdun) ۽ سوم (Somme) جهڙن ميدانن ۾ [[اڻ ڦاٽل بارود]] موجود آهي جيڪو خطرناڪ ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿو. فرانس ۽ بيلجيم ۾ اڄ به هٿيارن کي ناڪاره بڻائڻ وارا دستا مقامي ماڻهن جي مدد ڪن ٿا جيڪي اڪثر ٻنيون کيڙڻ دوران اهڙو بارود ڳولي لهندا آهن. ڪجهه هنڌن تي ته جنگ جي اثرن سبب اڃا تائين نباتات (ٻوٽا) به ناهن اُڀري سگهيا. <ref name="Neiberg2"/> 2a57dp8yvitoe1zi7rc60be1h2oqo6o 370406 370405 2026-04-07T03:33:32Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* اڻ ڦاٽل بارود */ 370406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> == ٽيڪنالاجي == {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران ٽيڪنالاجي}} [[File:British Aircraft of the First World War 1914-1918 (IWM Q67556).jpg|thumb|[[رائل ايئر فورس]] جو [[سوپوٿ ڪيمل]] جهاز. اپريل 1917ع ۾، مغربي محاذ تي هڪ برطانوي پائلٽ جي اوسط عمر صرف 93 اڏام جا ڪلاڪ هئي.{{sfn|Lawson|Lawson|2002|p=123}}]] پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات 20 هين صديءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ 19 هين صديءَ جي [[فوجي حڪمت عملي|فوجي طريقن]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقابلي طور ٿي، جنهن جو نتيجو وڏي جاني نقصان جي صورت ۾ نڪتو. تنهن هوندي به، 1917ع جي آخر تائين، وڏين فوجن جديد بڻجي چڪيون هيون ۽ اهي ٽيليفون، [[وائرليس مواصلات]]،{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |p=154}} [[بڪتربند گاڏي|بڪتربند گاڏين]]، [[ٽينڪ|ٽينڪن]] (خاص طور تي پهرين نموني واري ٽينڪ [[لٽل ولي]] جي اچڻ سان)، ۽ هوائي جهازن جو استعمال ڪري رهيون هيون.{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |pp=82–86}} ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي زهريلي گئس جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪڏهن به هڪ فيصله ڪن هٿيار ثابت نه ٿي سگهي، پر اها جنگ جي سڀ کان خوفناڪ شين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. <ref name=":0" />{{sfn |Love |1996}} [[Image:Marcel Louis Courmes en fourrure 1915.jpg|thumb|آگسٽ 1915ع ۾ فرانسيسي بمباري گروپ جو پائلٽ [[مارسل ڪورمس]]]] توپخاني (Artillery) ۾ پڻ هڪ انقلاب آيو. 1914ع ۾، توپون اڳئين صف (فرنٽ لائن) تي رکيون وينديون هيون ۽ سڌو سنئون نشانو بڻائينديون هيون. 1917ع تائين، ٻين طريقن جهڙوڪ [[انڊائريڪٽ فائر]] (اڻ سڌي فائرنگ) جو استعمال عام ٿي ويو، جنهن ۾ نشانو ڳولڻ لاءِ هوائي جهازن ۽ [[فيلڊ ٽيليفون]] جو سهارو ورتو ويندو هو. <ref>Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-732-6}} p. 444.</ref> شروعات ۾ هوائي جهازن کي [[جسوسي]] (Reconnaissance) ۽ زميني حملن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. دشمن جي جهازن کي ڪيرائڻ لاءِ [[هوائي دفاعي توپون]] (Anti-aircraft guns) ۽ [[ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] (Fighter aircraft) تيار ڪيا ويا. [[اسٽريٽجڪ بمبار]] جهاز پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، خاص طور تي جرمني ۽ برطانيه طرفان، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن [[زپيلن]] (فضائي غبارا) جو به استعمال ڪيو.{{Sfn|Cross|1991}} جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ ڌاري، پهريون ڀيرو [[بحريه جو جهاز|بحري جهازن تان جهاز اڏائڻ]] (Aircraft carriers) جو تجربو ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ HMS ''Furious'' تان جهاز اڏائي 1918ع ۾ جرمن زپيلن هينگرز کي تباهه ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Cross|1991|pp=56–57}} == سفارتڪاري == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} [[File:Cartoon for a Telegram.jpg|thumb|1917ع جو هڪ سياسي ڪارٽون جيڪو [[زيمرمن ٽيليگرام]] بابت آهي]] قومن جي وچ ۾ غير فوجي سفارتي ۽ پروپيگنڊا واري رابطن جو مقصد پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ يا دشمن جي حمايت کي ڪمزور ڪرڻ هو. گهڻي ڀاڱي، جنگ جي وقت جي سفارتڪاري پنجن مکيه مسئلن تي مرڪوز هئي: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پروپيگنڊا مهمون]]؛ جنگي مقصدن جي تعريف ۽ ٻيهر تعريف ڪرڻ، جيڪي جنگ جي وڌڻ سان گڏ وڌيڪ سخت ٿيندا ويا؛ غير جانبدار ملڪن (اٽلي، عثماني سلطنت، بلغاريه، رومانيا) کي دشمن جي علائقن جو لالچ ڏئي اتحاد ۾ شامل ڪرڻ؛ ۽ اتحادين پاران مرڪزي طاقتن جي اندر قومپرست اقليتي تحريڪن جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ، خاص طور تي چيڪ، پولش ۽ عربن جي وچ ۾. ان کان علاوه، غير جانبدار ملڪن يا هڪ ٻئي طرفان امن جون ڪيتريون ئي تجويزون پيش ڪيون ويون، پر انهن مان ڪا به اڳتي وڌي نه سگهي.{{sfn |Stevenson |1988 |p={{page needed|date=July 2020}}}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Z. A. B. |last=Zeman |title=Diplomatic History of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000zema |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-297-00300-7 }}</ref><ref>See {{cite book |author=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |title=Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 |editor-first=James Brown |editor-last=Scott |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924016943106 |publisher=Washington, D.C., The Endowment }}</ref> == ورثو ۽ يادگيريون == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي آخري بچيل ويڙهاڪن جي فهرست|ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن|آمريڪي بيٽل مونومينٽس ڪميشن}} {{Further|عوامي ثقافت ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ}} === يادگار === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا يادگار}} [[File:Sacrario militare di Redipuglia agosto 2014.JPG|thumb|اٽلي جو [[ريڊيپوگليا وار ميموريل]]، جنهن ۾ 100,187 سپاهين جون باقيات موجود آهن]] هزارين ڳوٺن ۽ شهرن ۾ جنگي يادگار تعمير ڪيا ويا. لڙائيءَ جي ميدانن جي ويجهو، عارضي قبرستانن مان لاشن کي ڪڍي باقاعده قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جن جي سار سنڀال [[ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن]] ۽ ٻيون تنظيمون ڪن ٿيون. انهن مان ڪيترن ئي قبرستانن ۾ گم ٿيل يا [[نامعلوم سپاهي جي قبر|نامعلوم]] مليل سپاهين لاءِ به يادگار ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[مينين گيٽ]] ميموريل.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |website=Department of Veterans' Affairs |date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154418/https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |url-status=live }}</ref> 1915ع ۾ ڪينيڊين فوجي ڊاڪٽر [[جان مڪڪري]] مشهور نظم ''[[ان فلينڊرز فيلڊز]]'' لکيو، جيڪو اڄ به [[يادگيري جو ڏينهن|آرمسٽس ڊي]] تي پڙهيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1918 |title=John McCrae |journal=Nature |publisher=Historica |volume=100 |issue=2521 |pages=487–488 |bibcode=1918Natur.100..487. |doi=10.1038/100487b0 |s2cid=4275807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> آمريڪا جي شهر ڪنساس سٽي ۾ [[نيشنل ورلڊ وار I ميوزيم اينڊ ميموريل]] انهن تمام آمريڪين جي ياد ۾ ٺاهيو ويو آهي جن هن جنگ ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. برطانوي حڪومت پڻ 2014ع کان 2018ع تائين جنگ جي سو سالا تقريبن لاءِ وڏا وسيلا وقف ڪيا هئا. 2018ع ۾، فرانسيسي صدر [[ايمنيوئل ميڪرون]] ۽ جرمن چانسلر [[اينجلا مرڪل]] ان جاءِ جو دورو ڪيو جتي جنگ بندي (Armistice) جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون ۽ اتي مفاهمت جي هڪ تختي لڳائي وئي. === تاريخ نويسي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سببن جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{blockquote |text=<poem>...{{nbsp}}"عجيب آهي، دوست،" مون چيو، "هتي ماتم جو ڪو سبب ناهي." "ڪو به نه،" ٻئي چيو، "سواءِ انهن ضايع ٿيل سالن جي"{{nbsp}}...</poem> |author=[[ولفرڊ اوون]] |source=''Strange Meeting'', 1918<ref name="Wilfred Owen 2004">''Wilfred Owen: poems'', 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004)</ref>}} پهرين عالمي جنگ جي نتيجن کي سمجهڻ جون ڪوششون اڄ به جاري آهن. ٻي عالمي جنگ جي مقابلي ۾، جنهن کي "نيڪي ۽ بدي" جي ويڙهه طور پڙهايو وڃي ٿو، پهرين عالمي جنگ کي اڪثر هڪ اهڙي جنگ طور ڏٺو ويندو آهي جيڪا "غلط سببن جي ڪري وڙهي وئي".<ref name="Neiberg2">{{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael |title=The World War I Reader |date=2007 |page=1}}</ref> مورخ بحث ڪن ٿا ته هي جنگ ڇو شروع ٿي، اتحادي ڇو کٽيا، ۽ ڇا جنرل ايتري وڏي جاني نقصان جا ذميوار هئا؟ جديد دور جا اسڪالر هاڻي جنگ جي نفسياتي اثرن، [[ذهني صحت]] ۽ قبضي هيٺ آيل علائقن جي صورتحال تي به تحقيق ڪري رهيا آهن.{{sfn| Jones| 2013|p=858}} === اڻ ڦاٽل بارود === {{Further|زون روج|آئرن هارسٽ}} اڄ به، لڳ ڀڳ هڪ صدي گذرڻ باوجود، ورڊون (Verdun) ۽ سوم (Somme) جهڙن ميدانن ۾ [[اڻ ڦاٽل بارود]] موجود آهي جيڪو خطرناڪ ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿو. فرانس ۽ بيلجيم ۾ اڄ به هٿيارن کي ناڪاره بڻائڻ وارا دستا مقامي ماڻهن جي مدد ڪن ٿا جيڪي اڪثر ٻنيون کيڙڻ دوران اهڙو بارود ڳولي لهندا آهن. ڪجهه هنڌن تي ته جنگ جي اثرن سبب اڃا تائين نباتات (ٻوٽا) به ناهن اُڀري سگهيا. <ref name="Neiberg2"/> == پڻ ڏسندا == * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران فري ميسنري}} * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي موضوعن جون فهرستون]] * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو خاڪو}} * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جنگي مقصد}} ou9ub739s8e0ucolsjvdrfxs2v5351m 370407 370406 2026-04-07T03:34:07Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* پڻ ڏسندا */ 370407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> == ٽيڪنالاجي == {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران ٽيڪنالاجي}} [[File:British Aircraft of the First World War 1914-1918 (IWM Q67556).jpg|thumb|[[رائل ايئر فورس]] جو [[سوپوٿ ڪيمل]] جهاز. اپريل 1917ع ۾، مغربي محاذ تي هڪ برطانوي پائلٽ جي اوسط عمر صرف 93 اڏام جا ڪلاڪ هئي.{{sfn|Lawson|Lawson|2002|p=123}}]] پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات 20 هين صديءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ 19 هين صديءَ جي [[فوجي حڪمت عملي|فوجي طريقن]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقابلي طور ٿي، جنهن جو نتيجو وڏي جاني نقصان جي صورت ۾ نڪتو. تنهن هوندي به، 1917ع جي آخر تائين، وڏين فوجن جديد بڻجي چڪيون هيون ۽ اهي ٽيليفون، [[وائرليس مواصلات]]،{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |p=154}} [[بڪتربند گاڏي|بڪتربند گاڏين]]، [[ٽينڪ|ٽينڪن]] (خاص طور تي پهرين نموني واري ٽينڪ [[لٽل ولي]] جي اچڻ سان)، ۽ هوائي جهازن جو استعمال ڪري رهيون هيون.{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |pp=82–86}} ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي زهريلي گئس جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪڏهن به هڪ فيصله ڪن هٿيار ثابت نه ٿي سگهي، پر اها جنگ جي سڀ کان خوفناڪ شين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. <ref name=":0" />{{sfn |Love |1996}} [[Image:Marcel Louis Courmes en fourrure 1915.jpg|thumb|آگسٽ 1915ع ۾ فرانسيسي بمباري گروپ جو پائلٽ [[مارسل ڪورمس]]]] توپخاني (Artillery) ۾ پڻ هڪ انقلاب آيو. 1914ع ۾، توپون اڳئين صف (فرنٽ لائن) تي رکيون وينديون هيون ۽ سڌو سنئون نشانو بڻائينديون هيون. 1917ع تائين، ٻين طريقن جهڙوڪ [[انڊائريڪٽ فائر]] (اڻ سڌي فائرنگ) جو استعمال عام ٿي ويو، جنهن ۾ نشانو ڳولڻ لاءِ هوائي جهازن ۽ [[فيلڊ ٽيليفون]] جو سهارو ورتو ويندو هو. <ref>Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-732-6}} p. 444.</ref> شروعات ۾ هوائي جهازن کي [[جسوسي]] (Reconnaissance) ۽ زميني حملن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. دشمن جي جهازن کي ڪيرائڻ لاءِ [[هوائي دفاعي توپون]] (Anti-aircraft guns) ۽ [[ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] (Fighter aircraft) تيار ڪيا ويا. [[اسٽريٽجڪ بمبار]] جهاز پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، خاص طور تي جرمني ۽ برطانيه طرفان، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن [[زپيلن]] (فضائي غبارا) جو به استعمال ڪيو.{{Sfn|Cross|1991}} جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ ڌاري، پهريون ڀيرو [[بحريه جو جهاز|بحري جهازن تان جهاز اڏائڻ]] (Aircraft carriers) جو تجربو ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ HMS ''Furious'' تان جهاز اڏائي 1918ع ۾ جرمن زپيلن هينگرز کي تباهه ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Cross|1991|pp=56–57}} == سفارتڪاري == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} [[File:Cartoon for a Telegram.jpg|thumb|1917ع جو هڪ سياسي ڪارٽون جيڪو [[زيمرمن ٽيليگرام]] بابت آهي]] قومن جي وچ ۾ غير فوجي سفارتي ۽ پروپيگنڊا واري رابطن جو مقصد پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ يا دشمن جي حمايت کي ڪمزور ڪرڻ هو. گهڻي ڀاڱي، جنگ جي وقت جي سفارتڪاري پنجن مکيه مسئلن تي مرڪوز هئي: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پروپيگنڊا مهمون]]؛ جنگي مقصدن جي تعريف ۽ ٻيهر تعريف ڪرڻ، جيڪي جنگ جي وڌڻ سان گڏ وڌيڪ سخت ٿيندا ويا؛ غير جانبدار ملڪن (اٽلي، عثماني سلطنت، بلغاريه، رومانيا) کي دشمن جي علائقن جو لالچ ڏئي اتحاد ۾ شامل ڪرڻ؛ ۽ اتحادين پاران مرڪزي طاقتن جي اندر قومپرست اقليتي تحريڪن جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ، خاص طور تي چيڪ، پولش ۽ عربن جي وچ ۾. ان کان علاوه، غير جانبدار ملڪن يا هڪ ٻئي طرفان امن جون ڪيتريون ئي تجويزون پيش ڪيون ويون، پر انهن مان ڪا به اڳتي وڌي نه سگهي.{{sfn |Stevenson |1988 |p={{page needed|date=July 2020}}}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Z. A. B. |last=Zeman |title=Diplomatic History of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000zema |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-297-00300-7 }}</ref><ref>See {{cite book |author=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |title=Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 |editor-first=James Brown |editor-last=Scott |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924016943106 |publisher=Washington, D.C., The Endowment }}</ref> == ورثو ۽ يادگيريون == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي آخري بچيل ويڙهاڪن جي فهرست|ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن|آمريڪي بيٽل مونومينٽس ڪميشن}} {{Further|عوامي ثقافت ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ}} === يادگار === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا يادگار}} [[File:Sacrario militare di Redipuglia agosto 2014.JPG|thumb|اٽلي جو [[ريڊيپوگليا وار ميموريل]]، جنهن ۾ 100,187 سپاهين جون باقيات موجود آهن]] هزارين ڳوٺن ۽ شهرن ۾ جنگي يادگار تعمير ڪيا ويا. لڙائيءَ جي ميدانن جي ويجهو، عارضي قبرستانن مان لاشن کي ڪڍي باقاعده قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جن جي سار سنڀال [[ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن]] ۽ ٻيون تنظيمون ڪن ٿيون. انهن مان ڪيترن ئي قبرستانن ۾ گم ٿيل يا [[نامعلوم سپاهي جي قبر|نامعلوم]] مليل سپاهين لاءِ به يادگار ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[مينين گيٽ]] ميموريل.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |website=Department of Veterans' Affairs |date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154418/https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |url-status=live }}</ref> 1915ع ۾ ڪينيڊين فوجي ڊاڪٽر [[جان مڪڪري]] مشهور نظم ''[[ان فلينڊرز فيلڊز]]'' لکيو، جيڪو اڄ به [[يادگيري جو ڏينهن|آرمسٽس ڊي]] تي پڙهيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1918 |title=John McCrae |journal=Nature |publisher=Historica |volume=100 |issue=2521 |pages=487–488 |bibcode=1918Natur.100..487. |doi=10.1038/100487b0 |s2cid=4275807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> آمريڪا جي شهر ڪنساس سٽي ۾ [[نيشنل ورلڊ وار I ميوزيم اينڊ ميموريل]] انهن تمام آمريڪين جي ياد ۾ ٺاهيو ويو آهي جن هن جنگ ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. برطانوي حڪومت پڻ 2014ع کان 2018ع تائين جنگ جي سو سالا تقريبن لاءِ وڏا وسيلا وقف ڪيا هئا. 2018ع ۾، فرانسيسي صدر [[ايمنيوئل ميڪرون]] ۽ جرمن چانسلر [[اينجلا مرڪل]] ان جاءِ جو دورو ڪيو جتي جنگ بندي (Armistice) جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون ۽ اتي مفاهمت جي هڪ تختي لڳائي وئي. === تاريخ نويسي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سببن جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{blockquote |text=<poem>...{{nbsp}}"عجيب آهي، دوست،" مون چيو، "هتي ماتم جو ڪو سبب ناهي." "ڪو به نه،" ٻئي چيو، "سواءِ انهن ضايع ٿيل سالن جي"{{nbsp}}...</poem> |author=[[ولفرڊ اوون]] |source=''Strange Meeting'', 1918<ref name="Wilfred Owen 2004">''Wilfred Owen: poems'', 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004)</ref>}} پهرين عالمي جنگ جي نتيجن کي سمجهڻ جون ڪوششون اڄ به جاري آهن. ٻي عالمي جنگ جي مقابلي ۾، جنهن کي "نيڪي ۽ بدي" جي ويڙهه طور پڙهايو وڃي ٿو، پهرين عالمي جنگ کي اڪثر هڪ اهڙي جنگ طور ڏٺو ويندو آهي جيڪا "غلط سببن جي ڪري وڙهي وئي".<ref name="Neiberg2">{{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael |title=The World War I Reader |date=2007 |page=1}}</ref> مورخ بحث ڪن ٿا ته هي جنگ ڇو شروع ٿي، اتحادي ڇو کٽيا، ۽ ڇا جنرل ايتري وڏي جاني نقصان جا ذميوار هئا؟ جديد دور جا اسڪالر هاڻي جنگ جي نفسياتي اثرن، [[ذهني صحت]] ۽ قبضي هيٺ آيل علائقن جي صورتحال تي به تحقيق ڪري رهيا آهن.{{sfn| Jones| 2013|p=858}} === اڻ ڦاٽل بارود === {{Further|زون روج|آئرن هارسٽ}} اڄ به، لڳ ڀڳ هڪ صدي گذرڻ باوجود، ورڊون (Verdun) ۽ سوم (Somme) جهڙن ميدانن ۾ [[اڻ ڦاٽل بارود]] موجود آهي جيڪو خطرناڪ ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿو. فرانس ۽ بيلجيم ۾ اڄ به هٿيارن کي ناڪاره بڻائڻ وارا دستا مقامي ماڻهن جي مدد ڪن ٿا جيڪي اڪثر ٻنيون کيڙڻ دوران اهڙو بارود ڳولي لهندا آهن. ڪجهه هنڌن تي ته جنگ جي اثرن سبب اڃا تائين نباتات (ٻوٽا) به ناهن اُڀري سگهيا. <ref name="Neiberg2"/> == پڻ ڏسندا == * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران فري ميسنري}} * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي موضوعن جون فهرستون]] * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو خاڪو}} * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جنگي مقصد}} == فٽ نوٽ == {{Notelist}} 3ji2rvisa9gbj5a6ta33j927vpx50u6 370408 370407 2026-04-07T03:34:41Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* فٽ نوٽ */ 370408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> == ٽيڪنالاجي == {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران ٽيڪنالاجي}} [[File:British Aircraft of the First World War 1914-1918 (IWM Q67556).jpg|thumb|[[رائل ايئر فورس]] جو [[سوپوٿ ڪيمل]] جهاز. اپريل 1917ع ۾، مغربي محاذ تي هڪ برطانوي پائلٽ جي اوسط عمر صرف 93 اڏام جا ڪلاڪ هئي.{{sfn|Lawson|Lawson|2002|p=123}}]] پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات 20 هين صديءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ 19 هين صديءَ جي [[فوجي حڪمت عملي|فوجي طريقن]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقابلي طور ٿي، جنهن جو نتيجو وڏي جاني نقصان جي صورت ۾ نڪتو. تنهن هوندي به، 1917ع جي آخر تائين، وڏين فوجن جديد بڻجي چڪيون هيون ۽ اهي ٽيليفون، [[وائرليس مواصلات]]،{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |p=154}} [[بڪتربند گاڏي|بڪتربند گاڏين]]، [[ٽينڪ|ٽينڪن]] (خاص طور تي پهرين نموني واري ٽينڪ [[لٽل ولي]] جي اچڻ سان)، ۽ هوائي جهازن جو استعمال ڪري رهيون هيون.{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |pp=82–86}} ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي زهريلي گئس جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪڏهن به هڪ فيصله ڪن هٿيار ثابت نه ٿي سگهي، پر اها جنگ جي سڀ کان خوفناڪ شين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. <ref name=":0" />{{sfn |Love |1996}} [[Image:Marcel Louis Courmes en fourrure 1915.jpg|thumb|آگسٽ 1915ع ۾ فرانسيسي بمباري گروپ جو پائلٽ [[مارسل ڪورمس]]]] توپخاني (Artillery) ۾ پڻ هڪ انقلاب آيو. 1914ع ۾، توپون اڳئين صف (فرنٽ لائن) تي رکيون وينديون هيون ۽ سڌو سنئون نشانو بڻائينديون هيون. 1917ع تائين، ٻين طريقن جهڙوڪ [[انڊائريڪٽ فائر]] (اڻ سڌي فائرنگ) جو استعمال عام ٿي ويو، جنهن ۾ نشانو ڳولڻ لاءِ هوائي جهازن ۽ [[فيلڊ ٽيليفون]] جو سهارو ورتو ويندو هو. <ref>Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-732-6}} p. 444.</ref> شروعات ۾ هوائي جهازن کي [[جسوسي]] (Reconnaissance) ۽ زميني حملن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. دشمن جي جهازن کي ڪيرائڻ لاءِ [[هوائي دفاعي توپون]] (Anti-aircraft guns) ۽ [[ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] (Fighter aircraft) تيار ڪيا ويا. [[اسٽريٽجڪ بمبار]] جهاز پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، خاص طور تي جرمني ۽ برطانيه طرفان، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن [[زپيلن]] (فضائي غبارا) جو به استعمال ڪيو.{{Sfn|Cross|1991}} جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ ڌاري، پهريون ڀيرو [[بحريه جو جهاز|بحري جهازن تان جهاز اڏائڻ]] (Aircraft carriers) جو تجربو ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ HMS ''Furious'' تان جهاز اڏائي 1918ع ۾ جرمن زپيلن هينگرز کي تباهه ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Cross|1991|pp=56–57}} == سفارتڪاري == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} [[File:Cartoon for a Telegram.jpg|thumb|1917ع جو هڪ سياسي ڪارٽون جيڪو [[زيمرمن ٽيليگرام]] بابت آهي]] قومن جي وچ ۾ غير فوجي سفارتي ۽ پروپيگنڊا واري رابطن جو مقصد پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ يا دشمن جي حمايت کي ڪمزور ڪرڻ هو. گهڻي ڀاڱي، جنگ جي وقت جي سفارتڪاري پنجن مکيه مسئلن تي مرڪوز هئي: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پروپيگنڊا مهمون]]؛ جنگي مقصدن جي تعريف ۽ ٻيهر تعريف ڪرڻ، جيڪي جنگ جي وڌڻ سان گڏ وڌيڪ سخت ٿيندا ويا؛ غير جانبدار ملڪن (اٽلي، عثماني سلطنت، بلغاريه، رومانيا) کي دشمن جي علائقن جو لالچ ڏئي اتحاد ۾ شامل ڪرڻ؛ ۽ اتحادين پاران مرڪزي طاقتن جي اندر قومپرست اقليتي تحريڪن جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ، خاص طور تي چيڪ، پولش ۽ عربن جي وچ ۾. ان کان علاوه، غير جانبدار ملڪن يا هڪ ٻئي طرفان امن جون ڪيتريون ئي تجويزون پيش ڪيون ويون، پر انهن مان ڪا به اڳتي وڌي نه سگهي.{{sfn |Stevenson |1988 |p={{page needed|date=July 2020}}}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Z. A. B. |last=Zeman |title=Diplomatic History of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000zema |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-297-00300-7 }}</ref><ref>See {{cite book |author=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |title=Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 |editor-first=James Brown |editor-last=Scott |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924016943106 |publisher=Washington, D.C., The Endowment }}</ref> == ورثو ۽ يادگيريون == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي آخري بچيل ويڙهاڪن جي فهرست|ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن|آمريڪي بيٽل مونومينٽس ڪميشن}} {{Further|عوامي ثقافت ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ}} === يادگار === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا يادگار}} [[File:Sacrario militare di Redipuglia agosto 2014.JPG|thumb|اٽلي جو [[ريڊيپوگليا وار ميموريل]]، جنهن ۾ 100,187 سپاهين جون باقيات موجود آهن]] هزارين ڳوٺن ۽ شهرن ۾ جنگي يادگار تعمير ڪيا ويا. لڙائيءَ جي ميدانن جي ويجهو، عارضي قبرستانن مان لاشن کي ڪڍي باقاعده قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جن جي سار سنڀال [[ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن]] ۽ ٻيون تنظيمون ڪن ٿيون. انهن مان ڪيترن ئي قبرستانن ۾ گم ٿيل يا [[نامعلوم سپاهي جي قبر|نامعلوم]] مليل سپاهين لاءِ به يادگار ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[مينين گيٽ]] ميموريل.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |website=Department of Veterans' Affairs |date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154418/https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |url-status=live }}</ref> 1915ع ۾ ڪينيڊين فوجي ڊاڪٽر [[جان مڪڪري]] مشهور نظم ''[[ان فلينڊرز فيلڊز]]'' لکيو، جيڪو اڄ به [[يادگيري جو ڏينهن|آرمسٽس ڊي]] تي پڙهيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1918 |title=John McCrae |journal=Nature |publisher=Historica |volume=100 |issue=2521 |pages=487–488 |bibcode=1918Natur.100..487. |doi=10.1038/100487b0 |s2cid=4275807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> آمريڪا جي شهر ڪنساس سٽي ۾ [[نيشنل ورلڊ وار I ميوزيم اينڊ ميموريل]] انهن تمام آمريڪين جي ياد ۾ ٺاهيو ويو آهي جن هن جنگ ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. برطانوي حڪومت پڻ 2014ع کان 2018ع تائين جنگ جي سو سالا تقريبن لاءِ وڏا وسيلا وقف ڪيا هئا. 2018ع ۾، فرانسيسي صدر [[ايمنيوئل ميڪرون]] ۽ جرمن چانسلر [[اينجلا مرڪل]] ان جاءِ جو دورو ڪيو جتي جنگ بندي (Armistice) جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون ۽ اتي مفاهمت جي هڪ تختي لڳائي وئي. === تاريخ نويسي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سببن جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{blockquote |text=<poem>...{{nbsp}}"عجيب آهي، دوست،" مون چيو، "هتي ماتم جو ڪو سبب ناهي." "ڪو به نه،" ٻئي چيو، "سواءِ انهن ضايع ٿيل سالن جي"{{nbsp}}...</poem> |author=[[ولفرڊ اوون]] |source=''Strange Meeting'', 1918<ref name="Wilfred Owen 2004">''Wilfred Owen: poems'', 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004)</ref>}} پهرين عالمي جنگ جي نتيجن کي سمجهڻ جون ڪوششون اڄ به جاري آهن. ٻي عالمي جنگ جي مقابلي ۾، جنهن کي "نيڪي ۽ بدي" جي ويڙهه طور پڙهايو وڃي ٿو، پهرين عالمي جنگ کي اڪثر هڪ اهڙي جنگ طور ڏٺو ويندو آهي جيڪا "غلط سببن جي ڪري وڙهي وئي".<ref name="Neiberg2">{{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael |title=The World War I Reader |date=2007 |page=1}}</ref> مورخ بحث ڪن ٿا ته هي جنگ ڇو شروع ٿي، اتحادي ڇو کٽيا، ۽ ڇا جنرل ايتري وڏي جاني نقصان جا ذميوار هئا؟ جديد دور جا اسڪالر هاڻي جنگ جي نفسياتي اثرن، [[ذهني صحت]] ۽ قبضي هيٺ آيل علائقن جي صورتحال تي به تحقيق ڪري رهيا آهن.{{sfn| Jones| 2013|p=858}} === اڻ ڦاٽل بارود === {{Further|زون روج|آئرن هارسٽ}} اڄ به، لڳ ڀڳ هڪ صدي گذرڻ باوجود، ورڊون (Verdun) ۽ سوم (Somme) جهڙن ميدانن ۾ [[اڻ ڦاٽل بارود]] موجود آهي جيڪو خطرناڪ ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿو. فرانس ۽ بيلجيم ۾ اڄ به هٿيارن کي ناڪاره بڻائڻ وارا دستا مقامي ماڻهن جي مدد ڪن ٿا جيڪي اڪثر ٻنيون کيڙڻ دوران اهڙو بارود ڳولي لهندا آهن. ڪجهه هنڌن تي ته جنگ جي اثرن سبب اڃا تائين نباتات (ٻوٽا) به ناهن اُڀري سگهيا. <ref name="Neiberg2"/> == پڻ ڏسندا == * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران فري ميسنري}} * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي موضوعن جون فهرستون]] * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو خاڪو}} * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جنگي مقصد}} == حوالا == {{reflist}} == فٽ نوٽ == {{Notelist}} 8vkmuqt46qj8gulqrr45rdncsb0ljtt 370409 370408 2026-04-07T03:35:56Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* فٽ نوٽ */ 370409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> == ٽيڪنالاجي == {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران ٽيڪنالاجي}} [[File:British Aircraft of the First World War 1914-1918 (IWM Q67556).jpg|thumb|[[رائل ايئر فورس]] جو [[سوپوٿ ڪيمل]] جهاز. اپريل 1917ع ۾، مغربي محاذ تي هڪ برطانوي پائلٽ جي اوسط عمر صرف 93 اڏام جا ڪلاڪ هئي.{{sfn|Lawson|Lawson|2002|p=123}}]] پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات 20 هين صديءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ 19 هين صديءَ جي [[فوجي حڪمت عملي|فوجي طريقن]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقابلي طور ٿي، جنهن جو نتيجو وڏي جاني نقصان جي صورت ۾ نڪتو. تنهن هوندي به، 1917ع جي آخر تائين، وڏين فوجن جديد بڻجي چڪيون هيون ۽ اهي ٽيليفون، [[وائرليس مواصلات]]،{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |p=154}} [[بڪتربند گاڏي|بڪتربند گاڏين]]، [[ٽينڪ|ٽينڪن]] (خاص طور تي پهرين نموني واري ٽينڪ [[لٽل ولي]] جي اچڻ سان)، ۽ هوائي جهازن جو استعمال ڪري رهيون هيون.{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |pp=82–86}} ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي زهريلي گئس جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪڏهن به هڪ فيصله ڪن هٿيار ثابت نه ٿي سگهي، پر اها جنگ جي سڀ کان خوفناڪ شين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. <ref name=":0" />{{sfn |Love |1996}} [[Image:Marcel Louis Courmes en fourrure 1915.jpg|thumb|آگسٽ 1915ع ۾ فرانسيسي بمباري گروپ جو پائلٽ [[مارسل ڪورمس]]]] توپخاني (Artillery) ۾ پڻ هڪ انقلاب آيو. 1914ع ۾، توپون اڳئين صف (فرنٽ لائن) تي رکيون وينديون هيون ۽ سڌو سنئون نشانو بڻائينديون هيون. 1917ع تائين، ٻين طريقن جهڙوڪ [[انڊائريڪٽ فائر]] (اڻ سڌي فائرنگ) جو استعمال عام ٿي ويو، جنهن ۾ نشانو ڳولڻ لاءِ هوائي جهازن ۽ [[فيلڊ ٽيليفون]] جو سهارو ورتو ويندو هو. <ref>Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-732-6}} p. 444.</ref> شروعات ۾ هوائي جهازن کي [[جسوسي]] (Reconnaissance) ۽ زميني حملن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. دشمن جي جهازن کي ڪيرائڻ لاءِ [[هوائي دفاعي توپون]] (Anti-aircraft guns) ۽ [[ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] (Fighter aircraft) تيار ڪيا ويا. [[اسٽريٽجڪ بمبار]] جهاز پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، خاص طور تي جرمني ۽ برطانيه طرفان، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن [[زپيلن]] (فضائي غبارا) جو به استعمال ڪيو.{{Sfn|Cross|1991}} جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ ڌاري، پهريون ڀيرو [[بحريه جو جهاز|بحري جهازن تان جهاز اڏائڻ]] (Aircraft carriers) جو تجربو ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ HMS ''Furious'' تان جهاز اڏائي 1918ع ۾ جرمن زپيلن هينگرز کي تباهه ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Cross|1991|pp=56–57}} == سفارتڪاري == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} [[File:Cartoon for a Telegram.jpg|thumb|1917ع جو هڪ سياسي ڪارٽون جيڪو [[زيمرمن ٽيليگرام]] بابت آهي]] قومن جي وچ ۾ غير فوجي سفارتي ۽ پروپيگنڊا واري رابطن جو مقصد پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ يا دشمن جي حمايت کي ڪمزور ڪرڻ هو. گهڻي ڀاڱي، جنگ جي وقت جي سفارتڪاري پنجن مکيه مسئلن تي مرڪوز هئي: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پروپيگنڊا مهمون]]؛ جنگي مقصدن جي تعريف ۽ ٻيهر تعريف ڪرڻ، جيڪي جنگ جي وڌڻ سان گڏ وڌيڪ سخت ٿيندا ويا؛ غير جانبدار ملڪن (اٽلي، عثماني سلطنت، بلغاريه، رومانيا) کي دشمن جي علائقن جو لالچ ڏئي اتحاد ۾ شامل ڪرڻ؛ ۽ اتحادين پاران مرڪزي طاقتن جي اندر قومپرست اقليتي تحريڪن جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ، خاص طور تي چيڪ، پولش ۽ عربن جي وچ ۾. ان کان علاوه، غير جانبدار ملڪن يا هڪ ٻئي طرفان امن جون ڪيتريون ئي تجويزون پيش ڪيون ويون، پر انهن مان ڪا به اڳتي وڌي نه سگهي.{{sfn |Stevenson |1988 |p={{page needed|date=July 2020}}}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Z. A. B. |last=Zeman |title=Diplomatic History of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000zema |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-297-00300-7 }}</ref><ref>See {{cite book |author=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |title=Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 |editor-first=James Brown |editor-last=Scott |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924016943106 |publisher=Washington, D.C., The Endowment }}</ref> == ورثو ۽ يادگيريون == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي آخري بچيل ويڙهاڪن جي فهرست|ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن|آمريڪي بيٽل مونومينٽس ڪميشن}} {{Further|عوامي ثقافت ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ}} === يادگار === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا يادگار}} [[File:Sacrario militare di Redipuglia agosto 2014.JPG|thumb|اٽلي جو [[ريڊيپوگليا وار ميموريل]]، جنهن ۾ 100,187 سپاهين جون باقيات موجود آهن]] هزارين ڳوٺن ۽ شهرن ۾ جنگي يادگار تعمير ڪيا ويا. لڙائيءَ جي ميدانن جي ويجهو، عارضي قبرستانن مان لاشن کي ڪڍي باقاعده قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جن جي سار سنڀال [[ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن]] ۽ ٻيون تنظيمون ڪن ٿيون. انهن مان ڪيترن ئي قبرستانن ۾ گم ٿيل يا [[نامعلوم سپاهي جي قبر|نامعلوم]] مليل سپاهين لاءِ به يادگار ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[مينين گيٽ]] ميموريل.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |website=Department of Veterans' Affairs |date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154418/https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |url-status=live }}</ref> 1915ع ۾ ڪينيڊين فوجي ڊاڪٽر [[جان مڪڪري]] مشهور نظم ''[[ان فلينڊرز فيلڊز]]'' لکيو، جيڪو اڄ به [[يادگيري جو ڏينهن|آرمسٽس ڊي]] تي پڙهيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1918 |title=John McCrae |journal=Nature |publisher=Historica |volume=100 |issue=2521 |pages=487–488 |bibcode=1918Natur.100..487. |doi=10.1038/100487b0 |s2cid=4275807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> آمريڪا جي شهر ڪنساس سٽي ۾ [[نيشنل ورلڊ وار I ميوزيم اينڊ ميموريل]] انهن تمام آمريڪين جي ياد ۾ ٺاهيو ويو آهي جن هن جنگ ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. برطانوي حڪومت پڻ 2014ع کان 2018ع تائين جنگ جي سو سالا تقريبن لاءِ وڏا وسيلا وقف ڪيا هئا. 2018ع ۾، فرانسيسي صدر [[ايمنيوئل ميڪرون]] ۽ جرمن چانسلر [[اينجلا مرڪل]] ان جاءِ جو دورو ڪيو جتي جنگ بندي (Armistice) جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون ۽ اتي مفاهمت جي هڪ تختي لڳائي وئي. === تاريخ نويسي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سببن جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{blockquote |text=<poem>...{{nbsp}}"عجيب آهي، دوست،" مون چيو، "هتي ماتم جو ڪو سبب ناهي." "ڪو به نه،" ٻئي چيو، "سواءِ انهن ضايع ٿيل سالن جي"{{nbsp}}...</poem> |author=[[ولفرڊ اوون]] |source=''Strange Meeting'', 1918<ref name="Wilfred Owen 2004">''Wilfred Owen: poems'', 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004)</ref>}} پهرين عالمي جنگ جي نتيجن کي سمجهڻ جون ڪوششون اڄ به جاري آهن. ٻي عالمي جنگ جي مقابلي ۾، جنهن کي "نيڪي ۽ بدي" جي ويڙهه طور پڙهايو وڃي ٿو، پهرين عالمي جنگ کي اڪثر هڪ اهڙي جنگ طور ڏٺو ويندو آهي جيڪا "غلط سببن جي ڪري وڙهي وئي".<ref name="Neiberg2">{{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael |title=The World War I Reader |date=2007 |page=1}}</ref> مورخ بحث ڪن ٿا ته هي جنگ ڇو شروع ٿي، اتحادي ڇو کٽيا، ۽ ڇا جنرل ايتري وڏي جاني نقصان جا ذميوار هئا؟ جديد دور جا اسڪالر هاڻي جنگ جي نفسياتي اثرن، [[ذهني صحت]] ۽ قبضي هيٺ آيل علائقن جي صورتحال تي به تحقيق ڪري رهيا آهن.{{sfn| Jones| 2013|p=858}} === اڻ ڦاٽل بارود === {{Further|زون روج|آئرن هارسٽ}} اڄ به، لڳ ڀڳ هڪ صدي گذرڻ باوجود، ورڊون (Verdun) ۽ سوم (Somme) جهڙن ميدانن ۾ [[اڻ ڦاٽل بارود]] موجود آهي جيڪو خطرناڪ ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿو. فرانس ۽ بيلجيم ۾ اڄ به هٿيارن کي ناڪاره بڻائڻ وارا دستا مقامي ماڻهن جي مدد ڪن ٿا جيڪي اڪثر ٻنيون کيڙڻ دوران اهڙو بارود ڳولي لهندا آهن. ڪجهه هنڌن تي ته جنگ جي اثرن سبب اڃا تائين نباتات (ٻوٽا) به ناهن اُڀري سگهيا. <ref name="Neiberg2"/> == پڻ ڏسندا == * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران فري ميسنري}} * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي موضوعن جون فهرستون]] * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو خاڪو}} * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جنگي مقصد}} == حوالا == {{reflist}} == فٽ نوٽ == {{Notelist}} == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == {{Sister project links|voy=World War I|World War I|collapsible=collapsed}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|date=24 June 2006 |World War I (part 1).ogg |World War I (part 2).ogg |World War I (part 3).ogg}} === آرڪائيو مواد === * [https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Links_to_Other_WWI_Sites پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٻين سائيٽن جا لنڪس] - پهرين عالمي جنگ جي دستاويزي آرڪائيو مان * [https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/ پهرين عالمي جنگ جي دستاويزن جو آرڪائيو]، برگهم ينگ يونيورسٽي مان * [http://www.1914-1918-online.net/ پهرين عالمي جنگ جو بين الاقوامي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا] * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/the-outbreak-of-the-first-world-war/ پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات جا رڪارڊ] برطانوي پارلياماني مجموعن مان * [http://www.greatwar.nl/ عظيم جنگ جو ورثو: پهرين عالمي جنگ] – هڪ ويب سائيٽ جيڪا 1994ع ۾ ٺاهي وئي، جنهن ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ سان لاڳاپيل تصويرون ۽ موسيقي موجود آهي. * [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50 پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115140047/http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50 |date=15 جنوري 2016 }} ۽ [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50 جنگ جي پڄاڻي] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405154114/http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50 |date=5 اپريل 2015 }} تي يورپي اخبارون، [[دي يورپين لائبريري]] مان * [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914/multilingual%3A1 پهرين عالمي جنگ جون فلمون] يورپي فلم گيٽ وي تي * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection برٽش پيٿي (British Pathé) جو جنگي فلمن جو آرڪائيو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234810/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection |date=24 مارچ 2019 }} * [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/wwiphoto پهرين عالمي جنگ جي برطانوي پريس فوٽوگرافي جو مجموعو] – برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري مان * [http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/search?query=&field=all&war=worldwari آمريڪي پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ويڙهاڪن جا ذاتي احوال]، لائبريري آف ڪانگريس * [https://archive.org/details/butlerlibrarywwipamphlets پهرين عالمي جنگ جا پمفلٽ 1913-1920ع] – ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي لائبريريز جو مجموعو، انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو تي دستياب === لائبريري رهنمائي === * [https://natlib.govt.nz/researchers/guides/first-world-war نيشنل لائبريري آف نيوزيلينڊ] : اليگزينڊر ٽرنبل لائبريري ۽ نيشنل لائبريري آف نيوزيلينڊ وٽ پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران نيوزيلينڊ جي سمورن پهلوئن سان لاڳاپيل اهم مجموعا آهن. * [https://guides.sl.nsw.gov.au/wwi-and-australia پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ آسٽريليا] اسٽيٽ لائبريري آف نييو سائوٿ ويلز مان * [https://guides.loc.gov/wwi پهرين عالمي جنگ: وسيلن جي رهنمائي] آمريڪي لائبريري آف ڪانگريس مان : لائبريري جي مجموعن ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ (1914-18) سان لاڳاپيل مختلف قسم جو مواد موجود آهي. * [http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources انڊيانا يونيورسٽي بلومنگٽن] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605065400/http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources |date=5 جون 2015 }} * [http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405020007/http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 |date=5 اپريل 2015 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223852/http://guides.library.ualberta.ca/worldwar1914 البرٽا يونيورسٽي (آرڪائيو 2014)] {{World War I}} {{WWI history by nation}} {{Balkan Wars}} {{Great Power diplomacy}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:پهرين عالمي جنگ| ]] [[Category:عالمي جنگيون]] [[Category:ويڊيو ڪلپس وارا مضمون]] [[Category:ووڊرو ولسن جي صدارت]] [[Category:روس-ترڪ جنگيون]] [[Category:آرمينيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آسٽريليا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آذربائيجان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:بيلجيم جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:بوليوييا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:برازيل جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:برطانوي هندستان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:بلغاريه جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪئناڊا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪوسٽا ريڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪيوبا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:فرانس جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:جرمني جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:يونان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:گوئٽي مالا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:هيٽي جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:هنڊوراس جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آئرلينڊ جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:اٽلي جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:جاپان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪوريا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:لائبيريا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:مالٽا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:مونٽينيگرو جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:نيپال جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:نيوزيلينڊ جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:نيڪاراگوا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:پاناما جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:پرتگال جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:روڊيشيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:رومانيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:روسي سلطنت جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سوويت روس جي شموليت واريون جنگيون (1917–1922)]] [[Category:سربيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سريلنڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سوڊان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:تائيوان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ٿائلينڊ جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:عثماني سلطنت جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:برطانيه جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آمريڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سلووينيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] q6si8r4akud4dwtbkhej95ov88v66fa 370410 370409 2026-04-07T03:36:27Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* فٽ نوٽ */ 370410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> == ٽيڪنالاجي == {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران ٽيڪنالاجي}} [[File:British Aircraft of the First World War 1914-1918 (IWM Q67556).jpg|thumb|[[رائل ايئر فورس]] جو [[سوپوٿ ڪيمل]] جهاز. اپريل 1917ع ۾، مغربي محاذ تي هڪ برطانوي پائلٽ جي اوسط عمر صرف 93 اڏام جا ڪلاڪ هئي.{{sfn|Lawson|Lawson|2002|p=123}}]] پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات 20 هين صديءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ 19 هين صديءَ جي [[فوجي حڪمت عملي|فوجي طريقن]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقابلي طور ٿي، جنهن جو نتيجو وڏي جاني نقصان جي صورت ۾ نڪتو. تنهن هوندي به، 1917ع جي آخر تائين، وڏين فوجن جديد بڻجي چڪيون هيون ۽ اهي ٽيليفون، [[وائرليس مواصلات]]،{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |p=154}} [[بڪتربند گاڏي|بڪتربند گاڏين]]، [[ٽينڪ|ٽينڪن]] (خاص طور تي پهرين نموني واري ٽينڪ [[لٽل ولي]] جي اچڻ سان)، ۽ هوائي جهازن جو استعمال ڪري رهيون هيون.{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |pp=82–86}} ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي زهريلي گئس جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪڏهن به هڪ فيصله ڪن هٿيار ثابت نه ٿي سگهي، پر اها جنگ جي سڀ کان خوفناڪ شين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. <ref name=":0" />{{sfn |Love |1996}} [[Image:Marcel Louis Courmes en fourrure 1915.jpg|thumb|آگسٽ 1915ع ۾ فرانسيسي بمباري گروپ جو پائلٽ [[مارسل ڪورمس]]]] توپخاني (Artillery) ۾ پڻ هڪ انقلاب آيو. 1914ع ۾، توپون اڳئين صف (فرنٽ لائن) تي رکيون وينديون هيون ۽ سڌو سنئون نشانو بڻائينديون هيون. 1917ع تائين، ٻين طريقن جهڙوڪ [[انڊائريڪٽ فائر]] (اڻ سڌي فائرنگ) جو استعمال عام ٿي ويو، جنهن ۾ نشانو ڳولڻ لاءِ هوائي جهازن ۽ [[فيلڊ ٽيليفون]] جو سهارو ورتو ويندو هو. <ref>Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-732-6}} p. 444.</ref> شروعات ۾ هوائي جهازن کي [[جسوسي]] (Reconnaissance) ۽ زميني حملن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. دشمن جي جهازن کي ڪيرائڻ لاءِ [[هوائي دفاعي توپون]] (Anti-aircraft guns) ۽ [[ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] (Fighter aircraft) تيار ڪيا ويا. [[اسٽريٽجڪ بمبار]] جهاز پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، خاص طور تي جرمني ۽ برطانيه طرفان، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن [[زپيلن]] (فضائي غبارا) جو به استعمال ڪيو.{{Sfn|Cross|1991}} جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ ڌاري، پهريون ڀيرو [[بحريه جو جهاز|بحري جهازن تان جهاز اڏائڻ]] (Aircraft carriers) جو تجربو ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ HMS ''Furious'' تان جهاز اڏائي 1918ع ۾ جرمن زپيلن هينگرز کي تباهه ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Cross|1991|pp=56–57}} == سفارتڪاري == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} [[File:Cartoon for a Telegram.jpg|thumb|1917ع جو هڪ سياسي ڪارٽون جيڪو [[زيمرمن ٽيليگرام]] بابت آهي]] قومن جي وچ ۾ غير فوجي سفارتي ۽ پروپيگنڊا واري رابطن جو مقصد پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ يا دشمن جي حمايت کي ڪمزور ڪرڻ هو. گهڻي ڀاڱي، جنگ جي وقت جي سفارتڪاري پنجن مکيه مسئلن تي مرڪوز هئي: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پروپيگنڊا مهمون]]؛ جنگي مقصدن جي تعريف ۽ ٻيهر تعريف ڪرڻ، جيڪي جنگ جي وڌڻ سان گڏ وڌيڪ سخت ٿيندا ويا؛ غير جانبدار ملڪن (اٽلي، عثماني سلطنت، بلغاريه، رومانيا) کي دشمن جي علائقن جو لالچ ڏئي اتحاد ۾ شامل ڪرڻ؛ ۽ اتحادين پاران مرڪزي طاقتن جي اندر قومپرست اقليتي تحريڪن جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ، خاص طور تي چيڪ، پولش ۽ عربن جي وچ ۾. ان کان علاوه، غير جانبدار ملڪن يا هڪ ٻئي طرفان امن جون ڪيتريون ئي تجويزون پيش ڪيون ويون، پر انهن مان ڪا به اڳتي وڌي نه سگهي.{{sfn |Stevenson |1988 |p={{page needed|date=July 2020}}}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Z. A. B. |last=Zeman |title=Diplomatic History of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000zema |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-297-00300-7 }}</ref><ref>See {{cite book |author=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |title=Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 |editor-first=James Brown |editor-last=Scott |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924016943106 |publisher=Washington, D.C., The Endowment }}</ref> == ورثو ۽ يادگيريون == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي آخري بچيل ويڙهاڪن جي فهرست|ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن|آمريڪي بيٽل مونومينٽس ڪميشن}} {{Further|عوامي ثقافت ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ}} === يادگار === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا يادگار}} [[File:Sacrario militare di Redipuglia agosto 2014.JPG|thumb|اٽلي جو [[ريڊيپوگليا وار ميموريل]]، جنهن ۾ 100,187 سپاهين جون باقيات موجود آهن]] هزارين ڳوٺن ۽ شهرن ۾ جنگي يادگار تعمير ڪيا ويا. لڙائيءَ جي ميدانن جي ويجهو، عارضي قبرستانن مان لاشن کي ڪڍي باقاعده قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جن جي سار سنڀال [[ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن]] ۽ ٻيون تنظيمون ڪن ٿيون. انهن مان ڪيترن ئي قبرستانن ۾ گم ٿيل يا [[نامعلوم سپاهي جي قبر|نامعلوم]] مليل سپاهين لاءِ به يادگار ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[مينين گيٽ]] ميموريل.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |website=Department of Veterans' Affairs |date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154418/https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |url-status=live }}</ref> 1915ع ۾ ڪينيڊين فوجي ڊاڪٽر [[جان مڪڪري]] مشهور نظم ''[[ان فلينڊرز فيلڊز]]'' لکيو، جيڪو اڄ به [[يادگيري جو ڏينهن|آرمسٽس ڊي]] تي پڙهيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1918 |title=John McCrae |journal=Nature |publisher=Historica |volume=100 |issue=2521 |pages=487–488 |bibcode=1918Natur.100..487. |doi=10.1038/100487b0 |s2cid=4275807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> آمريڪا جي شهر ڪنساس سٽي ۾ [[نيشنل ورلڊ وار I ميوزيم اينڊ ميموريل]] انهن تمام آمريڪين جي ياد ۾ ٺاهيو ويو آهي جن هن جنگ ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. برطانوي حڪومت پڻ 2014ع کان 2018ع تائين جنگ جي سو سالا تقريبن لاءِ وڏا وسيلا وقف ڪيا هئا. 2018ع ۾، فرانسيسي صدر [[ايمنيوئل ميڪرون]] ۽ جرمن چانسلر [[اينجلا مرڪل]] ان جاءِ جو دورو ڪيو جتي جنگ بندي (Armistice) جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون ۽ اتي مفاهمت جي هڪ تختي لڳائي وئي. === تاريخ نويسي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سببن جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{blockquote |text=<poem>...{{nbsp}}"عجيب آهي، دوست،" مون چيو، "هتي ماتم جو ڪو سبب ناهي." "ڪو به نه،" ٻئي چيو، "سواءِ انهن ضايع ٿيل سالن جي"{{nbsp}}...</poem> |author=[[ولفرڊ اوون]] |source=''Strange Meeting'', 1918<ref name="Wilfred Owen 2004">''Wilfred Owen: poems'', 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004)</ref>}} پهرين عالمي جنگ جي نتيجن کي سمجهڻ جون ڪوششون اڄ به جاري آهن. ٻي عالمي جنگ جي مقابلي ۾، جنهن کي "نيڪي ۽ بدي" جي ويڙهه طور پڙهايو وڃي ٿو، پهرين عالمي جنگ کي اڪثر هڪ اهڙي جنگ طور ڏٺو ويندو آهي جيڪا "غلط سببن جي ڪري وڙهي وئي".<ref name="Neiberg2">{{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael |title=The World War I Reader |date=2007 |page=1}}</ref> مورخ بحث ڪن ٿا ته هي جنگ ڇو شروع ٿي، اتحادي ڇو کٽيا، ۽ ڇا جنرل ايتري وڏي جاني نقصان جا ذميوار هئا؟ جديد دور جا اسڪالر هاڻي جنگ جي نفسياتي اثرن، [[ذهني صحت]] ۽ قبضي هيٺ آيل علائقن جي صورتحال تي به تحقيق ڪري رهيا آهن.{{sfn| Jones| 2013|p=858}} === اڻ ڦاٽل بارود === {{Further|زون روج|آئرن هارسٽ}} اڄ به، لڳ ڀڳ هڪ صدي گذرڻ باوجود، ورڊون (Verdun) ۽ سوم (Somme) جهڙن ميدانن ۾ [[اڻ ڦاٽل بارود]] موجود آهي جيڪو خطرناڪ ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿو. فرانس ۽ بيلجيم ۾ اڄ به هٿيارن کي ناڪاره بڻائڻ وارا دستا مقامي ماڻهن جي مدد ڪن ٿا جيڪي اڪثر ٻنيون کيڙڻ دوران اهڙو بارود ڳولي لهندا آهن. ڪجهه هنڌن تي ته جنگ جي اثرن سبب اڃا تائين نباتات (ٻوٽا) به ناهن اُڀري سگهيا. <ref name="Neiberg2"/> == پڻ ڏسندا == * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران فري ميسنري}} * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي موضوعن جون فهرستون]] * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو خاڪو}} * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جنگي مقصد}} == حوالا == {{reflist}} == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == {{Sister project links|voy=World War I|World War I|collapsible=collapsed}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|date=24 June 2006 |World War I (part 1).ogg |World War I (part 2).ogg |World War I (part 3).ogg}} === آرڪائيو مواد === * [https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Links_to_Other_WWI_Sites پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٻين سائيٽن جا لنڪس] - پهرين عالمي جنگ جي دستاويزي آرڪائيو مان * [https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/ پهرين عالمي جنگ جي دستاويزن جو آرڪائيو]، برگهم ينگ يونيورسٽي مان * [http://www.1914-1918-online.net/ پهرين عالمي جنگ جو بين الاقوامي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا] * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/the-outbreak-of-the-first-world-war/ پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات جا رڪارڊ] برطانوي پارلياماني مجموعن مان * [http://www.greatwar.nl/ عظيم جنگ جو ورثو: پهرين عالمي جنگ] – هڪ ويب سائيٽ جيڪا 1994ع ۾ ٺاهي وئي، جنهن ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ سان لاڳاپيل تصويرون ۽ موسيقي موجود آهي. * [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50 پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115140047/http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50 |date=15 جنوري 2016 }} ۽ [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50 جنگ جي پڄاڻي] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405154114/http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50 |date=5 اپريل 2015 }} تي يورپي اخبارون، [[دي يورپين لائبريري]] مان * [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914/multilingual%3A1 پهرين عالمي جنگ جون فلمون] يورپي فلم گيٽ وي تي * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection برٽش پيٿي (British Pathé) جو جنگي فلمن جو آرڪائيو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234810/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection |date=24 مارچ 2019 }} * [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/wwiphoto پهرين عالمي جنگ جي برطانوي پريس فوٽوگرافي جو مجموعو] – برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري مان * [http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/search?query=&field=all&war=worldwari آمريڪي پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ويڙهاڪن جا ذاتي احوال]، لائبريري آف ڪانگريس * [https://archive.org/details/butlerlibrarywwipamphlets پهرين عالمي جنگ جا پمفلٽ 1913-1920ع] – ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي لائبريريز جو مجموعو، انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو تي دستياب === لائبريري رهنمائي === * [https://natlib.govt.nz/researchers/guides/first-world-war نيشنل لائبريري آف نيوزيلينڊ] : اليگزينڊر ٽرنبل لائبريري ۽ نيشنل لائبريري آف نيوزيلينڊ وٽ پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران نيوزيلينڊ جي سمورن پهلوئن سان لاڳاپيل اهم مجموعا آهن. * [https://guides.sl.nsw.gov.au/wwi-and-australia پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ آسٽريليا] اسٽيٽ لائبريري آف نييو سائوٿ ويلز مان * [https://guides.loc.gov/wwi پهرين عالمي جنگ: وسيلن جي رهنمائي] آمريڪي لائبريري آف ڪانگريس مان : لائبريري جي مجموعن ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ (1914-18) سان لاڳاپيل مختلف قسم جو مواد موجود آهي. * [http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources انڊيانا يونيورسٽي بلومنگٽن] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605065400/http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources |date=5 جون 2015 }} * [http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405020007/http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 |date=5 اپريل 2015 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223852/http://guides.library.ualberta.ca/worldwar1914 البرٽا يونيورسٽي (آرڪائيو 2014)] {{World War I}} {{WWI history by nation}} {{Balkan Wars}} {{Great Power diplomacy}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:پهرين عالمي جنگ| ]] [[Category:عالمي جنگيون]] [[Category:ويڊيو ڪلپس وارا مضمون]] [[Category:ووڊرو ولسن جي صدارت]] [[Category:روس-ترڪ جنگيون]] [[Category:آرمينيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آسٽريليا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آذربائيجان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:بيلجيم جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:بوليوييا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:برازيل جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:برطانوي هندستان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:بلغاريه جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪئناڊا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪوسٽا ريڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪيوبا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:فرانس جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:جرمني جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:يونان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:گوئٽي مالا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:هيٽي جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:هنڊوراس جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آئرلينڊ جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:اٽلي جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:جاپان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪوريا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:لائبيريا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:مالٽا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:مونٽينيگرو جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:نيپال جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:نيوزيلينڊ جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:نيڪاراگوا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:پاناما جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:پرتگال جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:روڊيشيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:رومانيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:روسي سلطنت جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سوويت روس جي شموليت واريون جنگيون (1917–1922)]] [[Category:سربيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سريلنڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سوڊان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:تائيوان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ٿائلينڊ جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:عثماني سلطنت جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:برطانيه جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آمريڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سلووينيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] ky3dxqjx0dpqbf3ebi710w7bnf9t9e8 370411 370410 2026-04-07T03:37:10Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 /* لائبريري رهنمائي */ 370411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1914–1918 عالمي تڪرار}} {{redirect-several|WWI|پهرين عالمي جنگ|World War One|عظيم جنگ}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} {{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = پهرين عالمي جنگ | image = {{Multiple image | perrow = 2/2/2 | image1 = Bataille de Verdun 1916.jpg | image2 = British 39th Siege Battery RGA Somme 1916.jpg | image3 = American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg | image4 = Germanmachineguncrew1918.png | image5 = ArabCamelCorps.jpg | image6 = Przemysl Fortress Bain LOC 19648.jpg | border = infobox | total_width = 300}}مٿي کان هيٺ، کاٻي کان ساڄي:{{flatlist| * [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] دوران خندق مان فرانسيسي حملو، 1916ع * [[سوم جي جنگ]] ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1916ع * [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو|سؤ ڏينهن واري مهم]] دوران آمريڪي فوجي ۽ رينالٽ FT ٽينڪ، 1918ع * گيس ماسڪ پاتل جرمن مشين گن عملو، 1918ع * سلطنت عثمانيه جو عرب اٺ دستو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرندي محاذ]] ڏانهن روانو ٿيندي، 1916ع * آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ روسي [[پرزميسل جو گهيرو|پرزميسل جي گهيري]] کانپوءِ جا اثر، 1915ع}} | date = 28 جولاءِ 1914{{snd}}11 نومبر 1918ع<br>({{Age in years, months and days|month1=7|day1=28|year1=1914|month2=11|day2=11|year2=1918}}) | place = {{flatlist| * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] * [[ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر|پيسفڪ]] * [[ايٽلانٽڪ يو-بوٽ مهم]] * [[ميڊيٽرينين ۽ ايڊريٽڪ بحري جنگ]] }} | result = [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتن]] جي سوڀ {{nwr|(ڏسو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا]])}} | combatant1 = '''[[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي طاقتون]]:'''{{ubl |{{flagcountry|French Third Republic|name=فرانس}} |{{flagcountry|United Kingdom|name=برطانيه}}}} {{collapsible list|bullets=yes|title={{nobold|&nbsp;۽ [[برطانوي سلطنت|سلطنت]]:}} |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |{{AUS}} |{{Flagcountry|Canada in World War I|name=ڪينيڊا}} |{{flagcountry|British Ceylon|name=سيلون}} |{{flagcountry|Sultanate of Egypt|name=مصر}} |{{flag|Newfoundland|name=نيوفائونڊلينڊ}} |{{flag|Dominion of New Zealand|name=نيوزيلينڊ}} |{{flagcountry|British Raj|name=برطانوي هندستان}} |{{flagcountry|Union of South Africa|1912|name=ڏکڻ آفريڪا}}}} {{ubl | {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1896}} [[روسي سلطنت]] (1917 تائين) | {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy|1861|name=اٽلي}} (1915 کان) | {{flagcountry|United States|1912|name=آمريڪا}} (1917 کان) | {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan|name=جاپان}} }} [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|۽ ٻيا...]] | combatant2 = '''[[مرڪزي طاقتون]]:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagcountry|German Empire|name=جرمني}} * {{flag|Austria-Hungary|name=آسٽريا-هنگري}} * {{flag|Ottoman Empire|name=سلطنت عثمانيه}} * {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=بلغاريه}} (1915 کان) }} [[مرڪزي طاقتون|۽ ٻيا...]] | commander1 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي اڳواڻ|مکيه اتحادي اڳواڻ]]}} | commander2 = {{xref|ڏسو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مرڪزي طاقتن جا اڳواڻ|مکيه مرڪزي اڳواڻ]]}} | casualties3 = 1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ موت (فوجي ۽ شهري شامل آهن) | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War I}} }} '''پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ''' يا '''پھرين عالمي جنگ'''، جنهن کي اڪثر '''WWI''' يا '''WW1''' جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، يا پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ (28 جولاءِ 1914 – 11 نومبر 1918)، جنهن کي '''عظيم جنگ''' پڻ چيو ويندو هو، ٻن اتحادن جي وچ ۾ هڪ [[عالمي جنگ|عالمي تڪرار]] هو: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي]] (يا اينٽنٽ) ۽ [[مرڪزي طاقتون]]. تڪرار جا مکيه علائقا [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو يورپي ٿيٽر|يورپ]] ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر|وچ اڀرند]] هئا، ان سان گڏوگڏ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر|آفريڪا]] ۽ ايشيا-پيسفڪ جا ڪجهه حصا پڻ شامل هئا. هن جنگ ۾ هٿيارن جي اهم ترقي ڏسڻ ۾ آئي، جن ۾ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪون]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز]]، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جو توپخانو|توپخانو]]، مشين گنون، ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار|ڪيميائي هٿيار]] شامل هئا. هي تاريخ جي [[موت جي انگ اکرن جي لحاظ کان جنگين جي فهرست|خطرناڪ ترين تڪرارن]] مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اندازاً [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جاني نقصان|1.5 کان 2.2 ڪروڙ فوجي ۽ شهري جانيون ويون]] ۽ [[نسل ڪشي]] پڻ ٿي. ماڻهن جي وڏي انگ ۾ لڏپلاڻ موتمار [[اسپينش فلو]] وبا جو هڪ وڏو سبب بڻجي وئي. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ڪارڻن]] ۾ [[جرمن سلطنت]] جو عروج ۽ [[سلطنت عثمانيه جو زوال]] شامل هو، جنهن يورپ ۾ ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم [[طاقت جو توازن]] خراب ڪري ڇڏيو، ان سان گڏوگڏ سامراجي دشمنين ۾ شدت ۽ وڏين طاقتن جي وچ ۾ هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ پڻ شامل هئي. [[بلقان]] ۾ وڌندڙ تڪرار 28 جون 1914 تي ان وقت چوٽ تي پهتو جڏهن هڪ [[بوسنيائي سرب]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، آسٽرو-هنگرين تخت جي وارث [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل|فرانز فرڊيننڊ کي قتل]] ڪري ڇڏيو. [[آسٽريا-هنگري]] ان جو ذميوار سربيا کي قرار ڏنو ۽ 28 جولاءِ تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. سربيا جي دفاع ۾ روس پاران فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ کانپوءِ، جرمنيءَ روس ۽ فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، جن جي پاڻ ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد|اتحاد]] هئي. [[برطانيه]] ان وقت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو جڏهن جرمنيءَ [[جرمني جو بيلجيم تي حملو (1914)|بيلجيم تي حملو]] ڪيو، ۽ سلطنت عثمانيه نومبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان شامل ٿي وئي. [[شليفن پلان|1914 ۾ جرمني جي حڪمت عملي]] اها هئي ته فرانس کي جلدي شڪست ڏئي پنهنجي فوج کي اوڀر طرف منتقل ڪجي، پر سيپٽمبر ۾ انهن جي اڳڀرائي [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ|روڪي وئي]]، ۽ سال جي آخر تائين [[مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|مغربي محاذ]] انگريزي چينل کان سوئٽزرلينڊ تائين خندقن جي هڪ لڳاتار لڪير بڻجي ويو. [[اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اوڀر وارو محاذ]] وڌيڪ متحرڪ هو، پر وڏين ڪوششن باوجود ڪنهن به ڌر کي فيصله ڪن سوڀ نه ملي. 1915 کان وٺي اٽلي، بلغاريه، رومانيا، يونان ۽ ٻيا ملڪ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيا. مغربي محاذ تي ٿيندڙ وڏيون جنگيون، جن ۾ [[ورڊن جي جنگ]]، [[سوم جي جنگ]]، ۽ [[پاسچنڊيل جي جنگ]] شامل آهن، محاذ جي جمود کي ختم ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيون. اپريل 1917 ۾، جرمني پاران ايٽلانٽڪ شپنگ جي خلاف غير محدود آبدوز جنگ شروع ڪرڻ کانپوءِ [[آمريڪا جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آمريڪا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو]]. ان ئي سال، [[بالشيوڪ]] روس ۾ [[آڪٽوبر انقلاب]] ذريعي اقتدار ۾ آيا؛ [[روسي سوويت وفاقي اشتراڪي جمهوريه|سوويت روس]] ڊسمبر ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن کانپوءِ مارچ 1918 ۾ هڪ الڳ امن معاهدو ڪيو ويو. ان مهيني، جرمني مغربي محاذ تي هڪ [[جرمن بهار وارو حملو|بهار وارو حملو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن جي ابتدائي ڪاميابين جي باوجود جرمن فوج ٿڪجي پئي ۽ حوصلا هاري ويٺي. اتحادين جو [[سؤ ڏينهن وارو حملو]]، جيڪو آگسٽ 1918 ۾ شروع ٿيو، جرمن فرنٽ لائن جي خاتمي جو سبب بڻيو. ورڊر حملي کانپوءِ، سيپٽمبر جي آخر ۾ بلغاريه جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ڪيون. نومبر جي شروعات تائين، اتحادين عثمانين ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري سان پڻ جنگ بندي ڪري ورتي، جنهن جرمني کي اڪيلو ڪري ڇڏيو. ملڪ اندر [[جرمن انقلاب (1918–1919)]] جو منهن ڏسندي، قيصر [[وليم ٻيون]] 9 نومبر تي تخت تان دستبردار ٿي ويو، ۽ جنگ [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي]] سان ختم ٿي وئي. 1919-1920 جي [[پيرس امن ڪانفرنس]] شڪست کاڌل طاقتن تي شرط مڙهي ڇڏيا. [[ورسيليز جي معاهدي]] تحت، جرمني ڪافي علائقا وڃائي ويٺو، ان کي غير مسلح ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتحادين کي وڏي مقدار ۾ معاوضو ادا ڪرڻ جو پابند بڻايو ويو. روسي، جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگرين ۽ عثماني سلطنتن جي خاتمي سان نيون قومي حدون بڻيون ۽ پولينڊ، فنلينڊ، بالٽڪ رياستون، چيڪو سلوواڪيا ۽ يوگوسلاويا جهڙيون نيون آزاد رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. عالمي امن برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] قائم ڪئي وئي، پر بين الاقوامي عدم استحڪام کي سنڀالڻ ۾ ان جي ناڪامي 1939 ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات جو سبب بڻي. == نالا == [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ، 1914-1918 جي واقعن کي عام طور تي '''''عظيم جنگ''''' يا صرف '''''عالمي جنگ''''' سڏيو ويندو هو.{{sfn|Leonhard|2018|p=3|ps=. "ان جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، جنگ جو تجربو ڪندڙ ماڻهن ان جي وسعت، ندرت ۽ هيبت کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ لفظ ڳولڻ شروع ڪيا: برطانيه ۾ انهن 'عظيم جنگ' (Great War) سڏيو، فرانس ۾ 'Grande Guerre' ۽ جرمني ۾ 'Weltkrieg' (عالمي جنگ)."}} آگسٽ 1914 ۾، ''[[The Independent (New York City)|دي انڊيپينڊنٽ]]'' تڪرار بابت چيو، "هي عظيم جنگ آهي. هي پنهنجو نالو پاڻ رکي ٿي."<ref name="independent19140817">{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 1914 |title=The Great War |url=https://archive.org/details/independen79v80newy/page/n233/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=The Independent |page=228 |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref> جنگ جي پڄاڻي کانپوءِ ڏهاڪي تائين، ڪيترن ئي اها اميد ڪئي ته هي "[[سڀني جنگين کي ختم ڪرڻ واري جنگ]]" ثابت ٿيندي. پهرين عالمي جنگ (First World War) جو اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن جرمن فلسفي [[ارنسٽ هيڪل]] لکيو ته جاري يورپي جنگ "لفظ جي پوري معنيٰ ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ" بڻجي ويندي.{{sfn|Shapiro|Epstein|2006|p=329}} == پسمنظر == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا ڪارڻ}} === سياسي ۽ فوجي اتحاد === [[File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svg|thumb|alt=يورپ جو نقشو جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري تي ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي.|1914 ۾ حريف فوجي اتحاد:{{Efn|صرف ٽن ڌرين وارو معاهدو (Triple Alliance) هڪ باضابطه "اتحاد" هو؛ ٻيا صرف تعاون جا نمونا هئا.}} {{legend|#83be58|[[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]]}}{{legend|#b0a336|[[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)]]}}]] 19 هين صدي جي وڏي حصي دوران، اهم يورپي طاقتن طاقت جو هڪ توازن برقرار رکيو، جنهن کي [[ڪنسرٽ آف يورپ]] طور سڃاتو ويندو هو.{{sfn |Clark |2013 |pp=121–152}} 1848 کان پوءِ، ان توازن کي برطانيه جي گوشه نشيني، عثماني سلطنت جي زوال، نئين سامراجيت ۽ پروشيا جي عروج چيلينج ڪيو. 1870-1871 جي [[فرانس-پروشيا جنگ]] ۾ سوڀ کانپوءِ بسيمارڪ هڪ [[جرمن سلطنت]] کي متحد ڪيو. 1871 کان پوءِ، فرانسيسي پاليسي جو مقصد هن شڪست جو بدلو وٺڻ ۽ فرانس جي نوآبادياتي سلطنت کي وڌائڻ هو.{{sfn|Joly|1999|pp=325–347}} 1873 ۾، بسيمارڪ ٽن بادشاهن جي ليگ (League of the Three Emperors) تي ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي، جنهن ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري، روس ۽ جرمني شامل هئا. 1877-1878 جي [[روس-ترڪ جنگ (1877–1878)]] کانپوءِ هي ليگ ختم ٿي وئي. ان جو سبب بلقان ۾ روس جي وڌندڙ اثر تي آسٽريا جا خدشا هئا. [[جرمني]] ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري پوءِ 1879 ۾ [[ڊيوئل الائنس (1879)|ڊيوئل الائنس]] ٺاهيو، جيڪو 1882 ۾ اٽلي جي شامل ٿيڻ سان [[ٽرپل الائنس (1882)|ٽرپل الائنس]] بڻجي ويو.{{sfn|Keegan|1998|p=52}} بسيمارڪ لاءِ، انهن معاهدن جو مقصد فرانس کي اڪيلو ڪرڻ هو. [[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|عالمي سلطنتون ۽ نوآباديا تقريبن 1914ع]] بسيمارڪ لاءِ روس سان امن جرمن پرڏيهي پاليسي جو بنياد هو، پر 1890 ۾ کيس [[وليم ٻيون|وليم ٻئي]] پاران استعيفيٰ ڏيڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ويو. نئين چانسلر [[ليو وان ڪيپريوي]] روس سان معاهدي جي تجديد نه ڪئي.{{Sfn|Kennan|1986 |p=20}} ان سان فرانس کي روس سان اتحاد جو موقعو مليو ۽ 1894 ۾ [[فرانس-روس اتحاد]] ٿيو، جنهن کانپوءِ 1904 ۾ برطانيه سان ''[[Entente Cordiale]]'' ٿيو. 1907 ۾ [[اينگلو-روس ڪنوينشن]] سان [[ٽرپل اينٽنٽ]] مڪمل ٿيو. === هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ === [[File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-61-23, Linienschiff "SMS Rheinland".jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري جهاز SMS Rheinland، 1910]] 1871 کان پوءِ جرمني جي معاشي ۽ صنعتي طاقت تيزي سان وڌي. ايڊمرل [[الفرڊ وان ترپٽز]] هڪ اهڙي جرمن بحري فوج بنائڻ چاهي جيڪا برطانوي [[رائل نيوي]] جو مقابلو ڪري سگهي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} ان جي نتيجي ۾ [[اينگلو-جرمن بحري هٿيارن جي ڊوڙ]] شروع ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ جرمني وڏو پئسو خرچ ڪيو، پر 1906 ۾ برطانيه پاران ''ڊريڊناٽ'' بحري جهاز جي تيار ڪرڻ کين برتري ڏني جيڪا ڪڏهن ختم نه ٿي.{{Sfn|Willmott|2003|p=21}} === بلقان ۾ تڪرار === [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|آسٽريا-هنگري جو لساني نقشو، 1910.]] 1914 کان اڳ وارا سال بلقان ۾ بحرانن جو شڪار رهيا. روس پاڻ کي سربيا ۽ ٻين سلاو رياستن جو محافظ سمجهندو هو. آسٽريا جي سياستدانن بلقان کي پنهنجي سلطنت لاءِ ضروري سمجهيو ۽ سربيا جي واڌ کي خطرو سمجهيو. 1908-1909 جو [[بوسنيائي بحران]] ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن آسٽريا بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا کي پنهنجي ملڪ ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|p=86}} تڪرار تڏهن وڌي ويو جڏهن 1911-1912 جي [[اٽلي-ترڪ جنگ]] عثماني ڪمزوري کي ظاهر ڪيو ۽ [[بلقان ليگ]] ٺهي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=251–252}} == شروعات == {{For timeline|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائم لائن}} === ساراجيوو قتل ڪيس === {{Main|آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ جو قتل}} [[File:Ferdinand Behr arrested in Sarajevo 1914.jpg|thumb|روايتي طور تي اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته هي [[گوريلو پرنسپ]] (ساڄي) جي گرفتاري آهي، پر هاڻي مورخن جو خيال آهي ته [[ساراجيوو ۾ هڪ مشڪوڪ جي گرفتاري|هن تصوير]] ۾ هڪ بيگناهه راهي، فرڊيننڊ بهر کي 28 جون 1914 تي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Finestone|1981|p=247}}{{sfn|Smith|2010|loc=اسٽيشن ڏانهن ويندي سندس تصوير ڪڍي وئي هئي ۽ اها ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪتابن ۽ مضمونن ۾ شايع ٿي چڪي آهي، جنهن ۾ دعويٰ ڪئي وئي آهي ته هي گوريلو پرنسپ جي گرفتاري آهي. پر گورو جي گرفتاري جي ڪا به تصوير ناهي—هي تصوير بهر جي گرفتاري ڏيکاري ٿي.}}]] 28 جون 1914 تي، آسٽريا جو [[آرچ ڊيوڪ فرانز فرڊيننڊ]]، جيڪو شهنشاهه [[فرانز جوزف پهريون]] جو وارث هو، [[ساراجيوو]] جو دورو ڪيو، جيڪو [[بوسنيا جو الحاق|تازو ئي ضم ڪيل بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا]] جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ هو. [[نوجوان بوسنيا]] نالي تحريڪ جي ميمبرن، جن ۾ [[سويتڪو پاپووچ]]، [[گوريلو پرنسپ]]، [[نيڊيلڪو چبرينووچ]]، [[ٽريفڪو گربيوز]]، [[واسو چبريلووچ]] ([[بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا جا سرب]]) ۽ [[محمد مهمدباشيچ]] ([[بوسنيائي مسلمان|بوسنياڪ]] برادري مان) شامل هئا،{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|p=103}} آرچ ڊيوڪ جي قافلي جي رستي تي کيس قتل ڪرڻ لاءِ پوزيشنون سنڀاليون. سربيا جي خفيه تنظيم [[بليڪ هينڊ (سربيا)|بليڪ هينڊ]] جي انتهاپسند رڪنن کين هٿيار فراهم ڪيا هئا، کين اها اميد هئي ته سندس موت بوسنيا کي آسٽريا جي راڄ کان آزاد ڪرائي ڇڏيندو.{{Sfn|Butcher|2014|pp=188–189}} چبرينووچ آرچ ڊيوڪ جي ڪار تي [[هينڊ گرنيڊ|دستي بم]] اڇلايو جنهن سان سندس ٻه مددگار زخمي ٿي پيا. ٻيا قاتل پڻ ناڪام رهيا. هڪ ڪلاڪ کانپوءِ، جڏهن فرڊيننڊ اسپتال ۾ زخمي آفيسرن جي عيادت ڪري واپس اچي رهيو هو، ته سندس ڪار غلطي سان هڪ گهٽيءَ ۾ مڙي وئي جتي گوريلو پرنسپ بيٺو هو. هن پستول مان ٻه گوليون هلايون، جنهن سان فرڊيننڊ ۽ سندس گهر واري [[صوفي، ڊچيس آف هوهنبرگ|صوفي]] موتمار طور زخمي ٿي پيا.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=16}} مورخ [[زبيڪ زيمان]] موجب، ويانا ۾ "هن واقعي جو ڪو خاص اثر نه پيو. 28 ۽ 29 جون تي، ماڻهو موسيقي ٻڌندا ۽ شراب پيئندا رهيا، ڄڻ ڪجهه ٿيو ئي ناهي."{{sfn |Willmott |2003 |p=26}} تنهن هوندي به، تخت جي وارث جي قتل جو اثر تمام گهڻو هو، جنهن کي مورخ [[ڪرسٽوفر ڪلارڪ]] "9/11 اثر" قرار ڏنو آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو دهشتگرد واقعو جنهن تاريخي معنيٰ کي تبديل ڪري ويانا جي سياسي ڪيمسٽري کي ئي بدلائي ڇڏيو. <ref name="Christopher Clark 2014">{{cite AV media |title=Month of Madness |first=Christopher |last=Clark |author-link=Christopher Clark |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |date=25 June 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=20 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031224/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03t7p27 |url-status=live }}</ref> === بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ تشدد جو ڦهلاءُ === [[File:1914-06-29 - Aftermath of attacks against Serbs in Sarajevo.png|thumb|29 جون 1914 تي [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فسادن]] کانپوءِ رستن تي ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين ساراجيوو ۾ [[ساراجيوو ۾ سرب مخالف فساد|سرب مخالف فسادن]] جي حوصلا افزائي ڪئي.<ref name="DjordjevićSpence1992">{{cite book |first1=Dimitrije |last1=Djordjević |author1-link=Dimitrije Đorđević (historian) |first2=Richard B. |last2=Spence |author2-link=Richard B. Spence |title=Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |year=1992 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-88033-217-0 |page=313 |quote=Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom. |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217084004/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDJpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Reports Service: Southeast Europe series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 December 2013 |year=1964 |publisher=American Universities Field Staff. |page=44 |quote=...{{nbsp}}the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo{{nbsp}}... |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906101816/https://books.google.com/books?id=QGtWAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> نسلي سربن جي خلاف پرتشدد ڪارروايون ساراجيوو کان ٻاهر ٻين شهرن جهڙوڪ ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا ۾ پڻ منظم ڪيون ويون. بوسنيا ۽ هرزيگوينا ۾ آسٽرو-هنگرين اختيارين تقريبن 5,500 ممتاز سربن کي قيد ڪيو، جن مان 700 کان 2,200 قيد ۾ مري ويا. وڌيڪ 460 سربن کي موت جي سزا ٻڌائي وئي. هڪ خاص مليشيا جنهن کي ''[[Schutzkorps]]'' چيو ويندو هو، جنهن ۾ اڪثريت بوسنياڪ مسلمانن جي هئي، قائم ڪئي وئي جنهن سربن جي خلاف ظلم ڪيو.<ref name="Kröll2008">{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Kröll |title=Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=Studienverlag |isbn=978-3-7065-4526-6 |page=55 |quote=...{{nbsp}}arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083931/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJRnAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn |Tomasevich |2001 |p=485}}<ref name="Schindler2007">{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Schindler |title=Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29 |year=2007 |publisher=Zenith Imprint |isbn=978-1-61673-964-5 |page=29 |access-date=12 November 2018 |archive-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217083936/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8Xb6x2XYvIC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Velikonja |2003 |p=141}} === جولاءِ جو بحران === {{Main|جولاءِ جو بحران}} {{see also|جرمني جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|آسٽريا-هنگري جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ|روس جو پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ داخل ٿيڻ}} [[File:The War of the Nations WW1 337.jpg|thumb|جنگ جي اعلان واري ڏينهن لنڊن ۽ پيرس ۾ خوشي ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا ميڙ.]] هن قتل کانپوءِ جولاءِ جو بحران شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آسٽريا-هنگري، جرمني، روس، فرانس ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سفارتي جوڙتوڙ جو هڪ مهينو هو. اهو يقين رکندي ته سربيا جي خفيه ادارن فرانز فرڊيننڊ جي قتل ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي، آسٽريا جي آفيسرن هن موقعي کي بوسنيا ۾ سربيا جي مداخلت ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ چاهيو ۽ جنگ کي بهترين رستو سمجهيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|1996|p=12}} پر، [[آسٽريا-هنگري جي پرڏيهي وزارت|پرڏيهي وزارت]] وٽ سربيا جي ملوث هجڻ جو ڪو پختو ثبوت نه هو.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=532}} 23 جولاءِ تي، آسٽريا سربيا کي هڪ [[جولاءِ جو الٽيميٽم|الٽيميٽم]] ڏنو، جنهن ۾ ڏهه اهڙا مطالبا شامل هئا جيڪي ڄاڻي واڻي ناقابل قبول بڻايا ويا هئا ته جيئن جنگ شروع ڪرڻ جو بهانو ملي سگهي.{{sfn|Willmott|2003|p=27}} سربيا 25 جولاءِ تي عام [[فوجي متحرڪ|فوج متحرڪ]] ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر اهي سمورا شرط قبول ڪيا سواءِ انهن جي جن سان آسٽريا جي نمائندن کي سربيا جي اندر "تخريبي عناصر" کي دٻائڻ ۽ قتل جي جاچ ۽ مقدمي ۾ حصو وٺڻ جو اختيار ملي ها.{{Sfn|Fromkin|2004|pp=196–197}}{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|p=536}} ان کي انڪار قرار ڏيندي، آسٽريا سفارتي لاڳاپا ختم ڪري ڇڏيا ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن جزوي طور فوج متحرڪ ڪئي؛ 28 جولاءِ تي هنن سربيا تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي گولاباري شروع ڪئي. روس 30 جولاءِ تي سربيا جي حمايت ۾ عام فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو.{{Sfn|Lieven|2016|p=326}} روس کي جارح طور پيش ڪري سياسي اپوزيشن (SPD) جي حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ، جرمن چانسلر بيٿمن هولوگ 31 جولاءِ تائين جنگي تيارين ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=526–527}} ان ڏينهن منجهند جو، روسي حڪومت کي هڪ نوٽ ڏنو ويو جنهن ۾ کين 12 ڪلاڪن اندر "جرمني ۽ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سمورا جنگي قدم روڪڻ" جو چيو ويو.{{Sfn|Martel|2014|p=335}} غير جانبدار رهڻ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جرمن مطالبو فرانس پاران رد ڪيو ويو جنهن [[1914 فرانسيسي فوجي متحرڪ|عام فوج متحرڪ]] ڪئي پر جنگ جي اعلان ۾ دير ڪئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=27}} جرمن جنرل اسٽاف اڳي ئي اهو فرض ڪري چڪو هو ته کين ٻن محاذن تي جنگ جو منهن ڏسڻو پوندو؛ [[شليفن پلان]] موجب 80 سيڪڙو فوج فرانس کي شڪست ڏيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻي هئي، ۽ پوءِ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻو هو. جتان ان لاءِ تيزي سان چرپر جي ضرورت هئي، تنهنڪري ان منجهند جو فوج متحرڪ ڪرڻ جا حڪم جاري ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=45}} جڏهن 1 آگسٽ جي صبح جو روس لاءِ جرمن الٽيميٽم جو مدو ختم ٿيو، تڏهن ٻئي ملڪ جنگ جي حالت ۾ اچي ويا. 29 جولاءِ تي هڪ اجلاس ۾ برطانوي ڪيبينٽ فيصلو ڪيو هو ته 1839 جي [[لنڊن معاهدو (1839)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت ان جون ذميواريون کيس جرمن حملي جي مخالفت ڪرڻ لاءِ مجبور نه ٿيون ڪن؛ تنهن هوندي به، وزيراعظم [[ايڇ ايڇ اسڪوٿ]] ۽ سندس سينئر وزير فرانس جي حمايت جو عزم ڪري چڪا هئا، رائل نيوي متحرڪ هئي، ۽ عوامي راءِ مداخلت جي حق ۾ هئي.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=539–541}} 31 جولاءِ تي برطانيه جرمني ۽ فرانس کي نوٽ موڪليا ته اهي بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جو احترام ڪن؛ فرانس ان جو واعدو ڪيو پر جرمني ڪو جواب نه ڏنو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=29}} بيلجيم ذريعي حملي جي جرمن منصوبن کان واقف هئڻ ڪري، فرانسيسي ڪمانڊر ان چيف [[جوزف جوفري]] پنهنجي حڪومت کان سرحد پار ڪرڻ جي اجازت گهري ته جيئن اڳواٽ ڪارروائي ڪري سگهجي. پر بيلجيم جي غير جانبداري جي خلاف ورزي کان بچڻ لاءِ کيس چيو ويو ته اڳڀرائي صرف جرمن حملي کانپوءِ ئي ٿي سگهي ٿي.{{Sfn|MacMillan|2013|pp=579–580, 585}} ان جي بدران فرانسيسي ڪيبينٽ پنهنجي فوج کي جرمن سرحد کان 10 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي هٽڻ جو حڪم ڏنو ته جيئن جنگ کي نه ڀڙڪايو وڃي. 2 آگسٽ تي، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران لڪسمبرگ تي جرمن قبضو|جرمني لڪسمبرگ تي قبضو ڪيو]] ۽ جڏهن جرمن گشتي دستا فرانسيسي علائقي ۾ داخل ٿيا ته فائرنگ جي ڏي وٺ ٿي؛ 3 آگسٽ تي هنن فرانس تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ بيلجيم مان گذرڻ جو رستو گهريو، جيڪو رد ڪيو ويو. 4 آگسٽ جي صبح جو سوير جرمنن حملو ڪيو، ۽ بيلجيم جي بادشاهه [[البرٽ پهريون]] لنڊن معاهدي تحت مدد لاءِ سڏ ڏنو.{{sfn|Crowe |2001|pp=4–5}}{{sfn |Willmott|2003|p=29}} برطانيه جرمني کي الٽيميٽم موڪليو ته هو بيلجيم مان نڪري وڃي؛ جڏهن اڌ رات جو بنا ڪنهن جواب جي اهو مدو ختم ٿيو، ته ٻئي سلطنتون جنگ ۾ شامل ٿي ويون.{{Sfn|Clark|2013|pp=550–551}} == جنگ جي اڳڀرائي == {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} === جنگ جي شروعات === ==== مرڪزي طاقتن جي وچ ۾ منجهائيندڙ صورتحال ==== جرمني آسٽريا-هنگري جي سربيا تي حملي جي حمايت جو واعدو ڪيو هو، پر ان جي معنيٰ بابت ٻنهي ڌرين جي تشريح مختلف هئي. 1914ع جي شروعات ۾ پراڻن فوجي منصوبن کي تبديل ڪيو ويو هو، پر انهن جي ڪڏهن به مشقن ذريعي آزمائش نه ڪئي وئي هئي. آسٽرو-هنگرين اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته جرمني روس جي خلاف ان جي اترئين پاسي (flank) جي حفاظت ڪندو.{{sfn |Strachan |2003 |pp=292–296, 343–354}} ==== سربيائي مهم ==== {{Main|سربيائي مهم}} [[File:FirstSerbianArmedPlane1915.jpg|thumb|سربيائي فوج جو [[Blériot XI]] "Oluj" جهاز، 1915ع]] 12 آگسٽ کان شروع ٿيندڙ، آسٽريائي ۽ سربيائي فوجن جي وچ ۾ [[سير جي جنگ]] (Cer) ۽ [[ڪولوبارا جي جنگ]] (Kolubara) ٿيون؛ ايندڙ ٻن هفتن دوران، آسٽريائي حملن کي سخت جاني نقصان سان پسپا ڪيو ويو. نتيجي طور، آسٽريا کي سربيائي محاذ تي وڏي فوج رکڻي پئي، جنهن ڪري روس جي خلاف سندن ڪوششون ڪمزور ٿي ويون.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=172}} 1914 جي حملي ۾ آسٽريا-هنگري جي خلاف سربيا جي سوڀ کي ويهين صديءَ جي وڏين حيران ڪندڙ فتحن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.{{Sfn|Schindler|2002|pp=159–195}} 1915 ۾، هن مهم دوران پهريون ڀيرو [[هوائي دفاعي جنگ]] جو استعمال ڏٺو ويو جڏهن هڪ آسٽريائي جهاز کي زمين تان فائرنگ ڪري ڪيرايو ويو، ان سان گڏ سربيائي فوج پاران پهريون ڀيرو [[طبي انخلا]] (Medical evacuation) پڻ ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |title=Veliki rat – Avijacija |publisher=RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia |website=rts.rs |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710083934/http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/125/Dru%C5%A1tvo/1516279/Veliki+rat+-+avijacija.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| title=How was the first military airplane shot down| magazine=National Geographic| access-date=5 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831011608/http://www.nationalgeographic.rs/vesti/3842-prvi-ratni-avion-oboren-u-istoriji-pao-na-kragujevac.html| archive-date=31 August 2015| url-status=live}}</ref> ==== بيلجيم ۽ فرانس ۾ جرمن حملو ==== {{Main|عظيم پسپائي}} [[File:German soldiers in a railroad car on the way to the front during early World War I, taken in 1914. Taken from greatwar.nl site.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ محاذ ڏانهن ويندڙ جرمن فوجي؛ ان وقت سڀني ڌرين کي اها اميد هئي ته هي تڪرار مختصر هوندو.]] فوجي تيارين کانپوءِ، [[شليفن پلان]] موجب، [[جرمن فوج]] جو 80 سيڪڙو حصو مغربي محاذ تي هو، جڏهن ته باقي حصو اوڀر ۾ حفاظتي ديوار طور ڪم ڪري رهيو هو. سڌو سنئون سرحد تان حملي جي بدران، جرمن ساڄي ونگ کي [[نيدرلينڊز]] ۽ [[بيلجيم]] مان گذرڻو هو، پوءِ ڏکڻ طرف مڙي پيرس کي گهيري ۾ آڻڻو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسي فوج کي سوئس سرحد تي ڦاسائي سگهجي. هن منصوبي جي باني، [[الفرڊ وان شليفن]] (جيڪو 1891 کان 1906 تائين جرمن جنرل اسٽاف جو سربراهه هو) جو اندازو هو ته ان ۾ ڇهه هفتا لڳندا، جنهن کانپوءِ جرمن فوج اوڀر ڏانهن منتقل ٿي روسين کي شڪست ڏيندي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} هن منصوبي ۾ سندس جانشين، [[هلمٿ وان مولٽڪي]] ڪافي تبديليون ڪيون. شليفن جي تحت، مغربي محاذ جي 85 سيڪڙو فوج ساڄي ونگ کي ڏني وئي هئي. هن پنهنجي کاٻي ونگ کي ڄاڻي واڻي ڪمزور رکيو هو ته جيئن فرانسيسين کي [[السيس-لورين]] جي "وڃايل صوبن" تي حملي لاءِ لالچائي سگهجي (جيڪو فرانس جي [[پلان XVII]] جو حصو هو).{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=22}} پر، مولٽڪي کي خدشو هو ته فرانسيسي سندس کاٻي پاسي تي وڌيڪ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هن فوج جي ورڇ کي 70:30 ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=22}} هن نيدرلينڊز جي غير جانبداري کي جرمن واپار لاءِ ضروري سمجهندي اتان گذرڻ وارو رستو منسوخ ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن جي معنيٰ هئي ته بيلجيم ۾ ڪنهن به دير سان پورو منصوبو خطري ۾ پئجي سگهيو ٿي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=23}} [[File:Georges Scott, A la baïonnette !.jpg|thumb|[[سرحدن جي جنگ]] دوران فرانسيسي فوج پاران سنگينن (Bayonets) سان حملو؛ آگسٽ جي آخر تائين، فرانسيسي جاني نقصان 2,60,000 کان وڌي ويو هو، جنهن ۾ 75,000 موت شامل هئا.]] مغرب ۾ جرمنن جي شروعاتي اڳڀرائي تمام ڪامياب رهي. آگسٽ جي پڄاڻي تائين، اتحادي فوجون (جن ۾ برطانوي امدادي فوج BEF پڻ شامل هئي) [[عظيم پسپائي|مڪمل پسپائي]] ۾ هيون، ۽ السيس-لورين ۾ فرانسيسي حملو هڪ ناڪام تجربو ثابت ٿيو جنهن ۾ 2,60,000 کان وڌيڪ جاني نقصان ٿيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=54}} فرانسيسي فوج، برطانوي دستن جي مدد سان، جوابي حملي جو موقعو ڳولي ورتو ۽ جرمن فوج کي 40 کان 80 ڪلوميٽر پٺتي ڌڪي ڇڏيو. ٻئي فوجون ايتريون ٿڪجي پيون هيون جو ڪو فيصله ڪن قدم نه پئي کڻي سگهيون، تنهنڪري اهي خندقن ۾ ويهي رهيون. 1911 ۾، روسي فوجي قيادت (Stavka) فرانس سان معاهدو ڪيو هو ته اهي متحرڪ ٿيڻ جي پندرهن ڏينهن اندر جرمني تي حملو ڪندا. 17 آگسٽ تي ٻه روسي فوجون [[اوڀر پروشيا]] ۾ داخل ٿيون.{{Sfn |Lieven|2016|p=327}} 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين، جرمن فوجون فرانس جي اندر مضبوط دفاعي پوزيشنن تي هيون ۽ فرانس جي ڪوئلي جي کاڻين جي وڏي حصي تي قبضو ڪري چڪيون هيون. پر مواصلاتي مسئلن ۽ ڪمانڊ جي غلط فيصلن جرمني کان فيصله ڪن نتيجي جو موقعو کسي ورتو. [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کان جلد پوءِ، ولي عهد [[وليم (جرمن ولي عهد)|پرنس وليم]] هڪ آمريڪي رپورٽر کي ٻڌايو، "اسان جنگ هارائي چڪا آهيون. هي اڃا ڊگهي هلندي پر هي اسان اڳي ئي هارائي چڪا آهيون."{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=221}} ==== ايشيا ۽ پيسفڪ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو ايشيائي ۽ پيسفڪ ٿيٽر}} [[File:Siege of Tsingtao, soldiers of IJA 18th division took over german trench Kopie.jpg|thumb|[[تنسينگٽائو جو گهيرو|تنسينگٽائو جي گهيري]] دوران جاپاني فوجي هڪ قبضو ڪيل جرمن خندق ۾، 1914ع]] 30 آگسٽ 1914 تي، نيوزيلينڊ [[جرمن ساموا تي قبضو|جرمن ساموا]] (هاڻوڪي ساموا) تي قبضو ڪيو. 11 سيپٽمبر تي، آسٽريلوي بحري ۽ فوجي مهم جو دستو [[نيو برٽن]] جي ٻيٽ تي لٿو. 28 آڪٽوبر تي، جرمن ڪروزر SMS Emden [[پينانگ جي جنگ]] ۾ روسي ڪروزر Zhemchug کي ٻوڙي ڇڏيو. جاپان، پيسفڪ ۾ جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪرڻ کان اڳ جرمني تي جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو. ويانا پاران تنسينگٽائو تان پنهنجو ڪروزر SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth هٽائڻ کان انڪار ڪرڻ تي، جاپان آسٽريا-هنگري تي به جنگ جو اعلان ڪري ڇڏيو. ڪجهه ئي مهينن ۾، اتحادي فوجن پيسفڪ ۾ سمورن جرمن علائقن تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |pp=224–232}}{{sfn |Falls |1960 |pp=79–80}} ==== آفريڪي مهمون ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو آفريڪي ٿيٽر}} [[File:12pdr8cwtFortDachangCameroons1915.jpg|thumb|ڪيمرون ۾ برطانوي توپخانو، 1915ع]] جنگ جون ڪجهه شروعاتي لڙايون آفريڪا ۾ برطانوي، فرانسيسي ۽ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن جي وچ ۾ ٿيون. 6-7 آگسٽ تي، فرانسيسي ۽ برطانوي فوجن جرمن نوآبادين [[ٽوگو لينڊ]] ۽ [[ڪيمرون]] تي حملو ڪيو. 10 آگسٽ تي، [[جرمن ڏکڻ اولهه آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن فوجن ڏکڻ آفريڪا تي حملو ڪيو. [[جرمن اوڀر آفريڪا]] ۾ جرمن نوآبادياتي فوجن، ڪرنل [[پال وان ليٽو-وربيڪ]] جي قيادت ۾، گوريلا جنگ جاري رکي ۽ يورپ ۾ جنگ بندي کان ٻه هفتا پوءِ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Farwell |1989 |p=353}} ==== اتحادين لاءِ هندستاني حمايت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي}} [[File:Indian forces on their way to the Front in Flanders - first world war 2.jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ [[برطانوي انڊين آرمي]] جا دستا؛ اهي فوجي ڊسمبر 1915 ۾ اتان هٽايا ويا ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] ۾ موڪليا ويا.]] جنگ کان اڳ، جرمني هندستاني قومپرستي ۽ اسلامي جذبات کي پنهنجي فائدي لاءِ استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي هئي. تنهن هوندي به، برطانوي خدشن جي ابتڙ، جنگ جي شروعات تي هندستان ۾ قومپرست سرگرمين ۾ گهٽتائي آئي.{{sfn |Brown |1994 |pp=197–198}} [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] ۽ ٻين گروهن جي اڳواڻن جو خيال هو ته برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ مدد سان هندستان کي [[هندستاني هوم رول تحريڪ|هوم رول]] (خود مختياري) جلد ملندي. 1914 ۾، برطانوي انڊين آرمي خود برطانوي فوج کان وڏي هئي، ۽ 1914 کان 1918 جي وچ ۾ اندازاً 13 لک هندستاني سپاهين ۽ مزدورن يورپ، آفريڪا ۽ وچ اڀرند ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. مجموعي طور تي، 1,40,000 سپاهين مغربي محاذ تي ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 7,00,000 سپاهين وچ اڀرند ۾ جنگ وڙهي، جنهن ۾ 47,746 مارجي ويا ۽ 65,126 زخمي ٿيا. جنگ جي پيدا ڪيل تڪليفن ۽ برطانوي حڪومت پاران خود مختياري نه ڏيڻ جي ڪري مايوسي پيدا ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي قيادت ۾ مڪمل آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ زور ورتو.{{sfn|Horniman | 1984|p=45}} === مغربي محاذ === {{Main|مغربي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== خندقن جي جنگ جي شروعات ==== [[File:Indian infantry digging trenches Fauquissart, France (Photo 24-299).jpg|thumb|فرانس ۾ خندقون کوٽيندڙ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران انڊين آرمي|هندستاني سپاهي]]، 1915ع]] جنگ کان اڳ واريون فوجي حڪمت عمليون جيڪي کليل ميدان جي جنگ تي زور ڏينديون هيون، اهي 1914 جي حالتن ۾ ناڪاره ثابت ٿيون. ڪنڊيدار تارن، مشين گنن ۽ توپخاني جي استعمال پيدل فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي انتهائي ڏکيو بڻائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Raudzens|1990|p=424}} وقت گذرڻ سان گڏ، [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ٽينڪون|ٽينڪن]] جي استعمال محاذ کي وري متحرڪ ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي. سيپٽمبر 1914 ۾ [[مارني جي پهرين جنگ]] کانپوءِ، ٻنهي ڌرين هڪ ٻئي کي پٺتي ڇڏڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن کي "[[سمنڊ ڏانهن ڊوڙ]]" (Race to the Sea) چيو وڃي ٿو. 1914 جي پڄاڻي تائين، ٻئي ڌرين انگريزي چينل کان وٺي سوئس سرحد تائين خندقن جي هڪ اڻٽٽ لڪير بڻائي ورتي هئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=99}} 22 اپريل 1915 تي، [[يپريس جي ٻي جنگ]] ۾، جرمنن (هيگ ڪنوينشن جي خلاف ورزي ڪندي) پهريون ڀيرو مغربي محاذ تي [[ڪلورين]] گيس جو استعمال ڪيو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Michael |date=22 August 2009 |title=Weapons of War: Poison Gas |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821004525/http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/gas.htm |archive-date=21 August 2007 |access-date=5 July 2012 |publisher=Firstworldwar.com}}</ref> ==== خندقن جي جنگ جو جاري رهڻ ==== [[File:The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q4218.jpg|thumb|سوم جي جنگ ۾ جرمن جاني نقصان، 1916ع]] فيبروري 1916 ۾، جرمنن فرانسيسي دفاعي پوزيشنن تي [[ورڊن جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي، جيڪا ڊسمبر 1916 تائين جاري رهي. ٻنهي ڌرين جو مجموعي جاني نقصان 7,00,000{{sfn |Dupuy |1993 |p=1042}} کان 9,75,000{{sfn |Grant |2005 |p=276}} جي وچ ۾ هو. ورڊن فرانسيسي عزم ۽ قرباني جي علامت بڻجي ويو. [[سوم جي جنگ]] جولاءِ کان نومبر 1916 تائين هلندڙ هڪ اينگلو-فرانسيسي مهم هئي. [[سوم جي جنگ جو پهريون ڏينهن|پهريون ڏينهن]]، 1 جولاءِ 1916، برطانوي فوج جي تاريخ جو خونريز ترين ڏينهن هو، جنهن ۾ 57,500 جاني نقصان ٿيو، جن ۾ 19,200 موت شامل هئا. مجموعي طور تي، سوم جي مهم ۾ برطانيه جا 4,20,000، فرانس جا 2,00,000 ۽ جرمني جا 5,00,000 جاني نقصان ٿيا.{{sfn |Harris |2008 |p=271}} خندقن ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ بيماريون جهڙوڪ [[ٽرينچ فوٽ]]، جوئون، [[ٽائيفس]]، ۽ [[اسپينش فلو]] پڻ وڏي پيماني تي موتن جو سبب بڻيون.{{sfn|Chorba|2018|pp=2136–2137}} === بحري جنگ === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي بحري جنگ}} [[File:Hochseeflotte 2.jpg|thumb|جرمن بحري ٻيڙا، 1917ع]] جنگ جي شروعات تي، جرمن ڪروزر سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙيل هئا، جن مان ڪجهه اتحادي واپاري جهازن تي حملي لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويا. برطانوي رائل نيوي انهن جو شڪار ڪيو. سڀ کان ڪامياب جهازن مان هڪ SMS Emden هو، جنهن 15 واپاري جهاز، هڪ روسي ڪروزر ۽ هڪ فرانسيسي تباهه ڪندڙ جهاز ٻوڙي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Taylor |2007 |pp=39–47}} جنگ جي شروعات کان جلد پوءِ، برطانيه جرمني جي [[جرمني جي بحري نڪابندي (1914–1919)|بحري نڪابندي]] شروع ڪئي. هي سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ ۾ اثرائتي ثابت ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ اها بين الاقوامي قانون جي خلاف ورزي هئي.{{sfn|Keene |2006 |p=5}} مئي/جون 1916 ۾ [[جيٽلينڊ جي جنگ]] پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بحري جهازن جي وچ ۾ واحد وڏي جنگ هئي. هيءَ جنگ بي نتيجي رهي، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن برطانيه کي وڌيڪ نقصان پهچايو، پر ان کانپوءِ جرمن بحري ٻيڙا بندرگاهن تائين محدود ٿي ويا.{{sfn|Black|2016|pp=16–21}} [[File:NationaalArchief uboat155London.jpg|thumb|جرمن آبدوز U-155 جيڪا 1918 جي جنگ بندي کانپوءِ لنڊن ۾ نمائش لاءِ رکي وئي.]] جرمن [[يو-بوٽ|يو-بوٽن]] اتر آمريڪا ۽ برطانيه جي وچ ۾ سپلاءِ لائينز کي ڪٽڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 1915 ۾ مسافر جهاز [[RMS Lusitania|لوسيٽانيا]] جي ٻڏڻ کانپوءِ جرمني واعدو ڪيو ته هو مسافر جهازن کي نشانو نه بڻائيندو. پر 1917 جي شروعات ۾، جرمني [[غير محدود آبدوز جنگ]] جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد آمريڪا جي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ کان اڳ اتحادين جي سپلاءِ کي روڪڻ هو. 1917 ۾ يو-بوٽ جو خطرو گهٽجي ويو جڏهن واپاري جهازن "ڪانوائي" (قافلي) جي صورت ۾ سفر ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو، جن جي حفاظت تباهه ڪندڙ (Destroyer) جهاز ڪندا هئا. هائيڊروفون ۽ ڊيپٿ چارجز جي ايجاد سان آبدوزن کي نشانو بڻائڻ وڌيڪ آسان ٿي ويو. === ڏاکڻيون جنگگاهون === ==== بلقان ۾ جنگ ==== {{Main|بلقان محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران بلغاريه|سربيائي مهم|مقدونيا جو محاذ}} {{see also|Noemvriana}} [[File:Flüchtlingstransport Leibnitz - k.k. Innenministerium - 1914.jpg|thumb|1914ع ۾ [[ليبنٽز]]، [[اسٽائيريا]] ۾ سربيا کان پناهه گزيرن جي منتقلي]] اوڀر ۾ روس سان مقابلي سبب، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي فوج جو صرف هڪ ٽيون حصو سربيا تي حملي لاءِ وقف ڪري سگهيو. وڏي جاني نقصان کان پوءِ، آسٽريائي فوجن ٿوري وقت لاءِ سربيا جي گاديءَ واري هنڌ [[بيلگريڊ]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڪولوبارا جي جنگ ۾ سربيا جي جوابي حملي کين 1914ع جي پڄاڻي تائين ملڪ مان تڙي ڪڍڻ ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي. 1915ع جي پهرين 10 مهينن تائين، آسٽريا-هنگري پنهنجي اڪثر فوجي ذخيرن کي اٽليءَ سان وڙهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو. جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين سفارتڪارن بلغاريه کي سربيا تي حملي ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ راضي ڪري هڪ وڏي سفارتي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |pp=241}} 241–]}} آسٽرو-هنگري جي صوبن [[سلووينيا]]، ڪروشيا ۽ [[بوسنيا (خطي)|بوسنيا]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي فوجي فراهم ڪيا. مونٽينيگرو سربيا سان اتحاد ڪيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=54–55}} [[File:Bulgaria southern front.jpg|thumb|هڪ خندق ۾ بلغاريه جا سپاهي، ايندڙ جهاز تي فائرنگ جي تياري ڪندي]] بلغاريه 14 آڪٽوبر 1915ع تي سربيا خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيو، ۽ ميڪنسن جي 2,50,000 فوج جي اڳواڻي ۾ جاري آسٽرو-هنگرين حملي ۾ شامل ٿي ويو. سربيا کي هڪ مهيني کان به گهٽ وقت ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مرڪزي طاقتن، جن ۾ هاڻي بلغاريه به شامل هو، ڪل 6,00,000 فوج موڪلي هئي. سربيائي فوج، جيڪا ٻن محاذن تي وڙهندي يقيني شڪست جي ويجهو هئي، اترئين [[البانيه جي امارت|البانيه]] ڏانهن پسپائي اختيار ڪئي. سربن کي [[ڪوسوو جي مهم (1915)|ڪوسوو جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي. مونٽينيگرو 6-7 جنوري 1916ع تي [[موجڪوواڪ جي جنگ]] ۾ اڊرياٽڪ ساحل ڏانهن سربيائي پسپائي جي حفاظت ڪئي، پر آخرڪار آسٽريائي فوجن مونٽينيگرو کي به فتح ڪري ورتو. بچيل سربيائي سپاهين کي يونان منتقل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |pp=1075–1076}} فتح کان پوءِ، سربيا کي آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه جي وچ ۾ ورهايو ويو.{{sfn|DiNardo|2015|p=102}} 1915ع جي آخر ۾، هڪ فرانسيسي-برطانوي فوج يونان جي شهر [[ٿيسالونيڪي|سالونيڪا]] ۾ لٿي ته جيئن مدد فراهم ڪري سگهجي ۽ يوناني حڪومت تي مرڪزي طاقتن خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ وجهي سگهجي. پر، جرمني جي حامي يوناني [[ڪانسٽينٽائن پهريون (يونان)|بادشاهه ڪانسٽينٽائن پهرين]] اتحادين جي حامي [[ايلفتھيريوس وينيزيلوس]] جي حڪومت کي هٽائي ڇڏيو.{{sfn |Neiberg |2005 |pp=108–110}} مقدونيا جو محاذ شروعات ۾ گهڻو ڪري ساڪن هو. فرانسيسي ۽ سربيائي فوجن 19 نومبر 1916ع تي [[بٽولا]] کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري مقدونيا جا محدود علائقا واپس ورتا، جنهن سان محاذ ۾ استحڪام آيو.{{sfn|Hall|2010|p=11}} [[File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG|thumb|آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون قيد ڪيل سربن کي موت جي سزا ڏئي رهيون آهن، 1917ع. [[سربيا جي بادشاهت|سربيا]] جنگ دوران اٽڪل 8,50,000 ماڻهو وڃايا، جيڪي ان جي جنگ کان اڳ واري آبادي جو چوٿون حصو هئا.<ref>"[https://archive.org/stream/PAM550-99/PAM550-99_djvu.txt The Balkan Wars and World War I]". p. 28. ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''.</ref>]] سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن آخرڪار سيپٽمبر 1918ع ۾ [[واردان جي مهم]] ذريعي هڪ وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جڏهن اڪثر جرمن ۽ آسٽرو-هنگرين فوجون واپس گهرايون ويون هيون. بلغاريا کي [[ڊوبرو پول جي جنگ]] ۾ شڪست ملي، ۽ 25 سيپٽمبر تائين برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون بلغاريه جي سرحد پار ڪري ويو. بلغاريه چار ڏينهن پوءِ، 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Tucker |Wood |Murphy |1999 |pp=150–152}} مقدونيا جي محاذ تي اتحادين جي اڳڀرائي سلطنت عثمانيه ۽ ٻين [[مرڪزي طاقتون|مرڪزي طاقتن]] جي وچ ۾ رابطا ڪٽي ڇڏيا، ۽ ويانا کي حملي جي خطري هيٺ آڻي ڇڏيو. هندنبرگ ۽ ليوڊنڊورف ان نتيجي تي پهتا ته هاڻي جنگ جو توازن مڪمل طور تي مرڪزي طاقتن جي خلاف ٿي چڪو آهي ۽ بلغاريه جي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ فوري امن معاهدي تي زور ڏنو.{{sfn|Doughty|2005|p=491}} ==== سلطنت عثمانيه ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ سلطنت عثمانيه}} {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو وچ اڀرندي ٿيٽر}} [[File:Scene just before the evacuation at Anzac. Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench. When they got there the... - NARA - 533108.jpg|thumb|[[گليپولي جي مهم]] دوران هڪ ترڪ خندق ويجهو آسٽريلوي سپاهين جو حملو]] عثمانين روس جي [[قفقاز|قفقازي]] علائقن ۽ برطانيه جي هندستان سان [[سويز ڪينال]] ذريعي رابطن کي خطري ۾ وجهي ڇڏيو. سلطنت عثمانيه يورپي طاقتن جي جنگ ۾ مصروفيت جو فائدو وٺندي [[ارماني ماڻهو|ارماني]]، [[يوناني ماڻهو|يوناني]] ۽ [[آسوري ماڻهو|آسوري]] عيسائي آبادين جي وڏي پيماني تي نسل ڪشي (Ethnic cleansing) ڪئي—جنهن کي ترتيب وار [[ارماني نسل ڪشي]]، [[يوناني نسل ڪشي]] ۽ [[آسوري نسل ڪشي]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin | editor1-link = Marvin Gettleman |editor2-last=Schaar |editor2-first=Stuart |title=The Middle East and Islamic world reader |date=2003 |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3936-8 |pages=119–120 |edition=4th |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=srLGT3dwTogC}}}}</ref>{{sfn|January | 2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Lieberman |2013 |p=80–81}} برطانيه ۽ فرانس [[گليپولي جي مهم]] (1915ع) ۽ [[ميسوپوٽيميا جي مهم]] (1914ع) ذريعي نوان محاذ کوليا. گليپولي ۾، سلطنت عثمانيه ڪاميابيءَ سان برطانيه، فرانس، ۽ [[آسٽريلوي ۽ نيوزيلينڊ آرمي ڪور]] (ANZACs) کي پسپا ڪيو. ان جي ابتڙ ميسوپوٽيميا ۾، [[ڪوت جو گهيرو|ڪوت]] ۾ برطانوي شڪست کان پوءِ، برطانوي فوجن ٻيهر منظم ٿي مارچ 1917ع ۾ [[بغداد]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[File:Sarikam.jpg|thumb|[[ساريڪامش جي جنگ]] دوران روسي فوجي هڪ خندق ۾، 1914-1915ع]] روسي فوجن کي عام طور تي [[قفقاز جي مهم]] ۾ ڪاميابي ملي. عثماني فوج جي اعليٰ ڪمانڊر، [[انور پاشا]]، وچ ايشيا ۽ انهن علائقن کي فتح ڪرڻ جو خواب ڏٺو هو جيڪي روس کان کسي سگهجن. پر هو هڪ ڪمزور ڪمانڊر ثابت ٿيو.{{sfn|Fromkin |2004 |p=119}} هن ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ 1,00,000 فوج سان روسين خلاف حملو ڪيو، پر سياري ۾ جبلن ۾ روسي پوزيشنن تي سڌي حملي سبب پنهنجي فوج جو 86 سيڪڙو حصو وڃائي ويٺو.{{Sfn |Hinterhoff |1984 |pp=499–503}} [[File:Ottoman 15th Corps.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه وليم ٻيو ۽ [[باويريا جو شهزادو ليوپولڊ]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ عثماني فوج جي 15 هين ڪور جو معائنو ڪندي]] سلطنت عثمانيه، جرمن حمايت سان، ڊسمبر 1914ع ۾ ايران تي حملو ڪيو ته جيئن [[باکو]] جي چوڌاري برطانوي ۽ روسي تيل جي ذخيرن تائين پهچ کي روڪي سگهجي. ايران، جيڪو ظاهري طور تي غير جانبدار هو، ڊگهي وقت کان برطانيه ۽ روس جي اثر هيٺ هو. عثمانين ۽ جرمنن کي ڪرد ۽ آذري طاقتن جي حمايت حاصل هئي، جڏهن ته روسين ۽ برطانيه کي ارماني ۽ آسوري رضاڪارن جي مدد حاصل هئي. [[ايران جي مهم (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|ايران جي مهم]] 1918ع تائين جاري رهي ۽ عثمانين جي شڪست تي ختم ٿي. برطانيه جي اڀارڻ تي، جون 1916ع ۾ [[شريف حسين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ [[عرب بغاوت]] شروع ٿي. شريف حسين [[حجاز جي بادشاهت]] جي آزادي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ برطانوي مدد سان عثمانين جي قبضي واري عرب علائقن جو وڏو حصو فتح ڪري ورتو، جنهن جو نتيجو آخرڪار دمشق جي فتح تي نڪتو. مديني جو عثماني ڪمانڊر [[فخري پاشا]]، [[مديني جو گهيرو|مديني جي گهيري]] دوران اڍائي سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين مزاحمت ڪندو رهيو پر جنوري 1919ع ۾ هن هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn |Sachar |1970 |pp=122–138}} عثماني محاذن تي اتحادين جي ڪل جاني نقصان 6,50,000 هو، جڏهن ته عثمانين جو ڪل جاني نقصان 7,25,000 هو، جنهن ۾ 3,25,000 فوتگيون ۽ 4,00,000 زخمي شامل هئا.<ref name="Brief Ottoman History">{{cite book |last=Hanioglu |first=M. Sukru | author-link = M. Şükrü Hanioğlu |title=A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2010 |pages=180–181 |isbn=978-0-691-13452-9}}</ref> ==== اطالوي محاذ ==== {{Main|اطالوي محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)|اڇي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي جي فوجي تاريخ}} [[File:Italian Front 1915-1917.jpg|thumb|[[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جون مهمون 1915-1917ع]]]] جيتوڻيڪ اٽلي 1882ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس (Triple Alliance) ۾ شامل ٿيو هو، پر ان جي روايتي دشمن آسٽريا سان معاهدو ايترو تڪراري هو جو بعد ۾ ايندڙ حڪومتن ان جي وجود کان انڪار ڪيو.{{Sfn|Thompson|2009|p=13}} جڏهن 1914ع ۾ جنگ شروع ٿي ته اٽليءَ دليل ڏنو ته ٽرپل الائنس دفاعي آهي ۽ هو سربيا تي آسٽريائي حملي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جو پابند ناهي. اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[لنڊن جو معاهدو (1915)|لنڊن جي معاهدي]] تحت اٽلي اتحادين ۾ شامل ٿي ويو ۽ 23 مئي تي آسٽريا-هنگري خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪيائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=166}} [[File:1917 ortler vorgipfelstellung 3850 m highest trench in history of first world war.jpg|thumb|الپس جي جبلن ۾ 3,850 ميٽرن جي بلنديءَ تي هڪ آسٽرو-هنگرين خندق، جيڪو پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ جو سڀ کان بلند ترين محاذ هو]] جنگ جو گهڻو حصو [[الپس]] ۽ [[ڊولومائٽس]] جي بلند جبلن ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جتي پٿرن ۽ برف ۾ خندقون کوٽڻ ۽ سپاهين تائين سپلاءِ پهچائڻ هڪ وڏو چئلينج هو. 1915ع ۽ 1917ع جي وچ ۾، اطالوي ڪمانڊر [[لويجي ڪيڊورنا]] [[ايسونزو جون لڙايون|ايسونزو جي علائقي ۾ سڌي حملن جو هڪ سلسلو]] شروع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ تمام گهٽ ترقي ٿي ۽ وڏو جاني نقصان ٿيو؛ جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين اٽلي جا ڪل 5,48,000 سپاهي مارجي ويا.{{Sfn|Fornassin|2017|pp=39–62}} 1917ع ۾ [[ڪيپوريٽو جي جنگ]] ۾ آسٽرو-جرمن فوج جي وڏي فتح کان پوءِ، اٽلي جي فوج کي وڏي پسپائي اختيار ڪرڻي پئي. پر ڊياز جي قيادت ۾ اطالوي فوج پنهنجي دفاع کي مضبوط ڪيو ۽ جون 1918ع ۾ آسٽريا جي هڪ ٻي حملي کي ناڪام بڻائي ڇڏيو. آخرڪار 24 آڪٽوبر تي [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي جنگ]] شروع ڪئي وئي، جنهن دوران آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت ٽٽڻ لڳي ۽ ان جي فوج منتشر ٿي وئي. 3 نومبر تي [[ولا جيوستي جي جنگ بندي]] سان آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ اٽلي جي وچ ۾ ويڙهه ختم ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=491}} === اوڀر وارو محاذ === {{Main|اوڀر وارو محاذ (پهرين عالمي جنگ)}} ==== شروعاتي ڪارروايون ==== [[File:Mikolaj II w Twierdzy Przemysl.jpg|thumb|روسي زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] ۽ [[گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نڪولس نيڪولائيوچ (1856–1929)|گرينڊ ڊيوڪ نيڪولائيوچ]]، [[پريميسل جو گهيرو|پريميسل جي فتح]] کانپوءِ، جيڪو هن جنگ جو سڀ کان ڊگهو گهيرو هو.]] فرانسيسي صدر [[ريمون پوئنڪاري]] سان اڳواٽ ڪيل معاهدي موجب، روسي منصوبو هي هو ته جنگ جي شروعات تي جلد کان جلد [[گليشيا ۽ لوڈوميريا جي بادشاهت|آسٽريائي گليشيا]] ۽ اوڀر پروشيا ۾ هڪ ئي وقت اڳڀرائي ڪئي وڃي. جيتوڻيڪ [[گليشيا جي لڙائي|گليشيا تي سندن حملو]] گهڻو ڪري ڪامياب رهيو، ۽ انهن مداخلتن جرمنيءَ کي مجبور ڪيو ته هو مغربي محاذ تان پنهنجا فوجي هٽائي هتي موڪلي، پر فوج کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ جي تيزي جو مطلب هي هو ته روسي فوج وٽ گهڻو ڳريو سامان ۽ مددگار وسيلا موجود نه هئا. اهي ڪمزوريون آگسٽ ۽ سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾ [[ٽيننبرگ جي لڙائي|ٽيننبرگ]] ۽ [[ماسوريائي ڍنڍن جي پهرين لڙائي|ماسوريائي ڍنڍن]] ۾ روسي شڪست جو سبب بڻيون، جنهن ڪري کين وڏي جاني نقصان سان اوڀر پروشيا مان واپس هٽڻو پيو.{{sfn|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p=715}}{{sfn|Meyer|2006|pp=152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182}} 1915ع جي بهار تائين، هو گليشيا مان به پسپائي اختيار ڪري چڪا هئا، ۽ مئي 1915ع جي [[گورليس-ٽارنو مهم]] مرڪزي طاقتن کي [[ڪانگريس پولينڊ|روس جي قبضي واري پولينڊ]] تي حملي ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏني.{{Sfn |Smele |2011}} اوڀر گليشيا ۾ آسٽريائي فوجن خلاف جون 1916ع جي ڪامياب [[بروسيلوو مهم]] جي باوجود،{{sfn|Schindler|2003|p=?}} سامان جي کوٽ، وڏي جاني نقصان ۽ ڪمانڊ جي ناڪامين روسين کي پنهنجي فتح مان مڪمل فائدو وٺڻ کان روڪي ڇڏيو. تنهن هوندي به، هي جنگ جي سڀ کان اهم مهمن مان هڪ هئي، جنهن جرمن وسيلن کي [[ورڊن جي جنگ|ورڊن]] تان هٽائي هتي مصروف ڪيو، اٽلي تي آسٽرو-هنگرين دٻاءُ گهٽايو، ۽ رومانيا کي 27 آگسٽ تي اتحادين جي پاسي کان جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو. هن مهم آسٽريائي ۽ روسي ٻنهي فوجن کي موتمار طور ڪمزور ڪري ڇڏيو، جن جي وڙهڻ جي صلاحيت جاني نقصان ۽ جنگ مان بيزاري سبب سخت متاثر ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آخرڪار روسي انقلاب آيا.{{Sfn|Tucker|2002|p=119}} ان دوران، روس ۾ بيچيني وڌندي وئي ڇاڪاڻ ته زار [[نڪولس ٻيو (روس)|نڪولس ٻيو]] محاذ تي موجود هو، جڏهن ته اندروني معاملن تي ملڪه [[اليگزينڊررا فيوڊورونا|اليگزينڊررا]] جو قبضو هو. سندس نااهل حڪمراني ۽ شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ سبب وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج شروع ٿيا ۽ 1916ع جي آخر ۾ سندس پسنديده شخص [[گريگوري راسپوٽن]] کي قتل ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Goodrich|2011|p=376}} ==== رومانيا جي شرڪت ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا}} {{Location map many|Romania|caption = رومانيا جا اهم هنڌ 1916–1918 (موجوده 2026 جي سرحدن موجب)|border = black|relief=yes|width =250| |label = بخارسٽ (Bucharest) |pos = left |lat_deg =44.4325|lon_deg = 26.103889 |label1=|coordinates1=|label2 = ٽيميشوارا (Banat) |pos2 = right |lat2_deg =45.759722|lon2_deg = 21.23 |label4 = ڪلج (Transylvania)|pos4 = top |lat4_deg =46.766667|lon4_deg = 23.583333 |label5 = چيسينائو (Moldova) |pos5 = top|lat5_deg =47.022778|lon5_deg = 28.835278 |label6 = ڪانسٽينٽا (Dobruja)|pos6 = top |lat6_deg =44.166667|lon6_deg = 28.633333 |label7 = بلغاريه |pos7 = bottom |lat7_deg =43.9|lon7_deg = 27.0 |label8 = هنگري |pos8 = right |lat8_deg =47.755|lon8_deg = 20.5 |label9 = ميريشيشتي (Mărășești) |pos9 = right |lat9_deg =45.88|lon9_deg = 27.23 |label10 = اوئٽوز (Oituz) |pos10 = left |lat10_deg =46.2|lon10_deg = 26.616667}} 1883ع ۾ ٽرپل الائنس جي حمايت جي خفيه معاهدي جي باوجود، رومانيا جو مرڪزي طاقتن سان اختلاف وڌندو ويو، جنهن جو سبب بلقان جنگين ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران بلغاريه جي حمايت ۽ [[هنگري جي بادشاهت|هنگري]] جي قبضي واري [[ٽرانسلوانيا]] ۾ رهندڙ نسلي رومانين جي حيثيت هئي،{{Sfn|Jelavich|1992|pp=441–442}} جتي علائقي جي 50 لک آبادي مان اندازاً 28 لک روماني هئا.{{Sfn|Dumitru|2012|p=171}} حڪمران طبقي جي جرمني ۽ اتحادين جي حامي ڌڙن ۾ ورهايل هجڻ ڪري، رومانيا ٻن سالن تائين غير جانبدار رهيو پر جرمني ۽ آسٽريا کي پنهنجي علائقي مان جنگي سامان پهچائڻ جي اجازت ڏنائين.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} سيپٽمبر 1914ع ۾، روس آسٽرو-هنگرين علائقن بشمول ٽرانسلوانيا ۽ [[بناٽ]] تي رومانيا جي حق کي تسليم ڪيو، ۽ آگسٽ 1916ع جي [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1916)|بخارسٽ معاهدي]] ذريعي رومانيا اتحادين سان شامل ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=282}} هڪ اسٽريٽجڪ منصوبي جنهن کي "فرضي Z" (Hypothesis Z) چيو وڃي ٿو، تحت رومانيا جي فوج ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو. 27 آگسٽ 1916ع تي، هنن [[ٽرانسلوانيا جي لڙائي|ٽرانسلوانيا تي حملو ڪيو]] پر اڳوڻي چيف آف اسٽاف [[ايريچ وان فالڪن هين]] جي اڳواڻي ۾ جرمن 9 هين فوج کين واپس ڌڪي ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Barrett|2013|pp=96–98}} جرمن-بلغاريا-ترڪ گڏيل حملي ڊوبروجا تي قبضو ڪيو، ۽ رومانيا جي فوج جو وڏو حصو گهيري مان نڪري بخارسٽ ڏانهن هليو ويو، پر [[بخارسٽ جي لڙائي|بخارسٽ]] 6 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي مرڪزي طاقتن آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |title=România în anii primului război mondial |volume=2 |page=831 |language=ro}}</ref> 1917ع جي اونهاري ۾، آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ رومانيا کي جنگ مان ٻاهر ڪڍڻ لاءِ هڪ وڏو حملو شروع ڪيو ويو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ اوئٽوز، ميريشٽي ۽ [[ميريشيشتي جي لڙائي|ميريشيشتي]] جون لڙايون ٿيون، جتي لڳ ڀڳ 10 لک مرڪزي طاقتن جا فوجي موجود هئا. رومانيا جي فوج انهن لڙاين ۾ سوڀاري ٿي ۽ 500 چورس ڪلوميٽر اڳڀرائي ڪئي. آگسٽ وان ميڪنسن وڌيڪ حملي جو منصوبو نه بڻائي سگهيو ڇاڪاڻ ته کيس پنهنجا فوجي اطالوي محاذ تي منتقل ڪرڻا هئا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hitchins |first=Keith |title=Rumania 1866–1947 |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=269}}</ref> روسي انقلاب کانپوءِ، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين، جنهن تحت [[بيساربيا]] تي رومانيا جي خودمختياري تسليم ڪئي وئي پر تيل جا کوهه جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا ويا. بادشاهه [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (رومانيا)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] هن معاهدي تي صحيح ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. رومانيا 10 نومبر 1918ع تي ٻيهر اتحادين سان گڏ جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ 11 نومبر جي جنگ بندي سان بخارسٽ معاهدو منسوخ ٿي ويو.{{Sfn|Béla|1998|p=429}} === مرڪزي طاقتن جون امن ڪوششون === 12 ڊسمبر 1916ع تي، [[ورڊن جي لڙائي]] جي ڏهن سخت مهينن ۽ [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ رومانيا#مرڪزي طاقتن جو جوابي حملو|رومانيا جي خلاف ڪامياب مهم]] کانپوءِ، جرمني اتحادين سان امن لاءِ ڳالهين جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name=lanoszka>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/? |author=Alexander Lanoszka |author2=Michael A. Hunzeker |title=Why the First War lasted so long |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412030938/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/11/11/why-the-first-world-war-lasted-so-long/ |url-status=live }}</ref> پر، هن ڪوشش کي "دغاباز جنگي چال" قرار ڏئي رد ڪيو ويو.<ref name=lanoszka /> [[File:River Crossing NGM-v31-p338.jpg|thumb|"[[اهي پار نه ڪري سگهندا]]" (They shall not pass)، هڪ جملو جيڪو عام طور تي ورڊن جي دفاع سان منسوب ڪيو ويندو آهي]] آمريڪي صدر [[ووڊرو ولسن]] هڪ صلح ڪار جي حيثيت ۾ مداخلت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، ۽ ٻنهي ڌرين کان پنهنجا مطالبا بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ چيو. [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] جي جنگي ڪابينا جرمن پيشڪش کي اتحادين جي وچ ۾ ڏڦيڙ پيدا ڪرڻ جي هڪ چال سمجهيو. شروعاتي ڪاوڙ ۽ گهڻي ويچار کانپوءِ، هنن ولسن جي نوٽ کي هڪ الڳ ڪوشش طور ورتو، جنهن مان اهو اشارو مليو ته آمريڪا "آبدوزن جي ظلمن" کانپوءِ جرمني خلاف جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ويجهو آهي. جڏهن اتحادي ولسن جي پيشڪش جي جواب تي بحث ڪري رهيا هئا، جرمنن "خيالن جي سڌي تبادلي" جي حق ۾ ان کي رد ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو. جرمن جواب بابت ڄاڻ ملڻ کانپوءِ، اتحادي حڪومتون 14 جنوري جي پنهنجي جواب ۾ واضح مطالبا ڪرڻ لاءِ آزاد هيون. هنن نقصانن جي تلافي، قبضو ڪيل علائقن مان نڪرڻ، فرانس، روس ۽ رومانيا لاءِ معاوضي، ۽ قوميت جي اصول جي تسليمي جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn |Keegan |1998 |p=345}} اتحادين اهڙيون ضمانتون چاهيون ٿيون جيڪي مستقبل جي جنگين کي روڪي يا محدود ڪري سگهن.{{sfn |Kernek |1970 |pp=721–766}} اهي ڳالهيون ناڪام ويون ۽ اينٽينٽ (Entente) طاقتن جرمن پيشڪش کي غيرت جي بنياد تي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ نوٽ ڪيو ته جرمني ڪا به خاص تجويز پيش نه ڪئي هئي.<ref name=lanoszka /> === جنگ جا آخري سال === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٽائيم لائن (1917–1918)}} ==== روسي انقلاب ۽ دستبرداري ==== {{Main|فروري انقلاب|آڪٽوبر انقلاب|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو}} [[File:Map Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-en.jpg|thumb|1918ع جي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تحت روس پاران وڃايل علائقا]] 1916ع جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين، روسي جاني نقصان جو تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 50 لک ٿي چڪو هو، جن ۾ مارجي ويل، زخمي يا قيد ٿيل شامل هئا. وڏن شهري علائقن ۾ خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ وڌندڙ قيمتن سبب صورتحال خراب هئي. مارچ 1917ع ۾، زار نڪولس فوج کي [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۾ هڙتالن کي زور زبردستي سان ختم ڪرڻ جو حڪم ڏنو، پر سپاهين هجوم تي گولي هلائڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Beckett|2007|p=523}} انقلابين [[پيٽروگراڊ سوويت]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ کاٻي ڌر جي قبضي جي خوف کان، [[اسٽيٽ ڊوما]] نڪولس کي تخت تياڳڻ تي مجبور ڪيو ۽ [[روسي عارضي حڪومت]] قائم ڪئي، جنهن روس جي جنگ جاري رکڻ جي عزم جي تصديق ڪئي. پر، پيٽروگراڊ سوويت ختم ٿيڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان ملڪ ۾ [[ٻٽي طاقت|طاقت جا ٻه مرڪز]] بڻجي ويا، جنهن ڪري افراتفري پيدا ٿي ۽ محاذ تي وڙهندڙ سپاهين جا حوصلا پست ٿي ويا.{{Sfn|Winter|2014|pp=110–132}} زار جي تخت تياڳڻ کانپوءِ، [[ولاديمير لينن]]—جرمن حڪومت جي مدد سان—16 اپريل 1917ع تي سوئٽزرلينڊ مان روس پهتو. عارضي حڪومت جي ڪمزورين سبب لينن جي اڳواڻي ۾ بالشيويڪ پارٽي جي مقبوليت وڌي، جنهن فوري طور تي جنگ ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو. نومبر جي انقلاب کانپوءِ ڊسمبر ۾ جنگ بندي ۽ جرمني سان ڳالهيون شروع ٿيون. شروعات ۾ بالشيويڪن جرمن شرطن کي رد ڪيو، پر جڏهن جرمن فوجن بنا ڪنهن مزاحمت جي يوڪرين تي چڙهائي ڪئي، ته هنن 3 مارچ 1918ع تي [[بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ جو معاهدو|بريسٽ-ليٽووسڪ معاهدي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون. هن معاهدي تحت فنلينڊ، اسٽونيا، لٽويا، لٿوانيا، ۽ پولينڊ ۽ يوڪرين جا ڪجهه حصا مرڪزي طاقتن جي حوالي ڪيا ويا.{{Sfn|Wheeler-Bennett|1938|pp=36–41}} [[روسي سلطنت]] جي جنگ مان نڪرڻ سان، رومانيا اوڀر محاذ تي اڪيلو رهجي ويو ۽ مئي 1918ع ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن سان [[بخارسٽ جو معاهدو (1918)|بخارسٽ معاهدو]] ڪيائين. هن معاهدي جي شرطن موجب، رومانيا پنهنجا علائقا آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ بلغاريه کي ڏنا ۽ پنهنجي تيل جا ذخيرا جرمني کي ليز تي ڏنا. پر، ان ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن پاران رومانيا سان [[بيساربيا]] جي الحاق کي پڻ تسليم ڪيو ويو.<ref>[[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918]]</ref>{{Sfn|Crampton|1994|pp=24–25}} ==== آمريڪا جو جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ آمريڪا جي شموليت}} [[File:President Woodrow Wilson asking Congress to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊرو ولسن|صدر ولسن]] 2 اپريل 1917ع تي [[آمريڪي ڪانگريس|ڪانگريس]] کان جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان ڪرڻ لاءِ چئي رهيو آهي]] آمريڪا اتحادين کي جنگي سامان مهيا ڪندڙ وڏو ملڪ هو پر 1914ع ۾ ملڪي مخالفت سبب غير جانبدار رهيو.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|pp=315–316}} ولسن کي گهربل عوامي حمايت حاصل ٿيڻ ۾ سڀ کان وڏو سبب جرمن آبدوزن جا حملا هئا، جن ۾ نه صرف آمريڪي جانيون ضايع ٿيون پر تجارت پڻ معطل ٿي وئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=317}} 6 اپريل 1917ع تي، ڪانگريس جرمني خلاف اتحادين جي هڪ "ملحق طاقت" (Associated Power) طور [[آمريڪا پاران جرمني خلاف جنگ جو اعلان (1917)|جنگ جو اعلان]] ڪيو.{{sfn|Gilbert|1994|p=318}} [[آمريڪي بحريه]] پنهنجو هڪ دستو [[اسڪيپا فلو]] موڪليو ۽ جهازن جي حفاظت لاءِ اسڪارٽ فراهم ڪيا. اپريل 1917ع ۾، آمريڪي فوج وٽ 3,00,000 کان گهٽ سپاهي هئا، جڏهن ته برطانوي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجون ترتيب وار 41 لک ۽ 83 لک هيون. [[سليڪٽو سروس ايڪٽ 1917]] تحت 28 لک مردن کي فوج ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. جون 1918ع تائين، 6,67,000 کان وڌيڪ آمريڪي فوجي فرانس پهچايا ويا، جن جو تعداد نومبر جي آخر تائين 20 لک تائين پهچي ويو.{{Sfn|Grotelueschen|2006|pp=14–15}} ولسن چاهيو پيو ته آمريڪي فوج ([[آمريڪي ايڪسپيڊيشنري فورسز]] - AEF) کي هڪ الڳ فوجي قوت طور برقرار رکيو وڃي، بجاءِ ان جي جو انهن کي برطانوي يا فرانسيسي دستن ۾ ضم ڪيو وڃي. کيس AEF جي ڪمانڊر جنرل [[جان جي. پرشنگ]] جي مڪمل حمايت حاصل هئي. نتيجي طور، آمريڪا جي پهرين وڏي فوجي ڪارروائي سيپٽمبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] هئي.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2012|p=403}} ==== نيول مهم (اپريل–مئي 1917) ==== {{Further|نيول مهم|1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت}} [[File:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي]] دوران [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] جا دستا]] ڊسمبر 1916ع ۾، [[رابرٽ نيول]] پيٽين جي جڳهه تي فرانسيسي فوج جو ڪمانڊر مقرر ٿيو ۽ فرانسيسي-برطانوي گڏيل آپريشن تحت [[شيمپين (صوبو)|شيمپين]] ۾ هڪ حملي جو منصوبو بڻايو.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=124}} 16 اپريل تي جڏهن حملو شروع ٿيو ته فرانسيسي فوج کي شروع ۾ ڪاميابي ملي، پر هندنبرگ لائن جي مضبوط دفاع کين روڪي ڇڏيو. 25 اپريل تائين فرانسيسي فوج جا 1,35,000 سپاهي ضايع ٿيا.{{Sfn|Clayton|2003|p=129}} ان دوران [[اراس جي لڙائي]] ۾ برطانوي حملا وڌيڪ ڪامياب رهيا. [[ڪينيڊين ڪور]] پاران [[ويمي ريج جي لڙائي|ويمي ريج]] جي فتح کي ڪينيڊا ۾ قومي سڃاڻپ جو هڪ اهم لمحو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.{{sfn|Inglis|1995|p=2}}{{sfn|Humphries|2007|p=66}} جيتوڻيڪ نيول مهم جاري رکي، پر 3 مئي تي 21 هين انفينٽري ڊويزن ويڙهه ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن سان [[1917ع جي فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت|فرانسيسي فوج جي بغاوت]] شروع ٿي وئي؛ ڪجهه ئي ڏينهن ۾ اها بي فرماني 54 ڊويزنن تائين پکڙجي وئي ۽ 20,000 کان وڌيڪ سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.{{Sfn|Horne|1964|p=323}} ==== سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم (1917–1918) ==== {{Main|سينائي ۽ فلسطين جي مهم}} [[File:Capture of Jerusalem 1917d.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[يروشلم جي لڙائي]] دوران [[جبل اسڪوپس]] تي برطانوي توپخانو.]] مارچ ۽ اپريل 1917ع ۾، [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي|پهرين]] ۽ [[غازه جي ٻي لڙائي|ٻي غازه جي لڙائي]] ۾، جرمن ۽ عثماني فوجن برطانوي مصري فوج جي اڳڀرائي کي روڪي ڇڏيو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=163}} آڪٽوبر 1917ع جي آخر ۾، جڏهن جنرل [[ايڊمنڊ ايلنبي]] [[بيرشيبا جي لڙائي (1917)|بيرشيبا جي لڙائي]] کٽي ته اها مهم ٻيهر تيز ٿي وئي.{{sfn|Falls |1930 |p=59}} ڪجهه هفتن کانپوءِ عثماني فوجن کي شڪست ملي ۽ ڊسمبر جي شروعات ۾ [[يروشلم]] تي برطانيه جو قبضو ٿي ويو.{{sfn|Bruce|2002|p= 162}} 1918ع جي شروعات ۾، مارچ ۽ اپريل دوران برطانوي سلطنت جي فوجن پاران ڪيل حملن کانپوءِ [[اردن وادي]] تي قبضو ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Erickson |2001 |p=195}} ==== جرمن جارحيت ۽ اتحادين جو جوابي حملو (مارچ–نومبر 1918) ==== {{Main|جرمن بهاري جارحيت|سو ڏينهن جي مهم}} [[File:Riflemen-1918-Western-Front.png|thumb|اپريل ۽ نومبر 1918ع جي وچ ۾، اتحادين پنهنجي طاقت وڌائي جڏهن ته جرمن طاقت اڌ رهجي وئي.]] ڊسمبر 1917ع ۾، مرڪزي طاقتن روس سان جنگ بندي ڪئي، جنهن سان وڏي تعداد ۾ جرمن فوجون مغرب ۾ استعمال لاءِ آزاد ٿي ويون. مرڪزي طاقتن کي خبر هئي ته هو هڪ ڊگهي جنگ نٿا کٽي سگهن، تنهنڪري هنن آخري تيز حملي ([[آپريشن مائيڪل]]) ذريعي ڪاميابي حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.{{sfn|Heyman|1997|pp=146–147}} 21 مارچ 1918ع تي شروع ٿيندڙ هن حملي ۾ جرمن فوجن 60 ڪلوميٽر تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي.{{sfn |Westwell |2004}} پر ٽينڪن ۽ موٽرائيزڊ توپخاني جي کوٽ سبب هو پنهنجي حاصلات کي برقرار نه رکي سگهيا.{{sfn|Gray|1991|p=86}} جرمنيءَ [[ليس جي لڙائي (1918)|آپريشن جارجٽ]] ۽ ٻيون ڪارروايون ڪيون پر اتحادين کين روڪي ورتو. 8 آگسٽ تي شروع ٿيندڙ [[سو ڏينهن جي مهم]] اتحادين کي وڏي سوڀ ڏياري، جنهن سان جرمن فوج جا حوصلا مڪمل طور تي ٽٽي پيا.{{Sfn|Schreiber |2004 |p=50}} ==== هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ==== {{See also|ميوز-ارگون مهم}} [[File:US23rdInfantry37mmGunInActionFrance1918-ARC531005.gif|thumb|ميوز-ارگون مهم دوران آمريڪي سپاهي جرمن مورچن تي فائرنگ ڪندي، 1918ع]] سيپٽمبر تائين، جرمن فوجون واپس هندنبرگ لائن ڏانهن هٽي چڪيون هيون. اتحادين اتر ۽ مرڪز ۾ هندنبرگ لائن تائين اڳڀرائي ڪئي هئي. 24 سيپٽمبر تي، جرمن فوجي قيادت برلن جي اڳواڻن کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جنگ بندي جون ڳالهيون هاڻي ناگزير آهن.{{Sfn |Gray |Argyle |1990}} هندنبرگ لائن تي آخري حملو [[ميوز-ارگون مهم]] سان شروع ٿيو، جيڪو آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن 26 سيپٽمبر تي شروع ڪيو. آڪٽوبر جي شروعات ۾ آمريڪي ۽ فرانسيسي يونٽن [[بليڪ مونٽ ريج جي لڙائي]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جنهن جرمنن کي اهم بلندين تان هٽڻ تي مجبور ڪيو. 8 آڪٽوبر تي برطانوي ۽ ڊومينين فوجن [[ڪيمبرائي جي ٻي لڙائي]] ۾ هندنبرگ لائن کي چيري ڇڏيو.{{Sfn|Christie |1997|p=?}} ==== مقدونيا جي محاذ جو ٽٽڻ (سيپٽمبر 1918) ==== {{Main|واردار مهم|ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي}} [[File:Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube ragiment.jpg|thumb|بلغاريا جو ميجر ايفانوف اڇي جهنڊي سان سربيائي فوج آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪندي]] اتحادين 15 سيپٽمبر تي ٻن اهم نقطن: [[ڊوبرو پول]] ۽ [[ڊوجران ڍنڍ]] ويجهو [[واردار مهم]] شروع ڪئي. [[ڊوبرو پول جي لڙائي]] ۾ سربيائي ۽ فرانسيسي فوجن ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي، جيڪا پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ هڪ ناياب اڳڀرائي هئي. محاذ ٽٽڻ کانپوءِ اتحادين سربيا کي آزاد ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ 29 سيپٽمبر تي [[اسڪوپجي]] پهتا، جنهن کانپوءِ [[بلغاريه جي بادشاهت|بلغاريه]] 30 سيپٽمبر تي اتحادين سان جنگ بندي جي معاهدي تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref name="militaryhistorynow">{{Cite web|url=https://militaryhistorynow.com/2017/09/21/knock-out-blow-at-dobro-polje-six-facts-about-the-obscure-battle-that-ended-ww1/|title=The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1}}</ref> === جنگ بنديون ۽ هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ === {{Main|سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي|ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي|موڊروس جي جنگ بندي}} {{Further|بيلگريڊ جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائي]] دوران اطالوي فوجون [[ٽرينٽو]] پهچي رهيون آهن]] مرڪزي طاقتن جو زوال تيزي سان ٿيو. بلغاريه پهريون ملڪ هو جنهن 29 سيپٽمبر 1918ع تي [[سالونيڪا جي جنگ بندي]] تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |website=League of Nations Photo Archive |title=1918 Timeline |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505134716/http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1918.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> وليم ٻئي، بلغاريه جي زار [[فرڊيننڊ پهريون (بلغاريه)|فرڊيننڊ پهرين]] کي موڪليل هڪ تار (Telegram) ۾ صورتحال کي هن ريت بيان ڪيو: "شرمناڪ! 62,000 سربن جنگ جو فيصلو ڪري ڇڏيو!".<ref name="militaryhistorynow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|title=The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight|website=historycollection.com|access-date=21 November 2019|date=22 February 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223025225/https://historycollection.co/ten-facts-battle-dobro-polje-battle-led-allied-victory-world-war/9/|url-status=live}}</ref> ساڳئي ڏينهن تي، [[جرمن فوجي قيادت|جرمن سپريم آرمي ڪمانڊ]] وليم ٻئي ۽ [[جرمني جو چانسلر|شاهي چانسلر]] ڪائونٽ [[جيورگ وان هرٽلنگ]] کي آگاهه ڪيو ته جرمني جي فوجي صورتحال هاڻي نااميد آهي.{{Sfn|Axelrod|2018|p=260}} 24 آڪٽوبر تي، اٽليءَ اڳڀرائي شروع ڪئي جنهن ڪيپوريٽو جي لڙائيءَ کان پوءِ وڃايل علائقا تيزي سان واپس ورتا. هن جو نتيجو ويٽوريو وينيٽو جي لڙائيءَ ۾ نڪتو، جنهن هڪ مؤثر وڙهندڙ قوت طور آسٽرو-هنگري فوج جو خاتمو آڻي ڇڏيو. ان سان گڏوگڏ هن حملي آسٽرو-هنگري سلطنت جي ٽٽڻ جو عمل به تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. آڪٽوبر جي آخري هفتي دوران بڊاپسٽ، پراگ ۽ زغرب ۾ آزاديءَ جا اعلان ڪيا ويا. 29 آڪٽوبر تي، شاهي اختيارين اٽليءَ کان جنگ بنديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر اطالوي فوجن اڳڀرائي جاري رکندي ٽرينٽو، اوڊين ۽ ٽريسٽ تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. 3 نومبر تي، آسٽريا-هنگري [[اڇو جهنڊو]] بلند ڪيو ۽ پئرس ۾ اتحادي اختيارين سان طئي ٿيل [[ولا جسٽي جي جنگ بندي]] کي قبول ڪيو. [[هيبسبرگ بادشاهت]] جي خاتمي کانپوءِ آسٽريا ۽ هنگري الڳ الڳ جنگ بندين تي صحيحون ڪيون. ايندڙ ڏينهن ۾، اطالوي فوج 20,000 سپاهين سان [[انزبرڪ]] ۽ سڄي [[ٽائيرول]] تي قبضو ڪري ورتو.{{sfn|di Michele| 2014 |pp=436–437}} 30 آڪٽوبر تي، سلطنت عثمانيه هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ موڊروس جي جنگ بندي تي صحيحون ڪيون.<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> ==== جرمن حڪومت جا هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ ==== {{Main|11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي}} [[File:Armisticetrain.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[فرڊيننڊ فوچ]] (''ساڄي پاسي کان ٻيو'') [[ڪمپيگن]] ۾ ان ريل جي بوگي ٻاهران بيٺل آهي جتي [[11 نومبر 1918 جي جنگ بندي|جنگ بندي]] جو معاهدو طئي ٿيو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070827142334/http://www.compiegne.fr/decouvrir/clairierearmistice.asp |archive-date=27 August 2007 |title=Clairière de l'Armistice |publisher=Ville de [[Compiègne]] |language=fr}}</ref>]] فوجي ناڪامين ۽ قيصر (Emperor) تي عوامي اعتماد جي مڪمل خاتمي کانپوءِ جرمني هٿيار ڦٽا ڪرڻ طرف وڌيو. پرنس ميڪسيميليان آف بيڊن 3 آڪٽوبر تي جرمنيءَ جو چانسلر بڻيو. هن فوري طور تي صدر ولسن سان ڳالهيون شروع ڪيون، ان اميد سان ته هو برطانيه ۽ فرانس جي مقابلي ۾ بهتر شرط پيش ڪندو. ولسن آئيني بادشاهت ۽ جرمن فوج تي پارلياماني ڪنٽرول جو مطالبو ڪيو.{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|p=385}} [[1918-1919 جو جرمن انقلاب]] آڪٽوبر 1918ع جي آخر ۾ شروع ٿيو. جرمن بحريه جي دستن هڪ اهڙي جنگ ۾ وڃڻ کان انڪار ڪري ڇڏيو جنهن بابت هنن جو خيال هو ته اها هاري چڪي آهي. ملاحن جي اها بغاوت [[ولهيلم شيون]] ۽ [[ڪييل]] جي بندرگاهن کان شروع ٿي سڄي ملڪ ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 9 نومبر 1918ع تي [[جرمني ۾ جمهوريه جو اعلان]] ڪيو ويو. ان کان ٿوري دير پوءِ [[وليم ٻئي جي تخت تياڳڻ]] جو اعلان ٿيو ۽ جرمنيءَ سرڪاري طور تي هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.<ref>{{cite web |author=K. Kuhl |title=Die 14 Kieler Punkte |trans-title=The Kiel 14 points |url=http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412035214/http://www.kurkuhl.de/docs/kieler_14punkte.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Dähnhardt |1978 |p= 91 }}<ref>{{cite book |last=Wette |first=Wolfram |title=Kieler Erinnerungsorte |publisher=Boyens |year=2006 |editor-last=Fleischhauer |chapter=Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918 |author-link=Wolfram Wette |editor2-last=Turowski}}</ref>{{sfn |Stevenson |2004 |p=383}}{{sfn|Stevenson|2004|loc=Chapter 17}} == نتيجا ۽ اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا نتيجا}} جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ جرمن، آسٽرو-هنگري، عثماني ۽ روسي سلطنتون ختم ٿي ويون.{{efn| ٻين جي برعڪس، روسي سلطنت جي جانشين رياست، سوويت يونين (USSR)، وڃايل علائقن کي ٻيهر حاصل ڪري پنهنجون سرحدتون تقريبن اڳوڻي سلطنت وانگر برقرار رکيون.}} ڪيترن ئي قومن پنهنجي اڳوڻي آزادي ٻيهر حاصل ڪئي، ۽ ڪيتريون ئي نيون رياستون وجود ۾ آيون. هن جنگ جي نتيجي ۾ چار وڏا شاهي خاندان ختم ٿي ويا: [[رومانوف خاندان|رومانوف]]، [[هوهنزولرن خاندان|هوهنزولرن]]، [[هيبسبرگ خاندان|هيبسبرگ]]، ۽ [[عثماني خاندان|عثماني]]. بيلجيم ۽ سربيا کي سخت نقصان پهتو، جيئن فرانس کي پڻ پهتو، جتي 14 لک سپاهي مارجي ويا،<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm "France's oldest WWI veteran dies"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028021340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm |date=28 October 2016 }}, ''BBC News'', 20 January 2008.</ref> جڏهن ته ٻيا جاني نقصان ان کان علاوه هئا. جرمني ۽ روس تي به اهڙا ئي اثر پيا.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} === جنگ جو باضابطه خاتمو === [[File:William Orpen - The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|28 جون 1919ع تي ورسائي جي [[آئينن وارو هال|هال آف مررز]] ۾ [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي جي معاهدي]] تي صحيحون، سر وليم اورپن جي پينٽنگ]] ٻنهي ڌرين جي وچ ۾ جنگ جي باضابطه حالت وڌيڪ ستن مهينن تائين برقرار رهي، جيستائين 28 جون 1919ع تي جرمني سان [[ورسائي جو معاهدو]] نه ٿيو. آمريڪي سينٽ عوامي حمايت جي باوجود ان معاهدي جي توثيق نه ڪئي،{{sfn|Hastedt |2009 |p=483}}{{sfn|Murrin|Johnson|McPherson|Gerstle|2010|p=622}} ۽ آمريڪا باضابطه طور تي جنگ ۾ پنهنجي شموليت تڏهن ختم ڪئي جڏهن صدر [[وارن جي. هارڊنگ]] 2 جولاءِ 1921ع تي [[ناڪس-پورٽر قرارداد]] تي صحيح ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |date=3 July 1921 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011723/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> برطانوي سلطنت لاءِ، جنگ جي حالت هيٺ ڏنل تاريخن تي ختم ٿي: :* جرمني سان 10 جنوري 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31773 |date= 10 February 1920 |page=1671}}</ref> :* آسٽريا سان 16 جولاءِ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 31991 |date= 23 July 1920 |pages=7765–7766 }}</ref> :* بلغاريه سان 9 آگسٽ 1920ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 13627 |date= 27 August 1920 |page=1924}}</ref> :* هنگري سان 26 جولاءِ 1921ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32421 |date= 12 August 1921 |pages=6371–6372 }}</ref> :* ترڪي سان 6 آگسٽ 1924ع تي.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 32964 |date= 12 August 1924 |pages=6030–6031 }}</ref> [[File:Venizelos signing the Treaty of Sevres.jpeg|thumb|يوناني وزيراعظم [[ايلفتيريوس وينيزيلوس]] [[سيور جو معاهدو|سيور جي معاهدي]] تي صحيح ڪندي]] ڪجهه [[جنگي يادگار|جنگي يادگارن]] تي جنگ جي خاتمي جي تاريخ 1919ع لکيل آهي، جڏهن ورسائي جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون؛ ان جي برعڪس، جنگ جي خاتمي جون اڪثر تقريبون 11 نومبر 1918ع جي جنگ بنديءَ تي ڌيان ڏين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|title=Dates on war memorials|publisher=War Memorials Trust|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055457/http://www.warmemorials.org/uploads/publications/117.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> === امن معاهدا ۽ قومي سرحدون === [[File:Map Europe 1923-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ (1923ع تائين) يورپ ۾ ٿيندڙ [[علائقائي تبديلين جو نقشو]]]] [[پئرس امن ڪانفرنس (1919–1920)|پئرس امن ڪانفرنس]] مرڪزي طاقتن تي امن معاهدن جو هڪ سلسلو مڙهي ڇڏيو جنهن باضابطه طور تي جنگ ختم ڪئي. 1919ع جي [[ورسائي جو معاهدو|ورسائي معاهدي]] جرمنيءَ سان معاملا طئي ڪيا ۽ صدر ولسن جي [[چوڏهن نقطا|چوڏهن نقطن]] جي بنياد تي 28 جون 1919ع تي [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] جو بنياد وڌو ويو.{{sfn |Magliveras |1999 |pp=8–12}}{{sfn |Northedge |1986 |pp=35–36}} مرڪزي طاقتن کي ان ڳالهه جي ذميواري قبول ڪرڻي پئي ته "اتحادين ۽ انهن جي قومن کي جيڪو به نقصان پهتو، اهو انهن جي جارحيت سبب مڙهيل جنگ جو نتيجو هو." ورسائي جي معاهدي ۾ هن بيان کي [[ورسائي معاهدي جو آرٽيڪل 231|آرٽيڪل 231]] چيو ويندو آهي. هي آرٽيڪل "جنگي ڏوهه واري شق" (War Guilt Clause) جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو، جنهن تي جرمنن جي اڪثريت ذلت ۽ ناراضگي محسوس ڪئي.{{sfn|Morrow|2005|p=290}} جرمن تاريخدان هيگن شولز موجب، هن معاهدي جرمنيءَ کي "قانوني پابندين هيٺ آندو، فوجي طاقت کان محروم ڪيو، معاشي طور تي تباهه ڪيو ۽ سياسي طور تي ذليل ڪيو."<ref>{{cite book |first=Hagen |last=Schulze |title=Germany: A New History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=B84ZaAdGbS4C |page=204}} |year=1998 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=204}}</ref> ان دوران، جرمن راڄ کان آزاد ٿيل نين قومن هن معاهدي کي وڏن جارح پاڙيسرين پاران ننڍڙين قومن سان ڪيل ناانصافين جي تلافي طور ڏٺو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|title=The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.png|thumb|upright=1.25|جنگ کانپوءِ [[آسٽريا-هنگري جو خاتمو]]]] آسٽريا-هنگري کي ڪيترن ئي رياستن ۾ ورهايو ويو، جيڪي اڪثر ڪري لساني بنيادن تي هيون. آسٽريا ۽ هنگري کان علاوه چيڪوسلوواڪيا، اٽلي، پولينڊ، رومانيا ۽ يوگوسلاويہ کي پڻ هن سلطنت مان علائقا مليا. هنگري پنهنجي ڪل آبادي جو 64 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو، جيڪا 2 ڪروڙ 9 لک مان گهٽجي 76 لک رهجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |title=Open-Site:Hungary |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103140810/http://open-site.org/Regional/Europe/Hungary |url-status=live }}</ref> روسي سلطنت پنهنجي مغربي سرحد جو وڏو حصو وڃائي ويٺي، جتي نيون آزاد قومون [[اسٽونيا جي تاريخ|اسٽونيا]]، [[فنلينڊ جي تاريخ|فنلينڊ]]، [[لٽويا جي تاريخ|لٽويا]]، [[لٿوانيا جي تاريخ|لٿوانيا]]، ۽ [[پولينڊ جي ٻي جمهوريه|پولينڊ]] وجود ۾ آيون. رومانيا اپريل 1918ع ۾ بيساربيا جو ڪنٽرول سنڀاليو.{{sfn |Clark |1927}} === قومي سڃاڻپ === {{Further|سائيڪس-پيڪوٽ معاهدو}} 123 سالن کان پوءِ پولينڊ هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور ٻيهر اڀريو. سربيا جي بادشاهت نئين گهڻ-قومي رياست، [[يوگوسلاويہ جي بادشاهت|سربن، ڪروٽن ۽ سلووين جي بادشاهت]] جو بنياد بڻجي وئي، جنهن کي بعد ۾ يوگوسلاويہ جو نالو ڏنو ويو. چيڪوسلوواڪيا، بوهميا جي بادشاهت کي هنگري جي ڪجهه حصن سان ملائي هڪ نئين قوم بڻجي وئي. رومانيا تمام روماني ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهن کي هڪ رياست هيٺ گڏ ڪيو، جنهن کي "عظيم رومانيا" ([[Greater Romania]]) سڏيو ويو.<ref>Cas Mudde. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC&dq=%22term+greater+romania%22&pg=PA190 ''Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100954/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNp6CAlMMcUC#v=onepage&q=%22term%20greater%20romania%22&f=false |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref> آسٽريليا ۽ نيوزيلينڊ ۾ گليپولي جي لڙائي انهن قومن لاءِ "آزمائش جو وقت" (Baptism of Fire) طور مشهور ٿي. هي پهرين وڏي جنگ هئي جنهن ۾ انهن نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن حصو ورتو هو، ۽ اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو آسٽريليا جا سپاهي صرف برطانوي رعيت طور نه پر آسٽريليا جي حيثيت سان وڙهيا. هن واقعي جي ياد ۾ "[[انزيڪ ڊي]]" (Anzac Day) ملهايو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/26/archives/anzac-day-in-london-king-queen-and-general-birdwood-at-services-in.html |title='ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=26 April 1916 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715010040/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9400E1DD113FE233A25755C2A9629C946796D6CF&scp=12&sq=New+Zealand+anzac&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، يونان [[يوناني-ترڪ جنگ (1919–1922)|مصطفيٰ ڪمال اتاترڪ جي قيادت ۾ ترڪ قومپرستن سان وڙهيو]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لوزان جي معاهدي تحت ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ [[يونان ۽ ترڪي جي وچ ۾ آبادي جي مٽاسٽا|آباديءَ جي وڏي مٽاسٽا]] ٿي.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,451140,00.html "The Diaspora Welcomes the Pope"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604185021/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0%2C1518%2C451140%2C00.html|date=4 June 2012}}, ''Der Spiegel'' Online. 28 November 2006.</ref> == جاني نقصان == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جاني نقصان}} {{Further|اسپينش فلو}} [[File:Transporting Ottoman injured at Sirkedji.jpg|thumb|[[سرڪي جي]] وٽ هڪ زخمي عثماني سپاهي کي کڻي ويندڙ ماڻهو]] پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي ۽ [[شهري نقصان|شهرين جي جاني نقصان]] جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 20 لک موت ٻڌايو وڃي ٿو<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World War I: Killed, wounded, and missing |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing |access-date=5 December 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ۽ تقريبن 2 ڪروڙ 30 لک فوجي اهلڪار زخمي ٿيا، جيڪو ان کي انساني تاريخ جي خطرناڪ ترين جهيڙن ۾ شامل ڪري ٿو. موتن جي ڪل تعداد ۾ 90 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 10 لک [[فوجي اهلڪار]] شامل آهن، جڏهن ته شهرين جي موتن جو اندازو لڳ ڀڳ 60 لک کان 1 ڪروڙ 30 لک آهي.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=War Losses |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 1914ع کان 1918ع تائين متحرڪ ڪيل 6 ڪروڙ يورپي فوجي اهلڪارن مان، اندازي مطابق 80 لک مارجي ويا، 70 لک مستقل طور تي معذور ٿي ويا، ۽ 1 ڪروڙ 50 لک سخت زخمي ٿيا. جرمني پنهنجي سرگرم مرد آبادي جو 15.1 سيڪڙو، آسٽريا-هنگري 17.1 سيڪڙو، ۽ فرانس 10.5 سيڪڙو وڃائي ويٺو.{{sfn|Kitchen|2000|p=22}} فرانس 78 لک مردن کي جنگ لاءِ تيار ڪيو، جن مان 14 لک فوت ٿيا ۽ 32 لک زخمي ٿيا.{{sfn| Sévillia |2019 |p=395}} تقريبن 15,000 سپاهين کي چهري تي سخت زخم آيا، جنهن ڪري هو سماجي طور تي اڪيلا ٿي ويا؛ کين فرانسيسي ۾ {{lang|fr|[[gueules cassées]]}} (ٽٽل چهرن وارا) چيو ويندو هو. جرمني ۾، امن جي وقت جي مقابلي ۾ شهرين جا موت 474,000 وڌيڪ هئا، جنهن جو وڏو سبب خوراڪ جي کوٽ ۽ غذائي کوٽ هئي.{{sfn|Howard|1993|p=166}} لبنان ۾ ڏڪار سبب تقريبن 100,000 ماڻهو فوت ٿيا.{{sfn|Saadi|2009}} [[File:Emergency hospital during Influenza epidemic, Camp Funston, Kansas - NCP 1603.jpg|thumb|1918ع ۾ [[ڪيمپ فنسٽن]]، [[ڪنساس]] ۾ [[اسپينش فلو]] جي وبا دوران هنگامي فوجي اسپتال]] جنگ جي افراتفري واري حالتن ۾ بيماريون تيزي سان پکڙيون. صرف 1914ع ۾، جُونءَ ذريعي پکڙجندڙ [[ٽائيفس]] جي وبا سربيا ۾ 200,000 ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا.{{sfn|Tschanz}} 1918ع جي شروعات کان، انفلوئنزا جي هڪ وڏي وبا جنهن کي [[اسپينش فلو]] چيو وڃي ٿو، سڄي دنيا ۾ پکڙجي وئي، جنهن کي سپاهين جي وڏي تعداد جي چرپر تيز ڪري ڇڏيو. اسپينش فلو گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 1 ڪروڙ 70 لک کان 2 ڪروڙ 50 لک ماڻهو ماري ڇڏيا،{{sfn|Spreeuwenberg|2018|pp=2561–2567}} جنهن ۾ اندازي مطابق 26.4 لک يورپي ۽ 675,000 آمريڪي شامل هئا.<ref name="Ansart et al. 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Ansart |first1=Séverine |last2=Pelat |first2=Camille |last3=Boelle |first3=Pierre-Yves |last4=Carrat |first4=Fabrice |last5=Flahault |first5=Antoine |first6=Alain-Jacques |last6=Valleron |title=Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe |journal=[[Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses]] |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00080.x |pages=99–106 |pmid=19453486 |pmc=4634693}}</ref> جنگ ۾ 80 لک [[گهوڙا (جنس)|گهوڙا]]، گڏهه ۽ خچر پڻ مري ويا، جن مان گهڻا سخت حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ سبب فوت ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=War Horse: The True Story |url=https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Alberta Animal Health Source |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180307/https://www.albertaanimalhealthsource.ca/content/war-horse-true-story |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي ڏوهه === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي ڏوهه}} ==== جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار ==== {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيار}} [[File:French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders. Belgium., ca. 1900 - 1982 - NARA - 530722.tif|thumb|فرانسيسي سپاهي بيلجيم ۾ جرمن مورچن تي گئس ۽ باهه سان حملو ڪندي]] جرمن فوج پهرين هئي جنهن اپريل 1915ع ۾ [[يپريس جي ٻي لڙائي]] دوران ڪاميابيءَ سان ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪيا، جڏهن [[فرٽز هابر]] جي نگرانيءَ ۾ جرمن سائنسدانن [[ڪلورين]] کي هٿيار طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو طريقو ڳولي ورتو.{{efn|جنوري 1915ع ۾ روسي محاذ تي ڪيميائي هٿيار استعمال ڪرڻ جي [[هومين-بوليموف جي لڙائي|هڪ جرمن ڪوشش]] جاني نقصان پهچائڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare |url=https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |website=www.denix.osd.mil |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154930/https://www.denix.osd.mil/rcwmprogram/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> }}<ref name="AJPH">{{cite journal |last=Fitzgerald |first=Gerard |title=Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=611–625 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 |doi-access=free |pmid=18356568 |pmc=2376985}}</ref> ڪيميائي هٿيار سڀني وڏن ملڪن پاران استعمال ڪيا ويا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ تقريبن 13 لک جانيون متاثر ٿيون، جن مان لڳ ڀڳ 90,000 موت واقع ٿيا.<ref name="AJPH" /> جنگ ۾ ڪيميائي هٿيارن جو استعمال [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي سڌي خلاف ورزي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 |title=The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir |first=Telford |last=Taylor |year=1993 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |isbn=978-0-316-83400-1 |access-date=20 June 2013 |page=[https://archive.org/details/anatomyofnuremb00tayl/page/34 34] |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> ==== سلطنت عثمانيه پاران نسل ڪشي ==== {{Main|آرميني نسل ڪشي|آشورين نسل ڪشي|يوناني نسل ڪشي}} {{See also|آخري عثماني نسل ڪشيون|آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار}} [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|آرميني نسل ڪشي دوران مارجي ويل آرمينيائي ماڻهو. تصوير 1918ع ۾ شايع ٿيل هينري مورگنٿائو جي ڪتاب تان ورتل آهي.]] عثماني سلطنت جي آخري سالن دوران آرمينيائي آبادي جي نسلي صفائي، جنهن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي نيڪالي ۽ قتل عام شامل هو، کي [[نسل ڪشي]] (Genocide) قرار ڏنو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="IAGSletter">{{cite web |url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006024502/http://www.genocidewatch.org/TurkishPMIAGSOpenLetterreArmenia6-13-05.htm |archive-date=6 October 2007 |author=International Association of Genocide Scholars |title=Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan |date=13 June 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=International Association of Genocide Scholars}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ فوتين جو اصل تعداد معلوم ناهي، پر [[نسل ڪشي جي عالمن جي بين الاقوامي تنظيم]] جو اندازو آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 15 لک آرمينيائي مارجي ويا.<ref name="IAGSletter" /> ترڪي جي حڪومت اڄ ڏينهن تائين ان کي نسل ڪشي مڃڻ کان [[آرميني نسل ڪشي جو انڪار|انڪار]] ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Fromkin|1989|pp=212–215}} ٻين نسلي گروپن تي پڻ عثماني سلطنت پاران هن عرصي دوران حملا ڪيا ويا، جن ۾ آشورين ۽ [[يوناني نسل ڪشي|يوناني]] شامل هئا. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 250,000 آشورين عيسائي، ۽ 350,000 کان 750,000 تائين يوناني 1915ع ۽ 1922ع جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitehorn |first1=Alan |title=The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide |date=2015 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=83, 218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |isbn=978-1-61069-688-3 |access-date=11 November 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801142141/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vrnCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218 |url-status=live}}</ref> === جنگي قيدي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي}} [[File:1stGazaBritishPrisoners00118v.jpg|thumb|1917ع ۾ [[غازه جي پهرين لڙائي]] کانپوءِ عثماني فوج جي پهري هيٺ برطانوي قيدي]] جنگ دوران تقريبن 80 لک سپاهين هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا ۽ کين [[جنگي قيدين جي ڪيمپ|قيدي ڪيمپن]] ۾ رکيو ويو. سڀني ملڪن [[هيگ ڪنوينشن]] جي پيروي ڪرڻ جو واعدو ڪيو هو ته جيئن [[جنگي قيدي|جنگي قيدين]] سان منصفاڻو سلوڪ ڪيو وڃي.{{sfn|Phillimore|Bellot|1919|pp=4–64}} روسي نقصانن جو 25–31 سيڪڙو قيدي هئا؛ آسٽريا-هنگري لاءِ 32 سيڪڙو؛ اٽلي لاءِ 26 سيڪڙو؛ فرانس لاءِ 12 سيڪڙو؛ جرمني لاءِ 9 سيڪڙو؛ ۽ برطانيه لاءِ 7 سيڪڙو. اتحادين جي فوجن مان ڪل 14 لک قيدي بڻيا (روس کان علاوه، جنهن جا 25 کان 35 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا). مرڪزي طاقتن مان تقريبن 33 لک سپاهي قيدي بڻيا، جن مان اڪثر روسين آڏو هٿيار ڦٽا ڪيا.{{sfn|Ferguson|1999|pp=368–369}} == سپاهين جا تجربا == اتحادي فوجن جي تعداد لڳ ڀڳ 4,29,28,000 هئي، جڏهن ته مرڪزي طاقتن جو تعداد 2,52,48,000 جي ويجهو هو.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=[{{google books |plainurl=y |id=2YqjfHLyyj8C |page=273}} 273]}} برطانوي سپاهي شروعات ۾ رضاڪار هئا پر پوءِ وڌندڙ طور تي [[لازمي فوجي خدمت|ڀرتي (Conscription)]] ڪيا ويا. بچي ويل ويڙهاڪ جڏهن گهر واپس آيا ته اڪثر کين محسوس ٿيو ته هو پنهنجا تجربا صرف پاڻ ۾ ئي ونڊي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري هنن "ويڙهاڪن جون تنظيمون" يا "ليجنز" ٺاهيون. === لازمي فوجي خدمت (Conscription) === {{Further|1917ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|1918ع جو ڪنسڪرپشن بحران|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران آسٽريليا ۾ لازمي فوجي ڀرتي|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي فوج ۾ ڀرتي|آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت#پهرين عالمي جنگ}} [[File:I want you for U.S. Army 3b48465u edit.jpg|thumb|آمريڪي فوج جو ڀرتي وارو پوسٽر [[انڪل سام]] سان، 1917ع|upright=.8]] لازمي فوجي خدمت (ڪنسڪرپشن) اڪثر يورپي ملڪن ۾ عام هئي، پر انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ملڪن ۾ اها تڪراري رهي.{{sfn |Havighurst |1985 |p=131}} اها خاص ڪري اقليتي نسلن ۾ ناپسند هئي، خاص ڪري آئرلينڊ جا ڪيٿولڪ،<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ward |first=Alan J. |year=1974 |title=Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis |journal=Historical Journal |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=107–129 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00005689 |s2cid=162360809}}</ref> آسٽريليا،<ref>{{Cite book |first=J. M. |last=Main |title=Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 |date=1970 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620181359/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:338722 |archive-date=2015-06-20}}</ref><ref name="parl">{{cite news |date=4 May 2015 |title=Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I |publisher=Parliament of Australia |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065914/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1415/ComParl |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ۽ ڪئناڊا جا فرانسيسي ڪيٿولڪ ماڻهو ان جي خلاف هئا.<ref>{{cite news |date=2001 |title=The Conscription Crisis |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713134338/http://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH2PA3LE.html |archive-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chelmsford |first=J. E. |title=Clergy and Man-Power |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=15 April 1918 |page=12}}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ لازمي فوجي خدمت جي شروعات 1917ع ۾ ٿي؛ جيتوڻيڪ ملڪ انهن وڳوڙن کان بچي ويو جيڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ٿيا هئا، پر ان جي باوجود مزاحمت ڪافي هئي، خاص ڪري ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chambers |first=John Whiteclay |url=https://archive.org/details/toraisearmydr00cham |title=To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America |publisher=The Free Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-02-905820-6 |location=New York |url-access=registration|page=205}}</ref> انتظاميا فيصلو ڪيو ته رضاڪارانه ڀرتي جي بجاءِ لازمي فوجي خدمت تي ڀروسو ڪيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته شروعاتي 10 لک جي هدف مان پهرين ڇهن هفتن ۾ صرف 73,000 رضاڪار ڀرتي ٿيا هئا.{{sfn|Zinn |2003 |p=134}} === فوجي اتاشي ۽ جنگي نمائندا === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين جي فهرست|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ فوجي اتاشين ۽ جنگي نمائندن جي فهرست}} هر وڏي طاقت جي فوجي ۽ شهري مبصرن جنگ جي عمل جي ويجهي کان نگراني ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pedersen |first=Sarah |date=1 May 2002 |title=A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |journal=Journal of Scottish Historical Studies |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=50–72 |doi=10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |pmid=19489175 |hdl=10059/294 |issn=1748-538X |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610092046/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free }}</ref> گهڻا ان قابل هئا ته واقعن جي رپورٽ اهڙي انداز ۾ ڪن جيڪو جديد "ايمبيڊڊ جرنلزم" (Embedded journalism) جي پوزيشن سان مشابهت رکي ٿو، جيڪي دشمن جي زميني ۽ بحري فوجن جي وچ ۾ موجود هوندا هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trumpener |first=Ulrich |date=4 November 1987 |title=The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |journal=The International History Review |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |issn=0707-5332 |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701113518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Craig|1949}} == معاشي اثرات == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي معاشي تاريخ|پهرين عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ جي معاشي مدي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران گھريلو محاذ|1914ع جو مالي بحران}} جنگ جي ڪري وڏي ۽ ننڍي پيماني تي معاشي نتيجا سامهون آيا. ڪيترن ئي مردن جي جنگ تي وڃڻ ڪري خاندانن جي صورتحال تبديل ٿي وئي. گهر جي مکيه ڪمائيندڙ جي وفات يا غير موجودگيءَ سبب، عورتون بي مثال انگ ۾ محنت مزدوريءَ جي ميدان ۾ اچڻ تي مجبور ٿيون. ساڳئي وقت، صنعتن کي انهن مزدورن جي جاءِ ڀرڻ جي ضرورت هئي جيڪي جنگ تي موڪليا ويا هئا. صنعتن ۽ مردن جي روايتي ڪمن ۾ عورتن جي شموليت نيٺ عورتن کي [[عورتن جو حق ووٽ|ووٽ جو حق]] ڏيارڻ واري جدوجهد ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿي.{{sfn|Noakes | 2006|p=48}}[[File:The Girl Behind the Gun 1915.jpg|thumb|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ پورهيت عورتن کي ڏيکاريو ويو آهي]] تمام قومن ۾، جي ڊي پي (GDP) ۾ حڪومت جو حصو وڌي ويو، جيڪو جرمني ۽ فرانس ۾ 50 سيڪڙو کان مٿي ٿي ويو ۽ برطانيه ۾ به لڳ ڀڳ ان حد تائين پهچي ويو. آمريڪا کان خريداريءَ جي ادائيگي لاءِ، برطانيه آمريڪي ريلوي ۾ پنهنجي وسيع سيڙپڪاريءَ کي ڪيش ڪرايو ۽ پوءِ [[وال اسٽريٽ]] تان وڏي پيماني تي قرض کڻڻ شروع ڪيا. صدر ولسن 1916ع جي آخر ۾ قرض بند ڪرڻ وارو هو، پر پوءِ هن اتحادين کي آمريڪي حڪومت پاران قرضن ۾ وڏي واڌ جي اجازت ڏني. 1919ع کان پوءِ، آمريڪا انهن قرضن جي واپسيءَ جو مطالبو ڪيو. واپسيءَ جي رقم جزوي طور تي جرمنيءَ کان مليل تاوان (Reparations) مان ادا ڪئي وئي، جيڪو وري آمريڪا پاران جرمنيءَ کي ڏنل قرضن جي مدد سان ادا ڪيو پئي ويو. هي چڪر وارو نظام 1931ع ۾ ختم ٿي ويو ۽ ڪجهه قرض ڪڏهن به واپس نه ٿيا. برطانيه 1934ع ۾ به آمريڪا جو 4.4 ارب ڊالر جو مقروض هو؛ ان جي آخري قسط نيٺ 2015ع ۾ ادا ڪئي وئي. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cosgrave |first1=Jenny |date=10 March 2015 |title=UK finally finishes paying for World War I |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320194802/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/03/09/uk-finally-finishes-paying-for-world-war-i.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ورسائي جي معاهدي جي آرٽيڪل 231 (جنهن کي "جنگ جي ڏوهه" واري شق چيو ويندو آهي) ۾ چيو ويو ته جرمني "تمام نقصانن ۽ تباهيءَ" جي ذميواري قبول ڪري ٿو جيڪا اتحادين کي جرمني ۽ ان جي اتحادين جي جارحيت سبب پهتي.{{sfn|Kaes|Jay|1994|p=8}} هي شق جنگ جي تاوان (Reparations) لاءِ قانوني بنياد رکڻ لاءِ تيار ڪئي وئي هئي. 1921ع ۾، ڪل تاوان جي رقم 132 ارب گولڊ مارڪس مقرر ڪئي وئي. تنهن هوندي به، "اتحادي ماهر ڄاڻندا هئا ته جرمني اها رقم ادا نٿو ڪري سگهي."{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} تنهن ڪري، 50 ارب گولڊ مارڪس (12.5 ارب ڊالر) کي جرمني جي ادا ڪرڻ جي اصل صلاحيت طور تسليم ڪيو ويو.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=237}} هي رقم روڪ يا ٻي صورت (ڪوئلو، ڪاٺ، ڪيميائي رنگ وغيره) ۾ ادا ڪري سگهجي پئي. 1929ع تائين، [[عظيم معاشي بدحالي|عظيم معاشي مدي (Great Depression)]] سڄي دنيا ۾ سياسي افراتفري پيدا ڪري ڇڏي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stone |first=Norman |title=World War One: A Short History |publisher=Penguin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-103156-9 |location=London}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ عالمي برادريءَ پاران تاوان جي ادائيگي معطل ڪئي وئي، جنهن وقت تائين جرمني صرف 20.598 ارب گولڊ مارڪس جي برابر رقم ادا ڪئي هئي.{{Sfn|Marks|1978|p=233}} [[ايڊولف هٽلر]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ سان، سمورا قرض ۽ معاهدا منسوخ ڪيا ويا. تنهن هوندي به، ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ، 1953ع جي لنڊن ڪانفرنس ۾، جرمني قرضن جي واپسي شروع ڪرڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو. 3 آڪٽوبر 2010ع تي، جرمني انهن قرضن جي آخري قسط ادا ڪئي.{{efn|پهرين عالمي جنگ سرڪاري طور تڏهن ختم ٿي جڏهن جرمني اتحادين پاران مڙهيل تاوان جي آخري رقم ادا ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=First World War officially ends |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/8029948/First-World-War-officially-ends.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=15 March 2017 |first=Allan |last=Hall |date=28 September 2010 |location=Berlin |ref=none}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}} آسٽريليا جي وزيراعظم [[بلي هيوز]] برطانوي وزيراعظم [[ڊيوڊ لائڊ جارج]] کي لکيو ته: "توهان اسان کي يقين ڏياريو آهي ته توهان ان کان بهتر شرط حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهو. مونکي ان تي تمام گهڻو افسوس آهي." آسٽريليا کي جنگ جي تاوان ۾ 5,571,720 پائونڊ مليا، پر آسٽريليا لاءِ جنگ جو سڌوسنئون خرچ 376,993,052 پائونڊ ٿيو هو.{{sfn |Souter |2000 |p=354}} == جنگ جي حمايت ۽ مخالفت == === حمايت === {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران برطانوي پروپيگنڊا|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اٽلي ۾ پروپيگنڊا ۽ سنسر شپ}} [[File:Affiche-guerre Femmes-au-travail.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|1915ع جو هڪ پوسٽر جنهن ۾ عورتن کي برطانوي جنگي ڪوششن ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي ترغيب ڏني وئي آهي]] بالڪنز ۾، [[يوگوسلاويازم|يوگوسلاو قومپرستن]]، جهڙوڪ اڳواڻ [[اينٽي ٽرمبچ]]، جنگ جي پُرزور حمايت ڪئي. هنن چاهيو ٿي ته [[يوگوسلاويا|يوگوسلاو ماڻهو]] آسٽريا-هنگري ۽ ٻين پرڏيهي طاقتن کان آزاد ٿين ۽ هڪ آزاد يوگوسلاويا قائم ٿئي. 30 اپريل 1915ع تي پئرس ۾ ٽرمبچ جي قيادت ۾ [[يوگوسلاو ڪميٽي]] جوڙي وئي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1189}} اپريل 1918ع ۾، روم ۾ "مظلوم قومن جي ڪانگريس" منعقد ٿي، جنهن ۾ چيڪوسلوواڪ، اٽالين، پولش، ٽرانسلوانيائي ۽ يوگوسلاو نمائندن شرڪت ڪئي ۽ اتحادين تي زور ڀريو ته هو آسٽريا-هنگري ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهن جي حقِ خوداراديت جي حمايت ڪن.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} وچ فيڊريشن ۾، جنگ دوران ترڪ قومپرستي جي اڀار جي جواب ۾ عثماني علائقن ۾ [[عرب قومپرستي]] تيز ٿي وئي. عرب قومپرست اڳواڻن هڪ پين-عرب رياست جي قيادت جي حمايت ڪئي. 1916ع ۾، آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ وچ اوڀر جي عثماني قبضي واري علائقن ۾ عرب بغاوت شروع ٿي.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=117}} اوڀر آفريڪا ۾، ايٿوپيا جي [[ليج اياسو]] درويش تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪري رهيو هو، جيڪي سومالي لينڊ مهم ۾ برطانوي فوج سان وڙهي رهيا هئا.{{sfn|Mukhtar|2003|p=126}} ايٿوپيائي سلطنت پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ مرڪزي طاقتن جي طرفان شامل ٿيڻ واري هئي، پر سيگالي جي لڙائي ۾ اياسو جي تخت تان لاهڻ سبب ائين نه ٿي سگهيو. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |first=Martin |last=Plaut |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=BBC News |date=25 September 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413121137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BVRC-Great-War-Contingent 1914.jpg|thumb|برمودا والينٽيئر رائيفل ڪور جو پهريون دستو، 1914-1915ع. هن دستي 75 سيڪڙو جاني نقصان برداشت ڪيو.]] آگسٽ 1914ع ۾ جنگ جي شروعات تي ڪيترن ئي سوشلسٽ پارٽين ان جي حمايت ڪئي.{{Sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1001}} پر يورپي سوشلسٽ قومي بنيادن تي ورهائجي ويا، ۽ مارڪسٽن ۽ سينڊيڪلسٽن جو "طبقاتي تڪرار" وارو نظريو سندن حب الوطني جي جذبي هيٺ اچي ويو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=1069}} جنگ جي شروعات سان [[اٽالين قومپرستي]] ۾ تيزي آئي. [[گيبریل ڊي انونزيو]] جنگ جي سڀ کان مشهور حامين مان هڪ هو، جنهن اٽالين عوام کي جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ قائل ڪيو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=335}} اٽلي جا سوشلسٽ جنگ جي حمايت يا مخالفت تي ورهائجي ويا هئا؛ ڪجهه پُرجوش حامي هئا، جن ۾ [[بنيٽو مسوليني]] پڻ شامل هو.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=209}} تنهن هوندي به، [[اٽالين سوشلسٽ پارٽي]] جنگ جي مخالفت جو فيصلو ڪيو، جنهن کانپوءِ مسوليني سميت جنگ جي حامي ميمبرن کي پارٽي مان ڪڍيو ويو. مسوليني آڪٽوبر 1914ع ۾ پنهنجون الڳ تنظيمون ٺاهيون جيڪي اڳتي هلي فاشزم جو بنياد بڻيون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=826}} ==== حب الوطني فنڊز ==== ٻنهي طرفن کان سپاهين جي ڀلائي، سندن گهر وارن ۽ زخمين جي مدد لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي فنڊ گڏ ڪيا ويا. برطانوي سلطنت ۾ ڪيترائي حب الوطني فنڊ هئا، جهڙوڪ [[رائل پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[ڪينيڊين پيٽريوٽڪ فنڊ]]. 1919ع تائين نيوزيلينڊ ۾ 983 فنڊ هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 1939 |title=No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616072636/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TAWC19390922.2.37 |url-status=live }}</ref> === مخالفت === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي مخالفت|1917ع جون فرانسيسي فوجي بغاوتون}} ڪيترن ئي ملڪن انهن ماڻهن کي جيل ۾ وڌو جن جنگ جي خلاف ڳالهايو. انهن ۾ آمريڪا ۾ [[يوجين ڊيبس]] ۽ برطانيه ۾ [[برٽرينڊ رسل]] شامل هئا. آمريڪا ۾، [[1917ع جو جاسوسي ايڪٽ]] ۽ [[1918ع جو بغاوت ايڪٽ]] تحت فوجي ڀرتي جي مخالفت يا "غداري" واري بيان کي وفاقي ڏوهه قرار ڏنو ويو.{{Sfn |Karp |1979}} [[File:Sackville Street (Dublin) after the 1916 Easter Rising.JPG|thumb|1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] (ايسٽر بغاوت) کانپوءِ ڊبلن جي هڪ گهٽي جو منظر]] ڪجهه قومپرستن پڻ جنگ جي مخالفت ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ آئرش ماڻهن جي وڏي اڪثريت جنگ ۾ شامل ٿيڻ تي راضي هئي، پر ترقي پسند [[آئرش قومپرستي|آئرش قومپرستن]] جي هڪ ننڍي گروهه ان جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئرش قومپرستن ۽ مارڪسٽن آئرلينڊ جي آزادي لاءِ ڪوشش ڪئي، جنهن جو نتيجو 1916ع جي [[ايسٽر رائيزنگ]] جي صورت ۾ نڪتو، جتي جرمني برطانيه ۾ بدامني پکيڙڻ لاءِ آئرلينڊ کي 20,000 رائيفلون موڪليون.{{sfn |Tucker |Roberts |2005 |p=584}} ٻي مخالفت انهن ماڻهن طرفان آئي جن کي "ضمير جا قيدي" (Conscientious objectors) چيو ويندو هو، جن مذهبي يا سياسي بنيادن تي وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو. برطانيه ۾، 16,000 ماڻهن وڙهڻ کان انڪار ڪيو.{{sfn |Lehmann |van der Veer |1999 |p=62}} ڪيترن کي سالن تائين جيل ۽ اڪيلائي واري قيد (Solitary confinement) ۾ رکيو ويو. مئي 1917ع ۾، پيٽروگراڊ (روس) جي لڳ ڀڳ 100,000 مزدورن ۽ سپاهين بالشويڪن جي اڳواڻي ۾ "جنگ ختم ڪريو!" ۽ "سموري طاقت سوويت کي ڏيو!" جي بينرن هيٺ مظاهرا ڪيا. انهن مظاهرن روسي عارضي حڪومت لاءِ بحران پيدا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Pipes|title=The Russian Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|year=1990|publisher=Knopf Doubleday|page=407|isbn=978-0-307-78857-3|access-date=30 July 2019|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407|url-status=live}}</ref> مئي 1917ع ۾ ميلان (اٽلي) ۾ به بالشويڪ انقلابين ڏنگا فساد ڪيا، جن کي روڪڻ لاءِ اٽالين فوج کي ٽينڪون ۽ مشين گنون استعمال ڪرڻيون پيون. ان دوران تقريبن 50 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 800 کان وڌيڪ گرفتار ٿيا.<ref name="Seton_6" /> == ٽيڪنالاجي == {{See also|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران ٽيڪنالاجي}} [[File:British Aircraft of the First World War 1914-1918 (IWM Q67556).jpg|thumb|[[رائل ايئر فورس]] جو [[سوپوٿ ڪيمل]] جهاز. اپريل 1917ع ۾، مغربي محاذ تي هڪ برطانوي پائلٽ جي اوسط عمر صرف 93 اڏام جا ڪلاڪ هئي.{{sfn|Lawson|Lawson|2002|p=123}}]] پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات 20 هين صديءَ جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ 19 هين صديءَ جي [[فوجي حڪمت عملي|فوجي طريقن]] جي وچ ۾ هڪ مقابلي طور ٿي، جنهن جو نتيجو وڏي جاني نقصان جي صورت ۾ نڪتو. تنهن هوندي به، 1917ع جي آخر تائين، وڏين فوجن جديد بڻجي چڪيون هيون ۽ اهي ٽيليفون، [[وائرليس مواصلات]]،{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |p=154}} [[بڪتربند گاڏي|بڪتربند گاڏين]]، [[ٽينڪ|ٽينڪن]] (خاص طور تي پهرين نموني واري ٽينڪ [[لٽل ولي]] جي اچڻ سان)، ۽ هوائي جهازن جو استعمال ڪري رهيون هيون.{{sfn |Hartcup |1988 |pp=82–86}} ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪيترن ئي قسمن جي زهريلي گئس جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ هي ڪڏهن به هڪ فيصله ڪن هٿيار ثابت نه ٿي سگهي، پر اها جنگ جي سڀ کان خوفناڪ شين مان هڪ بڻجي وئي. <ref name=":0" />{{sfn |Love |1996}} [[Image:Marcel Louis Courmes en fourrure 1915.jpg|thumb|آگسٽ 1915ع ۾ فرانسيسي بمباري گروپ جو پائلٽ [[مارسل ڪورمس]]]] توپخاني (Artillery) ۾ پڻ هڪ انقلاب آيو. 1914ع ۾، توپون اڳئين صف (فرنٽ لائن) تي رکيون وينديون هيون ۽ سڌو سنئون نشانو بڻائينديون هيون. 1917ع تائين، ٻين طريقن جهڙوڪ [[انڊائريڪٽ فائر]] (اڻ سڌي فائرنگ) جو استعمال عام ٿي ويو، جنهن ۾ نشانو ڳولڻ لاءِ هوائي جهازن ۽ [[فيلڊ ٽيليفون]] جو سهارو ورتو ويندو هو. <ref>Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). ''Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-732-6}} p. 444.</ref> شروعات ۾ هوائي جهازن کي [[جسوسي]] (Reconnaissance) ۽ زميني حملن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. دشمن جي جهازن کي ڪيرائڻ لاءِ [[هوائي دفاعي توپون]] (Anti-aircraft guns) ۽ [[ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] (Fighter aircraft) تيار ڪيا ويا. [[اسٽريٽجڪ بمبار]] جهاز پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، خاص طور تي جرمني ۽ برطانيه طرفان، جيتوڻيڪ جرمنن [[زپيلن]] (فضائي غبارا) جو به استعمال ڪيو.{{Sfn|Cross|1991}} جنگ جي پڄاڻيءَ ڌاري، پهريون ڀيرو [[بحريه جو جهاز|بحري جهازن تان جهاز اڏائڻ]] (Aircraft carriers) جو تجربو ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ HMS ''Furious'' تان جهاز اڏائي 1918ع ۾ جرمن زپيلن هينگرز کي تباهه ڪيو ويو.{{sfn|Cross|1991|pp=56–57}} == سفارتڪاري == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سفارتي تاريخ}} [[File:Cartoon for a Telegram.jpg|thumb|1917ع جو هڪ سياسي ڪارٽون جيڪو [[زيمرمن ٽيليگرام]] بابت آهي]] قومن جي وچ ۾ غير فوجي سفارتي ۽ پروپيگنڊا واري رابطن جو مقصد پنهنجي مقصد لاءِ حمايت حاصل ڪرڻ يا دشمن جي حمايت کي ڪمزور ڪرڻ هو. گهڻي ڀاڱي، جنگ جي وقت جي سفارتڪاري پنجن مکيه مسئلن تي مرڪوز هئي: [[پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ پروپيگنڊا|پروپيگنڊا مهمون]]؛ جنگي مقصدن جي تعريف ۽ ٻيهر تعريف ڪرڻ، جيڪي جنگ جي وڌڻ سان گڏ وڌيڪ سخت ٿيندا ويا؛ غير جانبدار ملڪن (اٽلي، عثماني سلطنت، بلغاريه، رومانيا) کي دشمن جي علائقن جو لالچ ڏئي اتحاد ۾ شامل ڪرڻ؛ ۽ اتحادين پاران مرڪزي طاقتن جي اندر قومپرست اقليتي تحريڪن جي حوصلا افزائي ڪرڻ، خاص طور تي چيڪ، پولش ۽ عربن جي وچ ۾. ان کان علاوه، غير جانبدار ملڪن يا هڪ ٻئي طرفان امن جون ڪيتريون ئي تجويزون پيش ڪيون ويون، پر انهن مان ڪا به اڳتي وڌي نه سگهي.{{sfn |Stevenson |1988 |p={{page needed|date=July 2020}}}}<ref>{{cite book |first=Z. A. B. |last=Zeman |title=Diplomatic History of the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000zema |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-297-00300-7 }}</ref><ref>See {{cite book |author=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |title=Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918 |editor-first=James Brown |editor-last=Scott |year=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924016943106 |publisher=Washington, D.C., The Endowment }}</ref> == ورثو ۽ يادگيريون == {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي آخري بچيل ويڙهاڪن جي فهرست|ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن|آمريڪي بيٽل مونومينٽس ڪميشن}} {{Further|عوامي ثقافت ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ}} === يادگار === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا يادگار}} [[File:Sacrario militare di Redipuglia agosto 2014.JPG|thumb|اٽلي جو [[ريڊيپوگليا وار ميموريل]]، جنهن ۾ 100,187 سپاهين جون باقيات موجود آهن]] هزارين ڳوٺن ۽ شهرن ۾ جنگي يادگار تعمير ڪيا ويا. لڙائيءَ جي ميدانن جي ويجهو، عارضي قبرستانن مان لاشن کي ڪڍي باقاعده قبرستانن ۾ منتقل ڪيو ويو، جن جي سار سنڀال [[ڪامن ويلٿ وار گريوز ڪميشن]] ۽ ٻيون تنظيمون ڪن ٿيون. انهن مان ڪيترن ئي قبرستانن ۾ گم ٿيل يا [[نامعلوم سپاهي جي قبر|نامعلوم]] مليل سپاهين لاءِ به يادگار ٺاهيا ويا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[مينين گيٽ]] ميموريل.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars |url=https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |website=Department of Veterans' Affairs |date=10 October 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301154418/https://www.dva.gov.au/recognition/commemorations/memorials/memorials-missing |url-status=live }}</ref> 1915ع ۾ ڪينيڊين فوجي ڊاڪٽر [[جان مڪڪري]] مشهور نظم ''[[ان فلينڊرز فيلڊز]]'' لکيو، جيڪو اڄ به [[يادگيري جو ڏينهن|آرمسٽس ڊي]] تي پڙهيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |year=1918 |title=John McCrae |journal=Nature |publisher=Historica |volume=100 |issue=2521 |pages=487–488 |bibcode=1918Natur.100..487. |doi=10.1038/100487b0 |s2cid=4275807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> آمريڪا جي شهر ڪنساس سٽي ۾ [[نيشنل ورلڊ وار I ميوزيم اينڊ ميموريل]] انهن تمام آمريڪين جي ياد ۾ ٺاهيو ويو آهي جن هن جنگ ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. برطانوي حڪومت پڻ 2014ع کان 2018ع تائين جنگ جي سو سالا تقريبن لاءِ وڏا وسيلا وقف ڪيا هئا. 2018ع ۾، فرانسيسي صدر [[ايمنيوئل ميڪرون]] ۽ جرمن چانسلر [[اينجلا مرڪل]] ان جاءِ جو دورو ڪيو جتي جنگ بندي (Armistice) جي معاهدي تي صحيحون ٿيون هيون ۽ اتي مفاهمت جي هڪ تختي لڳائي وئي. === تاريخ نويسي === {{Main|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{Further|پهرين عالمي جنگ جي سببن جي تاريخ نويسي}} {{blockquote |text=<poem>...{{nbsp}}"عجيب آهي، دوست،" مون چيو، "هتي ماتم جو ڪو سبب ناهي." "ڪو به نه،" ٻئي چيو، "سواءِ انهن ضايع ٿيل سالن جي"{{nbsp}}...</poem> |author=[[ولفرڊ اوون]] |source=''Strange Meeting'', 1918<ref name="Wilfred Owen 2004">''Wilfred Owen: poems'', 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004)</ref>}} پهرين عالمي جنگ جي نتيجن کي سمجهڻ جون ڪوششون اڄ به جاري آهن. ٻي عالمي جنگ جي مقابلي ۾، جنهن کي "نيڪي ۽ بدي" جي ويڙهه طور پڙهايو وڃي ٿو، پهرين عالمي جنگ کي اڪثر هڪ اهڙي جنگ طور ڏٺو ويندو آهي جيڪا "غلط سببن جي ڪري وڙهي وئي".<ref name="Neiberg2">{{cite book |last=Neiberg |first=Michael |title=The World War I Reader |date=2007 |page=1}}</ref> مورخ بحث ڪن ٿا ته هي جنگ ڇو شروع ٿي، اتحادي ڇو کٽيا، ۽ ڇا جنرل ايتري وڏي جاني نقصان جا ذميوار هئا؟ جديد دور جا اسڪالر هاڻي جنگ جي نفسياتي اثرن، [[ذهني صحت]] ۽ قبضي هيٺ آيل علائقن جي صورتحال تي به تحقيق ڪري رهيا آهن.{{sfn| Jones| 2013|p=858}} === اڻ ڦاٽل بارود === {{Further|زون روج|آئرن هارسٽ}} اڄ به، لڳ ڀڳ هڪ صدي گذرڻ باوجود، ورڊون (Verdun) ۽ سوم (Somme) جهڙن ميدانن ۾ [[اڻ ڦاٽل بارود]] موجود آهي جيڪو خطرناڪ ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿو. فرانس ۽ بيلجيم ۾ اڄ به هٿيارن کي ناڪاره بڻائڻ وارا دستا مقامي ماڻهن جي مدد ڪن ٿا جيڪي اڪثر ٻنيون کيڙڻ دوران اهڙو بارود ڳولي لهندا آهن. ڪجهه هنڌن تي ته جنگ جي اثرن سبب اڃا تائين نباتات (ٻوٽا) به ناهن اُڀري سگهيا. <ref name="Neiberg2"/> == پڻ ڏسندا == * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران فري ميسنري}} * [[پهرين عالمي جنگ جي موضوعن جون فهرستون]] * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جو خاڪو}} * {{anl|پهرين عالمي جنگ جا جنگي مقصد}} == حوالا == {{reflist}} == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == {{Sister project links|voy=World War I|World War I|collapsible=collapsed}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|date=24 June 2006 |World War I (part 1).ogg |World War I (part 2).ogg |World War I (part 3).ogg}} === آرڪائيو مواد === * [https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Links_to_Other_WWI_Sites پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ٻين سائيٽن جا لنڪس] - پهرين عالمي جنگ جي دستاويزي آرڪائيو مان * [https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/ پهرين عالمي جنگ جي دستاويزن جو آرڪائيو]، برگهم ينگ يونيورسٽي مان * [http://www.1914-1918-online.net/ پهرين عالمي جنگ جو بين الاقوامي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا] * [https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/the-outbreak-of-the-first-world-war/ پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات جا رڪارڊ] برطانوي پارلياماني مجموعن مان * [http://www.greatwar.nl/ عظيم جنگ جو ورثو: پهرين عالمي جنگ] – هڪ ويب سائيٽ جيڪا 1994ع ۾ ٺاهي وئي، جنهن ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ سان لاڳاپيل تصويرون ۽ موسيقي موجود آهي. * [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50 پهرين عالمي جنگ جي شروعات] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115140047/http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=7&year=1914&&count=50 |date=15 جنوري 2016 }} ۽ [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50 جنگ جي پڄاڻي] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405154114/http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=&decade=1910-1919&month=11&year=1918&count=50 |date=5 اپريل 2015 }} تي يورپي اخبارون، [[دي يورپين لائبريري]] مان * [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914/multilingual%3A1 پهرين عالمي جنگ جون فلمون] يورپي فلم گيٽ وي تي * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection برٽش پيٿي (British Pathé) جو جنگي فلمن جو آرڪائيو] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234810/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/page/ww1-the-definitive-collection |date=24 مارچ 2019 }} * [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/wwiphoto پهرين عالمي جنگ جي برطانوي پريس فوٽوگرافي جو مجموعو] – برٽش ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي جي لائبريري مان * [http://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/search?query=&field=all&war=worldwari آمريڪي پهرين عالمي جنگ جي ويڙهاڪن جا ذاتي احوال]، لائبريري آف ڪانگريس * [https://archive.org/details/butlerlibrarywwipamphlets پهرين عالمي جنگ جا پمفلٽ 1913-1920ع] – ڪولمبيا يونيورسٽي لائبريريز جو مجموعو، انٽرنيٽ آرڪائيو تي دستياب === لائبريري رهنمائي === * [https://natlib.govt.nz/researchers/guides/first-world-war نيشنل لائبريري آف نيوزيلينڊ] : اليگزينڊر ٽرنبل لائبريري ۽ نيشنل لائبريري آف نيوزيلينڊ وٽ پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران نيوزيلينڊ جي سمورن پهلوئن سان لاڳاپيل اهم مجموعا آهن. * [https://guides.sl.nsw.gov.au/wwi-and-australia پهرين عالمي جنگ ۽ آسٽريليا] اسٽيٽ لائبريري آف نييو سائوٿ ويلز مان * [https://guides.loc.gov/wwi پهرين عالمي جنگ: وسيلن جي رهنمائي] آمريڪي لائبريري آف ڪانگريس مان : لائبريري جي مجموعن ۾ پهرين عالمي جنگ (1914-18) سان لاڳاپيل مختلف قسم جو مواد موجود آهي. * [http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources انڊيانا يونيورسٽي بلومنگٽن] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605065400/http://libraries.iub.edu/guide-world-war-i-resources |date=5 جون 2015 }} * [http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 نيويارڪ يونيورسٽي] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405020007/http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=568692 |date=5 اپريل 2015 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223852/http://guides.library.ualberta.ca/worldwar1914 البرٽا يونيورسٽي (آرڪائيو 2014)] {{World War I}} {{WWI history by nation}} {{Balkan Wars}} {{Great Power diplomacy}} {{Authority control}} == فٽ نوٽ == {{Notelist}} [[Category:پهرين عالمي جنگ| ]] [[Category:عالمي جنگيون]] [[Category:ويڊيو ڪلپس وارا مضمون]] [[Category:ووڊرو ولسن جي صدارت]] [[Category:روس-ترڪ جنگيون]] [[Category:آرمينيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آسٽريليا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آذربائيجان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:بيلجيم جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:بوليوييا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:برازيل جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:برطانوي هندستان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:بلغاريه جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪئناڊا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪوسٽا ريڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ڪيوبا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:فرانس جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:جرمني جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] 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[[Category:سريلنڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سوڊان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:تائيوان جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:ٿائلينڊ جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:عثماني سلطنت جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:برطانيه جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:آمريڪا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] [[Category:سلووينيا جي شموليت واريون جنگيون]] cieymnpxmv7k8pphomcigdipowlxgcr 3 73877 370303 247562 2026-04-06T12:52:23Z Civvì 16173 Civvì [[واپرائيندڙ بحث:Francesco Miracapillo]] صفحي کي [[واپرائيندڙ بحث:Yunsu11]] ڏانھن چوريو سواءِ ڪو ريڊائريڪٽ ڇڏيندي: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Francesco Miracapillo|Francesco Miracapillo]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Yunsu11|Yunsu11]]" 247562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 20:02, 21 ڊسمبر 2023 ( يو.ٽي.سي) 086mo2djgyhgohf7hnkf125z6wfxyza 0 75866 370384 323006 2026-04-07T00:31:41Z CommonsDelinker 103 Replacing Academic_papers_by_discipline_(visualization_of_2012–2021_OpenAlex_data;_v2).png with [[File:Academic_papers_by_discipline_over_time_(visualization_of_studies_data_in_OpenAlex).png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c: 370384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{وڌيڪ ڏسو|سائنس جي مختصر تاريخ}} اسان جا ریسرچ جا اوزار، OpenAlex ۽ Scholia سائنسي شعبن ۽ تحقيقي عنوانن کي ڏسڻ ۽ ڳولڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگھجن ٿا. {{multiple image | footer = | direction = horizontal | align = center | image1 = Locations of papers in a map of science and locations of the key papers for Nobel prizes.tif | alt1 = Locations of papers in a map of science and locations of the key papers for Nobel prizes | caption1 = Cluster network of scientific publications in relation to Nobel prizes<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ioannidis |first1=John P. A. |last2=Cristea |first2=Ioana-Alina |last3=Boyack |first3=Kevin W. |title=Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields |journal=PLOS ONE |date=29 July 2020 |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=e0234612 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234612 |pmid=32726312 |pmc=7390258 |bibcode=2020PLoSO..1534612I |language=en |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }}</ref> | image2 = Academic papers by discipline over time (visualization of studies data in OpenAlex).png | width2 = 300 | alt2 = Academic papers by discipline (visualization of 2012–2021 OpenAlex data; v2) | caption2 = A visualization of scientific outputs by field in OpenAlex.<ref name="openalexvis">{{cite web |title=Open Alex Data Evolution |url=https://observablehq.com/@napsternxg/open-alex-data-evolution |website=observablehq.com |date=8 February 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><br/>A study can be part of multiple fields and lower numbers of papers is not necessarily detrimental for fields. | image3 = Change of number of scientific papers by field (visualization of 2012–2021 OpenAlex data).png | alt3 = Change of number of scientific papers by field (visualization of 2012–2021 OpenAlex data) | caption3 = Graph illustrating the recent development or history of scientific outputs based on data in OpenAlex.org<ref name="openalexvis"/> }} '''سائنس جون شاخون'''، جن کي [[سائنس]]، سائنسي شعبو يا سائنسي مضمون به چيو ويندو آهي، عام طور تي ٽن وڏن گروهن ۾ ورهايل آهن: * فارمل سائنسز: رسمي نظامن جو مطالعو، جيئن ته [[منطق]] ۽ [[رياضي]] جي شاخن جي تحت، جيڪي تجرباتي، طريقي جي برخلاف، هڪ ''ترجيح'' استعمال ڪن ٿا. اهي [[رسمي سائنس|رسمي سسٽم]] پاران بيان ڪيل تجريدي جوڙجڪ جو مطالعو ڪن ٿا. * [[فطرتي سائنس|قدرتي سائنس]]: قدرتي واقعن جو مطالعو (جنهن ۾ [[سرشٽي|ڪائنات]] جي [[ڪائنات جو علم|سائنس]]، ارضياتي، [[فزڪس|طبیعیاتي]]، [[علم ڪيميا|ڪيميائي]] ۽ [[حياتيات|حياتياتي]] عنصر شامل آهن). قدرتي سائنس کي ٻن مکيه شاخن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو: * طبیعي سائنس ۽ لائف سائنس ([[حياتيات]]). * [[سماجي سائنس]] ۽ [[بشريات|انسانيات]]: [[روين جو علم|انساني رويو]] جو مطالعو ان جي سماجي ۽ ثقافتي پهلوئن ۾.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-science|title=social science {{!}} History, Disciplines, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-08-18}}</ref> [[سائنس|سائنسي]] علم لازمي طور تي مشاهدي واري رجحان تي ٻڌل هجڻ گهرجي ۽ ساڳئي حالتن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ٻين محققن طرفان تصديق ڪرڻ جي قابل هجڻ گهرجي.{{Sfn|Popper|2002}} اها تصديق، سائنسي نظم جي ''اندر'' شايد مختلف ٿي سگهي ٿي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-string-theory-science/|title=Is String Theory science?|last=Davide Castelvecchi, Nature Magazine|date=2015-12-23|publisher=Scientific American|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Editorial Staff|date=2016-03-03|title=Psychology's reproducibility problem|url=https://www.nature.com/news/psychology-s-reproducibility-problem-is-exaggerated-say-psychologists-1.19498|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.19498|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref> قدرتي، سماجي ۽ رسمي سائنس بنيادي سائنسن کي ٺاهيندا آهن، جيڪي بين العلمي تقسيم ۽ [[اطلاقي سائنس|اپلائيڊ سائنس]]، [[انجنيئرڱ|انجنيئرنگ]] ۽ [[طب]] جو بنياد ٺاهيندا آهن. خاص سائنسي مضمون جيڪي ڪيترن ئي ڀاڱن ۾ موجود هوندا آهن انهن ۾ ٻين سائنسي مضمونن جا حصا شامل هوندا آهن پر اڪثر انهن جا پنهنجا اصطلاح ۽ ماهر هوندا آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2007/03/scientific_method_relationship.php|title=Scientific Method: Relationships among Scientific Paradigms|last=Editorial Staff|date=March 7, 2008|publisher=Seed magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310222459/http://www.seedmagazine.com/news/2007/03/scientific_method_relationship.php|archive-date=March 10, 2007|access-date=2007-09-12}}</ref> ==رسمي سائنس== اصل مضمون: [[رسمي سائنس]] رسمي سائنس سائنس جون شاخون آھن جن جو تعلق رسمي نظامن سان آھي، جھڙوڪ [[منطق]]، [[علم رياضيات|رياضي]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس|نظرياتي ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[انفارميشن سائنس|انفارميشن ٿيوري]]، [[سِسٽم ٿيوري|سسٽم ٿيوري]]، [[شماريات]] وغیرہ. ٻين شاخن جي برعڪس، رسمي سائنسن جو تعلق حقيقي دنيا ۾ مشاهدن (تجرباتي علم) جي بنياد تي نظرين جي جانچ سان نه آهي، بلڪه وصفن ۽ قاعدن جي بنياد تي رسمي نظامن جي خاصيتن سان آھی. ان ڪري ان ڳالهه تي اختلاف آهي ته ڇا رسمي علوم اصل ۾ هڪ سائنس جي حيثيت رکن ٿا یا نہ. باضابطه سائنس جا طريقا، جيتوڻيڪ، سائنسي ماڊلز جي تعمير ۽ جانچ لاءِ ضروري آهن، جيڪي مشاهدي واري حقيقت سان واسطو رکن ٿا، ۽ رسمي سائنسن ۾ وڏيون ترقيون اڪثر ڪري تجرباتي سائنسن ۾ وڏيون ترقيون ڪيون آهن. ===منطق=== اصل مضمون: [[منطق]] منطق (يوناني:logiki:λογική کان؛ یعنی استدلال، عقل، جدلياتي، استدلال جو قبضو) صحيح قاعدن جو منظم مطالعو آهي، يعني اهي لاڳاپا جيڪي هڪ تجويز (نتيجو) جي بنياد تي، ٻين تجويزن جو هڪ سيٽ (مقام) کی قبول ڪن ٿا. وڌيڪ وسيع طور تي، منطق دليلن جو تجزيو ۽ جائزو آهي. اهو روايتي طور تي دليلن جي درجه بندي م شامل آهي؛ منطقي شڪلن جي منظم نموني؛ ڪٽائي واري دليل جي جانچ ۽ استحڪام؛ استدلال جي طاقت؛ باضابطه ثبوتن ۽ انفرنس جو مطالعو (بشمول تضاد ۽ فڪر)؛ ۽ نحو ۽ اصطلاح جو مطالعو. تاريخي طور تي، منطق فلسفو (قديم دور کان وٺي) ۽ رياضي (19ھین صدي جي وچ کان وٺي) ۾ اڀياس ڪئي وئي آهي. اڃا تازو، منطق جو اڀياس ڪيو ويو آهي [[ادراڪي اڀياس|سنجيدگي واري سائنس]] ۾، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]]، [[لسانيات]]، [[فلسفو]] ۽ [[نفسيات]] تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿو، ٻين مضمونن جي وچ ۾. ===ڊيٽا سائنس=== اصل مضمون: [[ڊيٽا سائنس]] ===انفارميشن سائنس=== اصل مضمون: [[اطلاع (اطلاعي نظريو)|انفارميشن سائنس]] انفارميشن سائنس هڪ تعليمي ميدان آهي جيڪو بنيادي طور تي معلومات جي تجزيي، گڏ ڪرڻ، درجه بندي، هٿرادو، اسٽوريج، حاصل ڪرڻ، حرڪت، ورهائڻ ۽ تحفظ سان لاڳاپيل آهي. فيلڊ جي اندر ۽ ٻاهران عمل ڪندڙ ماڻهن، تنظيمن ۽ ڪنهن به موجود معلوماتي سسٽم جي وچ ۾ رابطي کان علاوه ادارن ۾ ايپليڪيشن ۽ علم جي استعمال جو مطالعو ڪن ٿا، انفارميشن سسٽم ٺاهڻ، تبديل ڪرڻ، بهتر ڪرڻ، يا سمجهڻ جي مقصد سان. پڻ ڏسو: معلوماتي بصري ۽ DIKW پیرامڊ ===رياضيات=== اصل مضمون: [[علم رياضيات]] رياضيات، وسيع معنيٰ ۾، صرف رسمي سائنس جو مترادف آهي؛ پر روايتي طور تي رياضيات جو مطلب آهي وڌيڪ خاص طور تي چئن علائقن جو مطالعو: [[ارٿميٽڪ|رياضي]]، [[آلجبرا|الجبرا]]، [[جاميٽري]] ۽ تجزيو، جيڪي ڪنهن حد تائين، مقدار، ساخت، [[وٿي|خلا]] ۽ تبديليءَ جو اڀياس ڪن ٿا. ===شماريات=== اصل مضمون: [[شماريات]] شماريات ڊيٽا جي گڏ ڪرڻ، تنظيم، ۽ تشريح جو مطالعو آهي. اهو هن جي سڀني پهلوئن سان تعلق رکي ٿو، بشمول سروي ۽ تجربن جي ڊيزائن جي لحاظ کان ڊيٽا گڏ ڪرڻ جي منصوبابندي. شماريات دان اهو آهي جيڪو خاص طور تي شمارياتي تجزيي جي ڪامياب ايپليڪيشن لاءِ ضروري سوچڻ جي طريقن سان واقف هجي. اهڙن ماڻهن گهڻو ڪري اهو تجربو ڪنهن وڏي شعبي ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ ذريعي حاصل ڪيو آهي. اتي پڻ ھڪڙو نظم آھي جنھن کي رياضياتي شماريات سڏيو ويندو آھي، جيڪو موضوع جي نظرياتي بنياد سان تعلق رکي ٿو. لفظ انگ اکر، جڏهن سائنسي نظم جو حوالو ڏئي ٿو، اڪيلو آهي، جيئن ته "انگريزي هڪ فن آهي." هن کي انگن اکرن جي لفظ سان پريشان نه ٿيڻ گهرجي، هڪ مقدار جي حوالي سان (جهڙوڪ مطلب يا وچين) ڊيٽا جي هڪ سيٽ مان ڳڻيو ويو آهي، جنهن جي جمع انگ اکر آهي ("هي انگ اکر غلط لڳي ٿو" يا "اهي انگ اکر گمراهه ڪندڙ آهن"). ===نظام جو نظريو=== اصل مضمون: [[نظام جو نظريو]] ===فيصلي جو نظريو=== اصل مضمون: [[فيصلي جو نظريو]]. ===نظرياتي ڪمپيوٽر سائنس=== اصل مضمون: [[نظرياتي ڪمپيوٽر سائنس]] ==قدرتي سائنس== اصل مضمون: [[فطرتي سائنس]] قدرتي سائنس سائنس جي هڪ شاخ آهي جيڪا قدرتي رجحان جي وضاحت، پيش گوئي ۽ سمجھڻ سان لاڳاپيل آهي، مشاهدي ۽ تجربن مان تجرباتي ثبوتن جي بنياد تي. ميکانيزم جهڙوڪ پير صاحب جو جائزو ۽ نتيجن جي ورجائي قابليت کي سائنسي پيش رفت جي صحيحيت کي يقيني بڻائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ لاء استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. قدرتي سائنس کي ٻن مکيه شاخن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو: [[زندگي جي سائنسن جي فهرست|حياتياتي سائنس]] ۽ [[طبعي سائنس|جسماني سائنس]]. حياتياتي سائنس کي متبادل طور تي حياتيات جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۽ جسماني سائنس شاخن ۾ ورهايل آهي: [[فزڪس]]، [[ڪيمسٽري]]، [[فلڪيات]] ۽ [[ڌرتي سائنس]]. قدرتي سائنس جي انهن شاخن کي وڌيڪ خاص شاخن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو (جنهن کي فيلڊ پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي). ===طبعي سائنس=== اصل مضمون: [[طبعي سائنس]] فزيڪل سائنس قدرتي سائنس جي شاخن لاءِ هڪ جامع اصطلاح آهي، جيڪي زندگيءَ جي سائنسن جي ابتڙ، غير جاندار نظامن جو مطالعو ڪن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، اصطلاح "طبعي" هڪ غير ارادي، ڪنهن حد تائين تفاوت پيدا ڪري ٿو، ڇاڪاڻ ته فزيڪل سائنس جون ڪيتريون ئي شاخون پڻ حياتياتي رجحان جو مطالعو ڪن ٿيون. فزيڪل سائنس ۽ فزڪس ۾ فرق آهي. ====فزڪس==== مکيه مضمون: [[فزڪس]] ====ڪيمسٽري==== اصل مضمون: [[ڪيمسٽري]] ====ڌرتي سائنس==== اصل مضمون: [[ڌرتي سائنس]] ====ارضيات==== اصل مضمون: [[ارضيات]] ====سامونڊي سائنس يا بحري سائنس==== اصل مضمون: [[سامونڊي سائنس]] ====موسميات==== اصل مضمون: [[موسميات]] ====فلڪيات==== مکيه مضمون: [[فلڪيات]] ===حياتياتي سائنس=== اصل مضمون: [[حياتيات]] حياتياتي سائنس، جنهن کي حياتيات جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، هڪ قدرتي سائنس آهي جيڪا حياتيات جو مطالعو ڪري ٿي جهڙوڪ خوردبيني، ٻوٽن ۽ جانورن سميت انسانن، جن ۾ انهن جي جسماني ساخت، ڪيميائي عمل، ماليڪيولر رابطي، جسماني ميڪانيزم، ترقي، ۽ ارتقا شامل آهن. سائنس جي پيچيدگي جي باوجود، ڪجهه متحد تصورات ان کي هڪ واحد، مربوط فيلڊ ۾ مضبوط ڪن ٿا. حياتيات سيل کي زندگيءَ جي بنيادي يونٽ طور، جين کي وراثت جي بنيادي يونٽ طور، ۽ ارتقاءَ کي انجڻ جي طور تي تسليم ڪري ٿو جيڪو نسلن جي تخليق ۽ ختم ٿيڻ کي اڳتي وڌائي ٿو. زنده جاندار کليل نظام آهن جيڪي توانائي کي تبديل ڪندي ۽ انهن جي مقامي اينٽراپي کي گهٽائي هڪ مستحڪم ۽ اهم حالت برقرار رکڻ لاءِ زنده رهن ٿا جنهن کي هوموسٽاسيس چيو وڃي ٿو. ====حياتياتي ڪيميا==== اصل مضمون: [[حياتياتي ڪيميا]] ====مائڪرو بائيولاجي==== اصل مضمون: [[مائڪرو بائيولاجي]] ====نباتیات==== اصل مضمون: [[نباتاتيات|نباتاتیات]] ====حیوانیات==== اصل مضمون: [[حيوانيات|حیوانیات]] ====ماحوليات==== اصل مضمون: [[ماحوليات]] ==سماجي سائنس== اصل مضمون: [[سماجي سائنس]] ==اطلاقي سائنس== اصل مضمون: [[اطلاقي سائنس]] ==شاخن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپا== ==تخيلیات ۽ ميٽاسائنس== اصل مضمون: [[ميٽا سائنس|ميٽاسائنس]] [[ميٽا سائنس]] يا تخيلیات، سائنس جو حوالو ڏئي ٿو يا سائنس جي هڪ شعبي ۾ شامل آهي جيڪو خود سائنس بابت آهي. ==پڻ ڏسو== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:سائنس]] [[زمرو:سائنس جا شعبا]] [[زمرو:سائنس جون شاخون]] [[زمرو:CS1 maint: unfit URL]] 29d5g5qgpj5njsnqwqzs3zzpg2kj2e2 14 79027 370483 287725 2026-04-07T10:14:24Z Memon2025 21315 370483 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فلسفو]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ موضوع]] a4qxvcp10sfazn1l8u1iamf0c06ookt 14 89647 370297 353914 2026-04-06T12:36:11Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:سواري]]; added [[Category:سواري بلحاظ قسم]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370297 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سواري بلحاظ قسم]] [[زمرو:سمنڊ]] m7qtw9g2zraq30wqlh37xt2yn5yjt2m 0 89893 370413 354917 2026-04-07T05:13:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:سواري]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. == تاريخ == هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. == جوڙجڪ == عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. == ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول == هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. == قسم == هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) == استعمال == هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق == حفاظت == جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[فضائي رَٿَ]] * [[هيليڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئرپورٽ]] * [[هوابازي]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:سواري]] 9s6ldot5zbv9emd3zjaho3dsxkm11gv 370420 370413 2026-04-07T05:28:44Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 370420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. == تاريخ == هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. == جوڙجڪ == عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. == ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول == هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. == قسم == هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) == استعمال == هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق == حفاظت == جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[فضائي رَٿَ]] * [[هيليڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئرپورٽ]] * [[هوابازي]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:سواري جي قسمون]] kigf2xf46oqct5fg59o5y4ohs717434 370421 370420 2026-04-07T05:29:14Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:سواري بلحاظ قسم]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. == تاريخ == هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. == جوڙجڪ == عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. == ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول == هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. == قسم == هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) == استعمال == هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق == حفاظت == جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[فضائي رَٿَ]] * [[هيليڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئرپورٽ]] * [[هوابازي]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:سواري جي قسمون]] [[زمرو:سواري بلحاظ قسم]] pp8df48pammesc4w4y9363gjr8vdcpx 370422 370421 2026-04-07T05:29:46Z Ibne maryam 17680 370422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|هوا ۾ اُڏامندڙ ٽرانسپورٽ جو ذريعو}} [[فائل:Airplane silhouette.png|thumb|200px|هڪ عام هوائي جهاز جي شڪل]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. == تاريخ == هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. == جوڙجڪ == عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. == ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول == هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. == قسم == هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) == استعمال == هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق == حفاظت == جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[فضائي رَٿَ]] * [[هيليڪاپٽر]] * [[ايئرپورٽ]] * [[هوابازي]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:سواري بلحاظ قسم]] 5ecjqjeh9qf3jsoo3a5kuxw1z11gorx 0 89895 370299 370255 2026-04-06T12:38:25Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 370299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|عمودي اڏام ڪندڙ هوائي جھاز}} [[File: Helicopter.jpg|thumb]] '''هيلي ڪاپٽر''' (انگريزي: Helicopter) هڪ قسم جو هوائي جھاز آهي جيڪو گهمندڙ پرن (Rotors) جي مدد سان عمودي طور اڏامي ۽ لهي سگهي ٿو. ٻين مقرر پرن وارن جھازن جي برعڪس، هيلي ڪاپٽر کي ڊگهي رن وي جي ضرورت نہ هوندي آهي ۽ اهو محدود جڳھن تي بہ لھڻ ۽ اڏامڻ جي صلاحيت رکي ٿو. هيلي ڪاپٽر جديد هوابازي جو اهم حصو آهن ۽ فوجي، امدادي، طبي، سروي ۽ ٽرانسپورٽ سميت ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ استعمال ٿين ٿا. == تاريخ == هيليڪاپٽر جو تصور قديم زماني کان موجود رهيو آهي، پر عملي ترقي 20هين صدي ۾ ٿي. 1939ع ۾ روسي-آمريڪي انجنيئر [[اگور سڪورسڪي]] (Igor Sikorsky) پھريون ڪامياب جديد هيليڪاپٽر VS-300 تيار ڪيو، جنھن بعد جديد روٽرڪرافٽ ڊيزائن جي شروعات ٿي. ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ هيليڪاپٽر ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ وڏي ترقي ٿي. == جوڙجڪ == هيليڪاپٽر عام طور تي هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * مکيہ روٽر (Main rotor) – لفٽ ۽ حرڪت لاءِ * ٽيل روٽر (Tail rotor) – توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ * فيوزليج (Fuselage) – مرڪزي جسم * لينڊنگ اسڪڊ يا گيئر – لھڻ لاءِ * ڪاڪپٽ (Cockpit) – پائلٽ جي ڪنٽرول لاءِ == ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول == هيليڪاپٽر لفٽ پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ تيزي سان گهمندڙ پرن استعمال ڪندو آهي. روٽر جي گردش هوا کي هيٺ ڌڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري ٿي، جنھن سان جھاز عمودي اڏام ڪري ٿو. پائلٽ Collective ۽ Cyclic ڪنٽرول ذريعي اوچائي ۽ رخ تبديل ڪري سگهي ٿو. == قسم == هيليڪاپٽر مختلف ڊيزائن ۽ مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن: === فوجي هيليڪاپٽر === * حملي لاءِ (Attack helicopters) * ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ فوجي امداد === شھري هيليڪاپٽر === * مسافر بردار * هوائي ايمبولينس * پوليس ۽ نگراني === خاص مقصد === * ڳولا ۽ بچاءُ (Search and Rescue) * باھ وسائڻ * زرعي اسپري == استعمال == هيليڪاپٽرن جا اهم استعمال: * هنگامي طبي امداد * فوجي ڪارروايون * جبلن ۽ ڏورانهن علائقن ۾ رسائي * سمنڊ ۾ ريسڪيو * خبرن ۽ فلم سازي == فائدا == * عمودي اڏام ۽ لينڊنگ * هڪ هنڌ تي هوا ۾ بيھڻ (Hovering) * محدود جڳھن ۾ آپريشن == نقصان == * مقرر پرن وارن جھازن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ رفتار * وڌيڪ تيل خرچ * سار سنڀال پيچيده == حفاظت == جديد هيليڪاپٽرن ۾ خودڪار استحڪام، GPS نيويگيشن ۽ ترقي يافتہ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جيڪي پروازن کي وڌيڪ محفوظ بڻائين ٿا. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[هوائي جھاز]] * [[هوابازي]] * [[ڊرون]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == * [https://www.faa.gov Federal Aviation Administration] [[زمرو:هيلي ڪاپٽر]] [[زمرو:فوجي سواريون]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جون فوجي سواريون]] 2so9cha9eoqx86b732rp3g91l1amo0i 0 90120 370496 355580 2026-04-07T11:45:58Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 370496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = وڪٽر هيوگو | native_name = Victor-Marie Hugo | image = Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat 1876.jpg | caption = وڪٽر هيوگو (1876ع جو پورٽريٽ) | birth_date = 26 فيبروري 1802 | birth_place = بيسانڪون، فرانس | death_date = {{Death date and age|1885|5|22|1802|2|26}} | death_place = پئرس، فرانس | occupation = ناول نگار، شاعر، ڊراما نگار، سياستدان | era = رومانيت (Romanticism) | notable_works = [[ليس ميزرابيلز]] (Les Misérables)، [[نوتري ڊيم جو روي]] (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame) | signature = Victor Hugo Signature.svg }} '''وڪٽر-ماري هيوگو''' (Victor-Marie Hugo؛ 26 فيبروري 1802 – 22 مئي 1885) هڪ فرانسيسي رومانوي اديب، شاعر، مضمون نگار، ڊراما نگار، صحافي ۽ انساني حقن جو ڪارڪن هو. کيس فرانس جي سڀ کان مشھور ۽ بااثر اديبن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. == مشھور تصنيفون == وڪٽر هيوگو جا سڀ کان مشھور ناول '''دي هنچ بيڪ آف نوتري ڊيم''' (The Hunchback of Notre-Dame، 1831ع) ۽ '''ليس ميزرابيلز''' (Les Misérables، 1862ع) آهن. فرانس ۾، هيوگو پنهنجي شاعريءَ جي مجموعن، جهڙوڪ "Les Contemplations" ۽ "La Légende des siècles" جي ڪري تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي. هو پنهنجي ناٽڪن "ڪرومويل" ۽ "هرناني" ذريعي رومانوي ادبي تحريڪ جي صفِ اول ۾ رهيو. سندس لکتن نه رڳو ادب پر موسيقيءَ کي به متاثر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ اوپيرا "ريگوليٽو" (Rigoletto) ۽ مشهور ميوزيڪلز شامل آهن. هن پنهنجي زندگيءَ ۾ 4,000 کان وڌيڪ تصويرون (Drawings) پڻ ٺاهيون. == سياسي زندگي ۽ سماجي ڪم == هيوگو سماجي سڌارن، خاص طور تي موت جي سزا جي خاتمي ۽ غلاميءَ جي خلاف سخت مهم هلائي. نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو شاهي نظام (Royalist) جو حامي هو، پر وقت گذرڻ سان سندس خيال تبديل ٿيا ۽ هو جمهوريت جو پُرجوش حامي بڻجي ويو. هن سياست ۾ ڊپٽي ۽ سينيٽر طور به خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس ڪم پنهنجي دور جي سياسي ۽ سماجي مسئلن جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو. == وفات ۽ ورثو == وڪٽر هيوگو 22 مئي 1885ع تي 83 سالن جي عمر ۾ وفات ڪئي. سندس آخري رسمن ۾ پئرس جي رستن تي 20 لک کان وڌيڪ ماڻهو شريڪ ٿيا، جيڪا فرانس جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي جنازي جي نماز هئي. کيس پئرس جي مشهور عمارت "پينٿيون" (Panthéon) ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو. == پڻ ڏسندا == * [[فرانسيسي ادب]] * [[رومانيت]] * [[ناول نگارن جي فهرست]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] [[Category:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[Category:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[Category:1802ع جون پيدائشون]] [[Category:1885ع جون وفاتون]] [[Category:انساني حقن جا ڪارڪن]] h116dflj43i7osyzyjgl8glr3el542p 0 90125 370499 355671 2026-04-07T11:48:02Z Memon2025 21315 370499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = موليير | native_name = Jean-Baptiste Poquelin | image = Moliere - Nicolas Mignard (1658).jpg | caption = موليير جو هڪ پورٽريٽ (1658ع) | birth_date = 15 جنوري 1622 (بپتسما) | birth_place = پئرس، فرانس | death_date = {{Death date and age|1673|2|17|1622|1|15}} | death_place = پئرس، فرانس | occupation = ڊراما نگار، اداڪار، شاعر | language = فرانسيسي | notable_works = [[ٽارٽوفي]] (Tartuffe)، دي مائيزر (The Miser)، دي ايميجنري انويلڊ (The Imaginary Invalid) | signature = Moliere signature.svg }} '''جان بيپٽسٽ پوڪلن''' (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin؛ 15 جنوري 1622 – 17 فيبروري 1673)، جيڪو پنهنجي اسٽيج جي نالي '''موليير''' (Molière) سان مشهور آهي، هڪ فرانسيسي ڊراما نگار، اداڪار ۽ شاعر هو. کيس فرانسيسي ٻوليءَ ۽ عالمي ادب جي عظيم ترين ليکڪن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. هن جي اثر سبب اڪثر فرانسيسي ٻوليءَ کي "مولئير جي ٻولي" (Language of Molière) چيو ويندو آهي. == شروعاتي زندگي ۽ ٿيٽر == موليير هڪ خوشحال خاندان ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ اعليٰ تعليم حاصل ڪيائين. تيرهن سالن تائين هڪ گهمندڙ اداڪار طور ڪم ڪرڻ دوران هن پنهنجي مزاحيا صلاحيتن کي نياريو. هن اطالوي "ڪاميڊيا ڊيل آرٽي" (Commedia dell'arte) جي عنصرن کي فرانسيسي مزاح سان ملائي هڪ نئون رنگ متعارف ڪرايو. == شاهي سرپرستي ۽ ڪاميابي == فرانس جي بادشاھ '''لوئي چوڏهين''' (Louis XIV) جي ڀاءُ، فلپ اول جي سرپرستي هيٺ، مولئير کي لوور (Louvre) محل ۾ بادشاهه جي سامهون پرفارم ڪرڻ جو موقعو مليو. هن جي ڪم کان متاثر ٿي بادشاهه کيس ٿيٽر لاءِ جڳهه ۽ مالي مدد فراهم ڪئي. سندس گروپ کي "بادشاهه جو گروپ" (Troupe du Roi) جو لقب مليو. هن "دي اسڪول فار وائوز" ۽ "دي افيڪٽڊ ليڊيز" جهڙن ڊرامن ذريعي پئرس جي عوام ۾ وڏي شهرت ماڻي. == تڪرار ۽ طنز == جيتوڻيڪ هو دربار ۽ عوام ۾ مقبول هو، پر سندس طنزيه ڊرامن ڪيترن ئي حلقن کي ناراض ڪيو. سندس مشهور ڊرامي '''ٽارٽوفي''' (Tartuffe) ۾ مذهبي منافقت تي ڪيل تنقيد سبب ڪيٿولڪ چرچ پاران ان تي پابندي مڙهي وئي. اهڙي طرح "ڊان جوآن" (Dom Juan) کي به اسٽيج تان هٽايو ويو. == آخري وقت ۽ وفات == موليير ڦڦڙن جي ٽي بي (Tuberculosis) جي بيماريءَ ۾ مبتلا هو. 1673ع ۾، پنهنجي آخري ڊرامي "دي ايميجنري انويلڊ" (The Imaginary Invalid) جي پرفارمنس دوران، کيس رت جي الٽي ٿي. حيرت جي ڳالهه اها آهي ته ان وقت هو اسٽيج تي هڪ اهڙي بيمار جو ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو هو جنهن کي لڳندو هو ته هو بيمار آهي پر اصل ۾ نه هو. هن پرفارمنس ته مڪمل ڪئي پر ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کانپوءِ وفات ڪري ويو. == پڻ ڏسندا == * [[فرانسيسي ادب]] * [[ڊرامو]] * [[ڪاميڊي]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] [[Category:فرانسيسي ڊراما نگار]] [[Category:فرانسيسي اداڪار]] [[Category:1622ع جون پيدائشون]] [[Category:1673ع جون وفاتون]] [[Category:فرانسيسي شاعر]] chskd3mnbc704vh49zlj9cvoee2lh9j 370500 370499 2026-04-07T11:50:03Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 370500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = موليير | native_name = Jean-Baptiste Poquelin | image = Moliere - Nicolas Mignard (1658).jpg | caption = موليير جو هڪ پورٽريٽ (1658ع) | birth_date = 15 جنوري 1622 (بپتسما) | birth_place = پئرس، فرانس | death_date = {{Death date and age|1673|2|17|1622|1|15}} | death_place = پئرس، فرانس | occupation = ڊراما نگار، اداڪار، شاعر | language = فرانسيسي | notable_works = [[ٽارٽوفي]] (Tartuffe)، دي مائيزر (The Miser)، دي ايميجنري انويلڊ (The Imaginary Invalid) | signature = Moliere signature.svg }} '''جان بيپٽسٽ پوڪلن''' (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin؛ 15 جنوري 1622 – 17 فيبروري 1673)، جيڪو پنهنجي اسٽيج جي نالي '''موليير''' (Molière) سان مشهور آهي، هڪ فرانسيسي ڊراما نگار، اداڪار ۽ شاعر هو. کيس فرانسيسي ٻوليءَ ۽ عالمي ادب جي عظيم ترين ليکڪن مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. هن جي اثر سبب اڪثر فرانسيسي ٻوليءَ کي "مولئير جي ٻولي" (Language of Molière) چيو ويندو آهي. == شروعاتي زندگي ۽ ٿيٽر == موليير هڪ خوشحال خاندان ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ اعليٰ تعليم حاصل ڪيائين. تيرهن سالن تائين هڪ گهمندڙ اداڪار طور ڪم ڪرڻ دوران هن پنهنجي مزاحيا صلاحيتن کي نياريو. هن اطالوي "ڪاميڊيا ڊيل آرٽي" (Commedia dell'arte) جي عنصرن کي فرانسيسي مزاح سان ملائي هڪ نئون رنگ متعارف ڪرايو. == شاهي سرپرستي ۽ ڪاميابي == فرانس جي بادشاھ '''لوئي چوڏهين''' (Louis XIV) جي ڀاءُ، فلپ اول جي سرپرستي هيٺ، مولئير کي لوور (Louvre) محل ۾ بادشاهه جي سامهون پرفارم ڪرڻ جو موقعو مليو. هن جي ڪم کان متاثر ٿي بادشاهه کيس ٿيٽر لاءِ جڳهه ۽ مالي مدد فراهم ڪئي. سندس گروپ کي "بادشاهه جو گروپ" (Troupe du Roi) جو لقب مليو. هن "دي اسڪول فار وائوز" ۽ "دي افيڪٽڊ ليڊيز" جهڙن ڊرامن ذريعي پئرس جي عوام ۾ وڏي شهرت ماڻي. == تڪرار ۽ طنز == جيتوڻيڪ هو دربار ۽ عوام ۾ مقبول هو، پر سندس طنزيه ڊرامن ڪيترن ئي حلقن کي ناراض ڪيو. سندس مشهور ڊرامي '''ٽارٽوفي''' (Tartuffe) ۾ مذهبي منافقت تي ڪيل تنقيد سبب ڪيٿولڪ چرچ پاران ان تي پابندي مڙهي وئي. اهڙي طرح "ڊان جوآن" (Dom Juan) کي به اسٽيج تان هٽايو ويو. == آخري وقت ۽ وفات == موليير ڦڦڙن جي ٽي بي (Tuberculosis) جي بيماريءَ ۾ مبتلا هو. 1673ع ۾، پنهنجي آخري ڊرامي "دي ايميجنري انويلڊ" (The Imaginary Invalid) جي پرفارمنس دوران، کيس رت جي الٽي ٿي. حيرت جي ڳالهه اها آهي ته ان وقت هو اسٽيج تي هڪ اهڙي بيمار جو ڪردار ادا ڪري رهيو هو جنهن کي لڳندو هو ته هو بيمار آهي پر اصل ۾ نه هو. هن پرفارمنس ته مڪمل ڪئي پر ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کانپوءِ وفات ڪري ويو. == پڻ ڏسندا == * [[فرانسيسي ادب]] * [[ڊرامو]] * [[ڪاميڊي]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ڊراما نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي اداڪار]] [[Category:1622ع جون پيدائشون]] [[Category:1673ع جون وفاتون]] q07juamm0gba1q8wl87phrz4hhwtqmx 0 90127 370495 355673 2026-04-07T11:44:37Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 370495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = مارسيل پروسٽ | native_name = Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust | image = Marcel Proust 1900.jpg | caption = مارسيل پروسٽ (تقريباً 1900ع جو پورٽريٽ) | birth_date = 10 جولاءِ 1871 | birth_place = پئرس، فرانس | death_date = {{Death date and age|1922|11|18|1871|7|10}} | death_place = پئرس، فرانس | occupation = ناول نگار، ادبي نقاد، مضمون نگار | era = جديديت (Modernism) | notable_works = [[گم ٿيل وقت جي ڳولا ۾]] (À la recherche du temps perdu) | signature = Signature de Marcel Proust.jpg }} '''مارسيل پروسٽ''' (Marcel Proust؛ 10 جولاءِ 1871 – 18 نومبر 1922) هڪ فرانسيسي ناول نگار، ادبي نقاد ۽ مضمون نگار هو. کيس 20هين صديءَ جي سڀ کان بااثر اديبن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي. هو پنهنجي عظيم ناول '''گم ٿيل وقت جي ڳولا ۾''' (À la recherche du temps perdu) جي ڪري سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو 1913ع ۽ 1927ع جي وچ ۾ ستن جلدن ۾ شايع ٿيو. == شروعاتي زندگي == پروسٽ پئرس جي هڪ امير گهراڻي ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس پيءُ، ايڊرين پروسٽ، هڪ مشهور طبيب ۽ وبائي مرضن جو ماهر هو. ننڍپڻ کان ئي پروسٽ کي سهڪي (Asthma) جي سخت بيماري هئي، جنهن ڪري سندس تعليم متاثر ٿي. نوجوانيءَ ۾ هن پئرس جي اعليٰ طبقي جي محفلن (Salons) ۾ شرڪت ڪئي، جتان کيس پنهنجي ناول لاءِ ڪردار ۽ موضوع مليا. == شاهڪار تخليق: گم ٿيل وقت جي ڳولا ۾ == 1908ع ۾ پروسٽ پنهنجي مشهور ناول تي ڪم شروع ڪيو. هي ناول تقريباً 12 لک 50 هزار لفظن تي ٻڌل آهي. ان جا اهم موضوع هي آهن: * **يادگيري (Memory):** خاص طور تي غير ارادي يادگيري جو تصور. * **فن ۽ محبت:** انساني تجربن جي گهرائي. * **سماجي طبقو:** پئرس جي اعليٰ سوسائٽي جو تجزيو. هن ناول "شعور جي رو" ([[Stream of consciousness]]) واري ادبي ٽيڪنيڪ کي اڳتي وڌائڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ناول جا ڪجهه حصا سندس وفات کانپوءِ سندس ڀاءُ رابرٽ پاران ترتيب ڏئي شايع ڪرايا ويا. == وفات ۽ ورثو == پروسٽ پنهنجي زندگيءَ جا آخري ٽي سال بيماريءَ سبب گهر تائين محدود گذاريا، پر ان دوران به هن پنهنجي ناول کي مڪمل ڪرڻ جاري رکيو. هو 1922ع ۾ 51 سالن جي عمر ۾ نمونيا جي ڪري وفات ڪري ويو. کيس پئرس جي مشهور قبرستان "پيئر لاشيز" (Père Lachaise) ۾ دفن ڪيو ويو. جديد ادب جي ترقيءَ ۾ پروسٽ جي ناول کي هڪ بنيادي پٿر جي حيثيت حاصل آهي، ۽ اڄ به دنيا جي وڏن اديبن ۽ نقادن پاران ان جو گهرو مطالعو ڪيو وڃي ٿو. == پڻ ڏسندا == * [[فرانسيسي ادب]] * [[جديديت]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[Category:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] [[Category:1871ع جون پيدائشون]] [[Category:1922ع جون وفاتون]] [[Category:جديديت پسند اديب]] 3mo3bjmslgby3okk0ywdpiyqkz68rc0 0 90706 370497 357447 2026-04-07T11:46:40Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 370497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = سارا برن ھارٽ | image = [[File:Sarah Bernhardt - 1864 - Nadar.jpg|250px]] | caption = سارا برن ھارٽ جي هڪ مشهور تصوير (1864ع). | birth_name = هينريٽ روزين برنارڊ | birth_date = 22 آڪٽوبر 1844 | death_date = 26 مارچ 1923 (78 سال) | nationality = فرانسيسي | occupation = اسٽيج ۽ فلم اداڪاره، مجسمہ ساز، ليکڪا | known_for = "دي ڊيوائن سارا"، هيملٽ جو ڪردار، آرٽ نووو جي فروغ }} '''سارا برن ھارٽ''' (Sarah Bernhardt) 19هين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ 20هين صديءَ جي شروعات جي هڪ مشهور فرانسيسي اسٽيج اداڪاره هئي. کيس "دنيا جي سڀ کان مشهور اداڪاره" ۽ "دي ڊيوائن سارا" (The Divine Sarah) جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو. هن نه صرف عورتن جا، پر مردن جا ڪردار پڻ وڏي مهارت سان ادا ڪيا، جن ۾ شيڪسپيئر جو '''هيملٽ''' (Hamlet) سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور آهي. == فنڪارانه زندگي ۽ مشهور ڊراما == سارا برن ھارٽ پنهنجي "سونهري آواز" (Golden voice) ۽ پنهنجي مخصوص اشارن جي ڪري مشهور هئي. هن ڪيترن ئي مشهور فرانسيسي ڊرامن ۾ مرڪزي ڪردار ادا ڪيا: * '''La Dame aux Camélias:''' اليگزينڊر ڊوماس فيلس پاران لکيل. * '''Ruy Blas:''' وڪٽر هيوگو پاران لکيل. * '''L'Aiglon:''' ايڊمنڊ روسٽينڊ پاران لکيل، جنهن ۾ هن نپولين جي پٽ جو ڪردار ادا ڪيو. == آرٽ نووو ۽ الفونس موچا == سارا برن ھارٽ جو آرٽ جي دنيا ۾ هڪ ٻيو وڏو حصو چيڪ فنڪار '''الفونس موچا''' (Alphonse Mucha) جي شهرت ۾ آهي. جڏهن موچا سارا جي ڊرامي "گزمنڊا" (Gismonda) لاءِ هڪ پوسٽر ڊيزائين ڪيو، ته ان جي '''آرٽ نووو''' (Art Nouveau) انداز سڄي پيرس کي حيران ڪري ڇڏيو. سارا ان جي ڪم کان ايتري متاثر ٿي جو هن موچا سان 6 سالن جو معاهدو ڪيو، جنهن کيس عالمي شهرت ڏياري. == جديد ميڊيا جو آغاز == سارا برن ھارٽ انهن پهرين اداڪارائن مان هئي جن اسٽيج کان ٻاهر به پنهنجي فن کي محفوظ ڪيو: * '''خاموش فلمون:''' هن ابتدائي خاموش فلمن ۾ ڪم ڪيو، جن ۾ "ڪوئن ايلزبيٿ" (1912) تمام گهڻي ڪامياب وئي. * '''آواز جي رڪارڊنگ:''' هن ٿامس ايڊيسن جي فونوگراف ذريعي پنهنجي آواز کي پڻ رڪارڊ ڪرايو. == اضافي معلومات == * '''هڪ گهڻ رخي شخصيت:''' اداڪاريءَ سان گڏ، سارا هڪ ماهر مجسمہ ساز (Sculptor) ۽ ليکڪا پڻ هئي. هن پنهنجا ڪجهه مجسمه عالمي نمائشن ۾ پيش ڪيا. * '''عزم جي علامت:''' 1915ع ۾ بيماريءَ سبب سندس هڪ ٽنگ ڪٽجي وئي، پر ان جي باوجود هن ويٺي يا هڪ جاءِ تي بيهي اداڪاري جاري رکي ۽ پنهنجي فن سان لڳاءُ ختم نه ڪيو. * '''عالمي دورا:''' هن آمريڪا، يورپ ۽ ڏکڻ آمريڪا جا ڪيترائي دورا ڪيا، جتي هزارين ماڻهو سندس هڪ جهلڪ ڏسڻ لاءِ گڏ ٿيندا هئا. == وفات == سارا برن ھارٽ 1923ع ۾ پيرس ۾ وفات ڪئي. سندس جنازي ۾ لکين ماڻهن شرڪت ڪئي، جيڪو سندس مقبوليت جو وڏو ثبوت هو. == وڌيڪ ڏسو == * [[ڊرامو]] * [[فرانسيسي ادب]] * [[آرٽ نووو]] == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي اداڪارائون]] [[زمرو:اسٽيج اداڪار]] [[زمرو:ويهين صدي جون شخصيتون]] ac0yu1fkn112eurfugijkdlxrq8x42t 14 91304 370298 359204 2026-04-06T12:37:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 370298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] o73qil1njexaofdka158mvcwtn46tcx 370300 370298 2026-04-06T12:38:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 370300 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فوجي سواريون]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] k6toy8taqtyixefrc64hmqwkz564wth 0 94652 370325 370174 2026-04-06T15:22:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 370325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''غوري-I''' (اردو: {{langx|ur|غوری-ا}}، فوجي نالو: '''حتف-5'''، [[لپي مٽ لکت|''ٽرانس'']] : ''ٽارگيٽ-5'' ) هڪ [[زمين کان زمين ميزائل|زمين تي ٻڌل]] وچولي فاصلي وارو بيلسٽڪ ميزائل آهي، جيڪو موجوده طور تي [[پاڪستان فوج|پاڪستان آرمي]] جي اسٽريٽجڪ ڪمانڊ سان گڏ خدمت ۾ آهي. <ref name="Express Tribune, 2015">{{Cite news|last1=WEb Desk|title=Pakistan successfully test fires Ghauri Missile|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/870256/pakistan-successfully-test-fires-ghauri-missile/|quote=16 April 2015|work=The Express Tribune|date=15 April 2015}}</ref> [[اتر ڪوريا]] جي نوڊونگ-1 جي پروپيلنٽ ڊيزائن کان متاثر ٿي، ان جي وسيع ترميم، وارهيڊ جو ڊيزائن، اسيمبلي ۽ ان جي ڪنٽرول سسٽم جي انجنيئرنگ <small>1994-2001ع</small> ۾ خان ريسرچ ليبارٽريز (KRL) ۾ هڪ اليڪٽرانڪ سسٽم تيار ڪرڻ جي مقصد سان ڪئي وئي، جيڪا 700 ڪلوگرام جي پي لوڊ کي 1500 ڪلوميٽر جي حد تائين کڻڻ لاءِ سنگل اسٽيج مائع ايندھن راڪيٽ موٽر استعمال ڪري ٿو. هي رينج [[ڀارت|هندستان]] جي خلاف پاڪستان جي ايٽمي ڊيٽرنس کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ لاڳو ٿئي ٿي. '''غوري''' جي نالي سان ڪوڊ نالو ڏنل، هي ميزائل سال 1987ع ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ خفيه حتف پروگرام جي حصي طور تيار ڪيو ويو هو. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=May 1998|quote=15 May 2007|archivedate=2 November 2015}}</ref> بعد ۾ اهو پروگرام غوري-III ۽ غوري-II جي ترقي ۾ تبديل ٿيو جيڪو هاڻي منسوخ ٿيل آهن، جيڪا <small>2300</small> ڪلوميٽر (1400 ميل) جي وڌندڙ رينج لاءِ موٽر اسيمبلي جي ڊيگهه ۽ بهتر پروپيلنٽ استعمال ڪري ٿو. ''غوري کي'' ASFC ۾ "حتف-5" فوجي نالي سان مقرر ڪيو ويو آهي جنهن جو مطلب آهي "نشانو-5". <ref name="Pakistan's Missile Technology">{{حوالو ويب|quote=15 May 2007|archivedate=2 November 2015}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:غوري ميزائل]] [[زمرو:ميزائل]] [[زمرو:بيلسٽڪ ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا بيلسٽڪ ميزائل]] 5nuddyj00fp0wt4aqp5r1hv9r1u55u3 0 94679 370314 370289 2026-04-06T14:30:27Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 370314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس (PAC) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (CAC) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (PAF) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي اي-5 سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي، ميراج III ۽ ميراج 5 جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار ماخ 1.6 آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - PL-5 ميزائل سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==Development== ===Background=== The JF-17 was designed and developed primarily to meet the PAF requirement for an affordable,<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]] |title=Pakistan expands fighter force |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force |date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force |archive-date=5 November 2011 }}</ref> unsanctionable, fourth-generation, lightweight, multi-role combat aircraft as a replacement for its large fleet of third-generation [[Nanchang Q-5|Nanchang A-5C]] [[bomber]]s, [[Chengdu J-7|Chengdu F-7P/PG]] [[Interceptor aircraft|interceptor]]s, [[Dassault Mirage III|Mirage III]] multi-role combat aircraft, and [[Dassault Mirage 5|Mirage 5]] [[Attack aircraft|strike aircraft]], with a cost of {{US$|500&nbsp;million|link=yes}}, divided equally between Pakistan and China.<ref name="fighter-planes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft was also intended to have export potential as a cost-effective and competitive alternative to more expensive Western fighters.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}}<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The development of this aircraft was headed by [[Yang Wei (aircraft designer)|Yang Wei]], considered to be China's "ace designer",<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> who also designed the [[Chengdu J-20]]. By 1989, because of economic sanctions by the US, Pakistan had abandoned [[Project Sabre II]], a design study involving US aircraft manufacturer [[Grumman]] and China, and had decided to redesign and upgrade the Chengdu F-7.<ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14–20 March 1990 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II |access-date=18 October 2009 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II }}</ref> In 1988, China and Grumman carried out a nine-month preliminary design study of the Super 7, an upgrade of the Chengdu F-7.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html |date=26 November 1988 |work=Flight International |access-date=15 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> Grumman left the project when sanctions were placed on China following the political fallout from the 1989 [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square protests]]. After Grumman left the Chengdu Super 7 project, the project was abandoned and, in its place, the Fighter China-1 (FC-1) project was launched in 1991.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong |work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> In 1995, Pakistan and China signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] (MoU) for joint design and development of a new fighter, and over the next few years worked out the project details.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004">{{citation | first = Alan | last = Warnes | title = Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap | work = [[Air Forces Monthly]] | date = July 2004 | page = 33}}</ref> In June 1995, [[Mikoyan]] had joined the project to provide "design support", this also involved the secondment of several engineers by CAC.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter |work=[[Flight International]] |date=21 June 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> ===Launch of FC-1 project=== {{Expand section|1=China's role and contributions in Fighter China-1 (FC-1) project|section=1|date=July 2021|small=no}} [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 in [[İzmir]], Turkey for the 2011 Izmir Air Show]] In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, [[Inertial navigation system]], [[Head-up display]], and [[Multi-function display]]s. Competing bids came from [[Thomson-CSF]] with a variant of the [[Radar Doppler Multitarget|Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY)]], [[SAGEM]] with a similar avionics package to those used in the [[Project ROSE|ROSE upgrade project]], and [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now [[SELEX Galileo]]) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF.<ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision |work=[[Flight International]] |date=18 October 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a [[letter of intent]] covering airframe development. Russia's [[Klimov]] offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.<ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title= China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work | work = [[Flight International]] |date= 4 March 1998 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |access-date= 28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |url-status= live | archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> In April 1999, South Africa's [[Denel]] offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported [[R-Darter (missile)|R-Darter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=28 April 1999 |work=Flight International |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Previously in 1987, [[Pratt & Whitney]] offered the Super-7 project three engine options; [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1212]], [[General Electric F404|F404]], and [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1216]], with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the [[airframe]] from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed |work=[[Flight International]] |date= 12 November 2002 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |access-date=21 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The first batch of [[Klimov RD-93]] turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.<ref name="Janes"/> According to a [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the [[Chengdu J-10]]. The official said, "This transfer of technology{{mdash}}transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17{{mdash}}is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price |url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |date=23 November 2010 |work=AviationWeek.com |publisher=Viadeo |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[computer-aided design]] software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Flight testing and redesigning=== The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests |work=[[Flight International]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the [[SARS#Outbreak in south China|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com"/> The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point.<ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies |work=[[Flight International]] |date=9 September 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, [[Chengdu]], on 27 June 2003.<ref name="Janes"/> The maiden flight was made in late August 2003;<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com"/> an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17 |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 March 2004 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan-ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up |work=Flight International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari" />{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==Design== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|Front View]] ===Airframe=== The airframe is of [[Fuselage#Semi-monocoque|semi-monocoque]] structure constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The retractable undercarriage has a [[Landing gear#Gear arrangements|tricycle arrangement]] with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvrees involving high angles of attack.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The mid-mounted wings are of [[cropped-delta]] configuration. Near the [[wing root]] are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvrees. A conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving [[stabilator]]s, single [[vertical stabiliser]], [[rudder]], and twin ventral fins. The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw]] and [[Aircraft principal axes#Longitudinal axis (roll)|roll]] axis and a digital [[Fly-by-wire#Fly by wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (FBW) system in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Transverse axis (pitch)|pitch axis]]. The [[leading-edge slat]]s/[[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s and [[Trailing edge]] [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.<ref name="cnair"/> Up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the [[hardpoint]]s, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Cockpit=== [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==Operational history== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==Variants== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operators== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with current JF-17 operators in blue]] ===Current operators=== '''{{AZE}}''' * [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]]: 5 delivered,<ref name="azeri1"/><ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1"/> '''{{MYA}}''' * [[Myanmar Air Force]]: 13 delivered, 3 on order<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** [[Meiktila Air Base]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * [[Nigerian Air Force]]: 3 delivered<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** NAF Base [[Makurdi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * [[Pakistan Air Force]]: 161 delivered, 27 on order<ref name="SHEPHARD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei"/> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Masroor]] (Karachi) *** [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]] ''Minhasians'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** [[No. 8 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 8 Squadron]] ''Haiders'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Minhas]] (Kamra) *** JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron ''Black Panthers'']] (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Mushaf]] (Sargodha) *** CCS JF-17 Squadron ''Dashings'' (2015)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Peshawar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 Squadron ''Black Spiders'']] (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Rafiqui]] (Shorkot)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** [[No. 14 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 14 Squadron]] ''Tail Choppers'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Samungli]] (Quetta) *** No. 28 Squadron ''Phoenix'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Future operators=== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * [[Libyan Air Force]]: 16 on order<ref name="libya1"/><ref name="libya2"/><ref name="libya3"/> == Accidents and incidents == Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==Specifications (JF-17 Block 3)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = Pakistan Aeronautical Complex marketing brochure<ref name="Brochure 1">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PROFILE: AVIC-PAC JF-17 THUNDER|url=http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|website=quwa.org|date=31 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101530/http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and official website<ref name="PAC-Website">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193126/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> | prime units? = met<!-- General characteristics--> | crew = 1 (single-seat JF-17A/C) or 2 (dual-seat JF-17B) | length m = 14.326 | length note = | span m = 9.44 | span note = | height m = 4.57 | height note = | wing area sqm = 24.43 | wing area note = | aspect ratio = <!-- sailplanes --> | airfoil = <!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> | empty weight kg = 7965 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 13500 | max takeoff weight note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | fuel capacity = Internal: 3,000 L (2,449 kg); External (3 drop tanks): 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank; 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] | eng1 type = [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) thrust with afterburner) with FDEEC (previous engine: 1 x Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) thrust with afterburner) | eng1 kn = | eng1 note =<ref name="PAC-Website"/><ref name="AFT">{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder / FC-1 Xiaolong Multirole Combat Aircraft, Pakistan|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund/|website=airforce-technology.com|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025217/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | eng1 kn-ab = <!-- -->| eng2 number = | eng2 name = | eng2 type = | eng2 kn = | eng2 kn-ab = | eng2 note = <!-- Performance --> | max speed kmh = 1910<ref name=jf-17.com>{{Cite web|url=https://jf-17.com/|title=JF-17 Thunder Multi-role Fighter Aircraft|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195356/https://jf-17.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | max speed note = | max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | cruise speed kmh = 1359 | cruise speed note = {{citation needed|date=June 2023}} | stall speed kmh = 150 | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = | range note = | combat range km = 900 | combat range note = on internal fuel, 1,741 km (1,082 mi, 940 nmi) with drop tanks | ferry range km = 1800 | ferry range note = on internal fuel,<ref name="Brochure 2">{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/JF-17_specifications_--_CAC-PAC_JF-17_Thunder_brochure.jpg|title=JF-17 Brochure}}</ref> 3,482 km (2,163 mi, 1,880 nmi) with drop tanks<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | endurance = <!-- if range unknown --> | ceiling m = 16916 | ceiling ft = 55500 | ceiling note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | g limits = <big>+</big>8/<big>-</big>3 (limited by flight control system) | roll rate = <!-- aerobatic --> | climb rate ms = 300 | climb rate note = | time to altitude = | wing loading kg/m2 = | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | thrust/weight = 1.07 with RD-93<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | more performance = | more general = <!-- Armaments --> | guns = 1 × 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] twin-barrel cannon <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | hardpoints = 8 (2 × wingtip, 4 × under-wing, 1 × under-fuselage, 1 × chin) with capacity for dual ejector racks on each under-wing hardpoint<ref name="PAC-Website"/> * '''Payload:''' {{cvt|3400|kg}}<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | rockets = | missiles = <br /> **'''[[Air-to-air missiles]]''': ***[[PL-5|PL-5EII]] — ([[Infrared-homing]] short range missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/pakistans-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-makes-maiden-flight/ | title=Pakistan's JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet Makes Maiden Flight }}</ref> ***[[PL-10 (ASR)|PL-10E]] — (Infrared-homing short range missile)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|title=Forecasting Thunder: An overview of the JF-17 Block III|date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191848/https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> ***[[R-Darter]] — (Radar-homing [[beyond visual range missile]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/05/11/pakistan-air-force-a-comprehensive-story/ | title=Pakistan Air Force – A Comprehensive Story | date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> ***[[PL-12|PL-12 (SD-10A)]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17">{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Chinese-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder Fighter Will Fly In 2017|url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|access-date=24 September 2017|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100512/http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *** [[PL-15|PL-15/PL-15E]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theasianmirror.com/top-stories/60759/pakistan-buys-chinas-pl-15-long-range-missiles-amid-tensions-with-india/ | title=Pakistan buys China's PL-15 long-range missiles amid tensions with India? | date=27 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-arms-jf-17-thunder-with-chinas-deadly-pl-15-missiles-amidst-kashmir-crisis/ | title=Pakistan Arms JF-17 Thunder with China's Deadly PL-15 Missiles Amidst Kashmir Crisis | date=26 April 2025 }}</ref> **'''[[Air-to-surface missiles]]''': *** CM-102 — ([[Anti-radiation missile]])<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17"/> *** [[PL-12|LD-10]] — (Anti-radiation missile) *** [[MAR-1]] — (Anti-radiation missile)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/azerbaijan-inducts-jf17-block3-pakistan-airpower-south-caucasus/ |title=Azerbaijan Inducts JF-17 Block III Thunder Fighters: A New South Caucasus Airpower Alliance with Pakistan and Türkiye |website=defencesecurityasia.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship [[cruise missile]]) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range air-to-surface missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim | title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? | date=13 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/> **'''[[Anti-ship missiles]]''': ***[[C-301|C-601]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[C-704#C-705KD|C-705KD]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[YJ-83#C-802A|C-802AK]] — (Anti-ship missile) *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship cruise missile) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range anti-ship missile)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|title=The National Interest: Blog|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217231220/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|title = The JF-17's air-launched rocket (CM-400AKG)|date = 3 October 2019|access-date = 21 November 2021|archive-date = 21 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121050634/https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|url-status = live}}</ref> | bombs = <br /> ** '''[[Unguided bombs]]''': ***250&nbsp;kg — Pre-fragmented bomb ***[[Mark 82 bomb|Mk-82]] — ([[General-purpose bomb]]) ***[[Mark 83 bomb|Mk-83]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Mark 84 bomb|Mk-84]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1/HAFR-2]] — ([[Anti-runway bomb]]) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]] — (Anti-runway bomb) ** '''[[Guided bombs]]''': ***[[GBU-10]] — ([[Laser-guided bomb]]) ***[[GBU-12]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[GBU-16]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[LT PGB|LT-2]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[H-2 SOW]] — ([[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided glide bomb]]) ***[[H-4 SOW]] — (Precision-guided glide bomb) ***GB-6 — (Precision-guided stealth glide bomb) ***NORINCO GB-250A — (250 kg Extended Range GPS/INS-Guided Bomb) ***CS/BBF1 — (Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) or thermobaric bomb) ***SCP-5 — ( bunker buster bomb) ***NORINCO GB-500 — (500 kg Laser-Guided Bomb) ***[[LS PGB|LS-6]] — ([[GPS-guided bomb|Extended-range GPS/INS guided bomb]])<ref name="AFM311">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Georg|title=INTERVIEW: Thunder over the Desert|journal=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=February 2014|issue=311|pages=62–66}}</ref> ***[[Takbir bomb|GIDS Takbir]] — (GPS/INS guided bomb) ***[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS]] Range Extension Kit — (GPS/INS guided bomb)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PAKISTAN INTEGRATES JF-17 WITH STAND-OFF RANGE WEAPON (GIDS REK)|url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|access-date=25 September 2017|work=quwa.org|date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184952/http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Avionics -->| avionics = *Radar: [[KLJ-7|KLJ-7A]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[Fire-control radar]] (FCR)<ref name="DIB">{{cite web|url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-selects-klj-7a-aesa-radar-for-jf-17-block-iii-2/ |title=Pakistan Selects KLJ-7A AESA Radar for JF-17 Block-III |publisher=Quwa |date=9 February 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> * Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS): 4 × S740 * Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) System: JZ/YD 125 * [[Bus (computing)|Data Bus]]: [[MIL-STD-1760]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/hybrid-fighter-china%E2%80%99s-jf-17-fighter-mig-21-and-f-16-fusion-183478 | title=The National Interest: Blog | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * Tactical Data Link: Link-17 *'''Others:''' ** External Pods: *** [[Aselsan]] [[ASELPOD]] — [[Targeting pod|Advanced Targeting Pod]] (Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting System)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Turki Dosti Zindebat! [Long Live Turkey – Pakistan Friendship!]|url=http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|website=monch.com.tr|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180933/http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> *** [[FILAT#WMD-7|WMD-7]] — [[Forward-looking infrared|FLIR Day/Night Targeting Pod]] *** KG600/KG700 — Airborne [[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) / Self-Protection Jamming Pod]]<ref name="AFM311"/> *** [[Indra Sistemas|Indra Systems]] ALQ-500P — [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|ECM Pod]] ** [[Countermeasure]]s: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] dispensers<ref name="AFT"/> ** [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]]: SDT ACMI System<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/turkish-acmi-will-fly-on-pakistani-aircraft-jf-17 | title=Turkish ACMI will fly on Pakistani Aircraft JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defensehere.com/en/sdt-makes-the-first-export-of-acmi-pod-to-pakistan/ | title=SDT makes the first export of ACMI pod to Pakistan - Defensehere | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://adj.com.my/2022/11/24/sdt-acmi-pod-integration-for-paf-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft/ | title=SDT ACMI Pod Integration for PAF JF-17 "Thunder" Fighter Aircraft – Asian Defence Journal | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref> ** Ejection Seat: [[Martin-Baker]] PK16LE zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="auto6"/> ** External Fuel Tanks: Up to 3 external [[drop tanks]] for extended [[range (aircraft)|range]]/loitering time:<ref name="PAC-Website"/> *** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank *** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | fuel capacity note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> <!--|more general= Powerplant -->}} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] ru26p9bvft29co68z832tcf2cz6omak 370317 370314 2026-04-06T14:47:34Z Ibne maryam 17680 370317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس (PAC) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (CAC) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (PAF) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي اي-5 سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي، ميراج III ۽ ميراج 5 جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار ماخ 1.6 آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - PL-5 ميزائل سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 in [[İzmir]], Turkey for the 2011 Izmir Air Show]] In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, [[Inertial navigation system]], [[Head-up display]], and [[Multi-function display]]s. Competing bids came from [[Thomson-CSF]] with a variant of the [[Radar Doppler Multitarget|Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY)]], [[SAGEM]] with a similar avionics package to those used in the [[Project ROSE|ROSE upgrade project]], and [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now [[SELEX Galileo]]) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF.<ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision |work=[[Flight International]] |date=18 October 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a [[letter of intent]] covering airframe development. Russia's [[Klimov]] offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.<ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title= China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work | work = [[Flight International]] |date= 4 March 1998 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |access-date= 28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |url-status= live | archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> In April 1999, South Africa's [[Denel]] offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported [[R-Darter (missile)|R-Darter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=28 April 1999 |work=Flight International |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Previously in 1987, [[Pratt & Whitney]] offered the Super-7 project three engine options; [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1212]], [[General Electric F404|F404]], and [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1216]], with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the [[airframe]] from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004">{{citation | first = Alan | last = Warnes | title = Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap | work = [[Air Forces Monthly]] | date = July 2004 | page = 33}}</ref> Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed |work=[[Flight International]] |date= 12 November 2002 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |access-date=21 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The first batch of [[Klimov RD-93]] turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong |work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> According to a [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the [[Chengdu J-10]]. The official said, "This transfer of technology{{mdash}}transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17{{mdash}}is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price |url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |date=23 November 2010 |work=AviationWeek.com |publisher=Viadeo |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[computer-aided design]] software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Flight testing and redesigning=== The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests |work=[[Flight International]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the [[SARS#Outbreak in south China|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com"/> The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point.<ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies |work=[[Flight International]] |date=9 September 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, [[Chengdu]], on 27 June 2003.<ref name="Janes"/> The maiden flight was made in late August 2003;<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com"/> an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17 |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 March 2004 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan-ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up |work=Flight International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==Design== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|Front View]] ===Airframe=== The airframe is of [[Fuselage#Semi-monocoque|semi-monocoque]] structure constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The retractable undercarriage has a [[Landing gear#Gear arrangements|tricycle arrangement]] with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvrees involving high angles of attack.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The mid-mounted wings are of [[cropped-delta]] configuration. Near the [[wing root]] are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvrees. A conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving [[stabilator]]s, single [[vertical stabiliser]], [[rudder]], and twin ventral fins. The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw]] and [[Aircraft principal axes#Longitudinal axis (roll)|roll]] axis and a digital [[Fly-by-wire#Fly by wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (FBW) system in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Transverse axis (pitch)|pitch axis]]. The [[leading-edge slat]]s/[[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s and [[Trailing edge]] [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.<ref name="cnair"/> Up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the [[hardpoint]]s, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Cockpit=== [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==Operational history== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==Variants== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operators== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with current JF-17 operators in blue]] ===Current operators=== '''{{AZE}}''' * [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]]: 5 delivered,<ref name="azeri1"/><ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1"/> '''{{MYA}}''' * [[Myanmar Air Force]]: 13 delivered, 3 on order<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** [[Meiktila Air Base]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * [[Nigerian Air Force]]: 3 delivered<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** NAF Base [[Makurdi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * [[Pakistan Air Force]]: 161 delivered, 27 on order<ref name="SHEPHARD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei"/> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Masroor]] (Karachi) *** [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]] ''Minhasians'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** [[No. 8 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 8 Squadron]] ''Haiders'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Minhas]] (Kamra) *** JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron ''Black Panthers'']] (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Mushaf]] (Sargodha) *** CCS JF-17 Squadron ''Dashings'' (2015)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Peshawar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 Squadron ''Black Spiders'']] (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Rafiqui]] (Shorkot)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** [[No. 14 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 14 Squadron]] ''Tail Choppers'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Samungli]] (Quetta) *** No. 28 Squadron ''Phoenix'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Future operators=== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * [[Libyan Air Force]]: 16 on order<ref name="libya1"/><ref name="libya2"/><ref name="libya3"/> == Accidents and incidents == Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==Specifications (JF-17 Block 3)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = Pakistan Aeronautical Complex marketing brochure<ref name="Brochure 1">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PROFILE: AVIC-PAC JF-17 THUNDER|url=http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|website=quwa.org|date=31 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101530/http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and official website<ref name="PAC-Website">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193126/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> | prime units? = met<!-- General characteristics--> | crew = 1 (single-seat JF-17A/C) or 2 (dual-seat JF-17B) | length m = 14.326 | length note = | span m = 9.44 | span note = | height m = 4.57 | height note = | wing area sqm = 24.43 | wing area note = | aspect ratio = <!-- sailplanes --> | airfoil = <!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> | empty weight kg = 7965 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 13500 | max takeoff weight note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | fuel capacity = Internal: 3,000 L (2,449 kg); External (3 drop tanks): 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank; 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] | eng1 type = [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) thrust with afterburner) with FDEEC (previous engine: 1 x Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) thrust with afterburner) | eng1 kn = | eng1 note =<ref name="PAC-Website"/><ref name="AFT">{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder / FC-1 Xiaolong Multirole Combat Aircraft, Pakistan|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund/|website=airforce-technology.com|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025217/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | eng1 kn-ab = <!-- -->| eng2 number = | eng2 name = | eng2 type = | eng2 kn = | eng2 kn-ab = | eng2 note = <!-- Performance --> | max speed kmh = 1910<ref name=jf-17.com>{{Cite web|url=https://jf-17.com/|title=JF-17 Thunder Multi-role Fighter Aircraft|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195356/https://jf-17.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | max speed note = | max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | cruise speed kmh = 1359 | cruise speed note = {{citation needed|date=June 2023}} | stall speed kmh = 150 | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = | range note = | combat range km = 900 | combat range note = on internal fuel, 1,741 km (1,082 mi, 940 nmi) with drop tanks | ferry range km = 1800 | ferry range note = on internal fuel,<ref name="Brochure 2">{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/JF-17_specifications_--_CAC-PAC_JF-17_Thunder_brochure.jpg|title=JF-17 Brochure}}</ref> 3,482 km (2,163 mi, 1,880 nmi) with drop tanks<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | endurance = <!-- if range unknown --> | ceiling m = 16916 | ceiling ft = 55500 | ceiling note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | g limits = <big>+</big>8/<big>-</big>3 (limited by flight control system) | roll rate = <!-- aerobatic --> | climb rate ms = 300 | climb rate note = | time to altitude = | wing loading kg/m2 = | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | thrust/weight = 1.07 with RD-93<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | more performance = | more general = <!-- Armaments --> | guns = 1 × 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] twin-barrel cannon <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | hardpoints = 8 (2 × wingtip, 4 × under-wing, 1 × under-fuselage, 1 × chin) with capacity for dual ejector racks on each under-wing hardpoint<ref name="PAC-Website"/> * '''Payload:''' {{cvt|3400|kg}}<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | rockets = | missiles = <br /> **'''[[Air-to-air missiles]]''': ***[[PL-5|PL-5EII]] — ([[Infrared-homing]] short range missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/pakistans-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-makes-maiden-flight/ | title=Pakistan's JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet Makes Maiden Flight }}</ref> ***[[PL-10 (ASR)|PL-10E]] — (Infrared-homing short range missile)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|title=Forecasting Thunder: An overview of the JF-17 Block III|date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191848/https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> ***[[R-Darter]] — (Radar-homing [[beyond visual range missile]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/05/11/pakistan-air-force-a-comprehensive-story/ | title=Pakistan Air Force – A Comprehensive Story | date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> ***[[PL-12|PL-12 (SD-10A)]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17">{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Chinese-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder Fighter Will Fly In 2017|url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|access-date=24 September 2017|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100512/http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *** [[PL-15|PL-15/PL-15E]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theasianmirror.com/top-stories/60759/pakistan-buys-chinas-pl-15-long-range-missiles-amid-tensions-with-india/ | title=Pakistan buys China's PL-15 long-range missiles amid tensions with India? | date=27 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-arms-jf-17-thunder-with-chinas-deadly-pl-15-missiles-amidst-kashmir-crisis/ | title=Pakistan Arms JF-17 Thunder with China's Deadly PL-15 Missiles Amidst Kashmir Crisis | date=26 April 2025 }}</ref> **'''[[Air-to-surface missiles]]''': *** CM-102 — ([[Anti-radiation missile]])<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17"/> *** [[PL-12|LD-10]] — (Anti-radiation missile) *** [[MAR-1]] — (Anti-radiation missile)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/azerbaijan-inducts-jf17-block3-pakistan-airpower-south-caucasus/ |title=Azerbaijan Inducts JF-17 Block III Thunder Fighters: A New South Caucasus Airpower Alliance with Pakistan and Türkiye |website=defencesecurityasia.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship [[cruise missile]]) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range air-to-surface missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim | title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? | date=13 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/> **'''[[Anti-ship missiles]]''': ***[[C-301|C-601]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[C-704#C-705KD|C-705KD]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[YJ-83#C-802A|C-802AK]] — (Anti-ship missile) *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship cruise missile) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range anti-ship missile)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|title=The National Interest: Blog|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217231220/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|title = The JF-17's air-launched rocket (CM-400AKG)|date = 3 October 2019|access-date = 21 November 2021|archive-date = 21 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121050634/https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|url-status = live}}</ref> | bombs = <br /> ** '''[[Unguided bombs]]''': ***250&nbsp;kg — Pre-fragmented bomb ***[[Mark 82 bomb|Mk-82]] — ([[General-purpose bomb]]) ***[[Mark 83 bomb|Mk-83]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Mark 84 bomb|Mk-84]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1/HAFR-2]] — ([[Anti-runway bomb]]) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]] — (Anti-runway bomb) ** '''[[Guided bombs]]''': ***[[GBU-10]] — ([[Laser-guided bomb]]) ***[[GBU-12]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[GBU-16]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[LT PGB|LT-2]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[H-2 SOW]] — ([[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided glide bomb]]) ***[[H-4 SOW]] — (Precision-guided glide bomb) ***GB-6 — (Precision-guided stealth glide bomb) ***NORINCO GB-250A — (250 kg Extended Range GPS/INS-Guided Bomb) ***CS/BBF1 — (Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) or thermobaric bomb) ***SCP-5 — ( bunker buster bomb) ***NORINCO GB-500 — (500 kg Laser-Guided Bomb) ***[[LS PGB|LS-6]] — ([[GPS-guided bomb|Extended-range GPS/INS guided bomb]])<ref name="AFM311">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Georg|title=INTERVIEW: Thunder over the Desert|journal=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=February 2014|issue=311|pages=62–66}}</ref> ***[[Takbir bomb|GIDS Takbir]] — (GPS/INS guided bomb) ***[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS]] Range Extension Kit — (GPS/INS guided bomb)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PAKISTAN INTEGRATES JF-17 WITH STAND-OFF RANGE WEAPON (GIDS REK)|url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|access-date=25 September 2017|work=quwa.org|date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184952/http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Avionics -->| avionics = *Radar: [[KLJ-7|KLJ-7A]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[Fire-control radar]] (FCR)<ref name="DIB">{{cite web|url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-selects-klj-7a-aesa-radar-for-jf-17-block-iii-2/ |title=Pakistan Selects KLJ-7A AESA Radar for JF-17 Block-III |publisher=Quwa |date=9 February 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> * Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS): 4 × S740 * Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) System: JZ/YD 125 * [[Bus (computing)|Data Bus]]: [[MIL-STD-1760]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/hybrid-fighter-china%E2%80%99s-jf-17-fighter-mig-21-and-f-16-fusion-183478 | title=The National Interest: Blog | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * Tactical Data Link: Link-17 *'''Others:''' ** External Pods: *** [[Aselsan]] [[ASELPOD]] — [[Targeting pod|Advanced Targeting Pod]] (Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting System)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Turki Dosti Zindebat! [Long Live Turkey – Pakistan Friendship!]|url=http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|website=monch.com.tr|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180933/http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> *** [[FILAT#WMD-7|WMD-7]] — [[Forward-looking infrared|FLIR Day/Night Targeting Pod]] *** KG600/KG700 — Airborne [[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) / Self-Protection Jamming Pod]]<ref name="AFM311"/> *** [[Indra Sistemas|Indra Systems]] ALQ-500P — [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|ECM Pod]] ** [[Countermeasure]]s: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] dispensers<ref name="AFT"/> ** [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]]: SDT ACMI System<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/turkish-acmi-will-fly-on-pakistani-aircraft-jf-17 | title=Turkish ACMI will fly on Pakistani Aircraft JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defensehere.com/en/sdt-makes-the-first-export-of-acmi-pod-to-pakistan/ | title=SDT makes the first export of ACMI pod to Pakistan - Defensehere | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://adj.com.my/2022/11/24/sdt-acmi-pod-integration-for-paf-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft/ | title=SDT ACMI Pod Integration for PAF JF-17 "Thunder" Fighter Aircraft – Asian Defence Journal | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref> ** Ejection Seat: [[Martin-Baker]] PK16LE zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="auto6"/> ** External Fuel Tanks: Up to 3 external [[drop tanks]] for extended [[range (aircraft)|range]]/loitering time:<ref name="PAC-Website"/> *** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank *** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | fuel capacity note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> <!--|more general= Powerplant -->}} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] skze18r6q68kteinkgvp9ekwwgenave 370318 370317 2026-04-06T15:04:40Z Ibne maryam 17680 370318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس (PAC) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (CAC) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (PAF) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي اي-5 سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي، ميراج III ۽ ميراج 5 جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار ماخ 1.6 آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - PL-5 ميزائل سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 in [[İzmir]], Turkey for the 2011 Izmir Air Show]] In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, [[Inertial navigation system]], [[Head-up display]], and [[Multi-function display]]s. Competing bids came from [[Thomson-CSF]] with a variant of the [[Radar Doppler Multitarget|Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY)]], [[SAGEM]] with a similar avionics package to those used in the [[Project ROSE|ROSE upgrade project]], and [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now [[SELEX Galileo]]) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF.<ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision |work=[[Flight International]] |date=18 October 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a [[letter of intent]] covering airframe development. Russia's [[Klimov]] offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.<ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title= China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work | work = [[Flight International]] |date= 4 March 1998 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |access-date= 28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |url-status= live | archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> In April 1999, South Africa's [[Denel]] offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported [[R-Darter (missile)|R-Darter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=28 April 1999 |work=Flight International |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Previously in 1987, [[Pratt & Whitney]] offered the Super-7 project three engine options; [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1212]], [[General Electric F404|F404]], and [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1216]], with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the [[airframe]] from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004">{{citation | first = Alan | last = Warnes | title = Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap | work = [[Air Forces Monthly]] | date = July 2004 | page = 33}}</ref> Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed |work=[[Flight International]] |date= 12 November 2002 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |access-date=21 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The first batch of [[Klimov RD-93]] turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong |work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> According to a [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the [[Chengdu J-10]]. The official said, "This transfer of technology{{mdash}}transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17{{mdash}}is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price |url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |date=23 November 2010 |work=AviationWeek.com |publisher=Viadeo |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[computer-aided design]] software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Flight testing and redesigning=== The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests |work=[[Flight International]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the [[SARS#Outbreak in south China|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com"/> The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point.<ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies |work=[[Flight International]] |date=9 September 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, [[Chengdu]], on 27 June 2003.<ref name="Janes"/> The maiden flight was made in late August 2003;<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com"/> an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17 |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 March 2004 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan-ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up |work=Flight International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==Design== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|Front View]] ===Airframe=== The airframe is of [[Fuselage#Semi-monocoque|semi-monocoque]] structure constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The retractable undercarriage has a [[Landing gear#Gear arrangements|tricycle arrangement]] with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvrees involving high angles of attack.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The mid-mounted wings are of [[cropped-delta]] configuration. Near the [[wing root]] are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvrees. A conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving [[stabilator]]s, single [[vertical stabiliser]], [[rudder]], and twin ventral fins. The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw]] and [[Aircraft principal axes#Longitudinal axis (roll)|roll]] axis and a digital [[Fly-by-wire#Fly by wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (FBW) system in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Transverse axis (pitch)|pitch axis]]. The [[leading-edge slat]]s/[[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s and [[Trailing edge]] [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.<ref name="cnair"/> Up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the [[hardpoint]]s, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Cockpit=== [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==Operational history== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==Variants== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operators== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with current JF-17 operators in blue]] ===Current operators=== '''{{AZE}}''' * [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]]: 5 delivered,<ref name="azeri1"/><ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1"/> '''{{MYA}}''' * [[Myanmar Air Force]]: 13 delivered, 3 on order<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** [[Meiktila Air Base]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * [[Nigerian Air Force]]: 3 delivered<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** NAF Base [[Makurdi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * [[Pakistan Air Force]]: 161 delivered, 27 on order<ref name="SHEPHARD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei"/> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Masroor]] (Karachi) *** [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]] ''Minhasians'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** [[No. 8 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 8 Squadron]] ''Haiders'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Minhas]] (Kamra) *** JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron ''Black Panthers'']] (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Mushaf]] (Sargodha) *** CCS JF-17 Squadron ''Dashings'' (2015)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Peshawar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 Squadron ''Black Spiders'']] (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Rafiqui]] (Shorkot)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** [[No. 14 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 14 Squadron]] ''Tail Choppers'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Samungli]] (Quetta) *** No. 28 Squadron ''Phoenix'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Future operators=== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * [[Libyan Air Force]]: 16 on order<ref name="libya1"/><ref name="libya2"/><ref name="libya3"/> == Accidents and incidents == Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==اسپيسيفيڪيشن (JF-17 Block 3)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = Pakistan Aeronautical Complex marketing brochure<ref name="Brochure 1">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PROFILE: AVIC-PAC JF-17 THUNDER|url=http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|website=quwa.org|date=31 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101530/http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and official website<ref name="PAC-Website">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193126/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> | prime units? = met<!-- General characteristics--> | crew = 1 (single-seat JF-17A/C) or 2 (dual-seat JF-17B) | length m = 14.326 | length note = | span m = 9.44 | span note = | height m = 4.57 | height note = | wing area sqm = 24.43 | wing area note = | aspect ratio = <!-- sailplanes --> | airfoil = <!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> | empty weight kg = 7965 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 13500 | max takeoff weight note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | fuel capacity = Internal: 3,000 L (2,449 kg); External (3 drop tanks): 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank; 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] | eng1 type = [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) thrust with afterburner) with FDEEC (previous engine: 1 x Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) thrust with afterburner) | eng1 kn = | eng1 note =<ref name="PAC-Website"/><ref name="AFT">{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder / FC-1 Xiaolong Multirole Combat Aircraft, Pakistan|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund/|website=airforce-technology.com|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025217/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | eng1 kn-ab = <!-- -->| eng2 number = | eng2 name = | eng2 type = | eng2 kn = | eng2 kn-ab = | eng2 note = <!-- Performance --> | max speed kmh = 1910<ref name=jf-17.com>{{Cite web|url=https://jf-17.com/|title=JF-17 Thunder Multi-role Fighter Aircraft|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195356/https://jf-17.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | max speed note = | max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | cruise speed kmh = 1359 | cruise speed note = {{citation needed|date=June 2023}} | stall speed kmh = 150 | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = | range note = | combat range km = 900 | combat range note = on internal fuel, 1,741 km (1,082 mi, 940 nmi) with drop tanks | ferry range km = 1800 | ferry range note = on internal fuel,<ref name="Brochure 2">{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/JF-17_specifications_--_CAC-PAC_JF-17_Thunder_brochure.jpg|title=JF-17 Brochure}}</ref> 3,482 km (2,163 mi, 1,880 nmi) with drop tanks<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | endurance = <!-- if range unknown --> | ceiling m = 16916 | ceiling ft = 55500 | ceiling note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | g limits = <big>+</big>8/<big>-</big>3 (limited by flight control system) | roll rate = <!-- aerobatic --> | climb rate ms = 300 | climb rate note = | time to altitude = | wing loading kg/m2 = | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | thrust/weight = 1.07 with RD-93<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | more performance = | more general = <!-- Armaments --> | guns = 1 × 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] twin-barrel cannon <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | hardpoints = 8 (2 × wingtip, 4 × under-wing, 1 × under-fuselage, 1 × chin) with capacity for dual ejector racks on each under-wing hardpoint<ref name="PAC-Website"/> * '''Payload:''' {{cvt|3400|kg}}<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | rockets = | missiles = <br /> **'''[[Air-to-air missiles]]''': ***[[PL-5|PL-5EII]] — ([[Infrared-homing]] short range missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/pakistans-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-makes-maiden-flight/ | title=Pakistan's JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet Makes Maiden Flight }}</ref> ***[[PL-10 (ASR)|PL-10E]] — (Infrared-homing short range missile)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|title=Forecasting Thunder: An overview of the JF-17 Block III|date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191848/https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> ***[[R-Darter]] — (Radar-homing [[beyond visual range missile]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/05/11/pakistan-air-force-a-comprehensive-story/ | title=Pakistan Air Force – A Comprehensive Story | date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> ***[[PL-12|PL-12 (SD-10A)]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17">{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Chinese-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder Fighter Will Fly In 2017|url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|access-date=24 September 2017|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100512/http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *** [[PL-15|PL-15/PL-15E]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theasianmirror.com/top-stories/60759/pakistan-buys-chinas-pl-15-long-range-missiles-amid-tensions-with-india/ | title=Pakistan buys China's PL-15 long-range missiles amid tensions with India? | date=27 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-arms-jf-17-thunder-with-chinas-deadly-pl-15-missiles-amidst-kashmir-crisis/ | title=Pakistan Arms JF-17 Thunder with China's Deadly PL-15 Missiles Amidst Kashmir Crisis | date=26 April 2025 }}</ref> **'''[[Air-to-surface missiles]]''': *** CM-102 — ([[Anti-radiation missile]])<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17"/> *** [[PL-12|LD-10]] — (Anti-radiation missile) *** [[MAR-1]] — (Anti-radiation missile)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/azerbaijan-inducts-jf17-block3-pakistan-airpower-south-caucasus/ |title=Azerbaijan Inducts JF-17 Block III Thunder Fighters: A New South Caucasus Airpower Alliance with Pakistan and Türkiye |website=defencesecurityasia.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship [[cruise missile]]) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range air-to-surface missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim | title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? | date=13 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/> **'''[[Anti-ship missiles]]''': ***[[C-301|C-601]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[C-704#C-705KD|C-705KD]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[YJ-83#C-802A|C-802AK]] — (Anti-ship missile) *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship cruise missile) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range anti-ship missile)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|title=The National Interest: Blog|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217231220/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|title = The JF-17's air-launched rocket (CM-400AKG)|date = 3 October 2019|access-date = 21 November 2021|archive-date = 21 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121050634/https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|url-status = live}}</ref> | bombs = <br /> ** '''[[Unguided bombs]]''': ***250&nbsp;kg — Pre-fragmented bomb ***[[Mark 82 bomb|Mk-82]] — ([[General-purpose bomb]]) ***[[Mark 83 bomb|Mk-83]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Mark 84 bomb|Mk-84]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1/HAFR-2]] — ([[Anti-runway bomb]]) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]] — (Anti-runway bomb) ** '''[[Guided bombs]]''': ***[[GBU-10]] — ([[Laser-guided bomb]]) ***[[GBU-12]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[GBU-16]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[LT PGB|LT-2]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[H-2 SOW]] — ([[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided glide bomb]]) ***[[H-4 SOW]] — (Precision-guided glide bomb) ***GB-6 — (Precision-guided stealth glide bomb) ***NORINCO GB-250A — (250 kg Extended Range GPS/INS-Guided Bomb) ***CS/BBF1 — (Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) or thermobaric bomb) ***SCP-5 — ( bunker buster bomb) ***NORINCO GB-500 — (500 kg Laser-Guided Bomb) ***[[LS PGB|LS-6]] — ([[GPS-guided bomb|Extended-range GPS/INS guided bomb]])<ref name="AFM311">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Georg|title=INTERVIEW: Thunder over the Desert|journal=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=February 2014|issue=311|pages=62–66}}</ref> ***[[Takbir bomb|GIDS Takbir]] — (GPS/INS guided bomb) ***[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS]] Range Extension Kit — (GPS/INS guided bomb)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PAKISTAN INTEGRATES JF-17 WITH STAND-OFF RANGE WEAPON (GIDS REK)|url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|access-date=25 September 2017|work=quwa.org|date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184952/http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Avionics -->| avionics = *Radar: [[KLJ-7|KLJ-7A]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[Fire-control radar]] (FCR)<ref name="DIB">{{cite web|url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-selects-klj-7a-aesa-radar-for-jf-17-block-iii-2/ |title=Pakistan Selects KLJ-7A AESA Radar for JF-17 Block-III |publisher=Quwa |date=9 February 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> * Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS): 4 × S740 * Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) System: JZ/YD 125 * [[Bus (computing)|Data Bus]]: [[MIL-STD-1760]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/hybrid-fighter-china%E2%80%99s-jf-17-fighter-mig-21-and-f-16-fusion-183478 | title=The National Interest: Blog | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * Tactical Data Link: Link-17 *'''Others:''' ** External Pods: *** [[Aselsan]] [[ASELPOD]] — [[Targeting pod|Advanced Targeting Pod]] (Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting System)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Turki Dosti Zindebat! [Long Live Turkey – Pakistan Friendship!]|url=http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|website=monch.com.tr|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180933/http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> *** [[FILAT#WMD-7|WMD-7]] — [[Forward-looking infrared|FLIR Day/Night Targeting Pod]] *** KG600/KG700 — Airborne [[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) / Self-Protection Jamming Pod]]<ref name="AFM311"/> *** [[Indra Sistemas|Indra Systems]] ALQ-500P — [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|ECM Pod]] ** [[Countermeasure]]s: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] dispensers<ref name="AFT"/> ** [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]]: SDT ACMI System<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/turkish-acmi-will-fly-on-pakistani-aircraft-jf-17 | title=Turkish ACMI will fly on Pakistani Aircraft JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defensehere.com/en/sdt-makes-the-first-export-of-acmi-pod-to-pakistan/ | title=SDT makes the first export of ACMI pod to Pakistan - Defensehere | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://adj.com.my/2022/11/24/sdt-acmi-pod-integration-for-paf-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft/ | title=SDT ACMI Pod Integration for PAF JF-17 "Thunder" Fighter Aircraft – Asian Defence Journal | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref> ** Ejection Seat: [[Martin-Baker]] PK16LE zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="auto6"/> ** External Fuel Tanks: Up to 3 external [[drop tanks]] for extended [[range (aircraft)|range]]/loitering time:<ref name="PAC-Website"/> *** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank *** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | fuel capacity note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> <!--|more general= Powerplant -->}} === ايويونڪس === <nowiki>:</nowiki> * ريڊار: KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 ٻيا: ٻاهرين پوڊ: Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني، ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن جامنگ پوڊ اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ مقابلي جا طريقا: چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: SDT ACMI سسٽم ايجڪشن سيٽ: مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ == پڻ ڏسو == پورٽل هوائي جهاز پاڪستان جهنڊو چين * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] g3j5werzonvgzuznogl2w42iv2j9gfk 370319 370318 2026-04-06T15:06:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 370319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس (PAC) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (CAC) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (PAF) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي اي-5 سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي، ميراج III ۽ ميراج 5 جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار ماخ 1.6 آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - PL-5 ميزائل سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 in [[İzmir]], Turkey for the 2011 Izmir Air Show]] In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, [[Inertial navigation system]], [[Head-up display]], and [[Multi-function display]]s. Competing bids came from [[Thomson-CSF]] with a variant of the [[Radar Doppler Multitarget|Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY)]], [[SAGEM]] with a similar avionics package to those used in the [[Project ROSE|ROSE upgrade project]], and [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now [[SELEX Galileo]]) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF.<ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision |work=[[Flight International]] |date=18 October 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a [[letter of intent]] covering airframe development. Russia's [[Klimov]] offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.<ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title= China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work | work = [[Flight International]] |date= 4 March 1998 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |access-date= 28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |url-status= live | archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> In April 1999, South Africa's [[Denel]] offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported [[R-Darter (missile)|R-Darter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=28 April 1999 |work=Flight International |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Previously in 1987, [[Pratt & Whitney]] offered the Super-7 project three engine options; [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1212]], [[General Electric F404|F404]], and [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1216]], with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the [[airframe]] from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004">{{citation | first = Alan | last = Warnes | title = Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap | work = [[Air Forces Monthly]] | date = July 2004 | page = 33}}</ref> Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed |work=[[Flight International]] |date= 12 November 2002 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |access-date=21 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The first batch of [[Klimov RD-93]] turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong |work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> According to a [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the [[Chengdu J-10]]. The official said, "This transfer of technology{{mdash}}transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17{{mdash}}is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price |url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |date=23 November 2010 |work=AviationWeek.com |publisher=Viadeo |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[computer-aided design]] software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Flight testing and redesigning=== The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests |work=[[Flight International]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the [[SARS#Outbreak in south China|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com"/> The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point.<ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies |work=[[Flight International]] |date=9 September 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, [[Chengdu]], on 27 June 2003.<ref name="Janes"/> The maiden flight was made in late August 2003;<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com"/> an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17 |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 March 2004 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan-ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up |work=Flight International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==Design== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|Front View]] ===Airframe=== The airframe is of [[Fuselage#Semi-monocoque|semi-monocoque]] structure constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The retractable undercarriage has a [[Landing gear#Gear arrangements|tricycle arrangement]] with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvrees involving high angles of attack.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The mid-mounted wings are of [[cropped-delta]] configuration. Near the [[wing root]] are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvrees. A conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving [[stabilator]]s, single [[vertical stabiliser]], [[rudder]], and twin ventral fins. The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw]] and [[Aircraft principal axes#Longitudinal axis (roll)|roll]] axis and a digital [[Fly-by-wire#Fly by wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (FBW) system in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Transverse axis (pitch)|pitch axis]]. The [[leading-edge slat]]s/[[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s and [[Trailing edge]] [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.<ref name="cnair"/> Up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the [[hardpoint]]s, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Cockpit=== [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==Operational history== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==Variants== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operators== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with current JF-17 operators in blue]] ===Current operators=== '''{{AZE}}''' * [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]]: 5 delivered,<ref name="azeri1"/><ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1"/> '''{{MYA}}''' * [[Myanmar Air Force]]: 13 delivered, 3 on order<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** [[Meiktila Air Base]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * [[Nigerian Air Force]]: 3 delivered<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** NAF Base [[Makurdi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * [[Pakistan Air Force]]: 161 delivered, 27 on order<ref name="SHEPHARD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei"/> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Masroor]] (Karachi) *** [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]] ''Minhasians'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** [[No. 8 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 8 Squadron]] ''Haiders'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Minhas]] (Kamra) *** JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron ''Black Panthers'']] (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Mushaf]] (Sargodha) *** CCS JF-17 Squadron ''Dashings'' (2015)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Peshawar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 Squadron ''Black Spiders'']] (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Rafiqui]] (Shorkot)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** [[No. 14 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 14 Squadron]] ''Tail Choppers'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Samungli]] (Quetta) *** No. 28 Squadron ''Phoenix'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Future operators=== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * [[Libyan Air Force]]: 16 on order<ref name="libya1"/><ref name="libya2"/><ref name="libya3"/> == Accidents and incidents == Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==اسپيسيفيڪيشن (JF-17 Block 3)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = Pakistan Aeronautical Complex marketing brochure<ref name="Brochure 1">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PROFILE: AVIC-PAC JF-17 THUNDER|url=http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|website=quwa.org|date=31 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101530/http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and official website<ref name="PAC-Website">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193126/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> | prime units? = met<!-- General characteristics--> | crew = 1 (single-seat JF-17A/C) or 2 (dual-seat JF-17B) | length m = 14.326 | length note = | span m = 9.44 | span note = | height m = 4.57 | height note = | wing area sqm = 24.43 | wing area note = | aspect ratio = <!-- sailplanes --> | airfoil = <!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> | empty weight kg = 7965 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 13500 | max takeoff weight note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | fuel capacity = Internal: 3,000 L (2,449 kg); External (3 drop tanks): 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank; 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] | eng1 type = [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) thrust with afterburner) with FDEEC (previous engine: 1 x Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) thrust with afterburner) | eng1 kn = | eng1 note =<ref name="PAC-Website"/><ref name="AFT">{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder / FC-1 Xiaolong Multirole Combat Aircraft, Pakistan|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund/|website=airforce-technology.com|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025217/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | eng1 kn-ab = <!-- -->| eng2 number = | eng2 name = | eng2 type = | eng2 kn = | eng2 kn-ab = | eng2 note = <!-- Performance --> | max speed kmh = 1910<ref name=jf-17.com>{{Cite web|url=https://jf-17.com/|title=JF-17 Thunder Multi-role Fighter Aircraft|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195356/https://jf-17.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | max speed note = | max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | cruise speed kmh = 1359 | cruise speed note = {{citation needed|date=June 2023}} | stall speed kmh = 150 | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = | range note = | combat range km = 900 | combat range note = on internal fuel, 1,741 km (1,082 mi, 940 nmi) with drop tanks | ferry range km = 1800 | ferry range note = on internal fuel,<ref name="Brochure 2">{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/JF-17_specifications_--_CAC-PAC_JF-17_Thunder_brochure.jpg|title=JF-17 Brochure}}</ref> 3,482 km (2,163 mi, 1,880 nmi) with drop tanks<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | endurance = <!-- if range unknown --> | ceiling m = 16916 | ceiling ft = 55500 | ceiling note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | g limits = <big>+</big>8/<big>-</big>3 (limited by flight control system) | roll rate = <!-- aerobatic --> | climb rate ms = 300 | climb rate note = | time to altitude = | wing loading kg/m2 = | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | thrust/weight = 1.07 with RD-93<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | more performance = | more general = <!-- Armaments --> | guns = 1 × 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] twin-barrel cannon <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | hardpoints = 8 (2 × wingtip, 4 × under-wing, 1 × under-fuselage, 1 × chin) with capacity for dual ejector racks on each under-wing hardpoint<ref name="PAC-Website"/> * '''Payload:''' {{cvt|3400|kg}}<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | rockets = | missiles = <br /> **'''[[Air-to-air missiles]]''': ***[[PL-5|PL-5EII]] — ([[Infrared-homing]] short range missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/pakistans-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-makes-maiden-flight/ | title=Pakistan's JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet Makes Maiden Flight }}</ref> ***[[PL-10 (ASR)|PL-10E]] — (Infrared-homing short range missile)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|title=Forecasting Thunder: An overview of the JF-17 Block III|date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191848/https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> ***[[R-Darter]] — (Radar-homing [[beyond visual range missile]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/05/11/pakistan-air-force-a-comprehensive-story/ | title=Pakistan Air Force – A Comprehensive Story | date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> ***[[PL-12|PL-12 (SD-10A)]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17">{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Chinese-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder Fighter Will Fly In 2017|url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|access-date=24 September 2017|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100512/http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *** [[PL-15|PL-15/PL-15E]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theasianmirror.com/top-stories/60759/pakistan-buys-chinas-pl-15-long-range-missiles-amid-tensions-with-india/ | title=Pakistan buys China's PL-15 long-range missiles amid tensions with India? | date=27 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-arms-jf-17-thunder-with-chinas-deadly-pl-15-missiles-amidst-kashmir-crisis/ | title=Pakistan Arms JF-17 Thunder with China's Deadly PL-15 Missiles Amidst Kashmir Crisis | date=26 April 2025 }}</ref> **'''[[Air-to-surface missiles]]''': *** CM-102 — ([[Anti-radiation missile]])<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17"/> *** [[PL-12|LD-10]] — (Anti-radiation missile) *** [[MAR-1]] — (Anti-radiation missile)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/azerbaijan-inducts-jf17-block3-pakistan-airpower-south-caucasus/ |title=Azerbaijan Inducts JF-17 Block III Thunder Fighters: A New South Caucasus Airpower Alliance with Pakistan and Türkiye |website=defencesecurityasia.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship [[cruise missile]]) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range air-to-surface missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim | title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? | date=13 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/> **'''[[Anti-ship missiles]]''': ***[[C-301|C-601]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[C-704#C-705KD|C-705KD]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[YJ-83#C-802A|C-802AK]] — (Anti-ship missile) *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship cruise missile) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range anti-ship missile)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|title=The National Interest: Blog|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217231220/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|title = The JF-17's air-launched rocket (CM-400AKG)|date = 3 October 2019|access-date = 21 November 2021|archive-date = 21 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121050634/https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|url-status = live}}</ref> | bombs = <br /> ** '''[[Unguided bombs]]''': ***250&nbsp;kg — Pre-fragmented bomb ***[[Mark 82 bomb|Mk-82]] — ([[General-purpose bomb]]) ***[[Mark 83 bomb|Mk-83]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Mark 84 bomb|Mk-84]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1/HAFR-2]] — ([[Anti-runway bomb]]) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]] — (Anti-runway bomb) ** '''[[Guided bombs]]''': ***[[GBU-10]] — ([[Laser-guided bomb]]) ***[[GBU-12]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[GBU-16]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[LT PGB|LT-2]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[H-2 SOW]] — ([[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided glide bomb]]) ***[[H-4 SOW]] — (Precision-guided glide bomb) ***GB-6 — (Precision-guided stealth glide bomb) ***NORINCO GB-250A — (250 kg Extended Range GPS/INS-Guided Bomb) ***CS/BBF1 — (Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) or thermobaric bomb) ***SCP-5 — ( bunker buster bomb) ***NORINCO GB-500 — (500 kg Laser-Guided Bomb) ***[[LS PGB|LS-6]] — ([[GPS-guided bomb|Extended-range GPS/INS guided bomb]])<ref name="AFM311">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Georg|title=INTERVIEW: Thunder over the Desert|journal=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=February 2014|issue=311|pages=62–66}}</ref> ***[[Takbir bomb|GIDS Takbir]] — (GPS/INS guided bomb) ***[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS]] Range Extension Kit — (GPS/INS guided bomb)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PAKISTAN INTEGRATES JF-17 WITH STAND-OFF RANGE WEAPON (GIDS REK)|url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|access-date=25 September 2017|work=quwa.org|date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184952/http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Avionics -->| avionics = *Radar: [[KLJ-7|KLJ-7A]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[Fire-control radar]] (FCR)<ref name="DIB">{{cite web|url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-selects-klj-7a-aesa-radar-for-jf-17-block-iii-2/ |title=Pakistan Selects KLJ-7A AESA Radar for JF-17 Block-III |publisher=Quwa |date=9 February 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> * Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS): 4 × S740 * Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) System: JZ/YD 125 * [[Bus (computing)|Data Bus]]: [[MIL-STD-1760]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/hybrid-fighter-china%E2%80%99s-jf-17-fighter-mig-21-and-f-16-fusion-183478 | title=The National Interest: Blog | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * Tactical Data Link: Link-17 *'''Others:''' ** External Pods: *** [[Aselsan]] [[ASELPOD]] — [[Targeting pod|Advanced Targeting Pod]] (Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting System)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Turki Dosti Zindebat! [Long Live Turkey – Pakistan Friendship!]|url=http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|website=monch.com.tr|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180933/http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> *** [[FILAT#WMD-7|WMD-7]] — [[Forward-looking infrared|FLIR Day/Night Targeting Pod]] *** KG600/KG700 — Airborne [[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) / Self-Protection Jamming Pod]]<ref name="AFM311"/> *** [[Indra Sistemas|Indra Systems]] ALQ-500P — [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|ECM Pod]] ** [[Countermeasure]]s: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] dispensers<ref name="AFT"/> ** [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]]: SDT ACMI System<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/turkish-acmi-will-fly-on-pakistani-aircraft-jf-17 | title=Turkish ACMI will fly on Pakistani Aircraft JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defensehere.com/en/sdt-makes-the-first-export-of-acmi-pod-to-pakistan/ | title=SDT makes the first export of ACMI pod to Pakistan - Defensehere | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://adj.com.my/2022/11/24/sdt-acmi-pod-integration-for-paf-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft/ | title=SDT ACMI Pod Integration for PAF JF-17 "Thunder" Fighter Aircraft – Asian Defence Journal | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref> ** Ejection Seat: [[Martin-Baker]] PK16LE zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="auto6"/> ** External Fuel Tanks: Up to 3 external [[drop tanks]] for extended [[range (aircraft)|range]]/loitering time:<ref name="PAC-Website"/> *** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank *** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | fuel capacity note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> <!--|more general= Powerplant -->}} === ايويونڪس === <nowiki>:</nowiki> * ريڊار: KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 ٻيا: ٻاهرين پوڊ: Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني، ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن جامنگ پوڊ اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ مقابلي جا طريقا: چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: SDT ACMI سسٽم ايجڪشن سيٽ: مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] 4ozh2m71ndtwvsq7d5flggtj8kr4bz0 370327 370319 2026-04-06T15:47:28Z Memon2025 21315 370327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس (PAC) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (CAC) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (PAF) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي اي-5 سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي، ميراج III ۽ ميراج 5 جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار ماخ 1.6 آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - PL-5 ميزائل سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 in [[İzmir]], Turkey for the 2011 Izmir Air Show]] In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, [[Inertial navigation system]], [[Head-up display]], and [[Multi-function display]]s. Competing bids came from [[Thomson-CSF]] with a variant of the [[Radar Doppler Multitarget|Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY)]], [[SAGEM]] with a similar avionics package to those used in the [[Project ROSE|ROSE upgrade project]], and [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now [[SELEX Galileo]]) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF.<ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision |work=[[Flight International]] |date=18 October 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a [[letter of intent]] covering airframe development. Russia's [[Klimov]] offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.<ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title= China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work | work = [[Flight International]] |date= 4 March 1998 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |access-date= 28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |url-status= live | archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> In April 1999, South Africa's [[Denel]] offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported [[R-Darter (missile)|R-Darter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=28 April 1999 |work=Flight International |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Previously in 1987, [[Pratt & Whitney]] offered the Super-7 project three engine options; [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1212]], [[General Electric F404|F404]], and [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1216]], with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the [[airframe]] from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004">{{citation | first = Alan | last = Warnes | title = Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap | work = [[Air Forces Monthly]] | date = July 2004 | page = 33}}</ref> Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed |work=[[Flight International]] |date= 12 November 2002 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |access-date=21 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The first batch of [[Klimov RD-93]] turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong |work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> According to a [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the [[Chengdu J-10]]. The official said, "This transfer of technology{{mdash}}transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17{{mdash}}is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price |url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |date=23 November 2010 |work=AviationWeek.com |publisher=Viadeo |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[computer-aided design]] software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Flight testing and redesigning=== The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests |work=[[Flight International]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the [[SARS#Outbreak in south China|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com"/> The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point.<ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies |work=[[Flight International]] |date=9 September 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, [[Chengdu]], on 27 June 2003.<ref name="Janes"/> The maiden flight was made in late August 2003;<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com"/> an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17 |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 March 2004 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan-ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up |work=Flight International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|Front View]] ===Airframe=== The airframe is of [[Fuselage#Semi-monocoque|semi-monocoque]] structure constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The retractable undercarriage has a [[Landing gear#Gear arrangements|tricycle arrangement]] with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvrees involving high angles of attack.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The mid-mounted wings are of [[cropped-delta]] configuration. Near the [[wing root]] are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvrees. A conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving [[stabilator]]s, single [[vertical stabiliser]], [[rudder]], and twin ventral fins. The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw]] and [[Aircraft principal axes#Longitudinal axis (roll)|roll]] axis and a digital [[Fly-by-wire#Fly by wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (FBW) system in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Transverse axis (pitch)|pitch axis]]. The [[leading-edge slat]]s/[[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s and [[Trailing edge]] [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.<ref name="cnair"/> Up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the [[hardpoint]]s, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Cockpit=== [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==Operational history== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==Variants== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operators== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with current JF-17 operators in blue]] ===Current operators=== '''{{AZE}}''' * [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]]: 5 delivered,<ref name="azeri1"/><ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1"/> '''{{MYA}}''' * [[Myanmar Air Force]]: 13 delivered, 3 on order<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** [[Meiktila Air Base]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * [[Nigerian Air Force]]: 3 delivered<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** NAF Base [[Makurdi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * [[Pakistan Air Force]]: 161 delivered, 27 on order<ref name="SHEPHARD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei"/> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Masroor]] (Karachi) *** [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]] ''Minhasians'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** [[No. 8 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 8 Squadron]] ''Haiders'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Minhas]] (Kamra) *** JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron ''Black Panthers'']] (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Mushaf]] (Sargodha) *** CCS JF-17 Squadron ''Dashings'' (2015)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Peshawar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 Squadron ''Black Spiders'']] (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Rafiqui]] (Shorkot)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** [[No. 14 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 14 Squadron]] ''Tail Choppers'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Samungli]] (Quetta) *** No. 28 Squadron ''Phoenix'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Future operators=== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * [[Libyan Air Force]]: 16 on order<ref name="libya1"/><ref name="libya2"/><ref name="libya3"/> == Accidents and incidents == Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==اسپيسيفيڪيشن (JF-17 Block 3)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = Pakistan Aeronautical Complex marketing brochure<ref name="Brochure 1">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PROFILE: AVIC-PAC JF-17 THUNDER|url=http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|website=quwa.org|date=31 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101530/http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and official website<ref name="PAC-Website">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193126/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> | prime units? = met<!-- General characteristics--> | crew = 1 (single-seat JF-17A/C) or 2 (dual-seat JF-17B) | length m = 14.326 | length note = | span m = 9.44 | span note = | height m = 4.57 | height note = | wing area sqm = 24.43 | wing area note = | aspect ratio = <!-- sailplanes --> | airfoil = <!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> | empty weight kg = 7965 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 13500 | max takeoff weight note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | fuel capacity = Internal: 3,000 L (2,449 kg); External (3 drop tanks): 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank; 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] | eng1 type = [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) thrust with afterburner) with FDEEC (previous engine: 1 x Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) thrust with afterburner) | eng1 kn = | eng1 note =<ref name="PAC-Website"/><ref name="AFT">{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder / FC-1 Xiaolong Multirole Combat Aircraft, Pakistan|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund/|website=airforce-technology.com|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025217/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | eng1 kn-ab = <!-- -->| eng2 number = | eng2 name = | eng2 type = | eng2 kn = | eng2 kn-ab = | eng2 note = <!-- Performance --> | max speed kmh = 1910<ref name=jf-17.com>{{Cite web|url=https://jf-17.com/|title=JF-17 Thunder Multi-role Fighter Aircraft|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195356/https://jf-17.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | max speed note = | max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | cruise speed kmh = 1359 | cruise speed note = {{citation needed|date=June 2023}} | stall speed kmh = 150 | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = | range note = | combat range km = 900 | combat range note = on internal fuel, 1,741 km (1,082 mi, 940 nmi) with drop tanks | ferry range km = 1800 | ferry range note = on internal fuel,<ref name="Brochure 2">{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/JF-17_specifications_--_CAC-PAC_JF-17_Thunder_brochure.jpg|title=JF-17 Brochure}}</ref> 3,482 km (2,163 mi, 1,880 nmi) with drop tanks<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | endurance = <!-- if range unknown --> | ceiling m = 16916 | ceiling ft = 55500 | ceiling note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | g limits = <big>+</big>8/<big>-</big>3 (limited by flight control system) | roll rate = <!-- aerobatic --> | climb rate ms = 300 | climb rate note = | time to altitude = | wing loading kg/m2 = | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | thrust/weight = 1.07 with RD-93<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | more performance = | more general = <!-- Armaments --> | guns = 1 × 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] twin-barrel cannon <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | hardpoints = 8 (2 × wingtip, 4 × under-wing, 1 × under-fuselage, 1 × chin) with capacity for dual ejector racks on each under-wing hardpoint<ref name="PAC-Website"/> * '''Payload:''' {{cvt|3400|kg}}<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | rockets = | missiles = <br /> **'''[[Air-to-air missiles]]''': ***[[PL-5|PL-5EII]] — ([[Infrared-homing]] short range missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/pakistans-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-makes-maiden-flight/ | title=Pakistan's JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet Makes Maiden Flight }}</ref> ***[[PL-10 (ASR)|PL-10E]] — (Infrared-homing short range missile)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|title=Forecasting Thunder: An overview of the JF-17 Block III|date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191848/https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> ***[[R-Darter]] — (Radar-homing [[beyond visual range missile]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/05/11/pakistan-air-force-a-comprehensive-story/ | title=Pakistan Air Force – A Comprehensive Story | date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> ***[[PL-12|PL-12 (SD-10A)]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17">{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Chinese-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder Fighter Will Fly In 2017|url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|access-date=24 September 2017|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100512/http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *** [[PL-15|PL-15/PL-15E]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theasianmirror.com/top-stories/60759/pakistan-buys-chinas-pl-15-long-range-missiles-amid-tensions-with-india/ | title=Pakistan buys China's PL-15 long-range missiles amid tensions with India? | date=27 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-arms-jf-17-thunder-with-chinas-deadly-pl-15-missiles-amidst-kashmir-crisis/ | title=Pakistan Arms JF-17 Thunder with China's Deadly PL-15 Missiles Amidst Kashmir Crisis | date=26 April 2025 }}</ref> **'''[[Air-to-surface missiles]]''': *** CM-102 — ([[Anti-radiation missile]])<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17"/> *** [[PL-12|LD-10]] — (Anti-radiation missile) *** [[MAR-1]] — (Anti-radiation missile)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/azerbaijan-inducts-jf17-block3-pakistan-airpower-south-caucasus/ |title=Azerbaijan Inducts JF-17 Block III Thunder Fighters: A New South Caucasus Airpower Alliance with Pakistan and Türkiye |website=defencesecurityasia.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship [[cruise missile]]) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range air-to-surface missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim | title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? | date=13 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/> **'''[[Anti-ship missiles]]''': ***[[C-301|C-601]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[C-704#C-705KD|C-705KD]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[YJ-83#C-802A|C-802AK]] — (Anti-ship missile) *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship cruise missile) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range anti-ship missile)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|title=The National Interest: Blog|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217231220/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|title = The JF-17's air-launched rocket (CM-400AKG)|date = 3 October 2019|access-date = 21 November 2021|archive-date = 21 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121050634/https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|url-status = live}}</ref> | bombs = <br /> ** '''[[Unguided bombs]]''': ***250&nbsp;kg — Pre-fragmented bomb ***[[Mark 82 bomb|Mk-82]] — ([[General-purpose bomb]]) ***[[Mark 83 bomb|Mk-83]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Mark 84 bomb|Mk-84]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1/HAFR-2]] — ([[Anti-runway bomb]]) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]] — (Anti-runway bomb) ** '''[[Guided bombs]]''': ***[[GBU-10]] — ([[Laser-guided bomb]]) ***[[GBU-12]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[GBU-16]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[LT PGB|LT-2]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[H-2 SOW]] — ([[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided glide bomb]]) ***[[H-4 SOW]] — (Precision-guided glide bomb) ***GB-6 — (Precision-guided stealth glide bomb) ***NORINCO GB-250A — (250 kg Extended Range GPS/INS-Guided Bomb) ***CS/BBF1 — (Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) or thermobaric bomb) ***SCP-5 — ( bunker buster bomb) ***NORINCO GB-500 — (500 kg Laser-Guided Bomb) ***[[LS PGB|LS-6]] — ([[GPS-guided bomb|Extended-range GPS/INS guided bomb]])<ref name="AFM311">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Georg|title=INTERVIEW: Thunder over the Desert|journal=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=February 2014|issue=311|pages=62–66}}</ref> ***[[Takbir bomb|GIDS Takbir]] — (GPS/INS guided bomb) ***[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS]] Range Extension Kit — (GPS/INS guided bomb)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PAKISTAN INTEGRATES JF-17 WITH STAND-OFF RANGE WEAPON (GIDS REK)|url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|access-date=25 September 2017|work=quwa.org|date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184952/http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Avionics -->| avionics = *Radar: [[KLJ-7|KLJ-7A]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[Fire-control radar]] (FCR)<ref name="DIB">{{cite web|url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-selects-klj-7a-aesa-radar-for-jf-17-block-iii-2/ |title=Pakistan Selects KLJ-7A AESA Radar for JF-17 Block-III |publisher=Quwa |date=9 February 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> * Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS): 4 × S740 * Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) System: JZ/YD 125 * [[Bus (computing)|Data Bus]]: [[MIL-STD-1760]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/hybrid-fighter-china%E2%80%99s-jf-17-fighter-mig-21-and-f-16-fusion-183478 | title=The National Interest: Blog | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * Tactical Data Link: Link-17 *'''Others:''' ** External Pods: *** [[Aselsan]] [[ASELPOD]] — [[Targeting pod|Advanced Targeting Pod]] (Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting System)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Turki Dosti Zindebat! [Long Live Turkey – Pakistan Friendship!]|url=http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|website=monch.com.tr|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180933/http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> *** [[FILAT#WMD-7|WMD-7]] — [[Forward-looking infrared|FLIR Day/Night Targeting Pod]] *** KG600/KG700 — Airborne [[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) / Self-Protection Jamming Pod]]<ref name="AFM311"/> *** [[Indra Sistemas|Indra Systems]] ALQ-500P — [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|ECM Pod]] ** [[Countermeasure]]s: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] dispensers<ref name="AFT"/> ** [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]]: SDT ACMI System<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/turkish-acmi-will-fly-on-pakistani-aircraft-jf-17 | title=Turkish ACMI will fly on Pakistani Aircraft JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defensehere.com/en/sdt-makes-the-first-export-of-acmi-pod-to-pakistan/ | title=SDT makes the first export of ACMI pod to Pakistan - Defensehere | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://adj.com.my/2022/11/24/sdt-acmi-pod-integration-for-paf-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft/ | title=SDT ACMI Pod Integration for PAF JF-17 "Thunder" Fighter Aircraft – Asian Defence Journal | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref> ** Ejection Seat: [[Martin-Baker]] PK16LE zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="auto6"/> ** External Fuel Tanks: Up to 3 external [[drop tanks]] for extended [[range (aircraft)|range]]/loitering time:<ref name="PAC-Website"/> *** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank *** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | fuel capacity note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> <!--|more general= Powerplant -->}} === ايويونڪس === <nowiki>:</nowiki> * ريڊار: KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 ٻيا: ٻاهرين پوڊ: Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني، ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن جامنگ پوڊ اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ مقابلي جا طريقا: چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: SDT ACMI سسٽم ايجڪشن سيٽ: مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] fgypb0jth1hu49bwyihxhf7jx2eq7s6 370328 370327 2026-04-06T15:48:20Z Memon2025 21315 370328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس (PAC) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (CAC) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (PAF) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي اي-5 سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي، ميراج III ۽ ميراج 5 جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار ماخ 1.6 آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - PL-5 ميزائل سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 in [[İzmir]], Turkey for the 2011 Izmir Air Show]] In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, [[Inertial navigation system]], [[Head-up display]], and [[Multi-function display]]s. Competing bids came from [[Thomson-CSF]] with a variant of the [[Radar Doppler Multitarget|Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY)]], [[SAGEM]] with a similar avionics package to those used in the [[Project ROSE|ROSE upgrade project]], and [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now [[SELEX Galileo]]) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF.<ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision |work=[[Flight International]] |date=18 October 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a [[letter of intent]] covering airframe development. Russia's [[Klimov]] offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.<ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title= China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work | work = [[Flight International]] |date= 4 March 1998 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |access-date= 28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |url-status= live | archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> In April 1999, South Africa's [[Denel]] offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported [[R-Darter (missile)|R-Darter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=28 April 1999 |work=Flight International |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Previously in 1987, [[Pratt & Whitney]] offered the Super-7 project three engine options; [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1212]], [[General Electric F404|F404]], and [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1216]], with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the [[airframe]] from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004">{{citation | first = Alan | last = Warnes | title = Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap | work = [[Air Forces Monthly]] | date = July 2004 | page = 33}}</ref> Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed |work=[[Flight International]] |date= 12 November 2002 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |access-date=21 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The first batch of [[Klimov RD-93]] turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong |work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> According to a [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the [[Chengdu J-10]]. The official said, "This transfer of technology{{mdash}}transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17{{mdash}}is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price |url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |date=23 November 2010 |work=AviationWeek.com |publisher=Viadeo |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[computer-aided design]] software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Flight testing and redesigning=== The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests |work=[[Flight International]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the [[SARS#Outbreak in south China|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com"/> The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point.<ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies |work=[[Flight International]] |date=9 September 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, [[Chengdu]], on 27 June 2003.<ref name="Janes"/> The maiden flight was made in late August 2003;<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com"/> an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17 |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 March 2004 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan-ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up |work=Flight International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|Front View]] ===Airframe=== The airframe is of [[Fuselage#Semi-monocoque|semi-monocoque]] structure constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The retractable undercarriage has a [[Landing gear#Gear arrangements|tricycle arrangement]] with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvrees involving high angles of attack.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The mid-mounted wings are of [[cropped-delta]] configuration. Near the [[wing root]] are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvrees. A conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving [[stabilator]]s, single [[vertical stabiliser]], [[rudder]], and twin ventral fins. The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw]] and [[Aircraft principal axes#Longitudinal axis (roll)|roll]] axis and a digital [[Fly-by-wire#Fly by wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (FBW) system in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Transverse axis (pitch)|pitch axis]]. The [[leading-edge slat]]s/[[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s and [[Trailing edge]] [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.<ref name="cnair"/> Up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the [[hardpoint]]s, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Cockpit=== [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==Variants== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operators== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with current JF-17 operators in blue]] ===Current operators=== '''{{AZE}}''' * [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]]: 5 delivered,<ref name="azeri1"/><ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1"/> '''{{MYA}}''' * [[Myanmar Air Force]]: 13 delivered, 3 on order<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** [[Meiktila Air Base]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * [[Nigerian Air Force]]: 3 delivered<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** NAF Base [[Makurdi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * [[Pakistan Air Force]]: 161 delivered, 27 on order<ref name="SHEPHARD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei"/> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Masroor]] (Karachi) *** [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]] ''Minhasians'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** [[No. 8 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 8 Squadron]] ''Haiders'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Minhas]] (Kamra) *** JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron ''Black Panthers'']] (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Mushaf]] (Sargodha) *** CCS JF-17 Squadron ''Dashings'' (2015)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Peshawar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 Squadron ''Black Spiders'']] (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Rafiqui]] (Shorkot)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** [[No. 14 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 14 Squadron]] ''Tail Choppers'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Samungli]] (Quetta) *** No. 28 Squadron ''Phoenix'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Future operators=== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * [[Libyan Air Force]]: 16 on order<ref name="libya1"/><ref name="libya2"/><ref name="libya3"/> == Accidents and incidents == Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==اسپيسيفيڪيشن (JF-17 Block 3)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = Pakistan Aeronautical Complex marketing brochure<ref name="Brochure 1">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PROFILE: AVIC-PAC JF-17 THUNDER|url=http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|website=quwa.org|date=31 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101530/http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and official website<ref name="PAC-Website">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193126/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> | prime units? = met<!-- General characteristics--> | crew = 1 (single-seat JF-17A/C) or 2 (dual-seat JF-17B) | length m = 14.326 | length note = | span m = 9.44 | span note = | height m = 4.57 | height note = | wing area sqm = 24.43 | wing area note = | aspect ratio = <!-- sailplanes --> | airfoil = <!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> | empty weight kg = 7965 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 13500 | max takeoff weight note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | fuel capacity = Internal: 3,000 L (2,449 kg); External (3 drop tanks): 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank; 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] | eng1 type = [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) thrust with afterburner) with FDEEC (previous engine: 1 x Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) thrust with afterburner) | eng1 kn = | eng1 note =<ref name="PAC-Website"/><ref name="AFT">{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder / FC-1 Xiaolong Multirole Combat Aircraft, Pakistan|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund/|website=airforce-technology.com|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025217/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | eng1 kn-ab = <!-- -->| eng2 number = | eng2 name = | eng2 type = | eng2 kn = | eng2 kn-ab = | eng2 note = <!-- Performance --> | max speed kmh = 1910<ref name=jf-17.com>{{Cite web|url=https://jf-17.com/|title=JF-17 Thunder Multi-role Fighter Aircraft|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195356/https://jf-17.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | max speed note = | max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | cruise speed kmh = 1359 | cruise speed note = {{citation needed|date=June 2023}} | stall speed kmh = 150 | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = | range note = | combat range km = 900 | combat range note = on internal fuel, 1,741 km (1,082 mi, 940 nmi) with drop tanks | ferry range km = 1800 | ferry range note = on internal fuel,<ref name="Brochure 2">{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/JF-17_specifications_--_CAC-PAC_JF-17_Thunder_brochure.jpg|title=JF-17 Brochure}}</ref> 3,482 km (2,163 mi, 1,880 nmi) with drop tanks<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | endurance = <!-- if range unknown --> | ceiling m = 16916 | ceiling ft = 55500 | ceiling note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | g limits = <big>+</big>8/<big>-</big>3 (limited by flight control system) | roll rate = <!-- aerobatic --> | climb rate ms = 300 | climb rate note = | time to altitude = | wing loading kg/m2 = | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | thrust/weight = 1.07 with RD-93<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | more performance = | more general = <!-- Armaments --> | guns = 1 × 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] twin-barrel cannon <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | hardpoints = 8 (2 × wingtip, 4 × under-wing, 1 × under-fuselage, 1 × chin) with capacity for dual ejector racks on each under-wing hardpoint<ref name="PAC-Website"/> * '''Payload:''' {{cvt|3400|kg}}<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | rockets = | missiles = <br /> **'''[[Air-to-air missiles]]''': ***[[PL-5|PL-5EII]] — ([[Infrared-homing]] short range missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/pakistans-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-makes-maiden-flight/ | title=Pakistan's JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet Makes Maiden Flight }}</ref> ***[[PL-10 (ASR)|PL-10E]] — (Infrared-homing short range missile)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|title=Forecasting Thunder: An overview of the JF-17 Block III|date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191848/https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> ***[[R-Darter]] — (Radar-homing [[beyond visual range missile]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/05/11/pakistan-air-force-a-comprehensive-story/ | title=Pakistan Air Force – A Comprehensive Story | date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> ***[[PL-12|PL-12 (SD-10A)]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17">{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Chinese-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder Fighter Will Fly In 2017|url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|access-date=24 September 2017|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100512/http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *** [[PL-15|PL-15/PL-15E]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theasianmirror.com/top-stories/60759/pakistan-buys-chinas-pl-15-long-range-missiles-amid-tensions-with-india/ | title=Pakistan buys China's PL-15 long-range missiles amid tensions with India? | date=27 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-arms-jf-17-thunder-with-chinas-deadly-pl-15-missiles-amidst-kashmir-crisis/ | title=Pakistan Arms JF-17 Thunder with China's Deadly PL-15 Missiles Amidst Kashmir Crisis | date=26 April 2025 }}</ref> **'''[[Air-to-surface missiles]]''': *** CM-102 — ([[Anti-radiation missile]])<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17"/> *** [[PL-12|LD-10]] — (Anti-radiation missile) *** [[MAR-1]] — (Anti-radiation missile)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/azerbaijan-inducts-jf17-block3-pakistan-airpower-south-caucasus/ |title=Azerbaijan Inducts JF-17 Block III Thunder Fighters: A New South Caucasus Airpower Alliance with Pakistan and Türkiye |website=defencesecurityasia.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship [[cruise missile]]) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range air-to-surface missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim | title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? | date=13 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/> **'''[[Anti-ship missiles]]''': ***[[C-301|C-601]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[C-704#C-705KD|C-705KD]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[YJ-83#C-802A|C-802AK]] — (Anti-ship missile) *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship cruise missile) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range anti-ship missile)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|title=The National Interest: Blog|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217231220/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|title = The JF-17's air-launched rocket (CM-400AKG)|date = 3 October 2019|access-date = 21 November 2021|archive-date = 21 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121050634/https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|url-status = live}}</ref> | bombs = <br /> ** '''[[Unguided bombs]]''': ***250&nbsp;kg — Pre-fragmented bomb ***[[Mark 82 bomb|Mk-82]] — ([[General-purpose bomb]]) ***[[Mark 83 bomb|Mk-83]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Mark 84 bomb|Mk-84]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1/HAFR-2]] — ([[Anti-runway bomb]]) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]] — (Anti-runway bomb) ** '''[[Guided bombs]]''': ***[[GBU-10]] — ([[Laser-guided bomb]]) ***[[GBU-12]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[GBU-16]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[LT PGB|LT-2]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[H-2 SOW]] — ([[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided glide bomb]]) ***[[H-4 SOW]] — (Precision-guided glide bomb) ***GB-6 — (Precision-guided stealth glide bomb) ***NORINCO GB-250A — (250 kg Extended Range GPS/INS-Guided Bomb) ***CS/BBF1 — (Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) or thermobaric bomb) ***SCP-5 — ( bunker buster bomb) ***NORINCO GB-500 — (500 kg Laser-Guided Bomb) ***[[LS PGB|LS-6]] — ([[GPS-guided bomb|Extended-range GPS/INS guided bomb]])<ref name="AFM311">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Georg|title=INTERVIEW: Thunder over the Desert|journal=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=February 2014|issue=311|pages=62–66}}</ref> ***[[Takbir bomb|GIDS Takbir]] — (GPS/INS guided bomb) ***[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS]] Range Extension Kit — (GPS/INS guided bomb)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PAKISTAN INTEGRATES JF-17 WITH STAND-OFF RANGE WEAPON (GIDS REK)|url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|access-date=25 September 2017|work=quwa.org|date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184952/http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Avionics -->| avionics = *Radar: [[KLJ-7|KLJ-7A]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[Fire-control radar]] (FCR)<ref name="DIB">{{cite web|url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-selects-klj-7a-aesa-radar-for-jf-17-block-iii-2/ |title=Pakistan Selects KLJ-7A AESA Radar for JF-17 Block-III |publisher=Quwa |date=9 February 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> * Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS): 4 × S740 * Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) System: JZ/YD 125 * [[Bus (computing)|Data Bus]]: [[MIL-STD-1760]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/hybrid-fighter-china%E2%80%99s-jf-17-fighter-mig-21-and-f-16-fusion-183478 | title=The National Interest: Blog | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * Tactical Data Link: Link-17 *'''Others:''' ** External Pods: *** [[Aselsan]] [[ASELPOD]] — [[Targeting pod|Advanced Targeting Pod]] (Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting System)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Turki Dosti Zindebat! [Long Live Turkey – Pakistan Friendship!]|url=http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|website=monch.com.tr|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180933/http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> *** [[FILAT#WMD-7|WMD-7]] — [[Forward-looking infrared|FLIR Day/Night Targeting Pod]] *** KG600/KG700 — Airborne [[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) / Self-Protection Jamming Pod]]<ref name="AFM311"/> *** [[Indra Sistemas|Indra Systems]] ALQ-500P — [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|ECM Pod]] ** [[Countermeasure]]s: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] dispensers<ref name="AFT"/> ** [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]]: SDT ACMI System<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/turkish-acmi-will-fly-on-pakistani-aircraft-jf-17 | title=Turkish ACMI will fly on Pakistani Aircraft JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defensehere.com/en/sdt-makes-the-first-export-of-acmi-pod-to-pakistan/ | title=SDT makes the first export of ACMI pod to Pakistan - Defensehere | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://adj.com.my/2022/11/24/sdt-acmi-pod-integration-for-paf-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft/ | title=SDT ACMI Pod Integration for PAF JF-17 "Thunder" Fighter Aircraft – Asian Defence Journal | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref> ** Ejection Seat: [[Martin-Baker]] PK16LE zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="auto6"/> ** External Fuel Tanks: Up to 3 external [[drop tanks]] for extended [[range (aircraft)|range]]/loitering time:<ref name="PAC-Website"/> *** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank *** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | fuel capacity note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> <!--|more general= Powerplant -->}} === ايويونڪس === <nowiki>:</nowiki> * ريڊار: KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 ٻيا: ٻاهرين پوڊ: Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني، ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن جامنگ پوڊ اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ مقابلي جا طريقا: چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: SDT ACMI سسٽم ايجڪشن سيٽ: مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] amaw1b60a68xuhrk7xp5s18m0net9hp 370329 370328 2026-04-06T15:49:25Z Memon2025 21315 /* مختلف قسمون */ 370329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس (PAC) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (CAC) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (PAF) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي اي-5 سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي، ميراج III ۽ ميراج 5 جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار ماخ 1.6 آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - PL-5 ميزائل سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 in [[İzmir]], Turkey for the 2011 Izmir Air Show]] In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, [[Inertial navigation system]], [[Head-up display]], and [[Multi-function display]]s. Competing bids came from [[Thomson-CSF]] with a variant of the [[Radar Doppler Multitarget|Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY)]], [[SAGEM]] with a similar avionics package to those used in the [[Project ROSE|ROSE upgrade project]], and [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now [[SELEX Galileo]]) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF.<ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision |work=[[Flight International]] |date=18 October 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a [[letter of intent]] covering airframe development. Russia's [[Klimov]] offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.<ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title= China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work | work = [[Flight International]] |date= 4 March 1998 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |access-date= 28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |url-status= live | archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> In April 1999, South Africa's [[Denel]] offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported [[R-Darter (missile)|R-Darter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=28 April 1999 |work=Flight International |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Previously in 1987, [[Pratt & Whitney]] offered the Super-7 project three engine options; [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1212]], [[General Electric F404|F404]], and [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1216]], with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the [[airframe]] from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004">{{citation | first = Alan | last = Warnes | title = Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap | work = [[Air Forces Monthly]] | date = July 2004 | page = 33}}</ref> Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed |work=[[Flight International]] |date= 12 November 2002 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |access-date=21 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The first batch of [[Klimov RD-93]] turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong |work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> According to a [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the [[Chengdu J-10]]. The official said, "This transfer of technology{{mdash}}transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17{{mdash}}is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price |url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |date=23 November 2010 |work=AviationWeek.com |publisher=Viadeo |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[computer-aided design]] software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Flight testing and redesigning=== The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests |work=[[Flight International]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the [[SARS#Outbreak in south China|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com"/> The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point.<ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies |work=[[Flight International]] |date=9 September 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, [[Chengdu]], on 27 June 2003.<ref name="Janes"/> The maiden flight was made in late August 2003;<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com"/> an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17 |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 March 2004 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan-ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up |work=Flight International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|Front View]] ===Airframe=== The airframe is of [[Fuselage#Semi-monocoque|semi-monocoque]] structure constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The retractable undercarriage has a [[Landing gear#Gear arrangements|tricycle arrangement]] with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvrees involving high angles of attack.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The mid-mounted wings are of [[cropped-delta]] configuration. Near the [[wing root]] are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvrees. A conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving [[stabilator]]s, single [[vertical stabiliser]], [[rudder]], and twin ventral fins. The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw]] and [[Aircraft principal axes#Longitudinal axis (roll)|roll]] axis and a digital [[Fly-by-wire#Fly by wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (FBW) system in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Transverse axis (pitch)|pitch axis]]. The [[leading-edge slat]]s/[[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s and [[Trailing edge]] [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.<ref name="cnair"/> Up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the [[hardpoint]]s, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Cockpit=== [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Operators== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with current JF-17 operators in blue]] ===Current operators=== '''{{AZE}}''' * [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]]: 5 delivered,<ref name="azeri1"/><ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1"/> '''{{MYA}}''' * [[Myanmar Air Force]]: 13 delivered, 3 on order<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** [[Meiktila Air Base]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * [[Nigerian Air Force]]: 3 delivered<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** NAF Base [[Makurdi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * [[Pakistan Air Force]]: 161 delivered, 27 on order<ref name="SHEPHARD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei"/> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Masroor]] (Karachi) *** [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]] ''Minhasians'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** [[No. 8 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 8 Squadron]] ''Haiders'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Minhas]] (Kamra) *** JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron ''Black Panthers'']] (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Mushaf]] (Sargodha) *** CCS JF-17 Squadron ''Dashings'' (2015)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Peshawar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 Squadron ''Black Spiders'']] (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Rafiqui]] (Shorkot)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** [[No. 14 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 14 Squadron]] ''Tail Choppers'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Samungli]] (Quetta) *** No. 28 Squadron ''Phoenix'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Future operators=== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * [[Libyan Air Force]]: 16 on order<ref name="libya1"/><ref name="libya2"/><ref name="libya3"/> == Accidents and incidents == Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==اسپيسيفيڪيشن (JF-17 Block 3)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = Pakistan Aeronautical Complex marketing brochure<ref name="Brochure 1">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PROFILE: AVIC-PAC JF-17 THUNDER|url=http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|website=quwa.org|date=31 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101530/http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and official website<ref name="PAC-Website">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193126/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> | prime units? = met<!-- General characteristics--> | crew = 1 (single-seat JF-17A/C) or 2 (dual-seat JF-17B) | length m = 14.326 | length note = | span m = 9.44 | span note = | height m = 4.57 | height note = | wing area sqm = 24.43 | wing area note = | aspect ratio = <!-- sailplanes --> | airfoil = <!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> | empty weight kg = 7965 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 13500 | max takeoff weight note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | fuel capacity = Internal: 3,000 L (2,449 kg); External (3 drop tanks): 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank; 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] | eng1 type = [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) thrust with afterburner) with FDEEC (previous engine: 1 x Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) thrust with afterburner) | eng1 kn = | eng1 note =<ref name="PAC-Website"/><ref name="AFT">{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder / FC-1 Xiaolong Multirole Combat Aircraft, Pakistan|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund/|website=airforce-technology.com|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025217/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | eng1 kn-ab = <!-- -->| eng2 number = | eng2 name = | eng2 type = | eng2 kn = | eng2 kn-ab = | eng2 note = <!-- Performance --> | max speed kmh = 1910<ref name=jf-17.com>{{Cite web|url=https://jf-17.com/|title=JF-17 Thunder Multi-role Fighter Aircraft|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195356/https://jf-17.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | max speed note = | max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | cruise speed kmh = 1359 | cruise speed note = {{citation needed|date=June 2023}} | stall speed kmh = 150 | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = | range note = | combat range km = 900 | combat range note = on internal fuel, 1,741 km (1,082 mi, 940 nmi) with drop tanks | ferry range km = 1800 | ferry range note = on internal fuel,<ref name="Brochure 2">{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/JF-17_specifications_--_CAC-PAC_JF-17_Thunder_brochure.jpg|title=JF-17 Brochure}}</ref> 3,482 km (2,163 mi, 1,880 nmi) with drop tanks<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | endurance = <!-- if range unknown --> | ceiling m = 16916 | ceiling ft = 55500 | ceiling note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | g limits = <big>+</big>8/<big>-</big>3 (limited by flight control system) | roll rate = <!-- aerobatic --> | climb rate ms = 300 | climb rate note = | time to altitude = | wing loading kg/m2 = | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | thrust/weight = 1.07 with RD-93<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | more performance = | more general = <!-- Armaments --> | guns = 1 × 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] twin-barrel cannon <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | hardpoints = 8 (2 × wingtip, 4 × under-wing, 1 × under-fuselage, 1 × chin) with capacity for dual ejector racks on each under-wing hardpoint<ref name="PAC-Website"/> * '''Payload:''' {{cvt|3400|kg}}<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | rockets = | missiles = <br /> **'''[[Air-to-air missiles]]''': ***[[PL-5|PL-5EII]] — ([[Infrared-homing]] short range missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/pakistans-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-makes-maiden-flight/ | title=Pakistan's JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet Makes Maiden Flight }}</ref> ***[[PL-10 (ASR)|PL-10E]] — (Infrared-homing short range missile)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|title=Forecasting Thunder: An overview of the JF-17 Block III|date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191848/https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> ***[[R-Darter]] — (Radar-homing [[beyond visual range missile]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/05/11/pakistan-air-force-a-comprehensive-story/ | title=Pakistan Air Force – A Comprehensive Story | date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> ***[[PL-12|PL-12 (SD-10A)]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17">{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Chinese-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder Fighter Will Fly In 2017|url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|access-date=24 September 2017|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100512/http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *** [[PL-15|PL-15/PL-15E]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theasianmirror.com/top-stories/60759/pakistan-buys-chinas-pl-15-long-range-missiles-amid-tensions-with-india/ | title=Pakistan buys China's PL-15 long-range missiles amid tensions with India? | date=27 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-arms-jf-17-thunder-with-chinas-deadly-pl-15-missiles-amidst-kashmir-crisis/ | title=Pakistan Arms JF-17 Thunder with China's Deadly PL-15 Missiles Amidst Kashmir Crisis | date=26 April 2025 }}</ref> **'''[[Air-to-surface missiles]]''': *** CM-102 — ([[Anti-radiation missile]])<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17"/> *** [[PL-12|LD-10]] — (Anti-radiation missile) *** [[MAR-1]] — (Anti-radiation missile)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/azerbaijan-inducts-jf17-block3-pakistan-airpower-south-caucasus/ |title=Azerbaijan Inducts JF-17 Block III Thunder Fighters: A New South Caucasus Airpower Alliance with Pakistan and Türkiye |website=defencesecurityasia.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship [[cruise missile]]) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range air-to-surface missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim | title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? | date=13 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/> **'''[[Anti-ship missiles]]''': ***[[C-301|C-601]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[C-704#C-705KD|C-705KD]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[YJ-83#C-802A|C-802AK]] — (Anti-ship missile) *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship cruise missile) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range anti-ship missile)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|title=The National Interest: Blog|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217231220/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|title = The JF-17's air-launched rocket (CM-400AKG)|date = 3 October 2019|access-date = 21 November 2021|archive-date = 21 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121050634/https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|url-status = live}}</ref> | bombs = <br /> ** '''[[Unguided bombs]]''': ***250&nbsp;kg — Pre-fragmented bomb ***[[Mark 82 bomb|Mk-82]] — ([[General-purpose bomb]]) ***[[Mark 83 bomb|Mk-83]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Mark 84 bomb|Mk-84]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1/HAFR-2]] — ([[Anti-runway bomb]]) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]] — (Anti-runway bomb) ** '''[[Guided bombs]]''': ***[[GBU-10]] — ([[Laser-guided bomb]]) ***[[GBU-12]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[GBU-16]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[LT PGB|LT-2]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[H-2 SOW]] — ([[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided glide bomb]]) ***[[H-4 SOW]] — (Precision-guided glide bomb) ***GB-6 — (Precision-guided stealth glide bomb) ***NORINCO GB-250A — (250 kg Extended Range GPS/INS-Guided Bomb) ***CS/BBF1 — (Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) or thermobaric bomb) ***SCP-5 — ( bunker buster bomb) ***NORINCO GB-500 — (500 kg Laser-Guided Bomb) ***[[LS PGB|LS-6]] — ([[GPS-guided bomb|Extended-range GPS/INS guided bomb]])<ref name="AFM311">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Georg|title=INTERVIEW: Thunder over the Desert|journal=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=February 2014|issue=311|pages=62–66}}</ref> ***[[Takbir bomb|GIDS Takbir]] — (GPS/INS guided bomb) ***[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS]] Range Extension Kit — (GPS/INS guided bomb)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PAKISTAN INTEGRATES JF-17 WITH STAND-OFF RANGE WEAPON (GIDS REK)|url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|access-date=25 September 2017|work=quwa.org|date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184952/http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Avionics -->| avionics = *Radar: [[KLJ-7|KLJ-7A]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[Fire-control radar]] (FCR)<ref name="DIB">{{cite web|url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-selects-klj-7a-aesa-radar-for-jf-17-block-iii-2/ |title=Pakistan Selects KLJ-7A AESA Radar for JF-17 Block-III |publisher=Quwa |date=9 February 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> * Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS): 4 × S740 * Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) System: JZ/YD 125 * [[Bus (computing)|Data Bus]]: [[MIL-STD-1760]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/hybrid-fighter-china%E2%80%99s-jf-17-fighter-mig-21-and-f-16-fusion-183478 | title=The National Interest: Blog | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * Tactical Data Link: Link-17 *'''Others:''' ** External Pods: *** [[Aselsan]] [[ASELPOD]] — [[Targeting pod|Advanced Targeting Pod]] (Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting System)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Turki Dosti Zindebat! [Long Live Turkey – Pakistan Friendship!]|url=http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|website=monch.com.tr|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180933/http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> *** [[FILAT#WMD-7|WMD-7]] — [[Forward-looking infrared|FLIR Day/Night Targeting Pod]] *** KG600/KG700 — Airborne [[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) / Self-Protection Jamming Pod]]<ref name="AFM311"/> *** [[Indra Sistemas|Indra Systems]] ALQ-500P — [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|ECM Pod]] ** [[Countermeasure]]s: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] dispensers<ref name="AFT"/> ** [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]]: SDT ACMI System<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/turkish-acmi-will-fly-on-pakistani-aircraft-jf-17 | title=Turkish ACMI will fly on Pakistani Aircraft JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defensehere.com/en/sdt-makes-the-first-export-of-acmi-pod-to-pakistan/ | title=SDT makes the first export of ACMI pod to Pakistan - Defensehere | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://adj.com.my/2022/11/24/sdt-acmi-pod-integration-for-paf-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft/ | title=SDT ACMI Pod Integration for PAF JF-17 "Thunder" Fighter Aircraft – Asian Defence Journal | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref> ** Ejection Seat: [[Martin-Baker]] PK16LE zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="auto6"/> ** External Fuel Tanks: Up to 3 external [[drop tanks]] for extended [[range (aircraft)|range]]/loitering time:<ref name="PAC-Website"/> *** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank *** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | fuel capacity note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> <!--|more general= Powerplant -->}} === ايويونڪس === <nowiki>:</nowiki> * ريڊار: KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 ٻيا: ٻاهرين پوڊ: Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني، ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن جامنگ پوڊ اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ مقابلي جا طريقا: چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: SDT ACMI سسٽم ايجڪشن سيٽ: مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] jjirsi6awtsyl2tjgqm0wspj56dw39p 370330 370329 2026-04-06T15:50:14Z Memon2025 21315 370330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس (PAC) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (CAC) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (PAF) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي اي-5 سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي، ميراج III ۽ ميراج 5 جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار ماخ 1.6 آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - PL-5 ميزائل سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 in [[İzmir]], Turkey for the 2011 Izmir Air Show]] In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, [[Inertial navigation system]], [[Head-up display]], and [[Multi-function display]]s. Competing bids came from [[Thomson-CSF]] with a variant of the [[Radar Doppler Multitarget|Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY)]], [[SAGEM]] with a similar avionics package to those used in the [[Project ROSE|ROSE upgrade project]], and [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now [[SELEX Galileo]]) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF.<ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision |work=[[Flight International]] |date=18 October 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a [[letter of intent]] covering airframe development. Russia's [[Klimov]] offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.<ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title= China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work | work = [[Flight International]] |date= 4 March 1998 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |access-date= 28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |url-status= live | archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> In April 1999, South Africa's [[Denel]] offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported [[R-Darter (missile)|R-Darter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=28 April 1999 |work=Flight International |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Previously in 1987, [[Pratt & Whitney]] offered the Super-7 project three engine options; [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1212]], [[General Electric F404|F404]], and [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1216]], with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the [[airframe]] from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004">{{citation | first = Alan | last = Warnes | title = Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap | work = [[Air Forces Monthly]] | date = July 2004 | page = 33}}</ref> Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed |work=[[Flight International]] |date= 12 November 2002 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |access-date=21 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The first batch of [[Klimov RD-93]] turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong |work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> According to a [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the [[Chengdu J-10]]. The official said, "This transfer of technology{{mdash}}transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17{{mdash}}is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price |url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |date=23 November 2010 |work=AviationWeek.com |publisher=Viadeo |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[computer-aided design]] software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Flight testing and redesigning=== The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests |work=[[Flight International]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the [[SARS#Outbreak in south China|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com"/> The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point.<ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies |work=[[Flight International]] |date=9 September 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, [[Chengdu]], on 27 June 2003.<ref name="Janes"/> The maiden flight was made in late August 2003;<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com"/> an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17 |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 March 2004 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan-ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up |work=Flight International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|Front View]] ===Airframe=== The airframe is of [[Fuselage#Semi-monocoque|semi-monocoque]] structure constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The retractable undercarriage has a [[Landing gear#Gear arrangements|tricycle arrangement]] with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvrees involving high angles of attack.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The mid-mounted wings are of [[cropped-delta]] configuration. Near the [[wing root]] are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvrees. A conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving [[stabilator]]s, single [[vertical stabiliser]], [[rudder]], and twin ventral fins. The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw]] and [[Aircraft principal axes#Longitudinal axis (roll)|roll]] axis and a digital [[Fly-by-wire#Fly by wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (FBW) system in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Transverse axis (pitch)|pitch axis]]. The [[leading-edge slat]]s/[[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s and [[Trailing edge]] [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.<ref name="cnair"/> Up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the [[hardpoint]]s, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Cockpit=== [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with current JF-17 operators in blue]] ===Current operators=== '''{{AZE}}''' * [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]]: 5 delivered,<ref name="azeri1"/><ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1"/> '''{{MYA}}''' * [[Myanmar Air Force]]: 13 delivered, 3 on order<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** [[Meiktila Air Base]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * [[Nigerian Air Force]]: 3 delivered<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** NAF Base [[Makurdi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * [[Pakistan Air Force]]: 161 delivered, 27 on order<ref name="SHEPHARD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei"/> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Masroor]] (Karachi) *** [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]] ''Minhasians'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** [[No. 8 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 8 Squadron]] ''Haiders'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Minhas]] (Kamra) *** JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron ''Black Panthers'']] (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Mushaf]] (Sargodha) *** CCS JF-17 Squadron ''Dashings'' (2015)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Peshawar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 Squadron ''Black Spiders'']] (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Rafiqui]] (Shorkot)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** [[No. 14 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 14 Squadron]] ''Tail Choppers'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Samungli]] (Quetta) *** No. 28 Squadron ''Phoenix'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Future operators=== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * [[Libyan Air Force]]: 16 on order<ref name="libya1"/><ref name="libya2"/><ref name="libya3"/> == Accidents and incidents == Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==اسپيسيفيڪيشن (JF-17 Block 3)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = Pakistan Aeronautical Complex marketing brochure<ref name="Brochure 1">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PROFILE: AVIC-PAC JF-17 THUNDER|url=http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|website=quwa.org|date=31 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101530/http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and official website<ref name="PAC-Website">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193126/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> | prime units? = met<!-- General characteristics--> | crew = 1 (single-seat JF-17A/C) or 2 (dual-seat JF-17B) | length m = 14.326 | length note = | span m = 9.44 | span note = | height m = 4.57 | height note = | wing area sqm = 24.43 | wing area note = | aspect ratio = <!-- sailplanes --> | airfoil = <!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> | empty weight kg = 7965 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 13500 | max takeoff weight note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | fuel capacity = Internal: 3,000 L (2,449 kg); External (3 drop tanks): 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank; 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] | eng1 type = [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) thrust with afterburner) with FDEEC (previous engine: 1 x Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) thrust with afterburner) | eng1 kn = | eng1 note =<ref name="PAC-Website"/><ref name="AFT">{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder / FC-1 Xiaolong Multirole Combat Aircraft, Pakistan|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund/|website=airforce-technology.com|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025217/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | eng1 kn-ab = <!-- -->| eng2 number = | eng2 name = | eng2 type = | eng2 kn = | eng2 kn-ab = | eng2 note = <!-- Performance --> | max speed kmh = 1910<ref name=jf-17.com>{{Cite web|url=https://jf-17.com/|title=JF-17 Thunder Multi-role Fighter Aircraft|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195356/https://jf-17.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | max speed note = | max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | cruise speed kmh = 1359 | cruise speed note = {{citation needed|date=June 2023}} | stall speed kmh = 150 | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = | range note = | combat range km = 900 | combat range note = on internal fuel, 1,741 km (1,082 mi, 940 nmi) with drop tanks | ferry range km = 1800 | ferry range note = on internal fuel,<ref name="Brochure 2">{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/JF-17_specifications_--_CAC-PAC_JF-17_Thunder_brochure.jpg|title=JF-17 Brochure}}</ref> 3,482 km (2,163 mi, 1,880 nmi) with drop tanks<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | endurance = <!-- if range unknown --> | ceiling m = 16916 | ceiling ft = 55500 | ceiling note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | g limits = <big>+</big>8/<big>-</big>3 (limited by flight control system) | roll rate = <!-- aerobatic --> | climb rate ms = 300 | climb rate note = | time to altitude = | wing loading kg/m2 = | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | thrust/weight = 1.07 with RD-93<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | more performance = | more general = <!-- Armaments --> | guns = 1 × 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] twin-barrel cannon <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | hardpoints = 8 (2 × wingtip, 4 × under-wing, 1 × under-fuselage, 1 × chin) with capacity for dual ejector racks on each under-wing hardpoint<ref name="PAC-Website"/> * '''Payload:''' {{cvt|3400|kg}}<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | rockets = | missiles = <br /> **'''[[Air-to-air missiles]]''': ***[[PL-5|PL-5EII]] — ([[Infrared-homing]] short range missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/pakistans-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-makes-maiden-flight/ | title=Pakistan's JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet Makes Maiden Flight }}</ref> ***[[PL-10 (ASR)|PL-10E]] — (Infrared-homing short range missile)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|title=Forecasting Thunder: An overview of the JF-17 Block III|date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191848/https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> ***[[R-Darter]] — (Radar-homing [[beyond visual range missile]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/05/11/pakistan-air-force-a-comprehensive-story/ | title=Pakistan Air Force – A Comprehensive Story | date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> ***[[PL-12|PL-12 (SD-10A)]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17">{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Chinese-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder Fighter Will Fly In 2017|url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|access-date=24 September 2017|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100512/http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *** [[PL-15|PL-15/PL-15E]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theasianmirror.com/top-stories/60759/pakistan-buys-chinas-pl-15-long-range-missiles-amid-tensions-with-india/ | title=Pakistan buys China's PL-15 long-range missiles amid tensions with India? | date=27 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-arms-jf-17-thunder-with-chinas-deadly-pl-15-missiles-amidst-kashmir-crisis/ | title=Pakistan Arms JF-17 Thunder with China's Deadly PL-15 Missiles Amidst Kashmir Crisis | date=26 April 2025 }}</ref> **'''[[Air-to-surface missiles]]''': *** CM-102 — ([[Anti-radiation missile]])<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17"/> *** [[PL-12|LD-10]] — (Anti-radiation missile) *** [[MAR-1]] — (Anti-radiation missile)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/azerbaijan-inducts-jf17-block3-pakistan-airpower-south-caucasus/ |title=Azerbaijan Inducts JF-17 Block III Thunder Fighters: A New South Caucasus Airpower Alliance with Pakistan and Türkiye |website=defencesecurityasia.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship [[cruise missile]]) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range air-to-surface missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim | title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? | date=13 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/> **'''[[Anti-ship missiles]]''': ***[[C-301|C-601]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[C-704#C-705KD|C-705KD]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[YJ-83#C-802A|C-802AK]] — (Anti-ship missile) *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship cruise missile) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range anti-ship missile)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|title=The National Interest: Blog|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217231220/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|title = The JF-17's air-launched rocket (CM-400AKG)|date = 3 October 2019|access-date = 21 November 2021|archive-date = 21 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121050634/https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|url-status = live}}</ref> | bombs = <br /> ** '''[[Unguided bombs]]''': ***250&nbsp;kg — Pre-fragmented bomb ***[[Mark 82 bomb|Mk-82]] — ([[General-purpose bomb]]) ***[[Mark 83 bomb|Mk-83]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Mark 84 bomb|Mk-84]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1/HAFR-2]] — ([[Anti-runway bomb]]) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]] — (Anti-runway bomb) ** '''[[Guided bombs]]''': ***[[GBU-10]] — ([[Laser-guided bomb]]) ***[[GBU-12]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[GBU-16]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[LT PGB|LT-2]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[H-2 SOW]] — ([[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided glide bomb]]) ***[[H-4 SOW]] — (Precision-guided glide bomb) ***GB-6 — (Precision-guided stealth glide bomb) ***NORINCO GB-250A — (250 kg Extended Range GPS/INS-Guided Bomb) ***CS/BBF1 — (Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) or thermobaric bomb) ***SCP-5 — ( bunker buster bomb) ***NORINCO GB-500 — (500 kg Laser-Guided Bomb) ***[[LS PGB|LS-6]] — ([[GPS-guided bomb|Extended-range GPS/INS guided bomb]])<ref name="AFM311">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Georg|title=INTERVIEW: Thunder over the Desert|journal=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=February 2014|issue=311|pages=62–66}}</ref> ***[[Takbir bomb|GIDS Takbir]] — (GPS/INS guided bomb) ***[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS]] Range Extension Kit — (GPS/INS guided bomb)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PAKISTAN INTEGRATES JF-17 WITH STAND-OFF RANGE WEAPON (GIDS REK)|url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|access-date=25 September 2017|work=quwa.org|date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184952/http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Avionics -->| avionics = *Radar: [[KLJ-7|KLJ-7A]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[Fire-control radar]] (FCR)<ref name="DIB">{{cite web|url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-selects-klj-7a-aesa-radar-for-jf-17-block-iii-2/ |title=Pakistan Selects KLJ-7A AESA Radar for JF-17 Block-III |publisher=Quwa |date=9 February 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> * Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS): 4 × S740 * Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) System: JZ/YD 125 * [[Bus (computing)|Data Bus]]: [[MIL-STD-1760]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/hybrid-fighter-china%E2%80%99s-jf-17-fighter-mig-21-and-f-16-fusion-183478 | title=The National Interest: Blog | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * Tactical Data Link: Link-17 *'''Others:''' ** External Pods: *** [[Aselsan]] [[ASELPOD]] — [[Targeting pod|Advanced Targeting Pod]] (Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting System)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Turki Dosti Zindebat! [Long Live Turkey – Pakistan Friendship!]|url=http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|website=monch.com.tr|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180933/http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> *** [[FILAT#WMD-7|WMD-7]] — [[Forward-looking infrared|FLIR Day/Night Targeting Pod]] *** KG600/KG700 — Airborne [[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) / Self-Protection Jamming Pod]]<ref name="AFM311"/> *** [[Indra Sistemas|Indra Systems]] ALQ-500P — [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|ECM Pod]] ** [[Countermeasure]]s: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] dispensers<ref name="AFT"/> ** [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]]: SDT ACMI System<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/turkish-acmi-will-fly-on-pakistani-aircraft-jf-17 | title=Turkish ACMI will fly on Pakistani Aircraft JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defensehere.com/en/sdt-makes-the-first-export-of-acmi-pod-to-pakistan/ | title=SDT makes the first export of ACMI pod to Pakistan - Defensehere | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://adj.com.my/2022/11/24/sdt-acmi-pod-integration-for-paf-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft/ | title=SDT ACMI Pod Integration for PAF JF-17 "Thunder" Fighter Aircraft – Asian Defence Journal | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref> ** Ejection Seat: [[Martin-Baker]] PK16LE zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="auto6"/> ** External Fuel Tanks: Up to 3 external [[drop tanks]] for extended [[range (aircraft)|range]]/loitering time:<ref name="PAC-Website"/> *** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank *** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | fuel capacity note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> <!--|more general= Powerplant -->}} === ايويونڪس === <nowiki>:</nowiki> * ريڊار: KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 ٻيا: ٻاهرين پوڊ: Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني، ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن جامنگ پوڊ اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ مقابلي جا طريقا: چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: SDT ACMI سسٽم ايجڪشن سيٽ: مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] 05aaqukataxopsrxtahk5op6z5kbp9b 370331 370330 2026-04-06T15:50:54Z Memon2025 21315 /* حادثا ۽ واقعا */ 370331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Sino-Pakistani multirole fighter aircraft}} {{Infobox settlement | name = جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر<br> JF-17 Thunder | image = File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg | caption = پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر بلاڪ 1 | type = سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز | national_origin = | manufacturer = | first_flight = | introduction = | retired = | status = | primary_user = | more_users = | produced = | number_built = | developed_from = |other_name=ايف سي-1 شياؤ لونگ<br> FC-1 Xiaolong|subdivision_type=قومي اصل ملڪ|subdivision_type1=ٺاهيندڙ|subdivision_type2=پيداوار|subdivision_type3=تعمير ٿيل تعداد|subdivision_type4=تعارف|subdivision_name4=12 مارچ 2007|subdivision_type5=پهرين پرواز|subdivision_name5=25 آگسٽ 2003|subdivision_type6=حالت|subdivision_name6=سروس ۾|established_title=بنيادي استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date=[[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]]|established_title1=ٻيو استعمال ڪندڙ|established_date1={{ubl |[[ميانمار ايئر فورس]] |[[نائيجيريا ايئر فورس]] |[[آذربائيجاني ايئر فورسز]] }}|established_title2=دلچسپي رکندڙ ملڪ|established_date2=[[بنگلاديش]]، [[انڊونيشيا]]، [[سعودي عرب]]|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|established_title6=|established_date6=|established_title7=|established_date7=|extinct_title=|extinct_date=|subdivision_name=[[پاڪستان]] / [[چين]]|subdivision_name1=[[پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] / [[چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ انڊسٽري گروپ]]|subdivision_name2=چين ۾: جون 2007<br />پاڪستان ۾: جنوري 2008|subdivision_name3=182 (اضافي 6 پروٽوٽائپ)}} '''جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر''' (JF-17 Thunder؛ اردو: جے ایف-۱۷ گرج) هڪ چين-پاڪستاني سنگل انجن وارو هلڪو وزن وارو سپرسونڪ ملٽي رول جنگي جهاز آهي جيڪو [[پاڪستان]] جي پاڪستان ايرووناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس (PAC) ۽ [[چين]] جي چينگدو ايئر ڪرافٽ ڪارپوريشن (CAC) پاران گڏيل طور تي تيار ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|website=www.pac.org.pk|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712224651/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو چوٿين نسل جو فائٽر آهي ۽ [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] (PAF) ۾ ٽئين نسل جي اي-5 سي، ايف-7 پي/پي جي، ميراج III ۽ ميراج 5 جنگي جهاز جي متبادل طور تي ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. <ref name=":92">{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan|title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan|date=26 September 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|title=Pakistan's tool of war: PAF's rolling thunder|first=Ali|last=Osman|date=17 December 2015|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422003037/https://www.dawn.com/news/1226734|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي ڪيترن ئي ڪردارن لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جنهن ۾ فضائي دفاع، زميني حملو، اينٽي شپ ۽ فضائي جاچ شامل آهن. پاڪستاني نالو "جي ايف-17" جو مطلب آهي "جوائنٽ فائٽر-17"، جن ۾ "جوائنٽ فائٽر" جهاز جي گڏيل پاڪستاني-چيني ترقي کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو ۽ "-17" جو مطلب آهي ته اهو آمريڪي [[ايف-16 جيٽ]] جو جانشين آهي. چيني نالي "ايف سي-1" جو مطلب آهي "فائٽر چائنا-1". جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر مختلف قسم جا هٿيار استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿو, جنهن ۾ هوا کان هوا، هوا کان مٿاڇري ۽ اينٽي شپ ميزائل شامل آهن. گائيڊڊ ۽ ان گائيڊڊ بم. ۽ 23-ايم ايم جي ايس ايڇ-23-2 ٽوئن بيرل آٽو ڪينن. چيني گيزو ڊبليو ايس-13 يا روسي ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 1 ۽ 2) يا ڪليموف آر ڊي-93 ايم اي (جي ايف-17 بلاڪ 3) آفٽر برننگ ٽربو فين انجن ذريعي طاقتور. ان جي وڌ ۾ وڌ رفتار ماخ 1.6 آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-032">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ريڙهه ۽ ڪم جو هارس آهي. تقريبن اڌ قيمت تي ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن کي پورو ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|access-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002224809/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=192616|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بلاڪ II قسم جي قيمت 25 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref name="diplomat 2019-033">{{Cite magazine|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|title=Report: JF-17 'Thunder' Block III Fighter Jet Production Is Underway|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|access-date=27 October 2020|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803154317/https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/report-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jet-production-is-underway/|url-status=live}}</ref> جي ايف-17 کي 2007 ۾ پاڪستان ايئر فورس ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو هو.[[File:Pakistan JF-17 Thunder, Pakistan - Air Force JP7136023.jpg|thumb|انفراريڊ هومنگ - هوا کان هوا ۾ مار ڪندڙ - PL-5 ميزائل سان ليس - پاڪستان ايئر فورس جو JF-17 ]] <small>'''JF-17'''</small> ايئر فريم جو <small>'''%58'''</small>، جنهن ۾ ان جو فرنٽ فيوزليج، ونگز ۽ عمودي اسٽيبلائيزر شامل آهن، پاڪستان ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته <small>'''42'''</small> سيڪڙو چين ۾ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي آخري اسيمبلي ۽ سيريل پيداوار پاڪستان ۾ ٿيندي آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>2015ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان 16 JF-17s پيدا ڪيا.<ref name="The Express Tribune2">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، PAC وٽ هر سال 20 JF-17s پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت آهي. اپريل <small>2017ع</small> تائين، PAC PAF لاءِ 70 بلاڪ 1 جهاز ۽ 33 بلاڪ 2 جهاز تيار ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220025305/http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|archive-date=20 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="quwa.org2">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex delivered 70 JF-17S to the Pakistan Air Force|url=http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609031529/http://quwa.org/2016/12/07/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivered-70-jf-17s-to-the-pakistan-air-force/|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-II production crosses 30 planes|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507071327/http://quwa.org/2017/01/15/jf-17-block-ii-production-crosses-30-planes/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2016ع</small> تائين، پاڪستان ايئر فورس جا JF-17 ٿنڊر <small>'''19,000'''</small> کان وڌيڪ آپريشنل پرواز گڏ ڪري چڪا هئا.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Two-Seat Variant of China-Pakistan JF-17 Fighter Jet to Fly in 2016|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060126/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/two-seat-variant-of-china-pakistan-jf-17-fighter-jet-to-fly-in-2016|archive-date=9 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾، پي اي سي/سي اي سي هڪ ٻٽي سيٽ واري قسم کي ترقي ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو جن کي بهتر آپريشنل صلاحيت، ڪنورشن ٽريننگ ۽ ليڊ ان فائٽر ٽريننگ لاءِ <small>'''JF-17B'''</small> جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|title=Pakistan, China jointly launch production of JF-17B fighter jets|date=28 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501155526/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/pakistan-china-jointly-launch-production-of-jf-17b-fighter-jets-2774819/|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> <small>JF-17B</small> بلاڪ 2 قسم <small>2018ع</small> ۾ پي اي سي ۾ سيريل پيداوار ۾ داخل ٿيو ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> تائين <small>'''26'''</small> جهاز پي اي ايف کي پهچايا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|title=PAC Kamra rolls out final 14 JF-17B fighters for Pakistan Air Force|website=Janes.com|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111103242/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊسمبر <small>2020ع</small> ۾، پاڪستان ايئر فورس هڪ فعال اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (<small>AESA</small>) ريڊار، هڪ وڌيڪ طاقتور روسي ڪليموف <small>RD-93MA</small> انجن، هڪ وڏو ۽ وڌيڪ ترقي يافته وائڊ اينگل هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي (<small>HUD</small>)، اليڪٽرانڪ جوابي ماپ، هڪ اضافي هارڊ پوائنٽ، ۽ بهتر هٿيارن جي صلاحيت سان جهاز جي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته بلاڪ 3 ورزن جي سيريل پيداوار شروع ڪئي.<ref name="auto52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي ايف-17 جهازن فوجي ڪارروائي ڪئي آهي، هوائي کان هوائي ۽ هوائي کان زمين تي، جنهن ۾ سال <small>2014</small>ع ۽ <small>2017ع</small> ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف آپريشن دوران پاڪستان-افغانستان سرحد جي ويجهو اتر وزيرستان ۾ دهشتگردن جي جڳهن تي بمباري ڪرڻ، <ref>{{cite news|title=Fighter jets bomb militant hideouts in North Waziristan after Taliban attacks|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=21 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031322/https://tribune.com.pk/story/661387/fighter-jets-bomb-militant-hideouts-in-north-waziristan-after-taliban-attacks/|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=JF-17 Block-2 and Block-3 Details Confirmed|url=http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507000654/http://quwa.org/2015/10/17/jf-17-block-2-and-block-3-details-confirmed/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> هدايت يافته ۽ غير هدايت يافته (guided) هٿيارن جو استعمال ڪرڻ، سال <small>2017ع</small> ۾ بلوچستان ۾ پاڪستان-ايران حد جي ويجهو هڪ مداخلت ڪندڙ ايراني فوجي ڊرون کي ڪيرائڻ، <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|title=Iranian drone shot down by PAF, confirms FO|date=21 June 2017|access-date=7 March 2021|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072512/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340897|url-status=live}}</ref> سال <small>2019ع</small> ۾ جمو ۽ ڪشمير جي هوائي حملي ۽ هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جي وچ ۾ هوائي جهڙپن دوران آپريشن سوئفٽ ريٽورٽ ۾<ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ <small>2024ع</small> ۾ آپريشن مارگ بر سرمچار دوران، جن ۾ پاڪستان ايران جي [[سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبو|سيستان ۽ بلوچستان صوبي]] اندر بلوچ عليحدگي پسند گروپن کي نشانو بڻائي هوائي ۽ توپخاني جي حملي جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ڪيو. مارچ ۽ ڊسمبر <small>2024ع</small> ۾، پي اي ايف جي ايف-<small>'''17'''</small> جهازن کي [[افغانستان]] اندر پاڪستاني طالبان جي ٺڪاڻن خلاف سرحد پار هوائي حملي ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Abid|title=Pakistan air strikes in Afghanistan spark Taliban warning of retaliation|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/25/pakistan-air-strikes-in-afghanistan-spark-taliban-warning-of-retaliation|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> [[نائيجيريا]] جي هوائي فوج (<small>NAF</small>) جي ايف-17 جهازن نائيجيريا ۾ دهشتگردي مخالف ۽ بغاوت مخالف آپريشن ۾ فوجي ڪارروائي ڏٺي آهي.<ref name="auto22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> [[ميانمار]] جي فوج پڻ مختلف باغي گروپن خلاف پنهنجي <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي بار بار تعينات ڪيو آهي. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Anthony|date=11 January 2023|title=Myanmar Air Force fiercely gunning to win the war|url=https://asiatimes.com/2023/01/myanmar-air-force-fiercely-gunning-to-win-the-war/|access-date=26 January 2025|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> مئي <small>2025ع</small> جي هندستان-پاڪستان تڪرار دوران، پي اي ايف <small>JF-17</small> جهازن کي هوا کان هوا ۽ هوا کان زمين تي ٻنهي ڪردارن ۾ جنگ ۾ تعينات ڪيو.<ref name="auto14">{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know | title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know }}</ref><ref name="auto16">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w3dln352vo | title=Kashmir: How China benefited from India-Pakistan hostilities | date=19 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/09/china/china-military-tech-pakistan-india-conflict-intl-hnk | title=China has spent billions developing military tech. Conflict between India and Pakistan could be its first major test | date=9 May 2025 }}</ref> ==ترقي== === پس منظر === جي ايف-17 کي بنيادي طور تي پي اي ايف جي هڪ سستي، غير منظور ٿيل، چوٿين نسل جي، هلڪي وزن واري، گھڻ-رول جنگي جهاز جي ضرورت کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Aviation Week]]|title=Pakistan expands fighter force|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awst/2010/12/20/AW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|date=22 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105212255/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fawst%2F2010%2F12%2F20%2FAW_12_20_2010_p31-277626.xml&headline=Pakistan%20Expands%20Fighter%20Force|archive-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> ته جيئن ٽئين نسل جي نانچانگ اي-5 سي بمبارن، چينگدو ايف-7 پي/پي جي انٽرسيپٽرز، ميراج III ملٽي-رول جنگي جهاز ۽ ميراج 5 اسٽرائڪ جهاز جي وڏي بيڙي جي متبادل طور تي، جنهن جي قيمت 500 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر هئي جيڪا پاڪستان ۽ چين جي وچ ۾ برابر ورهايل هئي. <ref name="fighter-planes.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|title=Joint Fighter-17 (JF-17) Thunder|publisher=Fighter Planes|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901205431/http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/jf17_thunder.htm|archive-date=1 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> جهاز جو مقصد وڌيڪ مهانگو مغربي ويڙهاڪن جي قيمت-مؤثر ۽ مقابلي واري متبادل جي طور تي برآمد جي صلاحيت پڻ هئي. هن جهاز جي ترقي يانگ وي جي سربراهي ۾ هئي، جنهن کي چين جو "ايس ڊيزائنر" سمجهيو ويندو هو، جنهن چينگدو جي-20 پڻ ٺاهيو.<ref>{{cite journal|title=China's Expert Fighter Designer Knows Jets, Avoids America's Mistakes|journal=International Relations and Security Network|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005150/http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/specialinterest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/192616|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> سال 1989ع تائين، آمريڪا جي اقتصادي پابندين جي ڪري، پاڪستان پروجيڪٽ سيبر II کي ڇڏي ڏنو هو، هڪ ڊيزائن اسٽڊي جنهن ۾ آمريڪي جهاز ٺاهيندڙ گرومن ۽ چين شامل هئا، ۽ چينگدو ايف-7 کي ٻيهر ڊزائين ۽ اپ گريڊ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو هو. <ref name="Pakistan considers new fighter plan2">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Considers new Fighter Plan|work=[[Flight International]]|date=14–20 March 1990|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II|access-date=18 October 2009|archive-date=21 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021154725/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200672.html?search=Sabre%20II}}</ref> سال1988ع ۾، چين ۽ گرومن سپر 7 جو نو مهينن جو ابتدائي ڊيزائن مطالعو ڪيو، جيڪو چينگدو ايف-7 جو اپ گريڊ هو.<ref name="Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms2">{{cite web|title=Grumman to upgrade Chinese F-7Ms|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|date=26 November 1988|work=Flight International|access-date=15 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021140123/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1988/1988%20-%203360.html|archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> سال 1989ع جي تيانانمن اسڪوائر احتجاج جي سياسي نتيجي کان پوءِ جڏهن چين تي پابنديون لڳايون ويون ته گرومن منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو. گرومن جي چينگدو سپر 7 منصوبي کي ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ، منصوبي کي ڇڏي ڏنو ويو ۽، ان جي جاءِ تي، فائٽر چائنا-1 (ايف سي-1) منصوبو 1991ع ۾ شروع ڪيو ويو. سال <small>1995</small>ع ۾، پاڪستان ۽ چين هڪ نئين فائٽر جي گڏيل ڊيزائن ۽ ترقي لاءِ هڪ مفاهمت جي ياداشت (MoU) تي دستخط ڪيا ۽ ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن ۾ منصوبي جي تفصيلن تي ڪم ڪيو. جون 1995ع ۾، ميڪوئان "ڊيزائن سپورٽ" مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ منصوبي ۾ شامل ٿيو، ان ۾ سي اي سي پاران ڪيترن ئي انجنيئرن جي سيڪنڊمينٽ پڻ شامل هئي.<ref name="21 June 1995 flightglobal.com2">{{citation|title=Mikoyan joins Chengdu on fighter|work=[[Flight International]]|date=21 June 1995|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|access-date=27 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714212115/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/mikoyan-joins-chengdu-on-fighter-25623/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> === ايف سي-1 منصوبي جو آغاز === [[File:Pakistan Air Force Pakistan JF-17 Thunder Bidini-1.jpg|thumb|left|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 in [[İzmir]], Turkey for the 2011 Izmir Air Show]] In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, [[Inertial navigation system]], [[Head-up display]], and [[Multi-function display]]s. Competing bids came from [[Thomson-CSF]] with a variant of the [[Radar Doppler Multitarget|Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY)]], [[SAGEM]] with a similar avionics package to those used in the [[Project ROSE|ROSE upgrade project]], and [[Marconi Electronic Systems]] with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now [[SELEX Galileo]]) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF.<ref name="18 October 1995 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Pakistan nears FC-1 avionics decision |work=[[Flight International]] |date=18 October 1995 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725044013/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-nears-fc-1-avionics-decision-21419/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a [[letter of intent]] covering airframe development. Russia's [[Klimov]] offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter.<ref name="04/03/98 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title= China/Pakistan signal intent to resume FC-1 development work | work = [[Flight International]] |date= 4 March 1998 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |access-date= 28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725051043/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chinapakistan-signal-intent-to-resume-fc-1-development-33894/ |url-status= live | archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> In April 1999, South Africa's [[Denel]] offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter [[Beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported [[R-Darter (missile)|R-Darter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |title=Denel proposes advanced Darter derivatives |last=Lewis |first=Paul |date=28 April 1999 |work=Flight International |access-date=31 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725033628/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/denel-proposes-advanced-darter-derivatives-50571/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 }}</ref> Previously in 1987, [[Pratt & Whitney]] offered the Super-7 project three engine options; [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1212]], [[General Electric F404|F404]], and [[Pratt & Whitney J52|PW1216]], with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|title=FC-1 JF-17 western engine options|date=15 June 2012|work=Air Force World|access-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624042701/http://www.airforceworld.com/pla/fc-1-jf-17-thunder-fighter-china.htm|archive-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar.<ref name="14 July 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=China and Pakistan agree on Super 7 fighter development work |work=[[Flight International]] |date=14 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526190707/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/china-and-pakistan-agree-on-super-7-fighter-development-53912/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name="23 June 1999 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Marconi abandons FC-1 fighter bid |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 July 1999 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526184233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/marconi-abandons-fc-1-fighter-bid-53136/ |archive-date=26 May 2013 }}</ref> Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the [[airframe]] from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004">{{citation | first = Alan | last = Warnes | title = Pakistan's Vision: Bridging The Capabilities Gap | work = [[Air Forces Monthly]] | date = July 2004 | page = 33}}</ref> Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002.<ref name="12/11/02 flightglobal.com">{{citation |title=Airshow China&nbsp;– FC-1 mock-up revealed |work=[[Flight International]] |date= 12 November 2002 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |access-date=21 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021150219/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/airshow-china-fc-1-mock-up-revealed-157719/ |url-status=live | archive-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The first batch of [[Klimov RD-93]] turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002.<ref name="Janes">{{cite web |title=CAC FC-1 Xiaolong |work=[[Jane's All the World's Aircraft]] |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=10 March 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/CAC-FC-1-Xiaolong-China.html |access-date=29 July 2009}}</ref> According to a [[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]] (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the [[Chengdu J-10]]. The official said, "This transfer of technology{{mdash}}transposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17{{mdash}}is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective".<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Jets Today at Bygone Price |url=http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |date=23 November 2010 |work=AviationWeek.com |publisher=Viadeo |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://fr.viadeo.com/fr/groups/detaildiscussion/?containerId=002159fj8yppl5m1&forumId=002n6x9ycdkb9g5&action=messageDetail&messageId=0021ygdepj3uehk1 |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name="JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price">{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|title=JF-17 and J-10: 21st Century Jets at Yesterday's Price|date=18 November 2010|work=[[Aviation Week]]|access-date=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/jf-17-and-j-10-21st-century-jets-yesterday-s-price|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of [[computer-aided design]] software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr.|title=China's Aviation Sector: Building Toward World Class Capabilities|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center|access-date=27 May 2010|date=20 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531214709/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.226/pub_detail.asp|archive-date=31 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Flight testing and redesigning=== The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com">{{cite web | work=Sino Defence | title= FC-1/JF-17 Multirole Fighter Aircraft |url=http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp |access-date=11 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204083919/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/fc1.asp | archive-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Chengdu puts back Super-7 flight tests |work=[[Flight International]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203308/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chengdu-puts-back-super-7-flight-tests-169377/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the [[SARS#Outbreak in south China|SARS outbreak]].<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/><ref name="29 July 2003 flightglobal.com"/> The designation Super-7 was replaced by "JF-17" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point.<ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Sino-Pakistani fighter flies |work=[[Flight International]] |date=9 September 2003 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143119/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/sino-pakistani-fighter-flies-170984/ |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, [[Chengdu]], on 27 June 2003.<ref name="Janes"/> The maiden flight was made in late August 2003;<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="9 September 2003 flightglobal.com"/> an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype.<ref name="23 March 2004 flightglobal.com">{{citation|title=Flight testing the FC-1/JF-17 |work=[[Flight International]] |date=23 March 2004 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |access-date=22 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102181806/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flight-testing-the-fc-1jf-17-179194/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan-ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time. The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004.<ref name="Page 33, AFM magazine, issue July 2004"/> In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |title=PAC readies for assembly ramp up |work=Flight International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514003434/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%200138.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Model of JF-17 on display with two SD-10 and four PL-5E missiles mounted on wings.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder model]] Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing [[Leading-edge extension|leading edge root extensions]] (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded [[electronic warfare]] equipment bay in the tip.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/><ref name="Jane's Sino-Pakistani fighter improved">{{citation |first=Robert |last=Hewson |title=Sino-Pakistani fighter improved |work=[[Jane's Information Group]] |url=http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |access-date=27 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002942/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jdw/jdw051205_1_n.shtml |archive-date = 28 February 2007}}</ref> The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006.<ref name="27 September 2005 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Brendan |last=Sobie |title=Test flaws prompt rethink on China's FC-1 light fighter look |work=[[Flight International]] |date=27 September 2005 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624173043/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/09/27/201773/test-flaws-prompt-rethink-on-chinas-fc-1-light-fighter.html |archive-date=24 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Graham |last=Warwick |title= Pictures: China's Chengdu FC-1 fighter performs first flight with JSF-style engine inlets |work=[[Flight International]]|date=8 May 2006 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204945/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-china39s-chengdu-fc-1-fighter-performs-first-flight-with-jsf-style-engine-206499/ |url-status=live | archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on 16 May 2006">{{citation |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Liu Jianchao's press conference on May 16, 2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |date=17 May 2006 |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm |access-date=25 September 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102091409/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t252967.htm | archive-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622681).jpg|thumb|JF-17 and their DSI air intakes.]] The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake ramps{{mdash}}whose function is to divert turbulent [[boundary layer]] airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the engine{{mdash}}with a [[diverterless supersonic inlet]] (DSI) design.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds. According to [[Lockheed Martin]], the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the [[speed of sound]], reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms,<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Hehs |title=JSF Diverterless Supersonic Inlet |work=Code One magazine |date=July 2000 |url=http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html |access-date=28 July 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124032509/http://www.codeonemagazine.com/archives/2000/articles/july_00/divertless_1.html | archive-date=24 November 2009 }}</ref> and is [[stealth technology|stealthier]] than a conventional intake.<ref name="08/05/06 flightglobal.com"/> In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001.<ref name="APP">{{cite news|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |title=50th indigenously produced JF-17 Thunder rolls-out at PAC Kamra |work=Associated Press of Pakistan |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115146/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255649&Itemid=2 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.<ref name="Code One Magazine article on DSI"/> For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates [[sensor fusion]], an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, [[FADEC|Digital Electronic Engine Control]] (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability.<ref name="PakTribune1">{{citation|title=4th Prototype JF-17 'Thunder' aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |work=PakTribune (Pakistani news website) |url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |access-date=23 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref> The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006.<ref name="cnair">{{citation |first=Hui |last=Tong |title=FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Dragon/Thunder |url=http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm |access-date=2 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002254/http://cnair.top81.cn/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm | archive-date=15 June 2012}}</ref> Following a competition in 2008, [[Martin-Baker]] was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx|title=JF-17 Signing|date=September 2008|work=Escape (newsletter)|publisher=Martin-Baker|page=1|access-date=9 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403190614/http://www.martin-baker.co.uk/getdoc/62678197-340b-46f4-84b5-2d801b21a11a/MB_Escape_20.aspx | archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> ===Production=== [[File:13-143 JF-17 PAKISTAN AIR FORCE LBG (18888092161).jpg|thumb|A PAF JF-17 Block 1 at the [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport|Le Bourget Airport]], Paris, France for the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]] ]] On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a [[Pakistan Day]] parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft. In preparation for the [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling]] of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes.<ref name = "The News, JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief">{{citation |first=Mayed |last=Ali |title = JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief | newspaper = [[The News International]]|date= 31 March 2007 | place = [[Pakistan|PK]] |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 | access-date =23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra">{{cite web|url=http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra – JF-17 Thunder Aircraft|work=pac.org.pk|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101519/http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.<ref name="IASC Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow">{{citation |first= Richard Jr. |last= Fisher |title= Chinese Dimensions of the 2007 Dubai Airshow |publisher= International Assessment and Strategy Center (IASC) |date= 20 January 2008 |url= http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |access-date= 6 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090715131717/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.179/pub_detail.asp |archive-date= 15 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |title=Avic, Pakistan Working on JF-17 Two-Seater |last=Perrett |first=Bradley |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185528/http://aviationweek.com/defense/avic-pakistan-working-jf-17-two-seater |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref> In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] active radar homing AAM.<ref name="Jane's&nbsp;— Chinese, French weapons for JF-17">{{citation |first=Reuben F. |last=Johnson |title=Pakistan considers mix of Chinese, French weapons for its JF-17s |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=29 November 2007 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225164219/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw071129_1_n.shtml |archive-date=25 February 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="paf.gov.pk, Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra">{{citation |title=Manufacturing of JF-17 Thunder Sub-Assemblies Commence at PAC, Kamra |publisher=[[Pakistan Air Force]] }}</ref><ref name="Dawn.com, Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra">{{citation|first=Yaqoob |last=Malik |title=Sub-assembly of Thunder aircraft begins at Kamra |publisher=[[Dawn News]] |date=23 January 2008 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154912/http://www.dawn.com/news/286032/sub-assembly-of-thunder-aircraft-begins-at-kamra |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft. [[Initial operating capability]] was to be achieved by the end of 2008.<ref name = "Jane's, January 2008, JF-17 production commences">{{citation |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |title=JF-17 production commences |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=24 January 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606051629/http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw080124_2_n.shtml |archive-date=6 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year.<ref name="01/07/09 flightglobal.com">{{citation |first=Siva | last = Govindasamy | title= Pakistan begins domestic final assembly of JF-17 |work= [[Flight International]] | date = 1 July 2009 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |access-date=23 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103224634/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pakistan-begins-domestic-final-assembly-of-jf-17-329056/ |url-status=live | archive-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{cite news|title=Pakistan meets JF-17 production target|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[Express Tribune]]|date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004502/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1017904/another-milestone-pakistan-meets-jf-17-production-target/|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian engines will fly to Pakistan|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|newspaper=Kommersant|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154851/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/792862|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the [[Snecma M53#Variants|Snecma M53-P2]], may have been made.<ref name="New engine, Snecma M53 - defensenews.com">{{cite news|title=100 Countries Expected To Attend IDEAS 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2008 |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172647/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=64342 }}</ref> [[Mikhail Pogosyan]], head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency [[Rosoboronexport]] block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29.<ref>{{cite news|location=RU |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |title=Russian combat aircraft makers fear competition with China |agency=RIA Novosti |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727082025/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20100705/159699935.html |archive-date=27 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |title=Russia's Iconic MiG and Sukhoi Fighters Enter Competition with Chinese Clones |work=[[Pravda]] |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=6 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709180639/http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/06-07-2010/114138-russian_fighter_jets-0 |archive-date=9 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> At the 2010 [[Farnborough Airshow]], the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as licence and insurance costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive |title=Farnborough Debut Heralds JF-17 Export Drive |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=19 July 2010 |work=Defence News |access-date=25 May 2011 |archive-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103041128/http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20100719/DEFFEAT06/7190326/Farnborough-Debut-Heralds-JF-17-Export-Drive }}</ref> According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in [[Zhuhai]], China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia to sell additional RD-93 jet engines to China |url=http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |date=16 November 2010 |publisher=Rianovosti |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021164151/http://en.ria.ru/military_news/20101116/161360534.html |archive-date=21 October 2014 }}</ref> According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to boost JF-17 production by 25% in '16|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|access-date=20 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918010628/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/dubai-airshow-2015/pakistan-to-boost-jf-17-production-by-25-in-16|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Further development=== [[File:PAK Kamra JF-17 Thunder at PAris Air Show, June 2019 (2).jpg|thumb|JF 17 Thunder in [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan Flag Livery]] at [[Paris Air Show]] ]] Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7,<ref name="Grifo">{{Citation |url=http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | type = datasheet | title = Selex | contribution = Italian Grifo family | publisher = Sensors and Airborne Systems| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325204544/http://www.selex-sas.com/datasheets_ga/Grifofamily.pdf | archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the [[RDY (Radar Doppler Multitarget)|RDY-2]]),<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower"/> and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari">{{citation | last =Ansari | first = Usman | title= Thunder Storm&nbsp;– Pakistan's hopes for the JF-17 Thunder fighter | work=Combat Aircraft magazine | volume = 8 |issue= 4 |url=http://usmanansari.com/id16.html |access-date=11 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907034554/http://usmanansari.com/id16.html | archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a [[Thales Group|Thales]]-[[Sagem]] joint venture. Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to {{USD|1.36 billion}}. The RC-400 radar, [[MICA (missile)|MICA]] AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |title= French-Led JF-17 Upgrade Likely To Raise Eyebrows |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/french-led-jf-17-upgrade-likely-raise-eyebrows |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |title= Will Westernized JF-17 Thunder Attract New Delhi's Ire? |work= [[Aviation Week]] |access-date= 2 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/http://aviationweek.com/awin/will-westernized-jf-17-thunder-attract-new-delhi-s-ire |archive-date= 11 January 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref> In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian [[lobbying]], which operates many French-built aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |title=Paris bloque un contrat d'équipement français d'avions de chasse pakistanais |trans-title=Paris blocks a contract of French equipment for Pakistani fighter aircraft |last=Follorou |first=Jacques |date=2 April 2010 |work=Le Monde |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406012337/http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2010/04/02/paris-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live }} [https://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en Google English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313032215/http://translate.google.com/translate?js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=1&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fasie-pacifique%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F02%2Fparis-bloque-un-contrat-d-equipement-francais-d-avions-de-chasse-pakistanais_1327919_3216.html&sl=fr&tl=en |date=13 March 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |title=France says arms sale to Pakistan held up |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=2 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215070013/http://www.dawn.com/news/850170/planned-french-arms-sale-to-pakistan-held-up |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref> France wanted the PAF to purchase several [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000-9]] fighters from the [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]], which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris|title=Un contrat militaire avec le Pakistan bloqué par Paris |trans-title=A contract with the Pakistan military blocked by Paris | date= 3 April 2010 | publisher = Radio France Internationale | language= fr| access-date= 5 April 2010|location= France|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514191726/http://www.rfi.fr/contenu/20100403-contrat-militaire-le-pakistan-bloque-paris |archive-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rao Qamar Suleman]], said such reports were false, stating: "I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischief{{mdash}}to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want".<ref>{{cite journal| last= Warnes| first= Alan|date=July 2010 |title=On the edge&nbsp;– JF-17s, Tankers and AWACS|journal=Air Forces Monthly | type = magazine |location= United Kingdom |issue=July 2010|page= 54|quote=Reports in late March that the French Government was refusing to allow the sale of a Thales avionics system was denied by the CAS: 'I saw the report quoting unnamed sources or any French government official. I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government. I think someone is trying to cause mischief&nbsp;– to put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want.'}}</ref> On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 Thunder Block 2 Will be Ready till June 2014 |url=http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Pakistan Armed Forces News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134056/http://pakarmedforces.com/2013/12/jf-17-thunder-block-2-will-be-ready-till-june-2014.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01"/> Block 2 construction was planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft was planned.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|title=Production of improved version of JF-17 aircraft launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |date=19 December 2013 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605015123/http://www.dawn.com/news/1075055 |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref> In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.<ref name="Fourth">{{cite news|title=Fourth JF-17 Thunder squadron complete as PAC rolls out 16th aircraft|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177/|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406230211/https://www.dawn.com/news/1229177|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | title = Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan | last=Fisher |first=Richard Jr. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan | archivedate=21 April 2016 | work = Jane's Defence Weekly | date = 17 June 2015 }}</ref> A two-seat version was also reportedly to be produced in Block III.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAF to induct JF17 Thunder Block III in 2016|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513171122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/5411-paf-to-induct-jf17-thunder-block-iii-in-2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan's JF-17 Thunder fighter jet impresses at Paris Air Show|url=http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503022238/http://techgenmag.com/2015/06/pakistans-jf-17-thunder-fighter-plane/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.<ref>{{cite news|title=Selex advances M-345 cockpit development|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530175651/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/selex-advances-m-345-cockpit-development-417972/|archive-date=30 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, despite Indian protests, Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine designated ''RD-93MA'' for the JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.<ref name="Russian engine">{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=9 July 2020 |title=Russia confirms progress on new jet engine. Is it for Pak JF-17 fighter? |url=http://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html|url-status=live |work= TheWeek Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127072811/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/07/09/russia-confirms-progress-on-new-jet-engine-is-it-for-pak-jf-17-fighter.html |archive-date= 27 January 2021}}</ref> ==ڊيزائن== [[File:JF-17 block 1 front view.jpg|upright|thumb|Front View]] ===Airframe=== The airframe is of [[Fuselage#Semi-monocoque|semi-monocoque]] structure constructed primarily of aluminium alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The retractable undercarriage has a [[Landing gear#Gear arrangements|tricycle arrangement]] with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manoeuvrees involving high angles of attack.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The mid-mounted wings are of [[cropped-delta]] configuration. Near the [[wing root]] are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat manoeuvrees. A conventional tri-plane [[empennage]] arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving [[stabilator]]s, single [[vertical stabiliser]], [[rudder]], and twin ventral fins. The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Vertical axis (yaw)|yaw]] and [[Aircraft principal axes#Longitudinal axis (roll)|roll]] axis and a digital [[Fly-by-wire#Fly by wire control systems|fly-by-wire]] (FBW) system in the [[Aircraft principal axes#Transverse axis (pitch)|pitch axis]]. The [[leading-edge slat]]s/[[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s and [[Trailing edge]] [[Flap (aeronautics)|flap]]s are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.<ref name="cnair"/> Up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the [[hardpoint]]s, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Cockpit=== [[File:JF-17 Block 1 cockpit.jpg|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 HUD]] The aircraft has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A [[center stick]] is used for [[Flight dynamics|pitch and roll]] control while [[Aircraft rudder|rudder pedals]] control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates [[HOTAS|hands-on-throttle-and-stick]] (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE [[zero-zero ejection seat]]. The cockpit incorporates an [[electronic flight instrument system]] (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three color multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems. The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is {{cvt|20.3|cm|inch|1}} wide and {{cvt|30.5|cm|inch|1}} tall and is arranged side by side in [[page orientation|portrait orientation]]. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> ===Avionics=== [[File:JF-17 cockpit.webp|thumb|JF-17 Block 1 cockpit avionics display]] The avionics software incorporates the concept of [[open architecture]]. Instead of the military-optimised [[Ada (programming language)|Ada programming language]], the software is written using the popular [[C++|C++ programming language]], enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article">{{citation|title=Stuck in Sichuan: Pakistani JF-17 Program Grounded? No|date=January 2007|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|work=Defense Industry Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/|archive-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf |title=8011-Ai760Datasheet.qxd |access-date=21 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021927/http://www.teradyne.com/atd/resource/docs/spectrum/spectrum_9100-series/ds_S9100_090905.pdf|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref>{{Dubious|date=May 2021}} The JF-17 has a [[defensive aids system]] (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A [[radar warning receiver]] (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an [[electronic warfare]] (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a [[Missile Approach Warning]] (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles. The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases [[flare (countermeasure)|decoy flares]] and [[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]] to help evade hostile radar and missiles. The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the [[KLJ-7|NRIET KLJ-7]] radar,<ref name="Milavia.net 2007 news report">{{citation |date=23 March 2007 |title=JF-17 Arrived in Pakistan |work=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |publisher=MILAVIA.net |url=http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |access-date=31 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218082338/http://www.milavia.net/news/2007/jf-17-arrived-in-pakistan.html |archive-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7">{{citation |title=KLJ-7/10 Fire Control Radar (FCR) (China), Airborne radar systems |work=Jane's Avionics |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=19 January 2009 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002180132/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Avionics/KLJ-710-Fire-Control-Radar-FCR-China.html | archive-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the [[Track while scan|track-while-scan]] mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with [[Air-to-air missile#Radar guidance|radar-homing AAMs]]. The operation range for targets with a [[radar cross-section]] (RCS) of {{Convert|5|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} is stated to be ≥ {{Convert|105|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-up mode and ≥ {{Convert|85|km|miles|abbr=on}} in look-down mode.<ref name="Jane's Avionics KLJ-7"/><ref name="Jane's, NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements">{{citation |title=China's NRIET outlines fighter radar improvements |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html |access-date=6 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820152019/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2008/China-s-NRIET-outlines-fighter-radar-improvements.html | archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> A [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and [[infra-red search and track]] (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated;<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, "JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority."<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2016|title=Interview: Pakistan wants air force upgrade for prolonged militant fight|newspaper=Reuters|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|url-status=dead|access-date=27 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420160318/http://in.reuters.com/article/pakistan-airforce-militants-idINKCN0X418O|archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> In 2017, [[ASELSAN|Aselsans]] ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight [[targeting pod]]s from Aselsan.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Tests Turkish Targeting Pod|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235159/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/195015/pakistan-tests-aselsan-targeting-pod-on-jf_17-fighter.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|access-date=6 December 2018|website=defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes. A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by [[Luoyang]] Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of [[Aviation Industry Corporation of China|AVIC]] was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|title=图文：枭龙04飞行员新头盔_新浪军事_新浪网|work=sina.com.cn|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101520/http://jczs.news.sina.com.cn/p/2006-09-01/1123394592.html|archive-date=11 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=Strategycenter.net |date=30 December 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th [[Zhuhai Airshow]], where a partial mock-up was on display.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} An externally carried day/night [[laser designator]] [[targeting pod]] may be integrated with the avionics to guide [[laser-guided bomb]]s (LGBs).<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> An extra [[hardpoint]] may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's [[tactical data link]] can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} The communication systems comprise two [[VHF]]/[[UHF]] radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for [[VHF Data Link|data linking]] for communication with ground control centers, [[airborne early warning and control]] aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for [[network-centric warfare]], and improved [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite web|title=VHF air-ground Digital Link |url=http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |publisher=etsi.org |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100741/http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/301800_301899/30184101/01.03.01_40/en_30184101v010301o.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref> The aircraft uses [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLGs]] along with [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] [[Transponder]] which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft. The [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]] aids in aerial combat for manoeuvring.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} ===Engine=== The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 [[turbofan]] engine, which is a variant of the [[Klimov RD-33]] engine used on the [[MiG-29]] fighter. The engine gives more [[thrust]] and significantly [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|lower specific fuel consumption]] than [[turbojet]] engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A [[thrust-to-weight ratio]] of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see [[JF-17 Thunder#Airframe and cockpit|airframe]] section).<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ "Pakistan & China's JF-17 Fighter Program."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051016/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/stuck-in-sichuan-pakistani-jf17-program-grounded-02984/ |date=20 October 2013 }} ''Defense Industry Daily'', 14 November 2011</ref> The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails.<ref name="stuck-in-sichuan"/> The [[Guizhou Aircraft Industry Corporation|Guizhou Aero Engine Group]] has been developing a new turbofan engine, the [[Guizhou WS-13|WS-13 ''Taishan'']], since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of {{Convert|80 to 86.36|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}}, a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around {{Convert|100|kN|lb-f|abbr=on}} (22,450&nbsp;lb), is also reportedly under development.<ref name="October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |title=October Surprises in Chinese Aerospace |publisher=International Assessment and Strategy Center |date=30 December 2009 |first=Richard Jr. |last=Fisher |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813161423/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.219/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref> During the 2015 [[Paris Air Show]], it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun.<ref name="janes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|title=Paris Air Show 2015: JF-17 fighter flying with indigenous Chinese turbofan|work=Jane's|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064512/http://www.janes.com/article/52308/paris-air-show-2015-jf-17-fighter-flying-with-indigenous-chinese-turbofan|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |title=Pakistan to Stick With Russian Engine for JF-17 Fighter Jet |last1=Gady |first1=Franz-Stefan |date=25 November 2015 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=IHS |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125095855/https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/pakistan-to-stick-with-russian-engine-for-jf-17-fighter-jet/ |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan.<ref>{{citation|title=Moscow makes a move when US loosens the noose|date=25 January 2016|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204051408/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1033922/moscow-makes-a-move-when-us-loosens-the-noose/|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} ===Fuel system=== The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of {{Convert|2330|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see [[Aircraft fuel system#Turbine fuel system|turbine fuel systems]]). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One {{convert|800|litre|impgal|adj=on}} [[drop tank]] can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or {{convert|1110|litre|impgal|adj=on}} drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> The fuel system is compatible with [[Aerial refueling|in-flight refuelling (IFR)]], allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes.<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal [[Tahir Rafique Butt]] said ground tests on the JF-17's refuelling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bokhari|first=Farhan|title=Pakistani JF-17 to start mid-air refuelling by end of summer|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=10 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer|access-date=21 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107021555/http://www.janes.com/article/13613/pakistani-jf-17-to-start-mid-air-refuelling-by-end-of-summer | archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref> [[File:JF-17 Thunder (4826622777).jpg|thumb|JF-17 Thunder with its weapons]] [[File:Pakistan Air Force, 12-139, Chengdu JF-17 Thunder (49579395248).jpg|thumb|Thunder with weapons]] ===Armaments=== The JF-17 can be armed with up to {{convert|3400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} of air-to-air and [[air-to-ground weaponry]], and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a [[MIL-STD-1760]] data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System,<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin.<ref name="defensenews.com Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower">{{citation|first=Usman |last=Ansari |title=Pakistan Surmounts Sanctions To Revive Airpower |work=[[Defense News]] |date=9 February 2009 |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3938427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230020953/http://theasiandefence.blogspot.com/2009/02/pakistan-surmounts-western-sanctions-to.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 }}</ref> Internal armament comprises one {{Convert|23|mm|inch|abbr=on}} GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the [[port (nautical)|port side]] air intake, which can be replaced with a {{Convert|30|mm|inch|abbr=on}} [[GSh-30-2]] twin-barrel cannon.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|title=MILAVIA Aircraft – Chengdu FC-1/JF-17 Thunder Specifications|first=Niels | last = Hillebrand|work=milavia.net|access-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031225/http://www.milavia.net/aircraft/fc-1/fc-1_specs.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as [[targeting pods]] can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with [[Hard point#Ejector racks|multiple ejector racks]], allowing each hard-point to carry two {{Convert|500|lb|kg|abbr=on}} unguided bombs or LGBs{{mdash}}[[Mk.82]] or [[GBU-12]].<ref name="Thunder Storm, Usman Ansari"/>{{Self-published inline|certain=y|date=July 2021}} Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The aircraft can carry the [[PL-12|PL-12/SD-10]] along with the [[PL-5]]E and [[PL-9]]C Short range, infra-red homing missiles. The more advanced [[PL-10]]E High-Off Bore Sight missiles were integrated into the aircraft in April 2021, operated Within Visual Range using the HMD/S. With the Block 3 variant of the JF-17, the ability to fit and operate the [[PL-15]]E, the most advanced BVR missile developed by China for export with a claimed operating range of 145&nbsp;km, is also integrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan's Production of Latest JF-17 Block 3 Variant Reaches 30 Units |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistans-production-of-latest-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jets-nears-30-units-2/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=19 October 2024}}</ref> Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, [[Unguided bomb|gravity bombs]] and [[Matra Durandal]] anti-runway munitions. [[Precision-guided munition]]s such as LGBs and [[Precision-guided munition#Satellite-guided weapons|satellite-guided bombs]] are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as [[anti-ship missile]]s and [[anti-radiation missile]]s.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra"/> Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian [[MAR-1]] anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.<ref name="janes mar1">{{cite journal|last=Hewson|first=Robert|date=17 April 2013|title=Mectron's MAR-1 to be operational in Pakistan next year|url=http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928072717/http://www.janes.com/article/12017/mectron-s-mar-1-to-be-operational-in-pakistan-next-year|archive-date=28 September 2013|access-date=26 September 2013}}</ref> ==آپريشنل تاريخ== ===Pakistan=== [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Thunder flies in front of the 26,660 ft high Nanga Parbat.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 flies in front of the 26,660 ft high [[Nanga Parbat]]]] Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6854&Cat=13&dt=3/21/2007 |title=JF-17 engine row resolved: Air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901221604/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6854 |archive-date = 1 September 2007}}</ref> They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the [[Pakistan Day Parade|Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade]] in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |title=PAF to seek more Chinese aircraft, says air chief |work=The News International |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043607/http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=6815 |archive-date = 9 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="PakTribune">[http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 JF-17 Thunder main focus of attention at Pak Day fly-past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?172945 |date=27 September 2007 }}. ''Pak Tribune'', 24 March 2007.</ref> Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\03\15\story_15-3-2008_pg7_6 |title=Six more JF-17 Thunder fighter jets inducted into PAF |date=15 March 2008 |work=Daily Times |access-date=21 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118100559/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C03%5C15%5Cstory_15-3-2008_pg7_6 | archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |title=PAF to start serial production of JF-17 fighter aircraft soon |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330212502/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70263&Itemid=1 |archive-date=30 March 2010}}</ref> Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |title=Pak, China unveil first JF-17 combat jet |work=Rediff.com |date=23 November 2009 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301092221/http://news.rediff.com/interview/2009/nov/23/pak-china-unveil-first-combat-jet.htm |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 ''Black Spiders'']], was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |title=First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF |publisher=App.com.pk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222163116/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=96657&Itemid=2 |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/international/2010/February/international_February910.xml&section=international |title=PAF Inducts First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder Jet |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=19 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110350/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2010%2FFebruary%2Finternational_February910.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> These aircraft first saw service in the [[Operation Rah-e-Nijat|anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan]], during which various types of weapons were evaluated.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zia |last=Tanouli |language=Urdu |work=Daily Express (Pakistan) |title=جے ایف-١٧ میں باقاعدہ طور پر شامل پی اے ایف |url=http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |access-date=20 February 2010 |quote=(Translated) No.26 Squadron established in Kamra with 14 aircraft initially inducted. According to top PAF sources, fourteen aircraft were evaluated thoroughly with different kinds of weapons during the anti-terror operation in Waziristan. First squadron established in Kamra due to security concerns, will be transferred to Peshawar later. With induction of first JF-17 squadron, the two A-5 squadrons will be grounded today. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924005230/http://www.express.com.pk/images/NP_LHE/20100218/Sub_Images/1100859721-1.gif |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> They took part in the PAF's ''High Mark 2010'' exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the ''Blue Force'' to attack ''Red Land'' surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |title=JF-17 Thunder comes of age at High Mark drill |date=29 March 2010 |work=Newspaper article |publisher=Awaz Today |access-date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714184851/http://www.awaztoday.com/News_JF-17-Thunder-comes-of-age-at-High-Mark-drill_1_4855_Political-News.aspx |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |title=Pakistan inducts JF-17 jets developed with China |work=Rediff.com |date=18 February 2010 |access-date=29 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528235257/http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/18/pak-inducts-jf17-jet-developed-with-china.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 ''Black Spiders'' Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had "revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts". Then Air Chief Marshal [[Rao Qamar Suleman]] reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron]]. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |title=PAF re-equips No 26 Squadron with JF-17 thunder aircraft |date=12 April 2011 |newspaper=Daily Times (Pakistan) |access-date=12 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174246/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/12-Apr-2011/paf-re-equips-no-26-squadron-with-jf-17-thunder-aircraft |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> During [[Operation Zarb-e-Azb]] 2014–2016, JF-17 were deployed frequently to carry out airstrikes against [[Pakistani Taliban|TTP]] hideouts, killing hundreds of terrorists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AFP |first=Dawn com {{!}} |date=19 December 2014 |title=Top Uzbek commander among 17 terrorists killed in Khyber air strikes |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1151682 |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/245286-Operation-ZarbeAzb-30-militants-killed-in-fresh |access-date=18 February 2024 |website=dunyanews.tv |title=Operation Zarb-e-Azb: 30 militants killed in fresh airstrikes in Dattakhel |date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> In September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron tasked with sea strikes was re-equipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder inducted in Multi Role Squadron|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|access-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414020258/http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/12-Apr-16/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-multi-role-squadron|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live|date=12 April 2016}}</ref> The No. 16 Squadron "Black Panthers" has also been equipped with the JF-17.<ref>{{cite web|title=JF-17 Block-2 Update from "The Thunder City|url=http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|access-date=8 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220185954/http://pafwallpapers.com/blog/2015/06/jf-17-block-2-update/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Iranian]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] operating in [[Pakistan|Pakistan's]] [[Panjgur District|Pangjur District]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|title=JF-17 shoots down Iran's spy drone|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|access-date=21 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621032625/http://nation.com.pk/national/21-Jun-2017/jf-17-shoots-down-iran-s-spy-drone|archive-date=21 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's [[2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes|retaliatory airstrikes]] against India during which two Thunders of the [[No. 16 Squadron PAF|No. 16 Squadron]] struck Indian ground targets with [[Mark 83|Mk. 83 REKs]].<ref name="kaiser">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|website=PakistanPolitico.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama: Two years on|date=18 February 2021|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208104607/https://pakistanpolitico.com/pulwama-two-years-on/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="tufail">{{cite web|url=https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|website=DefenceJournal.com|first= Kaiser | last = Tufail | author-link= Kaiser Tufail |title=Pulwama-From bluster to whimper|date=10 July 2019|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028163732/https://defencejournal.com/2019/07/10/pulwama-from-bluster-to-a-whimper/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|title=Operation Swift Retort one year on|access-date=1 March 2022|date=19 March 2020|first=Alan|last=Warnes|publisher=Key Publishing|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115063708/https://www.keymilitary.com/article/operation-swift-retort-one-year|url-status=live}}</ref> According to reports,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lennon |first=Brad |date=4 March 2019 |title=Crisis may be easing, but nuclear threat still hangs over India and Pakistan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=CNN |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519161150/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/01/asia/india-pakistan-military-balance-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Has Pakistan's JF-17 'Thunder' Block II Fighter Jet Engaged in its First Dogfight? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516080001/https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/has-pakistans-jf-17-thunder-block-ii-fighter-jet-engaged-in-its-first-dogfight |url-status=live }}</ref> as of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|title=Orbats|website=www.scramble.nl|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202214748/https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF. During the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], the PAF publicly showcased, for the first time, a JF-17 Block 3 fighter aircraft equipped with [[PL-15#Variants|PL-15E]] long-range [[beyond-visual-range missile|beyond-visual-range]] [[air-to-air missile]]s (BVRAAMs).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2025 |title=Update: Pakistan shows JF-17 Block III fitted with PL-15 missiles for first time |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/update-pakistan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fitted-with-pl-15-missiles-for-first-time |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Jane |language=en}}</ref> During the conflict, the PAF deployed JF-17s and [[J-10CE]]s in combat in both the air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.<ref name="auto14"/><ref name="auto16"/><ref name="auto12"/> Pakistan claimed that its JF-17 successfully targeted and destroyed an Indian [[S-400 missile system|S-400 missile defence system]] at [[Adampur Airport|Adampur Air Force Station]] in [[Punjab]] on 10 May 2025 using two [[CM-400AKG]] long-range supersonic [[air-to-surface missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1310766-how-paf-destroyed-india-s-2-s400-air-defence-systems | title=How PAF destroyed India's 2 S400 air defence systems | date=12 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17">{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/first-strike-in-the-hypersonic-era-pakistan-claims-jf-17-launched-cm-400akg-took-out-indias-s-400/ | title=(VIDEO) First Strike in the Hypersonic Era: Pakistan Claims JF-17-Launched CM-400AKG Took Out India's S-400 | date=11 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883212-pak-jf17-thunder-strike-destroys-indian-s400-air-defence-system | title=Pak JF-17 Thunder strike destroys Indian S400 air defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/jf-17-thunder-destroys-indias-s-400-defence-system-10-05-2025/ | title=Watch: JF-17 Thunder taking off to destroy India's S-400 defence system | date=10 May 2025 }}</ref> On 11 May, the PAF, in a press briefing said that it had targeted the 96L6E Cheese Board radar of the S-400 system, one of the units of the combined air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim |last=Ahmad |first=Zeeshan |date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref> India's [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] dismissed the claim, stating that all Indian S-400 squadrons are still functional.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan's claim of destroying India's S-400 missile systems false: Indian military|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-claim-of-destroying-indias-s-400-missile-systems-false-indian-military/article69560019.ece|access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] visited the Adampur Air Force Station on 13 May 2025, and posed in front of an S-400 Launcher, which the [[Indian media]] claimed to be fully operational. According to Indian media, his visit served as a rebuttal to Pakistan's claims, reinforcing that the missile system was intact and operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=PM Modi poses in front of S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Base days after Pakistan claimed it was destroyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-poses-in-front-of-s-400-missile-system-at-adampur-air-base-days-after-pakistan-claimed-it-was-destroyed/articleshow/121134748.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Modi fact-checks Pakistan, visits Adampur, releases video & photo with S-400 in background|url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-fact-checks-pakistan-visits-adampur-releases-video-photo-with-s-400-in-background/2624167/|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Print|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at Paris Air Show 2015.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Air Force JF-17 at [[Paris Air Show]] 2015]] '''Exercises'''<br> The PAF has deployed the JF-17 Thunder in a number of bilateral and multinational air exercises since the 2010s. PAF JF-17s have participated in joint air exercises with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) under the Shaheen exercise series since at least 2014, focusing on air combat training and interoperability.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 2019 and again in 2021, PAF JF-17s took part in the Turkish Air Force–hosted multinational exercise Anatolian Eagle, operating alongside aircraft from several participating air forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2019: Pakistani JF-17s among participants |url=https://theaviationist.com/2019/07/15/pakistani-jf-17-thunders-and-turkish-elint-sigint-c-160d-transall-among-the-highlights-of-anatolian-eagle-exercise/ |website=The Aviationist |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolian Eagle 2021 exercise |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/12072021-anatolian-eagle-2021-exercise-pakistan-improving-defense-synergies-oped/ |website=Eurasia Review |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2022, PAF JF-17s participated in the Saudi-led multinational air exercise Spears of Victory at King Abdulaziz Air Base, flying alongside Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, as well as allied aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF participates in Spears of Victory exercise in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590236/pakistan |website=Arab News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> JF-17s continued participation in subsequent editions of Spears of Victory, including 2023 and 2025, with later deployments featuring the Block-III variant.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17 Block-III participates in Spears of Victory 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/ConnectedPakistan/posts/pakistan-air-forces-jf-17-thunder-block-iii-fighter-jets-have-touched-down-in-az/1213837260779670/ |website=Connected Pakistan |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PAF excels in Saudi-led Spears of Victory 2025 |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/02/14/paf-excels-in-saudi-led-air-combat-drills-jf-17-block-iii-earns-global-praise/ |website=Pakistan Today |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> In 2025, PAF JF-17 Block-III fighters were also deployed to Azerbaijan for the bilateral air exercise Indus Shield Alpha, marking one of the type’s longest overseas deployments.<ref>{{cite web |title=PAF JF-17s arrive in Azerbaijan for Indus Shield Alpha |url=https://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/912872 |website=Dunya News |access-date=4 January 2026}}</ref> '''Airshows'''<br> The JF-17 Thunder has participated in international airshows since 2010 as part of export promotion and military diplomacy efforts by the PAF.<ref name="ISPR-2010">Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan Air Force press releases on JF-17 international exposure, 2010.</ref> Early public appearances took place at airshows in Pakistan and China, followed by displays at major international aerospace exhibitions, including the Paris Air Show in 2011 and 2015,<ref>Paris Air Show official exhibitor catalogues, 2011 & 2015.</ref> the Dubai Airshow in 2013, 2017, 2021, and 2025<ref>Dubai Airshow official exhibitor lists, 2013, 2017, 2021.</ref> and the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 and 2016, primarily as static displays.<ref>Farnborough International Airshow exhibitor catalogues, 2014 & 2016.</ref> The aircraft has also featured at the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition, including static and flying displays, with later editions showcasing the Block III variant.<ref>China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (Zhuhai) official programmes; Global Times aviation coverage.</ref> In 2019, 2022, and 2025, PAF JF-17s participated in the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT), in static and air displays.<ref>Royal International Air Tattoo aircraft participation lists, 2019 & 2022.</ref> The aircraft was also displayed at the [[World Defense Show]] in 2024.<ref>[[World Defense Show]] 2024 exhibitor directory; Saudi Ministry of Defense releases.</ref> ===Myanmar=== In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] for approximately $560 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2017-06-15/jf-17-myanmar-seen-flying-china|title=JF-17 for Myanmar Seen Flying in China|first=Chen|last=Chuanren|website=Aviation International News}}</ref> In late 2015, [[Myanmar]] ordered 16 [[Klimov RD-33|RD-93]] spare engines from [[Russia]], which were received in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=SIPRI>{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=SIPRI Trade Register|publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|access-date=15 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 December 2018, [[Jane's Information Group|Jane's]] disclosed that the [[Myanmar Air Force]] had received the first batch of JF-17s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters |title=Myanmar shows off Thunder fighters |work=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]] |last=Jennings |first=Gareth |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202527/https://www.janes.com/article/85253/myanmar-shows-off-thunder-fighters/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|title=YouTube|website=YouTube|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRdQ0ctfkHE|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2021}} As per reports, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] is in possession 11 JF-17 Block 2s.[https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html] In May 2022, a PAF cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 PAF personnel were scheduled to visit [[Meiktila Air Base]] in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing. However, the [[Myanmar Air Force]] has faced significant challenges with its JF-17 fleet.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Irrawaddy |first=The |date=2022-11-25 |title=Technical Problems Ground Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Bought From China |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/technical-problems-ground-myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-bought-from-china.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> By late 2022, the entire fleet of 11 aircraft was grounded due to severe technical malfunctions and structural issues, including cracks in the airframe (particularly wingtips and hardpoints), poor accuracy and maintenance problems with the Chinese-made KLJ-7 radar, malfunctions in the Weapon Mission Management Computer that reduced launch zones for beyond-visual-range missiles, unreliable avionics, and issues with the Russian RD-93 engines.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Myanmar raises issue of grounded JF-17 Thunder fighter aircraft to Pakistan |url=https://www.asiapacificdefensejournal.com/2023/09/myanmar-raises-issue-of-grounded-jf-17.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Asia Pacific Defense Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farid |first=Ayesha |date=2025-05-18 |title=Myanmar’s JF-17 Fighter Jets Grounded Amid Conflict and Maintenance Woes |url=https://www.bdmilitary.com/analysis/geopolitics-diplomacy/myanmars-jf-17-fighter-jets-grounded-amid-conflict-and-maintenance-woes/1082/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Bangladesh Military Forces |language=en-GB}}</ref> These problems rendered the aircraft unfit for combat operations, forcing the air force to rely on other platforms like MiG-29s, Yak-130s, and K-8s.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> The grounding was exacerbated by post-2021 military coup sanctions, which restricted access to spare parts for Western-sourced components in the avionics and electronics. Myanmar lacked the local expertise to maintain or repair the complex systems, and initial attempts by Pakistani technicians in September 2022 to set up a simulator at Pathein air base and resolve issues were only partially successful.<ref name=":5" /> In September 2023, Myanmar raised the issue directly with Pakistani leadership, including Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif and Armed Forces chief General Asim Munir, expressing displeasure over the aircraft's performance. The Chinese government also intervened diplomatically due to its role in the JF-17's development. As a result, Myanmar reportedly decided not to accept the remaining five aircraft from the original order and explored newer JF-17 variants as a potential resolution.<ref name=":5" /> ===Nigeria=== [[File:Nigerian JF-17 fighter aircraft.png|thumb|[[Nigerian Air Force]] JF-17 Block 2]] In December 2014, during the [[International Defence Exhibition and Seminar]] in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from [[Pakistan]]. [[Nigerian Air Force]] (NAF) chief [[Air Marshal]] [[Adesola Nunayon Amosu]] had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|title=IDEAS 2014: Nigeria 'close to signing up' for JF-17 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |date=2 December 2014 |work=Farhan Bokhari |publisher=Janes |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226110403/http://www.janes.com/article/46579/ideas-2014-nigeria-close-to-signing-up-for-jf-17 |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref> Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria to become first JF-17 export operator|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.janes.com/article/57080/nigeria-to-become-first-jf-17-export-operator|archive-date=28 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=FG to spend N65bn on warplanes, weapons, others|url=http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106072634/http://www.punchng.com/fg-to-spend-n65bn-on-warplanes-weapons-others/|archive-date=6 January 2016|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A June 2016 article in [[Jane's]] re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 [[PAC Super Mushshak|Super Mushshak]], and 2 [[Mi-35M]] aircraft in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria waiting for US to approve Super Tucano sale|url=http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130937/http://www.janes.com/article/61029/nigeria-waiting-for-us-to-approve-super-tucano-sale|archive-date=8 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> With a confirmation from the Nigerian Air Force shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|title=Official 2016 Nigerian Budget Confirms JF-17 Order|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=4 January 2017|work=quwa.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510134827/http://quwa.org/2017/01/04/official-2016-nigerian-budget-confirms-jf-17-order/|archive-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumoured to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Pakistan approves Nigerian JF-17 production |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025144735/https://www.janes.com/article/84043/pakistan-approves-nigerian-jf-17-production |archive-date=25 October 2018 |location=London |date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Sana |title=Pakistan to sell three JF-17s to Nigeria for $184.3m |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |website=Gulf News |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143150/https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-to-sell-three-jf-17s-to-nigeria-for-184-3m-1.2294035 |archive-date=26 October 2018 |location=Islamabad |date=26 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 December 2020 the [[Pakistan Aeronautical Complex]] rolled out the three JF-17A Block 2s for Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |work=defenceworld.net |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live }}</ref> They were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in March 2021 aboard Pakistan Air Force Ilyushin Il-78MP freighters and were formally inducted into the Nigerian Air Force on 21 May 2021.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=First of 3 Pakistani JF-17 Jets Arrive in Nigeria |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325024056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29198/First_of_3_Pakistani_JF_17_Jets_Arrive_in_Nigeria#.YFxkX68zaUk |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21" /> The NAF initially indicated that it might order another 35–40 aircraft if the type met its requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JF-17 Thunder Jets Spotted in Nigerian AF Colors, Ready for Delivery |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204082056/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28266/JF_17_Thunder_Jets_Spotted_in_Nigerian_AF_Colors__Ready_for_Delivery |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref> In January 2023 the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal [[Isiaka Oladayo Amao]], confirmed that the JF-17s had been used in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations inside Nigeria.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |title=Amao: NAF Expects Delivery of 27 Fighter Jets, Attack Helicopters to Boost Fight against Terrorism – THISDAYLIVE |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322164348/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/01/22/amao-naf-expects-delivery-of-27-fighter-jets-attack-helicopters-to-boost-fight-against-terrorism/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> In early December 2025 the three aircraft were reportedly deployed to the [[Benin Republic]], where they conducted airstrikes against rebel forces during an attempted coup.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Nigerian Air Force deploys JF-17 jets to foil Benin coup attempt |url=https://timesofislamabad.com/08-Dec-2025/nigerian-air-force-deploys-jf-17-jets-to-foil-benin-coup-attempt |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref> ===Azerbaijan=== In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |title=Azerbaijan to buy JF-17 {{sic|aircra|fts|nolink=y}} from Pakistan |date=29 January 2008 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210111145843/https://apa.az/en/azerbaijan-army-azerbaijani-armed-forces/-43234 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[Azeri Press Agency]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]] negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately {{USD|16 to 18 million}} each.<ref name="news.am">{{Citation|title=China supplies FC-1 multipurpose fighters to Azerbaijan|url=http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|newspaper=News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124131/http://news.am/eng/news/8954.html|place=AM|access-date=28 February 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shahid |last=Hussain |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |title=Pakistan and Azerbaijan: Deepening a Mutually Beneficial Relationship |date=19 May 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200519204003/https://thediplomat.com/2020/05/pakistan-and-azerbaijan-deepening-a-mutually-beneficial-relationship/ |archive-date=19 May 2020 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 February 2024, Azerbaijan had signed a contract worth US$1.6 billion with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 multi-role combat aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air Forces including aircraft, training, and ordnance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan signs largest ever fighter jet sale deal with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/222206.html |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Azernews.Az |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web |last=AzeMedia |date=22 February 2024 |title=Pakistan has signed the largest deal in history with Azerbaijan for the sale of fighter jets |url=https://aze.media/pakistan-has-signed-the-largest-deal-in-history-with-azerbaijan-for-the-sale-of-fighter-jets/ |access-date=22 February 2024 |website=Aze.Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://pakobserver.net/pakistan-seals-1-6-billion-deal-with-azerbaijan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets/|title=Pakistan seals $1.6 billion deal with Azerbaijan to sell JF-17 fighter jets|date=22 February 2024}}</ref> On 25 September 2024, the JF-17 Block 3 was showcased to the President of Azerbaijan on the sidelines of 2024 Azerbaijan International Defence Exhibition (AIDEX).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=25 September 2024 |title=JF-17C multirole aircrafts presented to President Ilham Aliyev |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/jf_17c_multirole_aircrafts_presented_to_president_ilham_aliyev-3196886 |work=Azertac}}</ref> On 6 June 2025, the Government of Pakistan announced that it had secured a contract for the supply of 40 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft from Azerbaijan for $4.6 billion, which builds on an initial agreement signed between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in February 2024, valued at $1.6 billion, for an unspecified number of JF-17 Block 3 fighter jets, alongside training and armaments.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web | url=https://www.aeronewsjournal.com/2025/06/jf-17-thunder-breakthrough-azerbaijan.html | title=JF-17 Thunder Breakthrough Azerbaijan Secures $4.6 Billion Deal for 40 Pakistani-Chinese Block III Fighters | date=8 June 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto18">{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/08/how-armenia-might-respond-to-azerbaijans-jf-17-fighter-acquisition/ | title=How Armenia Might Respond to Azerbaijan's JF-17 Fighter Acquisition | website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><ref name="auto15">{{Cite web|url=https://defence-industry.eu/azerbaijan-signs-record-4-6-billion-deal-for-40-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/|title=Azerbaijan signs $4.6 billion deal for JF-17 fighters|date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{cite web | url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/region/azerbaijan-expands-jf-17-fighter-jet-order-to-40-units-in-46b-defense-deal-3202511 | title=Azerbaijan expands JF-17 fighter jet order to 40 units in $4.6B defense deal }}</ref><ref name="auto13">{{cite web | url=https://www.turdef.com/article/pakistan-confirms-inking-of-deal-with-azerbaijan-for-jf-17 | title=Pakistan Confirms Inking of Deal with Azerbaijan for JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=7 June 2025 }}</ref> Deliveries of the initial tranche began in October 2025, with the aircraft arriving at Nasosnaya Air Base and undergoing familiarization before formal induction. On 8 November 2025, five JF-17s (four single-seat and one twin-seat), flown by Azeri fighter pilots, participated in Azerbaijan’s Victory Day parade in Baku, marking their first public appearance in Azerbaijani service. In addition, open-source images circulated showing a total of nine JF-17 Block III aircraft present in Azerbaijan around the same period without any national markings, consistent with jets observed during early post-delivery handling and marking transitions.<ref name="azeri1">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Waldron |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/azerbaijan-confirms-jf-17-fighter-acceptance-with-baku-flypast/165245.article |title=Azerbaijan becomes fourth JF-17 operator with five appearing in Baku military parade |website=Flightglobal.com |date=11 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://president.az/en/articles/view/70546 |title=Military Parade dedicated to the fifth anniversary of Victory in Patriotic War was held in Baku |work=The Official Website of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan |date=8 November 2025}}</ref> ===Potential customers=== ==== Bangladesh ==== In January 2025, [[Bangladesh]] announced an interest in purchasing the JF-17C Block 3.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2522416/bangladesh-shows-interest-in-jf-17 | title=Bangladesh shows interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://arynews.tv/bangladesh-army-delegation-meets-pakistan-air-chief-expresses-interest-in-jf-17/ | title=Bangladesh army delegation meets Pakistan Air Chief, expresses interest in JF-17 | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, it was reported that Bangladesh was in formal talks with Pakistan for the purchase of an unspecified number of JF-17C Block 3 fighters.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/why-is-pakistan-selling-its-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-bangladesh-and-others</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-eyes-defence-pact-with-bangladesh-sale-jf-17-jets-2026-01-07/</ref><ref>https://www.flightglobal.com/fixed-wing/bangladesh-explores-jf-17-acquisition-to-replace-ageing-fighters/165876.article</ref> ==== Indonesia ==== ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that Pakistan is in discussion with Indonesia on selling the JF-17s to the latter. In January 2026, Indonesia’s Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin held talks in Islamabad with PAF Chief, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, during which a potential defence cooperation package—including the possible acquisition of around 40 JF-17 fighter aircraft, armed drones, and associated training—was discussed, though no binding agreement was announced at the time.<ref name="ReutersJF17Indonesia2026">{{cite web |first1=Saad |last1=Sayeed |first2=Ananda |last2=Teresia |first3=Ariba |last3=Shahid |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-indonesia-closing-jets-drones-defence-deal-sources-say-2026-01-12/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan and Indonesia closing in on jets and drones defence deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== [[Iraq]] has expressed interest in acquiring the JF-17C Thunder multirole combat aircraft from Pakistan as part of efforts to modernise the [[Iraqi Air Force]]. During an official visit to Baghdad on 10 January 2026, Pakistan’s Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu met with Lieutenant General Staff Pilot Mohanad Ghalib Mohammed Radi Al-Asadi, Commander of the Iraqi Air Force, where discussions covered bilateral air force cooperation. During the meeting, the Iraqi Air Force Commander indicated interest in the JF-17C fighter aircraft and Super Mushshak trainer aircraft in the context of training, capacity building, and defence cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan says Iraq expressed ‘keen interest’ in JF-17 jets at air chiefs meeting |work=Arab News |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2628855/pakistan}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq eyes JF-17 fighter jets as Pakistani air chief visits Baghdad |work=The Express Tribune |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2586411/iraq-eyes-jf-17-fighter-jets-as-pakistani-air-chief-visits-baghdad}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq seeks JF-17 Thunder jets during Pakistani air chief’s visit |work=Business Recorder |date=10 January 2026 |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40401540/iraq-seeks-jf-17-thunder-jets}} </ref> ==== Libya ==== It was reported on 22 December 2025 that Pakistan reached a $4-4.6 billion deal with the [[Libyan National Army]], commanded by Khalifa Haftar, which controls eastern [[Libya]], for the supply of 16 JF-17s and other military equipment.<ref name="libya1">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/12/28/why-it-took-pakistan-so-long-to-sell-jf-17-fighters-to-an-arab-country/ |title=Why It Took Pakistan So Long To Sell JF-17 Fighters To An Arab Country |website=Forbes.com |date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya2">{{cite web |first=Liu |last=Zhen |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3337888/china-pakistan-warplane-deal-libyan-faction-may-help-expand-beijings-influence |title=China-Pakistan warplane deal with Libyan faction ‘may help expand Beijing’s influence’ |website=SCMP.com|date=27 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya3">{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Asif |last2=Shahzad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-strikes-4-billion-deal-sell-weapons-libyan-force-officials-say-2025-12-22/ |title=Pakistan strikes $4 billion deal to sell weapons to Libyan force, officials say |website=Reuters.com |date=22 December 2025}}</ref> ==== Morocco ==== Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=JF-17 to Star in Marrakech Air Show|url=http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202010633/http://www.defensa.com/frontend/defensa/caza-chino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-estrella-marrakech-air-show-vn17700-vst164|archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marrakech Air Show Invites Pakistan to Showcase JF −17 Thunder Fighter Jet|url=http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222014010/http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2015/12/174608/marrakech-air-show-invites-pakistan-to-showcase-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jet/|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref> According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F-1 (MF2000)]], [[Northrop F-5|F-5E/F Tiger II]] and [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha Jet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to market the JF-17 Thunder to Morocco|url=http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426114618/http://quwa.org/2016/04/25/pakistan-looks-market-jf-17-thunder-morocco/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> Morocco has been engaged with Pakistan in January 2026 on the JF-17.<ref>https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2026/01/276273/morocco-shows-interest-in-pakistani-jf-17-jets-as-talks-advance/</ref> ==== Saudi Arabia ==== In January 2014, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince [[Salman bin Sultan]] toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 January 2014|title=Saudi eyeing Pakistan's JF-17 fighter jet, modeled from U.S. F-16|work=World Tribune|url=http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706041729/http://www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/23/saudi-eyeing-pakistans-jf-17-fighter-jet-modeled-from-u-s-f-16/|archive-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 January 2014|title=Saudi Arabia May Buy Pakistani-Chinese Fighter Jets|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726081849/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/saudi-arabia-may-buy-pakistani-chinese-fighter-jets/|archive-date=26 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|date=8 November 2016|title=Saudi Arabia Reportedly Interested in the JF-17 Thunder|url=http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084500/http://quwa.org/2016/11/08/saudi-arabia-reportedly-interested-in-the-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=9 November 2016|website=Quwa Defence News & Analysis Group}}</ref> However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese [[Global Combat Air Programme]].<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2023|title=Saudi Arabia pushes to join fighter jet project with UK, Italy and Japan|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/80e9bda9-f415-4076-9037-bd6b96e1169f|access-date=19 August 2023}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported in January 2026 that Pakistan are in discussion with Saudi Arabia to convert around US$ 2 billion of Saudi loans to Pakistan into a provision of JF-17s.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Ariba |last1=Shahid |first2=Saad |last2=Sayeed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-saudi-talks-jf-17-jets-for-loans-deal-sources-say-2026-01-07/ |title=Exclusive: Pakistan, Saudi in talks on JF-17 jets-for-loans deal, sources say |website=Reuters.com |date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026}}</ref>However It is reported that the US government has discouraged Saudi Arabia from aquisition of both JF-17's and [[TAI TF Kaan|TF Kaan's]], instead proposing sale of [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]'s to the Saudi Arabian Air Force. <ref name=":9">{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2498926/pakistan-signs-agreement-to-supply-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-to-azerbaijan | title=Pakistan signs agreement to supply JF-17 Block-III fighter jets to Azerbaijan | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref> ==== Other countries ==== Countries including [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Bilal|date=7 August 2016|title=Pakistan offers JF-17 & Super Mushshak to Kuwait|url=https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422190117/https://quwa.org/2016/08/07/pakistan-offers-jf-17-super-mushshak-kuwait/|archive-date=22 April 2020|website=Quwa - Defence News & Analysis}}</ref> [[Peru]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Pakistan's JF-17 Is A Viable Alternative To The American F-16|url=https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|website=Wonderful Engineering|date=21 March 2019|quote=As of right now, Saudi Arabia, Albania, Morocco, Bulgaria, Malaysia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Oman, Lebanon, Argentina, Algeria, Jordan, and Peru are evaluating the JF-17 Block III|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=23 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723081234/https://wonderfulengineering.com/heres-why-pakistans-jf-17-is-a-viable-alternative-to-the-american-f-16/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|title=Pakistan, South Africa sign agreements to increase defense cooperation|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|website=Dawn|date=27 March 2017|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023533/https://www.dawn.com/news/1323145|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Uruguay]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demerly |first=Tom |date=9 November 2017 |title=Shopping for Fighters: Is the Chinese/Pakistani JF-17 Thunder the Real "Joint Strike Fighter"? |url=https://theaviationist.com/2017/11/09/shopping-for-fighters-is-the-chinesepakistani-jf-17-thunder-the-real-joint-strike-fighter/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Venezuela]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Confirmed: Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet Has its First Buyer |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/confirmed-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jet-has-its-first-buyer/#:~:text=Numerous%20air%20forces%20are%20toying,the%20Philippines,%20Venezuela%20and%20Zimbabwe. |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> have shown interest in the JF-17.<ref name="defenseindustrydaily.com article" /><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2008|title=PAF gets six JF-17 Thunder aircraft|work=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045150/http://www.dawn.com/news/293840/paf-gets-six-jf-17-thunder-aircraft|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2026, reports appeared that the [[Somali Air Force]] was in talks to acquire 24 Block III JF-17s.<ref>https://www.somaliguardian.com/news/somalia-news/somalia-in-talks-to-buy-24-jf-17-fighter-jets-from-pakistan/; {{cite news|title=Somalia in High-Level Talks to Acquire 24 JF-17 Thunder Block III Fighter Jets from Pakistan in US$900 Million Air Power Revival|work=Defence Security Asia|date=19 February 2026 |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/somalia-jf17-thunder-block-iii-pakistan-us900-million-air-force-revival/|access-date=22 February 2026}}; {{cite news |title=Soomaaliya oo diyaarado casri ah kasoo iibsanaysa Pakistan |work=Hiiraan Online |date=10 February 2026 |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2026/Feb/wararka_maanta09-192820.htm |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref> Somalia's air force has been inactive for many years. ===Former interests=== ==== Argentina ==== At the 2013 [[Paris Air Show]], officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate [[Fábrica Argentina de Aviones]] (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the [[Argentine Air Force]] (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter - IHS Jane's 360 |website=www.janes.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the "Pulqui-III", with regard to FAdeA's [[Pulqui II|Pulqui-II]] fighter.<ref name="ja23j13">{{cite news|author-first1=Richard D |author-last1=Fisher Jr|date=23 June 2013|title=Argentine officials confirm joint-production talks over China's FC-1 fighter|newspaper=Jane's|url=http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106081623/http://www.janes.com/article/23497/argentine-officials-confirm-joint-production-talks-over-china-s-fc-1-fighter|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 2015, following a three-day visit by [[President of Argentina|Argentine president]] [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] to [[China]], Argentina announced that it would consider purchasing around 20 JF-17s from [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]]; however the deal did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |title=China to Supply 20 Thunder Fighter Jets to Argentina |website=www.defenseworld.net |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210452/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/12186/China_To_Supply_20_Thunder_Fighter_Jets_To_Argentina#.VOJbj_7P3IU |archive-date=16 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nikkei|title=Argentina turns to China for arms supply|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|access-date=1 March 2022|date=9 April 2015|first=Kamilia|last=Lahrichi|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210140006/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Argentina-turns-to-China-for-arms-supply|url-status=live}}</ref> The primary reason for Argentine interest was reportedly the aircraft's lesser requirement for parts of British origin, as the United Kingdom had barred any sale of military equipment consisting of British-manufactured parts to Argentina since the [[Falklands War|1982 Falklands War]].<ref name="defensenews.com">{{Cite web|url = https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2021/09/28/could-britain-stop-argentina-from-buying-the-jf-17-warplane/|title = Could Britain stop Argentina from buying the JF-17 warplane?|date = 28 September 2021|access-date = 11 January 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2021|archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20210930015257/https://www.defensenews.com/global/the%2Damericas/2021/09/28/could%2Dbritain%2Dstop%2Dargentina%2Dfrom%2Dbuying%2Dthe%2Djf%2D17%2Dwarplane/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |title=No KAI FA-50 for Argentina under the post-1982 embargo |website=aircosmosinternational.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129073505/https://aircosmosinternational.com/article/no-kai-fa-50-for-argentina-under-the-post-1982-embargo-2970 |archive-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Likewise, Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, namely, the [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1M]], the [[IAI Kfir]], the [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen|JAS 39 Gripen]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] were scuttled due to diplomatic pressure from the United Kingdom, given the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain British-origin parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=UK shoots down Argentine FA-50 deal|publisher=Flightglobal|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|date=3 November 2020|access-date=1 March 2022|first=Greg|last=Waldron|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509165523/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/uk-shoots-down-argentine-fa-50-deal/140925.article|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="en.mercopress.com">{{cite web|title=Argentina's purchase of Korean fighters falls through: UK's arms embargo|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|access-date=1 March 2022|date=21 June 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111121032/https://en.mercopress.com/2021/06/23/argentina-s-purchase-of-korean-fighters-falls-through-uk-s-arms-embargo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="defensenews.com"/> In September 2021, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dubois |first=Gastón |date=21 September 2021 |title=The Argentine Ministry of Defense clarifies about the JF-17 Thunder |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Aviacionline.com |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015136/https://www.aviacionline.com/2021/09/the-argentine-ministry-of-defense-clarifies-about-the-jf-17-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|title=Argentina hasn't selected JF-17 fighter? Govt clarifies budget request|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |access-date=1 March 2022|date=22 September 2021|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111015142/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2021/09/22/argentina-hasnt-selected-jf-17-fighter-govt-clarifies-budget-request.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina's [[Ministry of Defense (Argentina)|Ministry of Defense]] (''Ministerio de Defensa'') later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.<ref name=":3" /> In May 2022, a delegation of the FAA evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dubois |first1=Gastón |title=Argentine Air Force delegation evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China |url=https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |website=Aviacionline |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011548/https://www.aviacionline.com/2022/05/argentine-air-force-delegation-evaluated-the-jf-17-thunder-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in October 2023, the United States approved the transfer of 24 second-hand [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon variants|F-16 Block-15 MLU]] fighters previously owned by the [[Royal Danish Air Force]] to Argentina, countering the Chinese offer; reportedly, the deal did not necessitate an approval from the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-approves-proposed-f-16-transfer-argentina|title=U.S. Approves Proposed F-16 Transfer To Argentina|website=aviationweek.com|date=12 October 2023}}</ref> Following the inauguration of the [[Javier Milei|Javier Milei administration]] in Argentina in 2023, the decision to select the F-16 had reportedly materialised, leaving the JF-17 out of the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airdatanews.com/argentina-chose-the-f-16-fighter-for-its-air-force-reports/|title=Argentina chose the F-16 fighter for its Air Force – reports|website=www.airdatanews.com|date=30 January 2024}}</ref> ==== Bolivia ==== The JF-17 was a candidate for the replacement of retired [[Lockheed T-33]] aircraft of the [[Bolivian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|title=Bolivia Air Force is looking for fighter jets|work=Air Data News |date=29 May 2021|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628054044/https://www.airway1.com/bolivia-air-force-is-looking-for-fighter-jets/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Congo ==== In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |title=Congo is considering buying JF-17 Thunder fighter jets from China |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://mil.in.ua/en/news/congo-is-considering-buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-jets-from-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |title=DRC: China offers Kinshasa its fighter planes |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.brusselstimes.com/412442/drc-china-offers-kinshasa-its-fighter-planes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |title=China Offers JF-17 Jet to Congo-Kinshasa, Competing with Russian Su-27 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162400/https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33835/China_Offers_JF_17_Jet_to_Congo_Kinshasa__Competing_with_Russian_Su_27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |title=DRC : Kinshasa eyes Chinese fighter jets after buying Beijing's drones - 14/03/2023 |date=14 March 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322162519/https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-africa/2023/03/14/kinshasa-eyes-chinese-fighter-jets-after-buying-beijing-s-drones,109923322-bre |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Malaysia ==== [[Malaysia]] had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MIG-29 fleet]]; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Usman |date=21 December 2015 |title=Malaysia Denies Interest in JF-17, But Export Hopes Remain |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2015/12/21/malaysia-denies-interest-in-jf-17-but-export-hopes-remain/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Defense News |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Benjamin David |title=The Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Might Have Another Buyer in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121257/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-might-have-another-buyer-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2019, then-visiting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian PM]] [[Mahathir Mohamad|Mahathir bin Mohammad]] was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 [[Pakistan Day Parade]]; he was also briefed about the fighter by the PAF.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahathir Mohamad receives briefing on JF-17 before leaving Islamabad |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |date=23 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121254/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/447749-malaysian-leader-mahathir-mohamad-receives-briefing-on-jf-17-thunder |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Malaysian PM Mahathir shows interest in JF-17 Thunder as he concludes Pakistan visit |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701072047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1936123/malaysian-pm-mahathir-shows-interest-jf-17-thunder-concludes-pakistan-visit |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the "Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing [[BAE Systems Hawk|BAE Hawk 108/208]] light-combat aircraft and its [[Aermacchi MB-339|MB-339CM]] trainer-aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia puts pen to paper for LCA tender {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/malaysia-puts-pen-paper-lca-tender/None |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2021 |title=Malaysia to Formally Launch Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft (FLIT/LCA) Tender |url=https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=MilitaryLeak |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121328/https://militaryleak.com/2021/06/22/malaysia-to-formally-launch-fighter-lead-in-trainer-light-combat-aircraft-tender/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF later issued a [[Request for proposal|Request for Proposal]] (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|title=Six companies bidding for RMAF LCA contract|date=18 October 2021|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121306/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/six-companies-bidding-rmaf-lca-contract|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the [[HAL Tejas]] and the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|title=Malaysia formally launches tender for new trainer, light combat aircraft|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.blogbeforeflight.net/2021/06/malaysia-launches-tender-flit-lca.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the [[KAI T-50 Golden Eagle|KAI FA-50]] ([[Korea Aerospace Industries]]), the [[HAL Tejas]] ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]), the [[Hongdu JL-10|HAIC L-15]] ([[China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation]]), the [[Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master|Aermacchi M-346]] ([[Leonardo S.p.A.]]), the [[TAI Hürjet]] ([[Turkish Aerospace Industries]]) and the [[Mikoyan MiG-35]] ([[Rosoboronexport]]).<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/> The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.<ref name="theedgemarkets.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia begins evaluating proposals to replace fleet of Hawk Mk 108/208s |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Janes.com |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121256/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/malaysia-begins-evaluating-proposals-to-replace-fleet-of-hawk-mk-108208s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Socka |first=Sherman |date=1 December 2021 |title=LETTER {{!}} RMAF purchase of Light Combat Aircraft to bolster defence industry |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121301/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/601324 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venckunas |first=Valius |title=Reports on Malaysian fighter jet tender: Tejas in, JF-17 out |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=www.aerotime.aero |date=20 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518000844/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/29226-reports-on-malaysian-fighter-jet-tender-tejas-in-jf-17-out |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumelar |first=Tri Agung |title=Saingi HAL Tejas di Malaysia, China Turunkan Harga Jet Tempur JF-17 Thunder hingga 30 Persen - Zona Jakarta |url=https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |access-date=19 May 2022 |website=zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com |language=id |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124301/https://zonajakarta.pikiran-rakyat.com/teknologi/pr-183202048/saingi-hal-tejas-di-malaysia-china-turunkan-harga-jet-tempur-jf-17-thunder-hingga-30-persen |url-status=live }}</ref> The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|title=Malaysia buys South Korea fighter jets as ASEAN arms market grows|website=asia.nikkei.com|date=7 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012111/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Malaysia-buys-South-Korea-fighter-jets-as-ASEAN-arms-market-grows|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Qatar ==== [[Qatar]] has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|title=Qatar Plans To Buy Pak JF-17 Fighter Jet, Super Mushshak Trainer|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=27 October 2016 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212945/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/17482/Qatar_Plans_To_Buy_Pak_JF_17_Fighter_Jet__Super_Mushshak_Trainer#.YEEFyWgzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside [[Qatar Air Force]] [[Rafale]]s and [[Mirage 2000-5]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|title=Flypast during Qatar National Day Hints at Doha's Interest in Pakistani JF-17|website=www.defenseworld.net|date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192401/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/26031/Flypast_during_Qatar_National_Day_Hints_at_Doha_s_Interest_in_Pakistani_JF_17|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]s and [[McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle|F15E]]s. ==== Sri Lanka ==== In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]]; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka revealed as first foreign buyer of JF-17|newspaper=Want China Times|url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623183730/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150622000035&cid=1101|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Wasim|date=22 June 2015|title=Sri Lanka purchasing JF-17 Thunder Jets|newspaper=Business Recorder|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623170033/http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/0/1198806/|archive-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s.<ref name="Myanmar2">{{cite news|date=9 July 2015|title=Myanmar first country to purchase JF-17 Thunder from Pakistan|newspaper=Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|access-date=21 July 2015|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/288360-Myanmar-first-country-to-purchase-JF17-Thunder-fr|url-status=live}}</ref> Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by [[Nawaz Sharif]] in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan;<ref>{{cite web|first=Franz-Stefan | last = Gady|title=Sri Lanka to Buy 8 Sino-Pak JF-17 Fighter Jets|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109213252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/sri-lanka-to-buy-eight-sino-pak-jf-17-fighter-jets/|archive-date=9 January 2016|access-date=7 January 2016|work=The Diplomat}}</ref> however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2016|title=Government says no JF-17 deal with Pakistan|work=Columbo Gazette|url=http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126211056/http://colombogazette.com/2016/01/07/government-says-no-jf-17-deal-with-pakistan/|archive-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million<ref>{{cite news|title=Following Myanmar, Pakistan is Eager to Sell More JF-17s|url=http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213105004/http://defense-update.com/20160111_jf17.html|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref> Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian pressure stalls Pakistani JF-17 sale to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|url-status=live|access-date=7 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213040939/http://www.janes.com/article/57111/indian-pressure-stalls-pakistani-jf-17-sale-to-sri-lanka|archive-date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Revealed: Why Sri Lanka Backed Off the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|url-status=live|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215193957/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/revealed-why-sri-lanka-backed-off-the-sino-pakistani-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=27 October 2013|title=Pakistan to sell JF-17 fighter jets to SL-report|work=The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523103143/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/37722-pakistan-to-sell-jf-17-fighter-jets-to-sl-report.html|archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fernando|first=Asiri|date=6 January 2021|title=Govt. green-lights $ 49 m fighter jet overhaul as No. 10 Squadron turns 25|url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Daily FT|language=English|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411075224/http://www.ft.lk/news/Govt--green-lights---49-m-fighter-jet-overhaul-as-No--10-Squadron-turns-25/56-711240}}</ref> ==== Zimbabwe ==== The [[Air Force of Zimbabwe]] reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialised.<ref name="Rotberg2009">{{cite book|first=Robert I. | last = Rotberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|title=China into Africa: Trade, Aid, and Influence|date=1 October 2009|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0175-0|page=174|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111101518/https://books.google.com/books?id=V70fPqj0YO4C&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Shinn|first=David H.|title=Africa and China's Global Activism|url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616192046/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/symposia/pacific2006/shinnpaper.pdf|publisher=Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University|archive-date=16 June 2013}}</ref> In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian fighter requirements continue to grow|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021185036/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/singapore-2010-asian-fighter-requirements-continue-to-337453/|archive-date=21 October 2014|access-date=21 March 2010|work=Flight International}}</ref> ==مختلف قسمون== ===Prototypes=== In chronological production order: *'''PT-01''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with [[Splitter plate (aeronautics)|splitter plates]] on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com"/> *'''PT-02''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. *'''PT-03''' {{mdash}} First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004. *'''PT-04''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with [[Diverterless supersonic inlet|Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI)]] and modified vertical stabiliser. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabiliser with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors. The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |title=4th Prototype JF-17 Thunder aircraft successfully completed inaugural flight |date=11 May 2006 |work=Pakistan Tribune |access-date=21 May 2011 |location=Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624150009/http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?143355 |archive-date=24 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="APP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |title=JF-17 Thunder arrives in Pakistan |date=12 March 2007 |work=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |access-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022192508/http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5629&itemid=5 |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref> *'''PT-05''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. *'''PT-06''' {{mdash}} Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabiliser. ===Production variants=== In chronological production order: *'''JF-17 Block 1''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production in China began in June 2006<ref name="FC-1/JF-17, sinodefence.com" /> and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the [[PL-5|PL-5E II]] AAM, the [[SD-10 (missile)|SD-10]] AAM, and the [[C-802A|C-802AK]] anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed "better than expected" according to PAF [[Air Commodore]] Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December 2013 when the fiftieth aircraft{{mdash}}58% of which was produced in Pakistan{{mdash}}was delivered.<ref>{{cite journal | first1 = Dave | last1 = Allport | first2 = Alan | last2 = Warnes|date=September 2010|title= JF-17 Thunders in First Public Static Display | journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue= 269|page= 8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Rolls Out 50th JF-17, Block II Production To Commence |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |date=18 December 2013 |work=Defense News |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220054215/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20131218/DEFREG03/312180023/Pakistan-Rolls-Out-50th-JF-17-Block-II-Production-Commence |archive-date=20 December 2013 }}</ref> A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15&nbsp;million per unit.<ref name="JF-17 Thunder Detailed Specifications, PAC Kamra" /> *'''JF-17 Block 2''' {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|work=janes.com|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119230215/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Roblin|first=Sebastien|date=10 August 2019|title=Meet the JF-17 Block III Fighter: The Jet China is Helping Pakistan Build to Fight India|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The National Interest|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002901/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/meet-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-china-helping-pakistan-build-fight-india-72751|url-status=live}}</ref> improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities.<ref name="dipl 01">{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |title=Pakistan Begins Producing Block-II JF-17 Aircraft |last1=Panda |first1=Ankit |date=27 December 2013 |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726080602/https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/pakistan-begins-producing-block-ii-jf-17-aircraft/ |archive-date=26 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="dawn" /> Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: "We will hand over 16 Block 2 JF-17s to the PAF every year", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan looks to boost military export with revamped JF-17 |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |date=7 December 2014 |work=Pakistan Today |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172819/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/12/07/business/pakistan-looks-to-boost-military-export-with-revamped-jf-17-2/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 }}</ref> According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation.<ref name="Fourth" /> A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.<ref name="SkyWars">{{citation | url = http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | title = Sky Wars: Pakistan, India and China | first = Adnan | last = Rehmat | date = 24 May 2011 | work = Dawn | access-date = 29 June 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122325/http://www.dawn.com/news/631303/sky-wars-pakistan-india-and-china | archive-date = 14 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> *'''JF-17B Block 2''' {{mdash}} Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|title=Military Flight Training MENA 2021|website=www.arabianaerospace.aero|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=16 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216154514/https://www.arabianaerospace.aero/publications/128/issue1/volume1/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JF-17B">{{cite news|last1=Siddiqui|first1=Naveed|title=JF-17B fighter jet takes maiden test flight|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|access-date=28 April 2017|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142207/https://www.dawn.com/news/1329803/jf-17b-fighter-jet-takes-maiden-test-flight|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra.<ref name="auto4" /> Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|title=PAF to induct dual-seater JF-17B fighter jet in April 2017|date=28 April 2016|work=[[Express Tribune]]|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503202439/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1093514/paf-to-induct-dual-seater-jf-17b-fighter-jet-in-april-2017/|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17 is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabiliser, which the JF-17 does not.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|title=Pride of Pakistan|website=www.airinternational.com|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310041201/https://www.airinternational.com/article/pride-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref> The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load.<ref name="auto" /> The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).<ref name="auto" /> *'''JF-17C Block 3'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/adex-2024-azerbaijani-jf-17-delivery-announced | title=ADEX 2024: Azerbaijani JF-17 delivery announced | date=26 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://quwa.org/pakistan-defence-industry/pakistan-promotes-the-jf-17c-thunder-to-bangladesh-01-20-2025/ | title=Pakistan Promotes the JF-17C Thunder to Bangladesh - Quwa | date=20 January 2025 }}</ref> {{mdash}} Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Thunder. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|title=PAF launches serial production of latest JF-17 Thunder Block III|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=11 February 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101043156/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/767018-paf-launches-serial-production-of-latest-jf-17-thunder-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC [[KLJ-7#KLJ-7A|KLJ-7A]] Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control [[Active Electronically Scanned Array]] (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra),<ref name="auto" /> a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system,<ref name="auto" /> an infrared search and track (IRST) system,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |title=2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |format=JPG |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221746/http://www.eastpendulum.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-11-01-Airshow-China-2016-le-radar-AESA-KLJ-7A-06.jpg |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Rolling Thunder|url=https://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=Asian Military Review|date=1 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208182445/http://asianmilitaryreview.com/2017/02/rolling-thunder-jf-17/|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China,<ref name="auto" /> a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]]C, [[J-16]], and [[Chengdu J-20|J-20]], a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system,<ref name="auto" /> a chin-mounted hardpoint,<ref name="auto" /> use of more composites for further weight reduction, eventual replacement of the [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] [[afterburning turbofan]] by the [[Guizhou WS-13]]<ref name=":2" /> with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio.<ref name="dawn" /><ref name="Nigeria" /><ref name="AW17March2015">{{cite journal|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Block 2 JF-17 makes first flight ahead of Block 3 improvements|journal=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Kamra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322152346/http://www.janes.com/article/49991/block-2-jf-17-makes-first-flight-ahead-of-block-3-improvements|archive-date=22 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=KLJ-7A: Proposed AESA Radar for the JF-17 Block-III|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=quwa.org|date=31 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507114147/http://quwa.org/2016/10/31/klj-7a-proposed-aesa-radar-jf-17-block-iii/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a "fourth generation plus" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021.<ref name="auto" /> The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which were expected to start from early 2022.<ref name="paknikkei">{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|title=Pakistan to boost air strike power with 50 enhanced fighter jets|access-date=1 March 2022|date=6 February 2022|publisher=Nikkei|first=Adnan|last=Aamir|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206084243/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Pakistan-to-boost-air-strike-power-with-50-enhanced-fighter-jets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gady|first1=Franz-Stefan|title=Pakistan to Order 50 More Fighter Jets in 2017|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|access-date=30 April 2017|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=8 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411054055/https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/pakistan-to-order-50-more-fighter-jets-in-2017/|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022. The first batch of JF-17 Block 3 aircraft were inducted into the PAF in March 2023. '''Under-Development''' *'''JF-17 Block 4 or (PFX-Alpha)''' {{mdash}} The JF-17 Block 4 or JF-17 (PFX Alpha) is an under-development 4.5+ generation version of the JF-17 Thunder under the PAF "PFX" program, where "PFX" stands for "Pakistan Fighter Experimental." Also known as the JF-17 Operational Capability Upgrade (OCU), the project aims to enhance the JF-17 beyond the capabilities of the current JF-17C Block 3, which is the most advanced variant of the fighter.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/pakistan-unveils-jf-17-pfx-fighter | title=Pakistan unveils JF-17 PFX fighter | date=26 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Reveals 'JF-17 PFX' Program |url=https://quwa.org/daily-news/pakistan-reveals-jf-17-pfx-program-2/ |publisher=Quwa |date=2 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Development Program for JF-17 PFX (Pakistan Fighter Experimental) Unveiled |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/development-program-for-jf-17-pfx-pakistan-fighter-experimental-unveiled/ |publisher=Defence Security Asia |date=6 September 2024}}</ref> The PFX-Alpha focuses on improving the radar, avionics, and integrating new air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions, including indigenous weapons. It will feature an indigenously-developed passive Infrared Search and Track (IRST) sensor and an electronic warfare (EW) suite with AESA radar-jamming capability. The overall goal of the PFX program is to provide the PAF with a next-generation fighter, with the PFX-Alpha serving as a key step toward indigenization and reducing external dependence. While no official timeline has been announced, a PAF official stated in an interview with [[Geo News]] at IDEAS 2024 that the jet is expected to fly within the next 4 to 5 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wec3sH9WMQ8 |title=JF-17 PFX: Upcoming Innovation & New Chapter in Pakistan Air Force - IDEAS 2024 {{!}} Breaking News |date=21 November 2024 |last=Geo News |access-date=23 July 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> At the [[Royal International Air Tattoo|RIAT]] 2025 air show, Pakistan showcased a [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130H Hercules]] with a custom paint job featuring artwork of various PAF aircraft; notably, the PFX was depicted highest on the tail, symbolising the Air Force’s strong commitment to the program.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2025 |title=PAF Showcases JF-17, C-130 at RIAT 2025 in the UK |url=https://theneutral.pk/paf-to-display-jf-17-thunder-c-130-hercules-at-riat-2025/ |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=theneutral.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> ==آپريٽرز== <!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--> [[File:JF-17 operators.png|thumb|400px|Map with current JF-17 operators in blue]] ===Current operators=== '''{{AZE}}''' * [[Azerbaijani Air Forces]]: 5 delivered,<ref name="azeri1"/><ref name="azeri2">{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Iddon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/11/17/from-azerbaijan-to-uae-iran-is-surrounded-by-more-advanced-air-forces/ |title=From Azerbaijan To UAE, Iran Is Surrounded By More Advanced Air Forces |website=Forbes.com |date=17 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/azerbaijan-inducts-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan |title=Azerbaijan inducts JF-17 fighters from Pakistan |website=Janes.com |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.defcros.com/azerbaijan-receives-jf-17-fighters-from-pakistan/ |title=Azerbaijan Receives JF-17 Fighters from Pakistan |website=news.defcros.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> 35 on order<ref name="azeri2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://turdef.com/article/azerbaijan-shows-jf-17-block-iii-fighters-in-inventory |title=Azerbaijan Shows JF-17 Block III Fighters in Inventory |website=turdef.com |date=8 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://aze.media/jf-17-and-a-new-axis-of-partnership-the-largest-ever-defense-deal-between-pakistan-and-azerbaijan/ |title=JF-17 and a new axis of partnership: The largest-ever defense deal between Pakistan and Azerbaijan |website=aze.media |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="libya1"/> '''{{MYA}}''' * [[Myanmar Air Force]]: 13 delivered, 3 on order<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |title=2021 World Air Forces |format=PDF |editor-last=Hoyle |editor-first=Craig |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=20 March 2025 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208041355/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=75345 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-team-sent-to-myanmar-to-repair-combat-aircraft/articleshow/98640757.cms | title=Pakistan team sent to Myanmar to repair combat aircraft | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=15 March 2023 | last1=Chaudhury | first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** [[Meiktila Air Base]]<ref name="ReferenceB"/> '''{{NGA}}''' * [[Nigerian Air Force]]: 3 delivered<ref name="fg_waldron_2021-05-21">{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17s as it awaits Super Tucanos |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=21 May 2021 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191831/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-inducts-jf-17s-as-it-awaits-super-tucanos/143851.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="libya2"/> ** NAF Base [[Makurdi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |title=Nigeria gears up to receive JF-17s |first=Greg |last=Waldron |date=13 November 2020 |website=FlightGlobal |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121054653/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/nigeria-gears-up-to-receive-jf-17s/141123.article |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |title=Nigeria inducts JF-17 fighters |website=Janes.com |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521191832/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/nigeria-inducts-jf-17-fighters |url-status=live }}</ref> '''{{PAK}}''' * [[Pakistan Air Force]]: 161 delivered, 27 on order<ref name="SHEPHARD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/pakistan-receives-chinese-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jets-reports/ |title=Pakistan receives Chinese JF-17 Block III fighter jets, reports say| access-date=10 March 2023|work=SHEPHARD |date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141819/https://timesofislamabad.com/03-Feb-2018/six-paf-squadrons-with-over-100-jf-17-fighter-jets-become-operational-fully |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|title=The JF-17 Is No F-35 Stealth Jet, But It's Good Enough For Pakistan|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=2 January 2020|website=The National Interest|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030023524/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/jf-17-no-f-35-stealth-jet-its-good-enough-pakistan-110461|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|title=Janes {{!}} Latest defence and security news|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news|access-date=27 October 2020|website=Janes.com|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906153101/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="paknikkei"/> ** [[PAF Base Bholari]] (Jamshoro)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** No. 18 Squadron ''Sharp Shooters'' (JF-17 OCU) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|title=Pakistan inducts 14 JF-17Bs and starts Block III JF-17 Thunder production|first=Hans van|last=Herk|website=www.scramble.nl|date=31 December 2020 |access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231094256/https://www.scramble.nl/military-news/pakistan-inducts-14-jf-17bs-and-starts-block-iii-jf-17-thunder-production|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Delivers New JF-17B Batch|date=2 January 2021|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119112738/https://quwa.org/2021/01/02/pakistan-aeronautical-complex-delivers-new-jf-17b-batch-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Masroor]] (Karachi) *** [[No. 2 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 2 Squadron]] ''Minhasians'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |title=Pakistan's PAF Re-equip Squadron No 2 Minhas With JF-17 |work=Asian Defence |date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121101129/http://www.asian-defence.net/2015/09/pakistans-paf-re-equip-squadron-no-2.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> *** [[No. 8 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 8 Squadron]] ''Haiders'' (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-jf17-fighter-aircrafts/ | title=Pakistan Establishes Second Squadron of JF-17 "Thunder" Block 3 Fighters | date=23 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Scramble.nl">{{cite web | url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/pakistan/pakistan-air-force | title=Orbats }}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Minhas]] (Kamra) *** JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)<ref name="AFM, July 2011, JF-17 - Thunder from the East">{{cite journal|last=Warnes|first=Alan|date=July 2011|title=JF-17&nbsp;– Thunder from the East|journal=Air Forces Monthly|issue=#280|pages=47–70}}</ref> *** [[No. 16 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 16 Squadron ''Black Panthers'']] (2011)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Mushaf]] (Sargodha) *** CCS JF-17 Squadron ''Dashings'' (2015)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|title=JF-17 Thunder aircraft inducted in PAF Combat Commanders' School|work=Business Recorder|date=26 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223224329/http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/1/219790-jf-17-thunder-aircraft-inducted-in-paf-combat-commanders-school.html|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Peshawar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/?q=node/16871 |title=Peshawar Base to station JF-17 Thunder Aircraft Squadron: Pak Air Chief |work=Asian Tribune |date=18 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010004/http://asiantribune.com/?q=node%2F16871 |archive-date=14 May 2013 }}</ref> *** [[No. 26 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 26 Squadron ''Black Spiders'']] (2010)<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan"/> ** [[PAF Base Rafiqui]] (Shorkot)<ref name="Scramble.nl" /> *** [[No. 14 Squadron (Pakistan Air Force)|No. 14 Squadron]] ''Tail Choppers'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|title=PAF No.14 'Tail choppers' Squadron re-equipped with JF-17 Thunder jets|date=16 February 2017|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=10 July 2019|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132631/https://www.dawn.com/news/1315117|url-status=live}}</ref> ** [[PAF Base Samungli]] (Quetta) *** No. 28 Squadron ''Phoenix'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|title=Pakistan inaugurates new fighter squadron – No. 28 "Phoenix"|date=28 February 2018|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123005402/https://quwa.org/2018/02/28/pakistan-inaugurates-new-fighter-squadron-no-28-phoenix/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|title=PAF raises new multirole squadron equipped with JF-17 Thunder aircraft|website=www.thenews.com.pk|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=27 March 2021|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025709/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/286805-paf-raises-new-multirole-squadron|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Future operators=== '''{{flag|Libya}}''' * [[Libyan Air Force]]: 16 on order<ref name="libya1"/><ref name="libya2"/><ref name="libya3"/> ==حادثا ۽ واقعا== Since its first flight in 2003 and operationalization in 2007, five JF-17s have crashed in accidents: * '''14 November 2011''': A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]] while flying from [[PAF Base Minhas]]. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground. The pilot's body was discovered two kilometres from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Waldron |first=Greg |title=DUBAI: JF-17 crashes in Pakistan's Kamra |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=FlightGlobal |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054649/https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-jf-17-crashes-in-pakistans-kamra/103081.article |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2011|title=PAF pilot dies as a plane crashed in Attock {{!}} Pakistan {{!}} News {{!}} Newspaper {{!}} Daily {{!}} English {{!}} Online|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Nov-2011/pilot-dies-in-paf-aircraft-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216040156/https://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/14-Nov-2011/Pilot-dies-in-PAF-aircraft-crash|archive-date=16 December 2011|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military Flair Up Between India and Pakistan See Both Sides Blaming One Another|url=http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Paktribune|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182541/http://old.paktribune.com/news/JF-17-Thunder-crashes-in-Attock-pilot-killed-245092.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pti|date=14 November 2011|title=Pakistan Air Force {{!}} Jet Crashes {{!}} Pilot {{!}} Punjab|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|access-date=16 September 2020|website=oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182658/https://www.oneindia.com/2011/11/14/pakistan-air-force-jet-crashes-pilot-killed.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2011|title=Bogey: JF-17 'Thunder' crash jolts plans to sell aircraft|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705115509/https://tribune.com.pk/story/291604/paf-aircraft-crashes-in-attock|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''27 September 2016:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during [[Pakistan military exercises#High Mark|Exercise High Mark]] in the [[Arabian Sea]]. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. [[Martin-Baker]], the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=JF-17 crashes into Arabian Sea|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|access-date=15 September 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162416/https://nation.com.pk/02-Oct-2016/jf-17-crashes-into-arabian-sea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> * '''15 September 2020:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 1 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight near [[Pindigheb]], [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=15 September 2020|title=PAF aircraft crashes in Attock during routine training, pilot ejects safely|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|access-date=15 September 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916183607/https://www.dawn.com/news/1579810|url-status=live}}</ref> While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, "a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully," adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan Air Force JF-17 Jet Crashes, Pilot Ejects|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|access-date=15 September 2020|website=defenseworld.net|date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917084418/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27851/Pakistan_Air_Force_JF_17_Jet_Crashes__Pilot_Ejects#.X2EQiBAzbIU|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Martin-Baker Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1305911717138960384|access-date=15 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915170202/https://twitter.com/MB_EjectEject/status/1305911717138960384|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''6 August 2021:''' A PAF JF-17B Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Attock District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=6 August 2021|title=PAF jet crashes during routine training mission near Attock|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|access-date=9 August 2021|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145129/https://www.dawn.com/news/1639113|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin-Baker|date=9 August 2021|title=A Pakistan Air Force JF-17B aircraft crashed late last week on a training mission near Attock. Both aircrew ejected successfully from the twin seat aircraft using PK16LE Ejection Seats.|url=https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811113709/https://twitter.com/mb_ejecteject/status/1424674685984419841}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events|url=https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815093830/https://martin-baker.com/news-events/|archive-date=15 August 2021|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Martin-Baker|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''5 June 2024:''' A PAF JF-17 Block 2 aircraft crashed during a routine training flight in [[Jhang District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]. The fighter jet reportedly belonged to [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron "Tail Choppers"]]. The pilot successfully ejected. The crash was reported by the manufacturer of the ejection seat of the aircraft, Martin Baker.<ref>https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/389360</ref> ==اسپيسيفيڪيشن (JF-17 Block 3)== {{Aircraft specs | ref = Pakistan Aeronautical Complex marketing brochure<ref name="Brochure 1">{{cite web|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PROFILE: AVIC-PAC JF-17 THUNDER|url=http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|website=quwa.org|date=31 August 2017|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101530/http://quwa.org/2017/08/31/profile-avic-pac-jf-17-thunder/|archive-date=20 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and official website<ref name="PAC-Website">{{Cite web | url=https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra - JF-17 Thunder Aircraft | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=4 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404193126/https://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 | url-status=live }}</ref> | prime units? = met<!-- General characteristics--> | crew = 1 (single-seat JF-17A/C) or 2 (dual-seat JF-17B) | length m = 14.326 | length note = | span m = 9.44 | span note = | height m = 4.57 | height note = | wing area sqm = 24.43 | wing area note = | aspect ratio = <!-- sailplanes --> | airfoil = <!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>--> | empty weight kg = 7965 | empty weight note = | gross weight kg = | gross weight note = | max takeoff weight kg = 13500 | max takeoff weight note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | fuel capacity = Internal: 3,000 L (2,449 kg); External (3 drop tanks): 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank; 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | eng1 number = 1 | eng1 name = [[Klimov RD-33#RD-93|Klimov RD-93MA]] | eng1 type = [[afterburner|afterburning]] [[turbofan]] (91.2 kN (20,500 lbf) thrust with afterburner) with FDEEC (previous engine: 1 x Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan (84.4 kN (18,974 lbf) thrust with afterburner) | eng1 kn = | eng1 note =<ref name="PAC-Website"/><ref name="AFT">{{cite web|title=JF-17 Thunder / FC-1 Xiaolong Multirole Combat Aircraft, Pakistan|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund/|website=airforce-technology.com|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929025217/http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/fc1xiaolongjf17thund|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | eng1 kn-ab = <!-- -->| eng2 number = | eng2 name = | eng2 type = | eng2 kn = | eng2 kn-ab = | eng2 note = <!-- Performance --> | max speed kmh = 1910<ref name=jf-17.com>{{Cite web|url=https://jf-17.com/|title=JF-17 Thunder Multi-role Fighter Aircraft|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195356/https://jf-17.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> | max speed note = | max speed mach = 1.8<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | cruise speed kmh = 1359 | cruise speed note = {{citation needed|date=June 2023}} | stall speed kmh = 150 | stall speed note = | never exceed speed kmh = | never exceed speed note = | range km = | range note = | combat range km = 900 | combat range note = on internal fuel, 1,741 km (1,082 mi, 940 nmi) with drop tanks | ferry range km = 1800 | ferry range note = on internal fuel,<ref name="Brochure 2">{{Cite web|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/JF-17_specifications_--_CAC-PAC_JF-17_Thunder_brochure.jpg|title=JF-17 Brochure}}</ref> 3,482 km (2,163 mi, 1,880 nmi) with drop tanks<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | endurance = <!-- if range unknown --> | ceiling m = 16916 | ceiling ft = 55500 | ceiling note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | g limits = <big>+</big>8/<big>-</big>3 (limited by flight control system) | roll rate = <!-- aerobatic --> | climb rate ms = 300 | climb rate note = | time to altitude = | wing loading kg/m2 = | wing loading note = | fuel consumption kg/km = | thrust/weight = 1.07 with RD-93<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | more performance = | more general = <!-- Armaments --> | guns = 1 × 23&nbsp;mm [[Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23|GSh-23]] twin-barrel cannon <ref name="PAC-Website"/> | hardpoints = 8 (2 × wingtip, 4 × under-wing, 1 × under-fuselage, 1 × chin) with capacity for dual ejector racks on each under-wing hardpoint<ref name="PAC-Website"/> * '''Payload:''' {{cvt|3400|kg}}<ref name="PAC-Website"/> | rockets = | missiles = <br /> **'''[[Air-to-air missiles]]''': ***[[PL-5|PL-5EII]] — ([[Infrared-homing]] short range missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/pakistans-jf-17-block-iii-fighter-jet-makes-maiden-flight/ | title=Pakistan's JF-17 Block III Fighter Jet Makes Maiden Flight }}</ref> ***[[PL-10 (ASR)|PL-10E]] — (Infrared-homing short range missile)<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|title=Forecasting Thunder: An overview of the JF-17 Block III|date=20 January 2022 |access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191848/https://www.key.aero/article/forecasting-thunder-overview-jf-17-block-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> ***[[R-Darter]] — (Radar-homing [[beyond visual range missile]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/05/11/pakistan-air-force-a-comprehensive-story/ | title=Pakistan Air Force – A Comprehensive Story | date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> ***[[PL-12|PL-12 (SD-10A)]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17">{{cite news|last1=Warnes|first1=Alan|title=Chinese-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder Fighter Will Fly In 2017|url=http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|access-date=24 September 2017|work=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]|date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924100512/http://aviationweek.com/combat-aircraft/chinese-pakistani-jf-17-thunder-fighter-will-fly-2017|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> *** [[PL-15|PL-15/PL-15E]] — (Radar-guided beyond visual range missile)<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theasianmirror.com/top-stories/60759/pakistan-buys-chinas-pl-15-long-range-missiles-amid-tensions-with-india/ | title=Pakistan buys China's PL-15 long-range missiles amid tensions with India? | date=27 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/pakistan-arms-jf-17-thunder-with-chinas-deadly-pl-15-missiles-amidst-kashmir-crisis/ | title=Pakistan Arms JF-17 Thunder with China's Deadly PL-15 Missiles Amidst Kashmir Crisis | date=26 April 2025 }}</ref> **'''[[Air-to-surface missiles]]''': *** CM-102 — ([[Anti-radiation missile]])<ref name="AW&ST13Feb17"/> *** [[PL-12|LD-10]] — (Anti-radiation missile) *** [[MAR-1]] — (Anti-radiation missile)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/azerbaijan-inducts-jf17-block3-pakistan-airpower-south-caucasus/ |title=Azerbaijan Inducts JF-17 Block III Thunder Fighters: A New South Caucasus Airpower Alliance with Pakistan and Türkiye |website=defencesecurityasia.com |date=12 November 2025}}</ref> *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship [[cruise missile]]) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range air-to-surface missile)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545624/did-modi-inadvertently-confirm-pakistans-s-400-claim | title=Did Modi inadvertently confirm Pakistan's S-400 claim? | date=13 May 2025 }}</ref><ref name="auto17"/> **'''[[Anti-ship missiles]]''': ***[[C-301|C-601]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[C-704#C-705KD|C-705KD]] — (Anti-ship missile) ***[[YJ-83#C-802A|C-802AK]] — (Anti-ship missile) *** [[Ra'ad-II]] — (Subsonic land attack/anti-ship cruise missile) *** [[CM-400AKG]] — (Supersonic long-range anti-ship missile)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|title=The National Interest: Blog|date=21 April 2020 |access-date=21 November 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217231220/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/pakistan%E2%80%99s-got-weird-and-powerful-anti-ship-weapon-can-it-sink-indias-aircraft-carrier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|title = The JF-17's air-launched rocket (CM-400AKG)|date = 3 October 2019|access-date = 21 November 2021|archive-date = 21 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211121050634/https://quwa.org/2019/10/03/the-jf-17s-air-launched-rocket-option-cm-400akg/|url-status = live}}</ref> | bombs = <br /> ** '''[[Unguided bombs]]''': ***250&nbsp;kg — Pre-fragmented bomb ***[[Mark 82 bomb|Mk-82]] — ([[General-purpose bomb]]) ***[[Mark 83 bomb|Mk-83]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Mark 84 bomb|Mk-84]] — (General-purpose bomb) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|HAFR-1/HAFR-2]] — ([[Anti-runway bomb]]) ***[[Air Weapons Complex|RPB-1]] — (Anti-runway bomb) ** '''[[Guided bombs]]''': ***[[GBU-10]] — ([[Laser-guided bomb]]) ***[[GBU-12]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[GBU-16]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[LT PGB|LT-2]] — (Laser-guided bomb) ***[[H-2 SOW]] — ([[Precision-guided munition|Precision-guided glide bomb]]) ***[[H-4 SOW]] — (Precision-guided glide bomb) ***GB-6 — (Precision-guided stealth glide bomb) ***NORINCO GB-250A — (250 kg Extended Range GPS/INS-Guided Bomb) ***CS/BBF1 — (Fuel Air Explosive (FAE) or thermobaric bomb) ***SCP-5 — ( bunker buster bomb) ***NORINCO GB-500 — (500 kg Laser-Guided Bomb) ***[[LS PGB|LS-6]] — ([[GPS-guided bomb|Extended-range GPS/INS guided bomb]])<ref name="AFM311">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Georg|title=INTERVIEW: Thunder over the Desert|journal=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=February 2014|issue=311|pages=62–66}}</ref> ***[[Takbir bomb|GIDS Takbir]] — (GPS/INS guided bomb) ***[[Global Industrial Defence Solutions|GIDS]] Range Extension Kit — (GPS/INS guided bomb)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Bilal|title=PAKISTAN INTEGRATES JF-17 WITH STAND-OFF RANGE WEAPON (GIDS REK)|url=http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|access-date=25 September 2017|work=quwa.org|date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184952/http://quwa.org/2017/03/12/pakistan-integrates-jf-17-stand-off-range-weapon-gids-rek/|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- Avionics -->| avionics = *Radar: [[KLJ-7|KLJ-7A]] [[Active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) [[Fire-control radar]] (FCR)<ref name="DIB">{{cite web|url=https://quwa.org/quwa-premium-excerpt/pakistan-selects-klj-7a-aesa-radar-for-jf-17-block-iii-2/ |title=Pakistan Selects KLJ-7A AESA Radar for JF-17 Block-III |publisher=Quwa |date=9 February 2020 |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref> * Radar Warning Receiver (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A * Missile Approach Warning System (MAWS): 4 × S740 * Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) System: JZ/YD 125 * [[Bus (computing)|Data Bus]]: [[MIL-STD-1760]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/hybrid-fighter-china%E2%80%99s-jf-17-fighter-mig-21-and-f-16-fusion-183478 | title=The National Interest: Blog | date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> * Tactical Data Link: Link-17 *'''Others:''' ** External Pods: *** [[Aselsan]] [[ASELPOD]] — [[Targeting pod|Advanced Targeting Pod]] (Electro-Optical Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Targeting System)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Turki Dosti Zindebat! [Long Live Turkey – Pakistan Friendship!]|url=http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|website=monch.com.tr|access-date=25 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925180933/http://monch.com.tr/EN,948/pakistan-turki-dosti-zindebat-long-live-turkey--pakista-.html|archive-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> *** [[FILAT#WMD-7|WMD-7]] — [[Forward-looking infrared|FLIR Day/Night Targeting Pod]] *** KG600/KG700 — Airborne [[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|Electronic Countermeasure (ECM) / Self-Protection Jamming Pod]]<ref name="AFM311"/> *** [[Indra Sistemas|Indra Systems]] ALQ-500P — [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]/[[Electronic countermeasure#Aircraft ECM|ECM Pod]] ** [[Countermeasure]]s: [[Chaff (countermeasure)|Chaff]]/[[Flare (countermeasure)|Flare]] dispensers<ref name="AFT"/> ** [[Air combat maneuvering instrumentation|ACMI]]: SDT ACMI System<ref>{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/turkish-acmi-will-fly-on-pakistani-aircraft-jf-17 | title=Turkish ACMI will fly on Pakistani Aircraft JF-17 &#124; TURDEF | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://defensehere.com/en/sdt-makes-the-first-export-of-acmi-pod-to-pakistan/ | title=SDT makes the first export of ACMI pod to Pakistan - Defensehere | date=16 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://adj.com.my/2022/11/24/sdt-acmi-pod-integration-for-paf-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft/ | title=SDT ACMI Pod Integration for PAF JF-17 "Thunder" Fighter Aircraft – Asian Defence Journal | date=24 November 2022 }}</ref> ** Ejection Seat: [[Martin-Baker]] PK16LE zero-zero ejection seat<ref name="auto6"/> ** External Fuel Tanks: Up to 3 external [[drop tanks]] for extended [[range (aircraft)|range]]/loitering time:<ref name="PAC-Website"/> *** 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) under-belly drop tank *** 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) or 1,100 L (240 imp gal) under-wing drop tanks | fuel capacity note = <ref name="PAC-Website"/> <!--|more general= Powerplant -->}} === ايويونڪس === <nowiki>:</nowiki> * ريڊار: KLJ-7A ايڪٽو اليڪٽرانڪ طور تي اسڪين ٿيل ايري (AESA) فائر ڪنٽرول ريڊار (FCR) ريڊار وارننگ رسيور (RWR): 1 × BM/KJ-8602A ميزائل اپروچ وارننگ سسٽم (MAWS): 4 × S740 شناخت دوست يا دشمن (IFF) سسٽم: JZ/YD 125 ڊيٽا بس: ٽيڪٽيڪل ڊيٽا لنڪ: لنڪ-17 ٻيا: ٻاهرين پوڊ: Aselsan ASELPOD — ايڊوانسڊ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ (اليڪٽرو-آپٽيڪل ريڪنيسنس، نگراني، ۽ ٽارگيٽنگ سسٽم) WMD-7 — FLIR ڊي/نائيٽ ٽارگيٽنگ پوڊ KG600/KG700 — ايئر بورن اليڪٽرانڪ ڪائونٽر ميجر (ECM) / سيلف پروٽيڪشن جامنگ پوڊ اندرا سسٽم ALQ-500P — ESM/ECM پوڊ مقابلي جا طريقا: چاف/فليئر ڊسپينسر ACMI: SDT ACMI سسٽم ايجڪشن سيٽ: مارٽن-بيڪر PK16LE صفر-صفر ايجڪشن سيٽ ٻاهرين ايندھن جا ٽينڪ: وڌايل رينج/لوٽرنگ وقت لاءِ 3 ٻاهرين ڊراپ ٽينڪ تائين: 1 × 800 L (180 imp gal) پيٽ جي هيٺان ڊراپ ٽينڪ 2 × 800 L (180 imp gal) يا 1,100 L (240 imp gal) انڊر ونگ ڊراپ ٽينڪ ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|پاڪستان|چين|هوائي جهاز}} * [[غوري ميزائل]] * [[رعد ميزائل]] * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جنگي جهازن جي فهرست ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Aviation|Pakistan|China}} {{aircontent |see also= |related= * [[Project Sabre II]] *[[Guizhou JL-9]] <!-- Comparable/similar aircraft section removed because of edit wars - see talk page. DISCUSS on talk page and get a consensus to restore list first. --> |lists= * [[List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]] * [[List of Chinese aircraft]] * [[List of fighter aircraft]] }} ==نوٽ== {{notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ===Bibliography=== * {{Cite book |last1=Medeiros |first1=Evan S |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG334.pdf |title=A New Direction for China's Defense Industry |last2=Cliff |first2=Roger |last3=Crane |first3=Keith |last4=Mulvenon |first4=James C |date=2005 |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] Project Air Force |isbn=978-0-8330-4079-4 |language=en |oclc=69995886}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906183937/http://www.cac.com.cn/product/product_display.aspx?id=1 Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website] * [http://www.pac.org.pk/jf-17 Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Jf-17 Thunder}} [[زمرو:JF-17 ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هٿيار]] [[زمرو:سپر سونڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:سنگل انجن وارو جيٽ جهاز]] [[زمرو:چين-پاڪستان فوجي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:وچين ونگ وارا هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز]] [[زمرو:پهريون ڀيرو 2003 ۾ اڏامندڙ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:واپس وٺڻ واري ٽرائي سائيڪل لينڊنگ گيئر سان هوائي جهاز]] 9z3qh0nqmrgspne2zr7l8a90oautdwe 14 94681 370302 370291 2026-04-06T12:41:36Z Ibne maryam 17680 370302 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنگي ٽيڪنالاجي]] [[زمرو:جنگي هوائي جهاز]] 7mnoqwzz4buqt9h69x7uqeb5wna3rp1 370315 370302 2026-04-06T14:31:50Z Memon2025 21315 370315 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:جنگي ٽيڪنالاجي]] [[زمرو:جنگي هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس پاران تيار ڪيل ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز|JF-17]] dqeslro0u5lbc41856r4wrn2b2wsb7w 14 94684 370294 2026-04-06T12:33:45Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سواريون]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] 370294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سواريون]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] 7e478e7eubvgjgjp95qqr04gn7nornt 370433 370294 2026-04-07T05:59:22Z Ibne maryam 17680 370433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سواريون]] [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] jxt45hr2gttr5fnicwju2t7den92d14 370434 370433 2026-04-07T06:00:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 370434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] d6vt3s1nkei3xr051dp8skpfzy45m0a 370436 370434 2026-04-07T06:03:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 370436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] 3kr75wx0ld5pxgfbfwligs25gc43ge6 14 94685 370295 2026-04-06T12:35:08Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] 370295 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] pt5gt8qbqfh3fl4aullg2a7fdaup0mj 370296 370295 2026-04-06T12:35:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:سواري]]; added [[Category:سواري بلحاظ قسم]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370296 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سواري بلحاظ قسم]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] dc9jbb5bli29uguoxk6he75aqfyiglr 14 94686 370301 2026-04-06T12:40:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:فوجي سواريون]] 370301 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:فوجي سواريون]] rv4dspxdeiezx8jum1rt1q1hfowj32o 14 94687 370304 2026-04-06T13:16:52Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] 370304 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] ftunmxrok44tkq4657vkahgwdx1zosx 14 94688 370305 2026-04-06T13:18:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] 370305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] ftunmxrok44tkq4657vkahgwdx1zosx 14 94689 370306 2026-04-06T13:19:51Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] 370306 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] 165fi5op125dc0n7ekohmsv94plmjme 370307 370306 2026-04-06T13:20:41Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:پاڪستان جا]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370307 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا]] sipib181pacc8icy81thn5imcitc6jn 370308 370307 2026-04-06T13:21:54Z Ibne maryam 17680 370308 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا جنگي هوائي جهاز]] 96r3pyscex52k9mxhulhgjnqb993y5w 14 94690 370309 2026-04-06T13:23:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:جنگي هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي فوجي سواريون]] 370309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:جنگي هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي فوجي سواريون]] r85okqd8lyca49es2adg2gxhgzl1cae 14 94691 370310 2026-04-06T13:24:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:فوجي سواريون]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي فوج]] 370310 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:فوجي سواريون]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي فوج]] 1gwrqwus7jtjai0j3m7yldq8nude052 370311 370310 2026-04-06T13:24:59Z Ibne maryam 17680 removed [[Category:پاڪستان]]; added [[Category:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370311 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:فوجي سواريون]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي فوج]] 66s7d9h9bio5ix9fvnuie75ht2nywlh 14 94692 370312 2026-04-06T14:26:23Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي فوج جا ادارا]] 370312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي فوج جا ادارا]] dhh7h9clscczfftpdaephtkz7uhylh1 370313 370312 2026-04-06T14:27:40Z Memon2025 21315 370313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي صنعتون]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جي فوج جا ادارا]] 9oe8dqj5r3hlf171oeesk1w44w7a1on 14 94693 370316 2026-04-06T14:32:11Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] 370316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ويڙهاڪ هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايرو ناٽيڪل ڪمپليڪس]] 0cinnspraixyzyvctgl44ayfud763ou 0 94694 370320 2026-04-06T15:12:54Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310377395|Ra'ad (air-launched cruise missile)]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 370320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|text=other military uses of "Raad" at [[Raad (disambiguation)]]}}'''رعد''' (اردو: {{langx|ur|رعد|lit=Thunder}} وڄ)، فوجي نالو '''حتف-VIII''' ('ٽارگيٽ-8')، هڪ سبسونڪ، اسٽينڊ آف ايئر لانچ ٿيل ڪروز ميزائل (ALCM) آهي جيڪو گڏيل طور تي نيشنل انجنيئرنگ اينڊ سائنٽيفڪ ڪميشن (NESCOM) ۽ ايئر ويپن ڪمپليڪس پاران ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فوجي سروس ۾ '''حتف-VIII''' جي نالي سان شامل ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ پاڪستان کي فضائي [[اڳرائي روڪ طاقت|ايٽمي ڊيٽرنس]] فراهم ڪندو آهي.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012">{{Cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=7 November 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=raad|access-date=10 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> igd19nttzehzmo32pybcw6kipzjd87p 370321 370320 2026-04-06T15:13:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ميزائل]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|text=other military uses of "Raad" at [[Raad (disambiguation)]]}}'''رعد''' (اردو: {{langx|ur|رعد|lit=Thunder}} وڄ)، فوجي نالو '''حتف-VIII''' ('ٽارگيٽ-8')، هڪ سبسونڪ، اسٽينڊ آف ايئر لانچ ٿيل ڪروز ميزائل (ALCM) آهي جيڪو گڏيل طور تي نيشنل انجنيئرنگ اينڊ سائنٽيفڪ ڪميشن (NESCOM) ۽ ايئر ويپن ڪمپليڪس پاران ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فوجي سروس ۾ '''حتف-VIII''' جي نالي سان شامل ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ پاڪستان کي فضائي [[اڳرائي روڪ طاقت|ايٽمي ڊيٽرنس]] فراهم ڪندو آهي.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012">{{Cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=7 November 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=raad|access-date=10 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[زمرو:ميزائل]] gyw824r58zdmduc8xzxnw6gcopc8v58 370322 370321 2026-04-06T15:16:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 370322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|text=other military uses of "Raad" at [[Raad (disambiguation)]]}}'''رعد''' (اردو: رعد)، فوجي نالو "حتف-VIII" (ٽارگيٽ-8)، هڪ سبسونڪ، اسٽينڊ آف ايئر لانچ ٿيل ڪروز ميزائل (ALCM) آهي جيڪو گڏيل طور تي نيشنل انجنيئرنگ اينڊ سائنٽيفڪ ڪميشن (NESCOM) ۽ ايئر ويپن ڪمپليڪس پاران ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فوجي سروس ۾ "حتف-VIII" جي نالي سان شامل ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ پاڪستان کي فضائي [[اڳرائي روڪ طاقت|ايٽمي ڊيٽرنس]] فراهم ڪندو آهي.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012">{{Cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=7 November 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=raad|access-date=10 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ميزائل]] [[زمرو:ڪروز ميزائل]] evfrik7i1twwb3tjz1oqaqicplq4gve 370323 370322 2026-04-06T15:18:55Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 370323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{فرق سڃاڻ|text=other military uses of "Raad" at [[Raad (disambiguation)]]}}'''رعد''' (اردو: رعد)، فوجي نالو "حتف-VIII" (ٽارگيٽ-8)، هڪ سبسونڪ، اسٽينڊ آف ايئر لانچ ٿيل ڪروز ميزائل (ALCM) آهي جيڪو گڏيل طور تي نيشنل انجنيئرنگ اينڊ سائنٽيفڪ ڪميشن (NESCOM) ۽ ايئر ويپن ڪمپليڪس پاران ڊزائين ۽ تيار ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فوجي سروس ۾ "حتف-VIII" جي نالي سان شامل ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ پاڪستان کي فضائي [[اڳرائي روڪ طاقت|ايٽمي ڊيٽرنس]] فراهم ڪندو آهي.<ref name="Stanford University Press, Khan, 2012">{{Cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz|title=Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb|date=7 November 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-8480-1|pages=500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&q=raad|access-date=10 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:رعد ميزائل]] [[زمرو:ميزائل]] [[زمرو:ڪروز ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ڪروز ميزائل]] 79qrwdabraojnyvlti9b3vcyduaghb3 14 94695 370324 2026-04-06T15:19:16Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪروز ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ڪروز ميزائل]] 370324 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪروز ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ڪروز ميزائل]] 8w2v3ls5jgs8cfrwtx123mvz1oj31ld 14 94696 370326 2026-04-06T15:23:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:بيلسٽڪ ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا بيلسٽڪ ميزائل]] 370326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:بيلسٽڪ ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا ميزائل]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جا بيلسٽڪ ميزائل]] osg7mcqqrmez6ch0a4t5mqwmv3qvvlv 0 94697 370332 2026-04-06T15:55:53Z Memon2025 21315 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345295442|List of active Pakistan Air Force aircraft]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 370332 wikitext text/x-wiki پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جهازن جي فهرست lm2xt6793tjoqq6ch2n7kj7qhlpizfh 370333 370332 2026-04-06T15:57:58Z Memon2025 21315 370333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{يتيمة|تاريخ =مايو 2025}} فيما يلي قائمة بالطائرات الموجودة حاليًا في الخدمة الفعلية مع القوات الجوية الباكستانية. == القائمة == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} == مراجع == == مراجع == {{مراجع}} {{شريط بوابات|باكستان|حرب|طيران|تقانة}} [[تصنيف:القوات الجوية الباكستانية]] [[تصنيف:عتاد باكستان العسكري]] [[تصنيف:قوائم الطائرات العسكرية]] پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جهازن جي فهرست csuw7e1mmr7r97f0owkqf1bdfob6vqq 370334 370333 2026-04-06T16:04:19Z Memon2025 21315 370334 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست= == القائمة == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} == مراجع == == مراجع == {{مراجع}} {{شريط بوابات|باكستان|حرب|طيران|تقانة}} [[تصنيف:القوات الجوية الباكستانية]] [[تصنيف:عتاد باكستان العسكري]] [[تصنيف:قوائم الطائرات العسكرية]] پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جهازن جي فهرست 848bgbz46g35hfj4jae0tero8brzzen 370335 370334 2026-04-06T16:04:46Z Memon2025 21315 370335 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} == مراجع == == مراجع == {{مراجع}} {{شريط بوابات|باكستان|حرب|طيران|تقانة}} [[تصنيف:القوات الجوية الباكستانية]] [[تصنيف:عتاد باكستان العسكري]] [[تصنيف:قوائم الطائرات العسكرية]] پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جهازن جي فهرست 4pabmxnym1b05a0xb1cqbyy30qmxgx2 370336 370335 2026-04-06T16:05:23Z Memon2025 21315 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 370336 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== == مراجع == {{مراجع}} {{شريط بوابات|باكستان|حرب|طيران|تقانة}} [[تصنيف:القوات الجوية الباكستانية]] [[تصنيف:عتاد باكستان العسكري]] [[تصنيف:قوائم الطائرات العسكرية]] پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جهازن جي فهرست ovqe7rkdh0g4xtew1vobsl0f467udxy 370337 370336 2026-04-06T16:08:43Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 370337 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} {{Portal|Pakistan|Army|War|هوابازي}} پاڪستان ايئر فورس جي فعال جهازن جي فهرست 1yatlbq7dw7k8ypsshkttjghoexmoxx 370338 370337 2026-04-06T16:11:14Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 370338 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] frf68zk0uv97y1a732hkyk9fqf5am79 370339 370338 2026-04-06T16:12:23Z Memon2025 21315 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 370339 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Army|War|هوابازي}} * [[پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] g99np3nago4jbjm7bw6zoyd6mxf6rgt 370340 370339 2026-04-06T16:13:30Z Memon2025 21315 370340 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Army|War|هوابازي}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] bawuklts30u04p9i8ov0msiotpe6x1b 370341 370340 2026-04-06T16:14:16Z Memon2025 21315 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 370341 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|هوابازي}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] 4hd3fsnul0ypzo80h5mhppbeae5zrxk 370342 370341 2026-04-06T16:15:24Z Memon2025 21315 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 370342 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! الطائرة ! الشركة المصنعة ! صورة ! بلد المنشأ ! الفئة ! الدور ! تاريخ الإدخال ! في الخدمة ! العدد الكلي ! ملاحظات |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | الطائرات القتالية |- | [[J-10 فيغوروس دراغون]] | شركة تشنغدو لصناعة الطيران (CAC) | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 11 مارس 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- | [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران (PAC)، <br />CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>الصين | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 18 فبراير 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- | [[إف-16 فايتينغ فالكون]] | جنرال دايناميكس، <br />لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 15 يناير 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- | [[ميراج III]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | هجومية واستطلاع | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] i29ipuihud2l9rhbldaw4sxs09o8jbx 370343 370342 2026-04-06T16:54:33Z Memon2025 21315 370343 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ !هوائي جهاز !ٺاهيندڙ !تصوير !اصل ملڪ !ڪلاس !ڪردار !داخلا جي تاريخ !خدمت ۾ !ڪل نمبر !نوٽ |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" |جنگي جهاز |- |[[جي-10 ويگور ڊريگن]] |چينگدو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن | [[ملف:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] |چين |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |11 مارچ 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- |[[جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر]] |پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز ڪمپليڪس پاڪستان [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | [[ملف:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] |پاڪستان<br>چين |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |18 فيبروري 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- |[[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] |جنرل ڊائنامڪس، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن | [[ملف:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |15 جنوري 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- |[[ميراج III]] |ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] |[[فرانس]] | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة |حملو ۽ جاچ | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} * [[هانگدو جي ايل-8]] ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر * [[لاڪ هيڊ سي-130 هرڪيولس]] لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن ٽرانسپورٽ ٽيڪٽيڪل * هاربن Y-12 هاربن ايئر ڪرافٽ گروپ ٽربو-ٽربو چارجڊ هلڪو ٽرانسپورٽ * ايئربس A319 ٽرانسپورٽ جولاءِ 2022 * گلف اسٽريم IV آمريڪا VIP ٽرانسپورٽ * ايمبريئر فينوم 100 ايمبريئر برازيل ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] q54xh8od04wf176uibuqq7azr77vksj 370344 370343 2026-04-06T16:56:41Z Memon2025 21315 370344 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ !هوائي جهاز !ٺاهيندڙ !تصوير !اصل ملڪ !ڪلاس !ڪردار !داخلا جي تاريخ !خدمت ۾ !ڪل نمبر !نوٽ |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" |جنگي جهاز |- |[[جي-10 ويگور ڊريگن]] |چينگدو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن | [[File:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] |چين |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |11 مارچ 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- |[[جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر]] |پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز ڪمپليڪس پاڪستان [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | [[File:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] |پاڪستان<br>چين |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |18 فيبروري 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- |[[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] |جنرل ڊائنامڪس، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن | [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |15 جنوري 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- |[[ميراج III]] |ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] |[[فرانس]] | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة |حملو ۽ جاچ | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- | [[هونغدو JL-8|K-8]] | هونغدو، <br/>PAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان | نفاثة | تدريب نفاث متوسط | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- | [[لوكهيد C-130 هيركوليز]] | لوكهيد مارتن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | توربيني | نقل تكتيكي | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] | السويد | توربيني | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- | [[هاربين Y-12]] | مجموعة هاربين لصناعة الطائرات | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين | توربيني | نقل خفيف | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- | [[إيرباص A319]] | إيرباص | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة | نقل | يوليو 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- | [[جلف ستريم IV]] | جلف ستريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- | [[إمبراير فينوم 100]] | إمبراير | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] | البرازيل | نفاثة | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} * [[هانگدو جي ايل-8]] ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر * [[لاڪ هيڊ سي-130 هرڪيولس]] لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن ٽرانسپورٽ ٽيڪٽيڪل * هاربن Y-12 هاربن ايئر ڪرافٽ گروپ ٽربو-ٽربو چارجڊ هلڪو ٽرانسپورٽ * ايئربس A319 ٽرانسپورٽ جولاءِ 2022 * گلف اسٽريم IV آمريڪا VIP ٽرانسپورٽ * ايمبريئر فينوم 100 ايمبريئر برازيل ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] nouz2en4wi2jbmyf74kyngk0cgoj6jd 370357 370344 2026-04-06T18:05:39Z Memon2025 21315 370357 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ !هوائي جهاز !ٺاهيندڙ !تصوير !اصل ملڪ !ڪلاس !ڪردار !داخلا جي تاريخ !خدمت ۾ !ڪل نمبر !نوٽ |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" |جنگي جهاز |- |[[جي-10 ويگور ڊريگن]] |چينگدو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن | [[File:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] |چين |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |11 مارچ 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- |[[جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر]] |پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز ڪمپليڪس پاڪستان [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | [[File:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] |پاڪستان<br>چين |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |18 فيبروري 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- |[[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] |جنرل ڊائنامڪس، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن | [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |15 جنوري 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- |[[ميراج III]] |ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] |[[فرانس]] | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة |حملو ۽ جاچ | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- |[[هانگدو جي ايل-8]] |هانگدو<br/>PAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان |جيٽ |ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[ملف:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | روسيا | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- |[[لاڪ هيڊ سي-130 هرڪيولس]] |لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن | [[ملف:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة |ٽربوجيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ ٽيڪٽيڪل | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[ملف:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] |{{flag|Sweden}} |ٽربوجيٽ | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |- |هاربن Y-12 |هاربن ايئر ڪرافٽ گروپ | [[ملف:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين |ٽربوجيٽ |هلڪو ٽرانسپورٽ | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- |ايئربس A319 |ايئربس | [[ملف:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا |جيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ |جولاءِ 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة |جيٽ | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- |گلف اسٽريم IV |گلف اسٽريم | [[ملف:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |VIP ٽرانسپورٽ | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- |ايمبريئر فينم 100 |ايمبريئر | [[ملف:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] |[[برازيل]] |جيٽ |VIP ٽرانسپورٽ | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] gg213cdpqwsy688ma623p98jjp0upvu 370360 370357 2026-04-06T18:11:35Z Memon2025 21315 370360 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ !هوائي جهاز !ٺاهيندڙ !تصوير !اصل ملڪ !ڪلاس !ڪردار !داخلا جي تاريخ !خدمت ۾ !ڪل نمبر !نوٽ |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" |جنگي جهاز |- |[[جي-10 ويگور ڊريگن]] |چينگدو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن | [[File:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] |چين |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |11 مارچ 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk"/><ref name="defenseworld.net"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref> |- |[[جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر]] |پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز ڪمپليڪس پاڪستان [[JF-17 ثاندر]] | [[File:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] |پاڪستان<br>چين |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |18 فيبروري 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (23 تم تسليمها، 27 تحت الطلب)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3. |- |[[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] |جنرل ڊائنامڪس، لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن | [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |15 جنوري 1983<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6) |- |[[ميراج III]] |ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] |[[فرانس]] | نفاثة | متعددة المهام | 1968 | 58 | 135 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref> |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | فرنسا | نفاثة |حملو ۽ جاچ | 1970 | 78 | 138 | عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" /> |- |هاربن Y-12 |هاربن ايئر ڪرافٽ گروپ | [[File:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | الصين |ٽربوجيٽ |هلڪو ٽرانسپورٽ | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- |ايئربس A319 |ايئربس | [[File:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | فرنسا |جيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ |جولاءِ 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[File:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة |جيٽ | نقل شخصيات رفيعة | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- |گلف اسٽريم IV |گلف اسٽريم | [[File:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |VIP ٽرانسپورٽ | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- |ايمبريئر فينم 100 |ايمبريئر | [[File:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] |[[برازيل]] |جيٽ |VIP ٽرانسپورٽ | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | الصين | نفاثة | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- |[[هانگدو جي ايل-8]] |هانگدو<br/>PAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | الصين،<br>باكستان |جيٽ |ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة | نفاثة | تدريب أساسي نفاث | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | باكستان،<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[File:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | [[روس]] | نفاثة | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- |[[لاڪ هيڊ سي-130 هرڪيولس]] |لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن | [[File:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | الولايات المتحدة |ٽربوجيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ ٽيڪٽيڪل | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] |{{flag|Sweden}} |ٽربوجيٽ | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] n0jy6thv0hker69euwjvfjz200pa0cq 370368 370360 2026-04-06T18:35:11Z Memon2025 21315 370368 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ !هوائي جهاز !***ٺاهيندڙ*** !تصوير !اصل ملڪ !ڪلاس !ڪردار !داخلا جي تاريخ !خدمت ۾ !ڪل نمبر !نوٽ |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" |جنگي جهاز |- |[[جي-10 ويگور ڊريگن]] |<small>_{'''چينگدو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن'''}</small> | [[File:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] |[[چين]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''11 مارچ 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref>'''} | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | _{J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk" /><ref name="defenseworld.net" /><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref>} |- |[[جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر]] |<small>'''پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز ڪمپليڪس پاڪستان'''</small> | [[File:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] |'''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small><br>[[چين]]''' |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''<small>18 فيبروري 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref></small>'''} | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | _{JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (27)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3.} |- |[[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] |<small>'''جنرل ڊائنامڪس لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن'''</small> | [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |<small>15جنوري 1983</small><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | _{<small>'''F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6)'''</small>} |- |[[ميراج III]] |ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] |[[فرانس]] | جيٽ | ملٽي رول | 1968 | 58 | 135 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref>'''</small>} |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] | جيٽ |<small>'''حملو ۽ جاچ'''</small> | 1970 | 78 | 138 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com" /><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />'''</small>} |- |هاربن Y-12 |هاربن ايئر ڪرافٽ گروپ | [[File:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' |ٽربوجيٽ |<small>هلڪو ٽرانسپورٽ</small> | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- |ايئربس A319 |ايئربس | [[File:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] |جيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ |جولاءِ 2022 | 1 | 1 | A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[File:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ | <small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- |گلف اسٽريم IV |گلف اسٽريم | [[File:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- |ايمبريئر فينم 100 |ايمبريئر | [[File:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] |[[برازيل]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |- | [[تشينغدو F-7]] | CAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' | جيٽ | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | جميع F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- |[[هانگدو جي ايل-8]] |هانگدو<br/>PAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]'''، '''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small>''' |جيٽ |<small>_{ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر}</small> | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] | جيٽ | <small>_{ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر}</small> | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | [[MFI-17 مشاق]] | PAC | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | '''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small>'''<br>السويد | توربيني | تدريب أساسي | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[File:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | [[روس]] | جيٽ | نقل استراتيجي / تزود بالوقود جواً | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- |[[لاڪ هيڊ سي-130 هرڪيولس]] |لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن | [[File:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |ٽربوجيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ ٽيڪٽيڪل | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] |{{flag|Sweden}} |ٽربوجيٽ | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] 7q8tztdblqn8sxmgh9cxbgj8x79773c 370376 370368 2026-04-06T18:57:15Z Memon2025 21315 370376 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ !هوائي جهاز !***ٺاهيندڙ*** !تصوير !اصل ملڪ !ڪلاس !ڪردار !داخلا جي تاريخ !خدمت ۾ !ڪل نمبر !نوٽ |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" |جنگي جهاز |- |[[جي-10 ويگور ڊريگن]] |<small>_{'''چينگدو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن'''}</small> | [[File:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] |[[چين]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''11 مارچ 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref>'''} | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | _{J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk" /><ref name="defenseworld.net" /><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref>} |- |[[جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر]] |<small>'''پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز ڪمپليڪس پاڪستان'''</small> | [[File:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] |'''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small><br>[[چين]]''' |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''<small>18 فيبروري 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref></small>'''} | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | _{JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (27)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3.} |- |[[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] |<small>'''جنرل ڊائنامڪس لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن'''</small> | [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |<small>15جنوري 1983</small><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | _{<small>'''F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6)'''</small>} |- |[[ميراج III]] |ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] |[[فرانس]] | جيٽ | ملٽي رول | 1968 | 58 | 135 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref>'''</small>} |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] | جيٽ |<small>'''حملو ۽ جاچ'''</small> | 1970 | 78 | 138 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com" /><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />'''</small>} |- |هاربن Y-12 |هاربن ايئر ڪرافٽ گروپ | [[File:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' |ٽربوجيٽ |<small>هلڪو ٽرانسپورٽ</small> | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- |ايئربس A319 |ايئربس | [[File:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] |جيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ |جولاءِ 2022 | 1 | 1 | _{A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024" /><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref>} |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[File:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ | <small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref>چينگڊو ايف-7 سي اي سي چين جيٽ ايئر انٽرسيپٽر سڀئي ايف-7 پي جي کي جي ايف-17 سي سان تبديل ڪيو ويندو. * ٽريننگ هوائي جهاز * هانگدو جي ايل-8 ڪراڪورم-8 جي طور تي لائسنس يافته پي اي سي پيداوار. * * |- |گلف اسٽريم IV |گلف اسٽريم | [[File:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2004 | 2 | 2 | جلف ستريم IV-SP <br> جلف ستريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref> |- |ايمبريئر فينم 100 |ايمبريئر | [[File:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] |[[برازيل]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |- | چينگڊو ايف-7 سي اي سي چين جيٽ ايئر انٽرسيپٽر | CAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' | جيٽ | اعتراض جوي | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | سڀئي ايف-7 پي جي کي جي ايف-17 سي سان تبديل ڪيو ويندو. F-7PG سيتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات التدريب |- |[[هانگدو جي ايل-8]] |هانگدو<br/>PAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]'''، '''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small>''' |جيٽ |<small>_{ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر}</small> | 1994 | 58 | 60 | K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48) <br> تصنيع مرخص من PAC باسم Karakorum-8.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref> |- | [[سيسنا T-37 تويت]] | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] | جيٽ | <small>_{ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر}</small> | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم سيسنا ٽي-37 ٽوئيٽ سيسنا پراڻا ماڊل بتدريج ڪي-8 پي سان تبديل ڪيا ويندا. استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | <small>_{'''ايم ايف آءِ-17'''}</small> مشاق | PAC سويڊن | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | '''<small>[[پاڪستان]][[سويڊن]]</small>''' | ٽربو انجن | بنيادي تربيت | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 151 ايم ايف آءِ-17 ماسڪريڊ (115) سپر ماسڪريڊ (30) ڪجهه ايم ايف آءِ-17 کي سپر ماسڪريڊ معيار تي اپ گريڊ ڪيو ويندو. * اسٽريٽجڪ ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ايئر ريفيولنگ مشاق (115) <br> سوبر مشاق (30) <br> بعض طائرات MFI-17 سيتم ترقيتها إلى معيار سوبر مشاق.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | النقل الاستراتيجي والتزود بالوقود جواً |- | [[إليوشن Il-78]] | إليوشن | [[File:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | [[روس]] | جيٽ | اسٽريٽجڪ ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ايئر ريفيولنگ | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP. <nowiki>*</nowiki> اليوشين ايل-78 جيٽ اسٽريٽجڪ ٽرانسپورٽ/ايئر ريفيولنگ ڊبل رول ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ريفيولنگ ​​جهاز. يوڪريني هوائي فوج پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو. فوجي ٽرانسپورٽ جهاز. ناقلات مزدوجة المهام للنقل والتزود بالوقود. مستعملة من سلاح الجو الأوكراني.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | طائرات النقل العسكري |- |[[لاڪ هيڊ سي-130 هرڪيولس]] |لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن | [[File:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |ٽربوجيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ ٽيڪٽيڪل | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] |{{flag|Sweden}} |ٽربوجيٽ | نقل | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] t9wqgxrsaqx1eugkbrb4zyt09ev38jh 370377 370376 2026-04-06T19:40:56Z Memon2025 21315 370377 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ !هوائي جهاز !***ٺاهيندڙ*** !تصوير !اصل ملڪ !ڪلاس !ڪردار !داخلا جي تاريخ !خدمت ۾ !ڪل نمبر !نوٽ |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" |جنگي جهاز |- |[[جي-10 ويگور ڊريگن]] |<small>_{'''چينگدو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن'''}</small> | [[File:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] |[[چين]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''11 مارچ 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref>'''} | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | _{J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk" /><ref name="defenseworld.net" /><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref>} |- |[[جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر]] |<small>'''پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز ڪمپليڪس پاڪستان'''</small> | [[File:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] |'''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small><br>[[چين]]''' |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''<small>18 فيبروري 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref></small>'''} | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | _{JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (27)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3.} |- |[[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] |<small>'''جنرل ڊائنامڪس لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن'''</small> | [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |<small>15جنوري 1983</small><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | _{<small>'''F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6)'''</small>} |- |[[ميراج III]] |ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] |[[فرانس]] | جيٽ | ملٽي رول | 1968 | 58 | 135 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref>'''</small>} |- | [[ميراج 5]] | داسو للطيران | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] | جيٽ |<small>'''حملو ۽ جاچ'''</small> | 1970 | 78 | 138 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com" /><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />'''</small>} |- |هاربن Y-12 |هاربن ايئر ڪرافٽ گروپ | [[File:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' |ٽربوجيٽ |<small>هلڪو ٽرانسپورٽ</small> | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- |ايئربس A319 |ايئربس | [[File:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] |جيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ |جولاءِ 2022 | 1 | 1 | _{A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024" /><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref>} |- | [[سيسنا Citation V]] | سيسنا | [[File:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ | <small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref>چينگڊو ايف-7 سي اي سي چين جيٽ ايئر انٽرسيپٽر سڀئي ايف-7 پي جي کي جي ايف-17 سي سان تبديل ڪيو ويندو. * ٽريننگ هوائي جهاز |- |گلف اسٽريم IV |گلف اسٽريم | [[File:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2004 | 2 | 2 | _{گلف اسٽريم IV-SP <br> گلف اسٽريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref>} |- |ايمبريئر فينم 100 |ايمبريئر | [[File:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] |[[برازيل]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |- | چينگڊو ايف-7 سي اي سي چين جيٽ ايئر انٽرسيپٽر | CAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' | جيٽ | <small>'''جاچ'''</small> | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | _{<small>'''سڀئي ايف-7 پي جي کي جي ايف-17 سي سان تبديل ڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref>'''</small>} |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | تربيتي جهاز |- |هانگدو جي ايل-8 |هانگدو<br/>PAC | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]'''، '''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small>''' |جيٽ |<small>_{'''ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر'''}</small> | 1994 | 58 | 60 | <small>K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48)</small> _{'''<small>ڪراڪورم-8 جي طور تي لائسنس يافته پي اي سي پيداوار.</small><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref>'''} |- | سيسنا ٽي-37 ٽوئيٽ | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] | جيٽ | <small>_{'''ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر'''}</small> | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم سيسنا ٽي-37 ٽوئيٽ سيسنا پراڻا ماڊل بتدريج ڪي-8 پي سان تبديل ڪيا ويندا. استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | <small>_{'''ايم ايف آءِ-17'''}</small> مشاق | PAC سويڊن | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | '''<small>[[پاڪستان]][[سويڊن]]</small>''' | ٽربو انجن | بنيادي تربيت | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) سپر مشاق (30) ڪجهه ايم ايف آءِ-17 کي سپر مشاق معيار تي اپ گريڊ ڪيو ويندو.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | اسٽريٽجڪ ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ايئر ريفيولنگ |- | اليوشين ايل-78 | اليوشين | [[File:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | [[روس]] | جيٽ | اسٽريٽجڪ ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ايئر ريفيولنگ | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP ٽرانسپورٽ/ايئر ريفيولنگ ڊبل رول ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ريفيولنگ جهاز يوڪريني هوائي فوج پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | فوجي ٽرانسپورٽ جهاز |- |[[لاڪ هيڊ سي-130 هرڪيولس]] |لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن | [[File:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |ٽربوجيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ ٽيڪٽيڪل | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] |{{flag|Sweden}} |ٽربوجيٽ | ٽرانسپورٽ | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] 81vnsq4wp45vvsntze07evt9zuzubuz 370378 370377 2026-04-06T19:59:00Z Memon2025 21315 370378 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ !هوائي جهاز !***ٺاهيندڙ*** !تصوير !اصل ملڪ !ڪلاس !ڪردار !داخلا جي تاريخ !خدمت ۾ !ڪل نمبر !نوٽ |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" |جنگي جهاز |- |[[جي-10 ويگور ڊريگن]] |<small>_{'''چينگڊو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن'''}</small> | [[File:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] |[[چين]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''11 مارچ 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref>'''} | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | _{J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk" /><ref name="defenseworld.net" /><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref>} |- |[[جئ ايف 17 ٿنڊر|'''<small>جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر</small>''']] |'''_{پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز ڪمپليڪس}''' | [[File:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] |'''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small><br>[[چين]]''' |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''<small>18 فيبروري 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref></small>'''} | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | _{JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (27)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3.} |- |[[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] |<small>'''جنرل ڊائنامڪس لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن'''</small> | [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |<small>15جنوري 1983</small><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | _{<small>'''F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6)'''</small>} |- |[[ميراج III]] |ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] |[[فرانس]] | جيٽ | ملٽي رول | 1968 | 58 | 135 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref>'''</small>} |- | [[ميراج 5]] | ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] | جيٽ |<small>'''حملو ۽ جاچ'''</small> | 1970 | 78 | 138 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com" /><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />'''</small>} |- |<small>'''هاربن Y-12'''</small> |هاربن ايئر ڪرافٽ گروپ | [[File:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' |ٽربوجيٽ |<small>هلڪو ٽرانسپورٽ</small> | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- |<small>'''ايئربس A319'''</small> |ايئربس | [[File:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] |جيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ |جولاءِ 2022 | 1 | 1 | _{A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024" /><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref>} |- | '''<small>سيسنا</small>''' | سيسنا | [[File:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ | <small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref>چينگڊو ايف-7 سي اي سي چين جيٽ ايئر انٽرسيپٽر سڀئي ايف-7 پي جي کي جي ايف-17 سي سان تبديل ڪيو ويندو. * ٽريننگ هوائي جهاز |- |<small>'''گلف اسٽريم IV'''</small> |<small>گلف اسٽريم</small> | [[File:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2004 | 2 | 2 | _{گلف اسٽريم IV-SP <br> گلف اسٽريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref>} |- |<small>'''ايمبريئر فينم 100'''</small> |ايمبريئر | [[File:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] |[[برازيل]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |- | <small>'''چينگڊو ^{ايف-7 CAC}'''</small> | <small>_{'''چينگڊو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن'''}</small> | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' | جيٽ | <small>'''_{ايئر انٽرسيپٽر}'''</small> | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | _{<small>'''سڀئي ايف-7 پي جي کي جي ايف-17 سي سان تبديل ڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref>'''</small>} |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | تربيتي جهاز |- |<small>'''هانگڊو GL-8'''</small> |<small>_{'''هانگڊو-پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس ڪمپليڪس'''}</small> | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]'''، '''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small>''' |جيٽ |<small>_{'''ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر'''}</small> | 1994 | 58 | 60 | <small>K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48)</small> _{'''<small>ڪراڪورم-8 جي طور تي لائسنس يافته پي اي سي پيداوار.</small><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref>'''} |- | <small>'''سيسنا T-37 ٽوئيٽ'''</small> | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] | جيٽ | <small>_{'''ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر'''}</small> | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم سيسنا ٽي-37 ٽوئيٽ سيسنا پراڻا ماڊل بتدريج ڪي-8 پي سان تبديل ڪيا ويندا. استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | <small>_'''MFI-17'''</small> مشاق | <small>_{'''سويڊن-پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس ڪمپليڪس'''}</small> | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | '''<small>[[پاڪستان]][[سويڊن]]</small>''' | ٽربو انجن | بنيادي تربيت | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) سپر مشاق (30) ڪجهه ايم ايف آءِ-17 کي سپر مشاق معيار تي اپ گريڊ ڪيو ويندو.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | اسٽريٽجڪ ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ايئر ريفيولنگ |- | <small>'''اليوشين L-78'''</small> | اليوشين | [[File:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | [[روس]] | جيٽ | اسٽريٽجڪ ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ايئر ريفيولنگ | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP ٽرانسپورٽ/ايئر ريفيولنگ ڊبل رول ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ريفيولنگ جهاز يوڪريني هوائي فوج پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | فوجي ٽرانسپورٽ جهاز |- |[[لاڪ هيڊ سي-130 هرڪيولس]] |<small>'''لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن'''</small> | [[File:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |ٽربوجيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ ٽيڪٽيڪل | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] |{{flag|Sweden}} |ٽربوجيٽ | ٽرانسپورٽ | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] f5z92mn54wrvfd0uohwtyt98hhc27fq 370380 370378 2026-04-06T20:03:19Z Memon2025 21315 370380 wikitext text/x-wiki هيٺ ڏنل فوجي هوائي جهازن جي فهرست آهي جيڪا هن وقت پاڪستان ايئر فورس سان فعال سروس ۾ آهن. ==فهرست== {| class="wikitable" |+ !هوائي جهاز !***ٺاهيندڙ*** !تصوير !اصل ملڪ !ڪلاس !ڪردار !داخلا جي تاريخ !خدمت ۾ !ڪل نمبر !نوٽ |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" |جنگي جهاز |- |[[جي-10 ويگور ڊريگن]] |<small>_{'''چينگڊو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن'''}</small> | [[File:J-10B with PL-10 and PL-12.jpg|200px]] |[[چين]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''11 مارچ 2022<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece |عنوان= باكستان تضم مقاتلات J-10C الصينية إلى قواتها الجوية | تاريخ=11 March 2022|تاريخ الوصول= 4 January 2024|عمل=The Hindu|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212111028/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-inducts-china-made-j-10c-fighter-jets-into-paf/article65214438.ece|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref>'''} | 20 | 20<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/ | عنوان=باكستان تحصل على سرب من مقاتلات J-10C المتطورة | تاريخ=30 December 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130063153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2021/12/30/pakistan-acquires-squadron-of-elite-j-10c-fighter-reports/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-11-30}}</ref><ref name="defenseworld.net">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters | عنوان=عالم الدفاع|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325065028/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/31096/Pakistan_Orders_36_Chinese_J_10C_Fighters|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> | _{J-10CE (20 تم تسليمها، 16 تحت الطلب)<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk" /><ref name="defenseworld.net" /><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294 |عنوان = مقاتلة J-10C الصينية قاتلة في السماء |تاريخ= 20 August 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 15 December 2024|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240904134721/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-j-10c-fighter-jet-killer-sky-207294|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-09-04}}</ref>} |- |[[جئ ايف 17 ٿنڊر|'''<small>جي ايف-17 ٿنڊر</small>''']] |'''_{پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز ڪمپليڪس}''' | [[File:Pakistan JF-17 (modified).jpg|200px]] |'''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small><br>[[چين]]''' |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |_{'''<small>18 فيبروري 2010<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm | عنوان=أول سرب JF-17 ثاندر ينضم لسلاح الجو الباكستاني |موقع=pk.china-embassy.gov.cn|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212060152/http://pk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zbgx/201002/t20100219_1133169.htm|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref></small>'''} | 156 | 161<ref name="auto">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|عنوان=قائد سلاح الجو الباكستاني يحدد خطوات الشراء القادمة|تاريخ=26 May 2019|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240416040306/https://quwa.org/2019/05/26/pakistan-air-force-cas-outlines-next-procurement-steps-2/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-16}}</ref> | _{JF-17A بلوك 1 (50) <br> JF-17A بلوك 2 (62) <br> JF-17B بلوك 2 (26)<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر | مسار=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force | عنوان=مجمع كامرا يسلّم آخر 14 طائرة JF-17B للقوات الجوية الباكستانية |صحيفة=Janes.com|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240424082439/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pac-kamra-rolls-out-final-14-jf-17b-fighters-for-pakistan-air-force|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-04-24}}</ref> <br> JF-17C بلوك 3 (27)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp | عنوان=باكستان تضم مقاتلات JF-17 بلوك 3 إلى سرب "الفهود السوداء" | تاريخ=March 5, 2023|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241214032714/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/pakistan-inducts-jf-17-block-3-fighter-jet-into-its-black-panthers/?amp|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-14}}</ref> <br> جميع طائرات بلوك 1 و2 يتم ترقيتها لمعيار بلوك 3.} |- |[[ايف-16 فائٽنگ فالڪن]] |<small>'''جنرل ڊائنامڪس لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن'''</small> | [[File:84606 General Dynamics F-16BM 11(MR) 39W Pakistan Air Force Konya AFB 30.6.22 (52233200683).jpg|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |ملٽي رول |<small>15جنوري 1983</small><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/ | عنوان=لماذا يعشق سلاح الجو الباكستاني طائرات F-16؟ | تاريخ=11 April 2016 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124002434/http://stratagem.pk/setting-the-record-straight/pakistan-air-force-love-f-16/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref> | 75 | 85<ref name="F16 database">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|عنوان=قاعدة بيانات طائرات F-16 – باكستان|موقع=www.f-16.ne|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212132208/https://www.f-16.net/aircraft-database/F-16/serials-and-inventory/airforce/PAF/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-12}}</ref> | _{<small>'''F-16AM بلوك 15 MLU (31) <br> F-16BM بلوك 15 MLU (23) <br> F-16A بلوك 15 ADF (9) <br> F-16B بلوك 15 ADF (4) <br> F-16C بلوك 52+ (12) <br> F-16D بلوك 52+ (6)'''</small>} |- |[[ميراج III]] |ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage IIIEA inflight.jpg|200px]] |[[فرانس]] | جيٽ | ملٽي رول | 1968 | 58 | 135 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج III يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo | عنوان=في مثل هذا اليوم قبل 55 عامًا، تم إدخال أول دفعة من طائرات ميراج إلى سلاح الجو الباكستاني | موقع=[[يوتيوب]] | تاريخ=8 March 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226191345/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eas4b9xJ5Uo|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref><ref name="World Air Forces 2022">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|عنوان = World Air Forces 2022|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2021 |تاريخ الوصول= 24 November 2022|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507082859/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=83735|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-05-07}}</ref><ref name="france24.com">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying | عنوان=خمسون عامًا من الخدمة: باكستان تُبقي طائرات ميراج القديمة في الخدمة | تاريخ=29 April 2018 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226081926/https://www.france24.com/en/20180429-thrifty-50-pakistan-keeps-ageing-mirages-flying|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-26}}</ref>'''</small>} |- | [[ميراج 5]] | ڊاسالٽ ايرو اسپيس | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Dassault Mirage 5 ROSE III taking off.jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] | جيٽ |<small>'''حملو ۽ جاچ'''</small> | 1970 | 78 | 138 | _{<small>'''عدة نسخ مع تطويرات واسعة ضمن مشروع ROSE. جميع طائرات ميراج 5 يتم استبدالها بـ JF-17C وJ-10CE.<ref name="france24.com" /><ref name="World Air Forces 2022" />'''</small>} |- |<small>'''هاربن Y-12'''</small> |هاربن ايئر ڪرافٽ گروپ | [[File:Iran - Revolutionary Guard Air Force Harbin Y12-II.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' |ٽربوجيٽ |<small>هلڪو ٽرانسپورٽ</small> | 1993 | 2 | 2 | Y-12II.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024"/> |- |<small>'''ايئربس A319'''</small> |ايئربس | [[File:United Airbus A319 (13942617705).jpg|200px]] | [[فرانس]] |جيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ |جولاءِ 2022 | 1 | 1 | _{A319-112 <br> كانت تعمل سابقاً لدى Avion Express (ليتوانيا).<ref name="World Air Forces 2024" /><ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp | عنوان=صورة طيران: إيرباص A319-112 - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250124003045/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Airbus-A319-112/7022361?qsp=eJxVjT0OwjAMha9SeWaiokO3MrDSgQtYjgVRSxPZliCqenecdmLz8/d%2BVqC0GH/tUTJDD8oo9IITZBR8K/QrBDQeiDgbB3e03cXxxOWTJLgBRpyiGi7NEKW5JSF2rknsWpz%2BpY//XQJLRay0Lz3r8rmeLOOh2s5liJpn3FvYMM6wbT9fkDmp|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-24}}</ref>} |- | '''<small>سيسنا</small>''' | سيسنا | [[File:cessna uc-35a citation 560 ultra v arp.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ | <small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | - | 1 | 1 |<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html bell | cessna | lockheed jetstar | 2004 | 09–2372 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227182145/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202372.html|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- |<small>'''گلف اسٽريم IV'''</small> |<small>گلف اسٽريم</small> | [[File:PAF GSIV Government.png|200px]] |[[آمريڪا]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2004 | 2 | 2 | _{گلف اسٽريم IV-SP <br> گلف اسٽريم IV G-450<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D | عنوان=صورة طيران: جلف ستريم IV-SP - سلاح الجو الباكستاني |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250120175405/https://www.airliners.net/photo/Pakistan-Air-Force/Gulfstream-Aerospace-G-IV-Gulfstream-IV-SP/6744749?qsp=eJwtjbEOwjAQQ3%2BlupkNwdCtDKx04AdOFwuilia6Owmiqv9OUthsP8teSdLi%2BPi9ZFBPBlZ50oEyK7%2BM%2BpUmlHfSUDWNPEVzXrohandNKqhNS%2BqXUmlgxyCC7Aj//KYB2hBM9tFHOzk1CR1/7niuNkTLM%2B8rcI4zbdsXIKszaQ%3D%3D|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-01-20}}</ref>} |- |<small>'''ايمبريئر فينم 100'''</small> |ايمبريئر | [[File:Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 AN1695056.jpg|200px]] |[[برازيل]] |جيٽ |<small>_{'''VIP ٽرانسپورٽ'''}</small> | 2009 | 4 | 4 |<ref>[http://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0 إمبراير تسلم أول Phenom 100 لسلاح الجو الباكستاني]. aero-news.net (26 March 2009). {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250212120722/https://www.aero-news.net/getmorefromann.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=c33433a3-c998-491a-9798-2ed577a9dff0|date=2025-02-12 }}</ref> |- | <small>'''چينگڊو ^{ايف-7 CAC}'''</small> | <small>_{'''چينگڊو ايوي ايشن انڊسٽري ڪارپوريشن'''}</small> | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu F-7PG inflight.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]''' | جيٽ | <small>'''_{ايئر انٽرسيپٽر}'''</small> | 2002 | 53 | 60<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/ | عنوان=مقاتلات J-7 / F-7 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250403144743/https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/j7f7fighteraircraft/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-03}}</ref> | _{<small>'''سڀئي ايف-7 پي جي کي جي ايف-17 سي سان تبديل ڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets | عنوان=سلاح الجو الباكستاني سيستبدل جميع مقاتلات F-7P بطائرات JF-17 | تاريخ=25 January 2019 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20230407101447/https://timesofislamabad.com/25-Jan-2019/pakistan-air-force-to-replace-entire-f17-fighter-jets|تاريخ أرشيف=2023-04-07}}</ref>'''</small>} |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | تربيتي هوائي جهاز |- |<small>'''هانگڊو GL-8'''</small> |<small>_{'''هانگڊو-پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس ڪمپليڪس'''}</small> | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Hongdu K-8P Karakorum Jordan.jpg|200px]] | '''[[چين]]'''، '''<small>[[پاڪستان]]</small>''' |جيٽ |<small>_{'''ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر'''}</small> | 1994 | 58 | 60 | <small>K-8 (12) <br> K-8P (48)</small> _{'''<small>ڪراڪورم-8 جي طور تي لائسنس يافته پي اي سي پيداوار.</small><ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8 |عنوان=مجمع باكستان لصناعات الطيران كامرا – طائرة Karakorum-8 (K-8) |ناشر=Pac.org.pk |تاريخ الوصول=2022-09-16|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20240819040444/https://www.pac.org.pk/k-8|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-08-19}}</ref>'''} |- | <small>'''سيسنا T-37 ٽوئيٽ'''</small> | سيسنا | [[ملف:T-37 021203-O-9999G-003.jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] | جيٽ | <small>_{'''ميڊيم جيٽ ٽرينر'''}</small> | 1962 | 69 | 73 | T-37B/C.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|عنوان=باكستان ستتسلم المزيد من طائرات التدريب T-37|الأخير=Govindasamy|الأول=Siva|تاريخ=2008-08-21|عمل=Flight International|ناشر=flightglobal.com|تاريخ الوصول=10 July 2010|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20110520141741/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/08/21/315034/pakistan-to-receive-more-t-37-trainers.html|تاريخ أرشيف=2011-05-20}}</ref> سيتم سيسنا ٽي-37 ٽوئيٽ سيسنا پراڻا ماڊل بتدريج ڪي-8 پي سان تبديل ڪيا ويندا. استبدال الطرازات القديمة بـ K-8P تدريجيًا. |- | <small>_'''MFI-17'''</small> مشاق | <small>_{'''سويڊن-پاڪستان ايرو اسپيس ڪمپليڪس'''}</small> | [[ملف:Pakistan MFI-17 Super Mushshak (mod. flight).jpg|200px]] | '''<small>[[پاڪستان]][[سويڊن]]</small>''' | ٽربو انجن | بنيادي تربيت | 1974 | 145 | 151 | MFI-17 مشاق (115) سپر مشاق (30) ڪجهه ايم ايف آءِ-17 کي سپر مشاق معيار تي اپ گريڊ ڪيو ويندو.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17 air force | combat aircraft | super lynx | 2004 | 09–2371 | Flight Archive]. Flightglobal.com (22 November 2004). Retrieved on 2012-07-01. {{Webarchive|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190227181940/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2004/2004-09%20-%202371.html?search=Pakistan%20JF-17|date=2019-02-27 }}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | اسٽريٽجڪ ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ايئر ريفيولنگ |- | <small>'''اليوشين L-78'''</small> | اليوشين | [[File:Ilyushin IL-78 (R09-001) Pakistan Air Force.jpg|200px]] | [[روس]] | جيٽ | اسٽريٽجڪ ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ايئر ريفيولنگ | 2009 | 4 | 4 | Il-78MP ٽرانسپورٽ/ايئر ريفيولنگ ڊبل رول ٽرانسپورٽ ۽ ريفيولنگ جهاز يوڪريني هوائي فوج پاران استعمال ڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft#.YhhL0-hBxPY|عنوان=شركة أوكرانية توقع عقداً لصيانة طائرات التزود بالوقود IL-78 الباكستانية|تاريخ=17 June 2021 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20220325072806/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29831/Ukrainian_Firm_Signs_Contract_to_Repair_Pakistani_IL_78_Refueling_Aircraft|تاريخ أرشيف=2022-03-25}}</ref> |- ! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="10" | فوجي ٽرانسپورٽ جهاز |- |[[لاڪ هيڊ سي-130 هرڪيولس]] |<small>'''لاڪ هيڊ مارٽن'''</small> | [[File:4148 Lockheed C-130E Pakistan Air Force Konya 30.6.22 (52207186888).jpg|200px]] | [[آمريڪا]] |ٽربوجيٽ |ٽرانسپورٽ ٽيڪٽيڪل | 1963 | 23 | 25 | C-130B (5) <br> C-130E (7) <br> C-130H (13)<ref>{{استشهاد بويب|مسار=https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/#:~:text=In%20November%202024%2C%20the%20Pakistan,Departed%20on%20Friday%2C%20November%2029.|عنوان=Final 3 Belgian C-130s Delivered to Pakistan Air Force - RESONANT NEWS<!-- عنوان مولد بالبوت -->|تاريخ الوصول=2025-05-13|لغة=en-US|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20241227163204/https://resonantnews.com/2024/12/27/final-3-belgian-c-130s-delivered-to-pakistan-air-force/|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-12-27}}</ref> <br> جميع الطائرات تم تطويرها وصيانتها بواسطة PAC.<ref name="C-130 aircraft bought from Belgium inducted into PAF fleet">{{استشهاد بويب| مسار=https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/ | عنوان=طائرات C-130 المشتراة من بلجيكا تدخل الخدمة في سلاح الجو الباكستاني | تاريخ=11 June 2023 |مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250213110915/https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Business/731170/|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-02-13}}</ref> |- | [[ساب 2000]] | ساب | [[File:Pakistan Air Force Saab 2000 Asuspine.jpg|200px]] |{{flag|Sweden}} |ٽربوجيٽ | ٽرانسپورٽ | 2008 | 7 | 7 | تُستخدم أيضاً لتدريب طواقم طائرات الإنذار المبكر Saab 2000 Erieye.<ref name="World Air Forces 2024">{{استشهاد بويب|مسار= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881 |عنوان = World Air Forces 2024|ناشر= Flightglobal Insight |سنة= 2024 |تاريخ الوصول= 10 April 2024|التسجيل=registration|مسار أرشيف=http://web.archive.org/web/20250413174917/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=98881|تاريخ أرشيف=2025-04-13}}</ref> |} ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Pakistan|Aviation}} * [[پاڪستان ائيرفورس|پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] * [[جهازن جي فهرست]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پاڪستان ايئر فورس]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان جو فوجي سامان]] [[زمرو:فوجي جهازن جي فهرست]] op5gzv2c19fzkd2p4zu7jpcio1s47yg 3 94698 370379 2026-04-06T20:01:23Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 20:01, 6 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) eiee836ft0ez8mieag4jy6a0lsnn46o 3 94699 370381 2026-04-06T20:36:20Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 20:36, 6 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) rwnz04hgjii9ytxbn0ke80si1wfgtbv 3 94700 370382 2026-04-06T20:47:02Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 20:47, 6 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) o2fn7swazo4b9yv7brzev7f7gkhl483 3 94701 370383 2026-04-06T22:03:18Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 22:03, 6 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) 5p6y3m734sh4h7vn1wpxz8zui4xlx2y 3 94702 370386 2026-04-07T02:47:18Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 02:47, 7 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) kuabbrf8nqwv4l0sbb4m99votphpfne 828 94703 370394 2026-04-07T03:11:41Z مھتاب احمد سنڌي 4990 نئون صفحو: return { name = 'Romania', top = 48.5, bottom = 43.4, left = 20.0, right = 30.0, image = 'Romania location map.svg', image1 = 'Relief Map of Romania.png' } 370394 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'Romania', top = 48.5, bottom = 43.4, left = 20.0, right = 30.0, image = 'Romania location map.svg', image1 = 'Relief Map of Romania.png' } 2nb796rw74553ohdroo5ogsu3rfearv 0 94704 370415 2026-04-07T05:14:43Z Ibne maryam 17680 Ibne maryam صفحي [[فضائي رَٿَ]] کي [[ھوائي جهاز]] ڏانھن چوريو 370415 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[ھوائي جهاز]] mtrk21rr6gwy4pfhyrpzooh1j8tx42l 14 94705 370417 2026-04-07T05:22:11Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ قسم]] 370417 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ قسم]] 28at8y7s8pguhezl2r8ni5ft2nefawg 370418 370417 2026-04-07T05:22:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 370418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ قسم]] czw1kcly33wplsgc7v0ggfo6ytiezef 14 94706 370419 2026-04-07T05:24:27Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ قسم]] 370419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ قسم]] 28at8y7s8pguhezl2r8ni5ft2nefawg 14 94707 370435 2026-04-07T06:02:15Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:سواري بلحاظ قسم]] 370435 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:سواري بلحاظ قسم]] pkpbk2ii8nmbnqav950p9uj49fnxod8 14 94708 370437 2026-04-07T06:06:17Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:شڪليات]] 370437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:شڪليات]] owg8j1z3leql3p79ntffny7wbi73oer 14 94709 370438 2026-04-07T06:08:09Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] 370438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سواري]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] bb9qznmddz2g405xwuc4i5n9aadjyo7 14 94710 370439 2026-04-07T06:09:59Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايجادون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] 370439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايجادون]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪنالاجي]] lntcfey8oc7uxwhpgtuvg0ctlejrqsj 14 94711 370441 2026-04-07T06:14:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:وقت]] [[زمرو:ايجادون]] 370441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:وقت]] [[زمرو:ايجادون]] qjfzpys4j3eqncoh0kx1z37jxyxcddh 0 94712 370443 2026-04-07T06:37:21Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345035214|Aviation]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 370443 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشيني اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي جهاز جي]] صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي جهازن'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، شڪل بدلن جي قابل پر، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪا جهاز جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ هوائي جهاز شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا جي منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم ''رائٽ فلائر'' (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ ڀائرن پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز هو]]. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي طور انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع ۾، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> ساک 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> h96xm5ixktns3hvzdgl7g7iui28nw1c 370444 370443 2026-04-07T06:37:49Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:هوابازي]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشيني اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي جهاز جي]] صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي جهازن'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، شڪل بدلن جي قابل پر، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪا جهاز جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ هوائي جهاز شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا جي منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم ''رائٽ فلائر'' (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ ڀائرن پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز هو]]. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي طور انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع ۾، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> ساک 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> [[زمرو:هوابازي]] 2stjd2uninxhzozehmnq8fqegpapr4t 370445 370444 2026-04-07T06:38:44Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:فضائي سواريون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370445 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشيني اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي جهاز جي]] صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي جهازن'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، شڪل بدلن جي قابل پر، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪا جهاز جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ هوائي جهاز شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا جي منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم ''رائٽ فلائر'' (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ ڀائرن پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز هو]]. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي طور انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع ۾، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> ساک 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] mrtitvw2gvgj1h6wbl780elk8mhffoc 370446 370445 2026-04-07T06:39:14Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشيني اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي جهاز جي]] صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي جهازن'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، شڪل بدلن جي قابل پر، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪا جهاز جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ هوائي جهاز شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا جي منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم ''رائٽ فلائر'' (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ ڀائرن پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز هو]]. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي طور انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع ۾، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> ساک 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] lvmczyt9qrvddlqnllq06xp503gk1lz 370447 370446 2026-04-07T06:39:56Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:انساني سرگرميون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370447 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشيني اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي جهاز جي]] صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي جهازن'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، شڪل بدلن جي قابل پر، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪا جهاز جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ هوائي جهاز شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا جي منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم ''رائٽ فلائر'' (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ ڀائرن پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز|هوائي جهاز هو]]. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ ٽيڪنالاجي طور انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع ۾، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> ساک 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو. <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:انساني سرگرميون]] jp0pci3zyqse4wmi0urqx4792ne93ay 370448 370447 2026-04-07T06:47:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 370448 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشينن ذريعي اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سوارين]] جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي سوارين'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، پرن جي شڪل بدلن جي قابل گاڏيون، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪي سواريون جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ گلائڊر شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا ۾ منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم "رائٽ فلائر" (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ برادرز پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز]] هو. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ هڪ ٽيڪنالاجيڪل انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع تائين، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> سال 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:فضائي سواريون]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:انساني سرگرميون]] 2rd7hiew42gzc7vnnmi87no5eec7595 370449 370448 2026-04-07T06:49:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 370449 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشينن ذريعي اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سوارين]] جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي سوارين'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، پرن جي شڪل بدلن جي قابل گاڏيون، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪي سواريون جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ گلائڊر شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا ۾ منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم "رائٽ فلائر" (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ برادرز پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز]] هو. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ هڪ ٽيڪنالاجيڪل انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع تائين، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> سال 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|wikt=aviation|b=no}} * {{Wikivoyage inline|Flying}} * {{Commons category-inline|Aviation}} * {{Wikiversity inline|Aviation|at-link=School:Aviation|at=The School of Aviation}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|aviation}} * [[wikt:Appendix:Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms|Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms]] {{Aviation lists}} [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:انساني سرگرميون]] 2p82xc60d674kh304gx1i9yioh9px3a 370450 370449 2026-04-07T06:50:27Z Ibne maryam 17680 370450 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشينن ذريعي اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سوارين]] جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي سوارين'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، پرن جي شڪل بدلن جي قابل گاڏيون، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪي سواريون جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ گلائڊر شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا ۾ منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم "رائٽ فلائر" (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ برادرز پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز]] هو. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ هڪ ٽيڪنالاجيڪل انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع تائين، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> سال 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|wikt=aviation|b=no}} * {{Wikivoyage inline|Flying}} * {{Commons category-inline|Aviation}} * [[wikt:Appendix:Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms|Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:انساني سرگرميون]] sb79uuqzp227v3nvb9r3ujtz2tfy00m 370451 370450 2026-04-07T06:51:12Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 370451 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشينن ذريعي اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سوارين]] جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي سوارين'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، پرن جي شڪل بدلن جي قابل گاڏيون، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪي سواريون جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ گلائڊر شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا ۾ منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم "رائٽ فلائر" (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ برادرز پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز]] هو. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ هڪ ٽيڪنالاجيڪل انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع تائين، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> سال 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|wikt=aviation|b=no}} * {{Wikivoyage inline|Flying}} * {{Commons category-inline|هوابازي}} Aviation}} * [[wikt:Appendix:Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms|Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:انساني سرگرميون]] dvliwxcl4strzepy5vwxlyvdl6l8ra5 370452 370451 2026-04-07T06:51:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 370452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-121_N732PA_Bidini.jpg|thumb|بوئنگ 747 جيڪو پين ايم پاران هلايو ويندو هو، 1978ع]] '''هوابازي''' (Aviation) ۾ مشينن ذريعي اڏام ۽ [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سوارين]] جي صنعت سان لاڳاپيل سرگرميون شامل آهن. ''هوائي سوارين'' ۾ [[ھوائي جهاز|فڪسڊ ونگ]] ۽ [[هيلي ڪاپٽر|روٽري ونگ]] قسم، پرن جي شڪل بدلن جي قابل گاڏيون، پرن کان سواءِ اڏامن واري گاڏيون، انهي سان گڏ هوا کان هلڪي سواريون جهڙوڪ گرم هوا جا غبارا ۽ گلائڊر شامل آهن. هوابازي جي شروعات 18هين صدي ۾ گرم هوا جي غباري، هڪ اهڙو سامان جيڪو هوا جي حرڪت ذريعي هوا ۾ منتقلي جي قابل هو، جي ترقي سان ٿي. ڪليمينٽ ايڊر سال 1890ع ۾ فرانس ۾ هڪ طاقتور گرم غبارو، "ايڊر ايول" ٺاهيو، پر اهو قابو جي قابل نه هو. هي پهرين طاقتور هوائي سواري هئي، پر اها ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام حاصل نه ڪري سگهي. هوابازي جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ ڪجهه اهم ترين ترقي سال 1896ع ۾ اوٽو لليينٿل جي ڪنٽرول ٿيل گلائڊنگ اڏام سان آئي. هڪ وڏو قدم "رائٽ فلائر" (Wright Flyer) جي تعمير سان کنيو ويو، جيڪو سال 1900ع جي شروعات ۾ رائٽ برادرز پاران پهريون طاقتور [[ھوائي جهاز]] هو. ان وقت کان وٺي، جيٽ انجن جي متعارف ٿيڻ سان هوابازي ۾ هڪ ٽيڪنالاجيڪل انقلاب آيو آهي، جنهن هوابازي کي سڄي دنيا ۾ ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ وڏو ذريعو بڻائي وڃيو آهي. سال 2024ع تائين، بين الاقوامي شهري هوابازي جي تنظيم (ICAO) جي مطابق، سجي دنيا ۾ 9.5 ارب مسافر هوائي سوارين تي سفر ڪيا.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|date=2025-01-28|quote=2025-06-20}}</ref> سال 2018ع تائين، اندازن موجب دنيا جي آبادي جو 11 سيڪڙو هوائي سفر ڪيو، جنهن ۾ %4 تائين بين الاقوامي پروازن جو حصو هو.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gössling|first1=Stefan|last2=Humpe|first2=Andreas|date=2020-11-01|title=The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=65|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194|pmid=36777089|issn=0959-3780|pmc=9900393|bibcode=2020GEC....6502194G}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|wikt=aviation|b=no}} * {{Wikivoyage inline|Flying}} * {{Commons category-inline|هوابازي}} * [[wikt:Appendix:Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms|Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautical terms]] [[زمرو:هوابازي]] [[زمرو:ٽرانسپورٽ]] [[زمرو:انساني سرگرميون]] 8zyq1o1qgdazg6iw21gxu7ol69hzu5e 14 94713 370469 2026-04-07T09:52:15Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانس]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ 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[[زمرو:مختصر ڪهاڻي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي مذهب مخالف]] [[زمرو:موت جي سزا جو مخالف]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي بحث مباحثو ڪندڙ]] m9q5lgratyw1yisk7xjvi8bpeyvlwe6 14 94715 370472 2026-04-07T09:58:24Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:شاعر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] mrzw5sic849u3c3nkqlasc26pkci0so 14 94716 370473 2026-04-07T10:00:29Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] t4gcuh9bbfbuuvwnxf0h3y9d5v23n76 14 94717 370474 2026-04-07T10:01:43Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] 370474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] jard6e3qm3gluejod3r30chy08j92cq 14 94718 370476 2026-04-07T10:05:02Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] 370476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ناول نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] nhmmsg7aph4918mdtd3ieibnmadgxhg 14 94719 370477 2026-04-07T10:06:21Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] 370477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] lgd80dzx31rj0y3m6jgv34sx8y152ib 14 94720 370478 2026-04-07T10:07:15Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] 370478 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڊائري ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي ليکڪ]] kccp167ap4u7l5dohht5u1s8w0lm53e 14 94721 370479 2026-04-07T10:09:05Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] 370479 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] lgd80dzx31rj0y3m6jgv34sx8y152ib 14 94722 370480 2026-04-07T10:10:24Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انسان دوست]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] m6t0dis68km87dwh5t3cfknx1mxgbbi 14 94723 370481 2026-04-07T10:11:21Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فلسفي]] 370481 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فلسفي]] qh90oq2fyqf8n5bt0gc134nr2mn75y5 370482 370481 2026-04-07T10:13:37Z Memon2025 21315 370482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ موضوع]] tvhl0cxovuduvj328ty7jr5de1dtphr 370484 370482 2026-04-07T10:15:03Z Memon2025 21315 370484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ موضوع]] kikmo5692q5asdqi6g43g8ykzwb8tyg 3 94724 370485 2026-04-07T10:48:56Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 10:48, 7 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) bjgu071hjzrrlnh0txu7elymy2u3lkj 3 94725 370486 2026-04-07T11:14:49Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 11:14, 7 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) ndhcecm5ka2zqqjuena9zrp04fnewvw 14 94726 370492 2026-04-07T11:41:44Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:آثار قديمه جا ماهر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370492 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:آثار قديمه جا ماهر]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 6ih364yx6me951kntns3oe2o3soef6c 14 94727 370493 2026-04-07T11:42:25Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:قديم آثار]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون]] 370493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:قديم آثار]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون]] 2gzycaexf8xfqvibgq4ktr5yvjre1n1 14 94728 370494 2026-04-07T11:43:03Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:سنڌيات]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:سنڌيات]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 8hd51lrizik2qsfjbcx3jup44d13hm9 14 94729 370498 2026-04-07T11:47:02Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370498 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] r47asnesj8hwn204tyjm1p7n5pzfkso 14 94730 370501 2026-04-07T11:51:29Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڊراما نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370501 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڊراما نگار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] fdzzlggkmjg7i52gnsikb9rktslcqga 14 94731 370502 2026-04-07T11:51:59Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اداڪار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اداڪار]] [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 81scpuu2exln3rfazrjz780n5qxs30d 14 94732 370503 2026-04-07T11:53:33Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370503 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 1eox4kg4vsa8a02xr6vijv4dey7pj84 14 94733 370505 2026-04-07T11:57:34Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 1eox4kg4vsa8a02xr6vijv4dey7pj84