وڪيپيڊيا sdwiki https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter ذريعات خاص بحث واپرائيندڙ واپرائيندڙ بحث وڪيپيڊيا وڪيپيڊيا بحث فائل فائل بحث ذريعات وڪي ذريعات وڪي بحث سانچو سانچو بحث مدد مدد بحث زمرو زمرو بحث باب باب بحث TimedText TimedText talk ماڊيول ماڊيول بحث Event Event talk 0 1690 370506 370456 2026-04-07T12:33:39Z Ibne maryam 17680 370506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي منتقلي جو هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. ==تاريخ== '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==Etymology and usage== First attested in English in the late 19th century (prior to the first sustained powered flight), the word ''airplane'', like ''aeroplane'', derives from the French ''aéroplane'', which comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ἀήρ (''aēr''), "air"<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29h%2Fr ἀήρ], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref> and either [[Latin]] ''planus'', "level",<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aeroplane "aeroplane"], Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.</ref> or Greek πλάνος (''planos''), "wandering".<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpla%2Fnos πλάνος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100708061855/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0011110#m_en_gb0011110 aeroplane], Oxford Dictionaries</ref> "''Aéroplane''" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a [[plane (geometry)|plane]] moving through the air.<ref name="oed">[http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/3196#eid9528640 "aeroplane], Oxford English Dictionary online.</ref> In an example of [[synecdoche]], the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft. In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, and most of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the term "aeroplane" ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛər|ə|p|l|eɪ|n}}<ref name="oed"/>) is usually applied to these aircraft. According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], "Airplane became the standard U.S. term (replacing aeroplane) after it was adopted by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in 1916."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==History== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] 70m2j5xmic124iyp7m3t5kfzcn4o5qe 370507 370506 2026-04-07T12:55:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 370507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي منتقلي جو هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. ==اشتقاق ۽ استعمال== انگريزي ۾ پهرين ڀيرو تصديق ٿيل 19هين صدي جي آخر ۾، پهرين مسلسل طاقتور پرواز کان اڳ، لفظ ايروپلين (<small>airplane</small>) فرانسيسي لفظ "ايروپلين (<small>aéroplane</small>) مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو يوناني لفظ "اير" (ἀήρ، واء) ۽ يا ته لاطيني لفظ "پلينس" (<small>planus</small>، سطح) يا يوناني "پلانوس" (<small>πλάνος</small>، ڦرڻ) مان نڪتل آهي. لفظ "ايروپلين" (<small>Aéropla</small><small>ne</small>) اصل ۾ صرف ونگ ڏانهن اشارو ڪيو ويو. ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو هڪ جهاز آهي جيڪو هوا ذريعي هلندو آهي. سائنيدوخئ (synecdoche) جي مثال ۾، پرن لاءِ لفظ سڄي جهاز ڏانهن اشارو ڪرڻ لاءِ آيو. آمريڪا ۽ ڪينيڊا ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" طاقتور مقرر ٿيل پرن واري جهاز لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. برطانيه ۽ آئرلينڊ ۽ دولت مشترڪه جي اڪثريت ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" (ˈɛərəpleɪn) عام طور تي انهن جهازن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. آڪسفورڊ انگريزي ڊڪشنري جي مطابق "سال 1916ع ۾ نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايرووناٽڪس پاران اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ هوائي جهاز (aeroplane) معياري آمريڪي اصطلاح (Airplane جي جاءِ تي) بڻجي ويو."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==تاريخ== '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==تاريخ== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] pzmquwptbic4d75m85f9b31cakhva6w 370508 370507 2026-04-07T12:56:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 370508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي منتقلي جو هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. ==اشتقاق ۽ استعمال== انگريزي ۾ پهرين ڀيرو تصديق ٿيل 19هين صدي جي آخر ۾، پهرين مسلسل طاقتور پرواز کان اڳ، لفظ ايروپلين (<small>airplane</small>) فرانسيسي لفظ "ايروپلين (<small>aéroplane</small>) مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو يوناني لفظ "اير" (ἀήρ، واء) ۽ يا ته لاطيني لفظ "پلينس" (<small>planus</small>، سطح) يا يوناني "پلانوس" (<small>πλάνος</small>، ڦرڻ) مان نڪتل آهي. لفظ "ايروپلين" (<small>Aéropla</small><small>ne</small>) اصل ۾ صرف ونگ ڏانهن اشارو ڪيو ويو. ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو هڪ جهاز آهي جيڪو هوا ذريعي هلندو آهي. سائنيدوخئ (synecdoche) جي مثال ۾، پرن لاءِ لفظ سڄي جهاز ڏانهن اشارو ڪرڻ لاءِ آيو. آمريڪا ۽ ڪينيڊا ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" طاقتور مقرر ٿيل پرن واري جهاز لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. برطانيه ۽ آئرلينڊ ۽ دولت مشترڪه جي اڪثريت ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" (ˈɛərəpleɪn) عام طور تي انهن جهازن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. آڪسفورڊ انگريزي ڊڪشنري جي مطابق "سال 1916ع ۾ نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايرووناٽڪس پاران اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ هوائي جهاز (aeroplane) معياري آمريڪي اصطلاح (Airplane جي جاءِ تي) بڻجي ويو."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==تاريخ== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] eaa1u6tysdug7mewh95gdd878tfytvd 370509 370508 2026-04-07T12:57:24Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* تاريخ */ 370509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي منتقلي جو هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. ==اشتقاق ۽ استعمال== انگريزي ۾ پهرين ڀيرو تصديق ٿيل 19هين صدي جي آخر ۾، پهرين مسلسل طاقتور پرواز کان اڳ، لفظ ايروپلين (<small>airplane</small>) فرانسيسي لفظ "ايروپلين (<small>aéroplane</small>) مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو يوناني لفظ "اير" (ἀήρ، واء) ۽ يا ته لاطيني لفظ "پلينس" (<small>planus</small>، سطح) يا يوناني "پلانوس" (<small>πλάνος</small>، ڦرڻ) مان نڪتل آهي. لفظ "ايروپلين" (<small>Aéropla</small><small>ne</small>) اصل ۾ صرف ونگ ڏانهن اشارو ڪيو ويو. ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو هڪ جهاز آهي جيڪو هوا ذريعي هلندو آهي. سائنيدوخئ (synecdoche) جي مثال ۾، پرن لاءِ لفظ سڄي جهاز ڏانهن اشارو ڪرڻ لاءِ آيو. آمريڪا ۽ ڪينيڊا ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" طاقتور مقرر ٿيل پرن واري جهاز لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. برطانيه ۽ آئرلينڊ ۽ دولت مشترڪه جي اڪثريت ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" (ˈɛərəpleɪn) عام طور تي انهن جهازن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. آڪسفورڊ انگريزي ڊڪشنري جي مطابق "سال 1916ع ۾ نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايرووناٽڪس پاران اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ هوائي جهاز (aeroplane) معياري آمريڪي اصطلاح (Airplane جي جاءِ تي) بڻجي ويو."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==تاريخ== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] 1w38k56pi4o288o8ijmlxvkum9zj7m0 370510 370509 2026-04-07T12:58:07Z Ibne maryam 17680 370510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي منتقلي جو هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==تاريخ== '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==تاريخ== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] k96cbd6z5bxpjmclnuod1r6465gxihp 370511 370510 2026-04-07T12:58:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* اشتقاق ۽ استعمال */ 370511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي. هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي سامان جي منتقلي جو هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي. گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪي 1799 کان شروع ٿيا هئا. جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (۽ بعد ۾ ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر). ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن (1867 ۽ 1896 جي وچ ۾) پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. 1891 ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. پهرين عالمي جنگ ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. هوائي جهازن جي ٻي عالمي جنگ جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾ موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز (ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ) 1952 ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707 (پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ) 60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو. 1958 کان 2019 تائين. An '''airplane''' ([[American English]]), or '''aeroplane''' ([[Commonwealth English]]), informally '''plane''', is a [[fixed-wing aircraft]] that is propelled forward by [[thrust]] from a [[jet engine]], [[Propeller (aircraft)|propeller]], or [[rocket engine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2025 |title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=National Archives of the United States |language=en}}</ref> Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and [[wing configuration]]s. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes [[recreation]], [[air transportation|transportation]] of goods and people, [[military aviation|military]], and [[Experimental aircraft|research]]. Worldwide, [[commercial aviation]] transports more than four billion passengers annually on [[airliner]]s<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Global air traffic hits new record |language=en-US |work=Channel News Asia |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730 |archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> and transports more than 200 billion [[tonne]]-[[kilometer]]s<ref name=":1">Measured in RTKs—an RTK is one tonne of revenue freight carried one kilometer.</ref> of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be [[unmanned aerial vehicle|remotely or computer-controlled]], such as drones. The [[Wright brothers]] invented and flew the [[Wright Flyer|first airplane]] in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> They built on the works of [[George Cayley]], dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]]s)<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> and the work of German pioneer of human aviation [[Otto Lilienthal]], who, between 1867 and 1896, also studied heavier-than-air flight. Lilienthal's flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> Following its limited use in [[Aviation in World War I|World War I]], aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. The first [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]] in 1939. The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 60 years, from 1958 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==اشتقاق ۽ استعمال== انگريزي ۾ پهرين ڀيرو تصديق ٿيل 19هين صدي جي آخر ۾، پهرين مسلسل طاقتور پرواز کان اڳ، لفظ ايروپلين (<small>airplane</small>) فرانسيسي لفظ "ايروپلين (<small>aéroplane</small>) مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو يوناني لفظ "اير" (ἀήρ، واء) ۽ يا ته لاطيني لفظ "پلينس" (<small>planus</small>، سطح) يا يوناني "پلانوس" (<small>πλάνος</small>، ڦرڻ) مان نڪتل آهي. لفظ "ايروپلين" (<small>Aéropla</small><small>ne</small>) اصل ۾ صرف ونگ ڏانهن اشارو ڪيو ويو. ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو هڪ جهاز آهي جيڪو هوا ذريعي هلندو آهي. سائنيدوخئ (synecdoche) جي مثال ۾، پرن لاءِ لفظ سڄي جهاز ڏانهن اشارو ڪرڻ لاءِ آيو. آمريڪا ۽ ڪينيڊا ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" طاقتور مقرر ٿيل پرن واري جهاز لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. برطانيه ۽ آئرلينڊ ۽ دولت مشترڪه جي اڪثريت ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" (ˈɛərəpleɪn) عام طور تي انهن جهازن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. آڪسفورڊ انگريزي ڊڪشنري جي مطابق "سال 1916ع ۾ نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايرووناٽڪس پاران اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ هوائي جهاز (aeroplane) معياري آمريڪي اصطلاح (Airplane جي جاءِ تي) بڻجي ويو."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==تاريخ== '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==تاريخ== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto"/> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1"/> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] 5rnlnwgo4cdzbix98stsfa1iz2eszl9 370512 370511 2026-04-07T13:10:45Z Ibne maryam 17680 370512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 January 2025|title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1|access-date=2025-01-10|website=National Archives of the United States|language=en}}</ref> هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2018|title=Global air traffic hits new record|language=en-US|work=Channel News Asia|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730|url-status=dead|access-date=May 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730|archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي ڪل سامان جي منتقلي جي هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪا سال 1799ع کان شروع ٿيا هئا، جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (پوء ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا) ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن سال 1867 ۽ 1896ع جي وچ ۾ پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. <ref name="auto2">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> سال 1891ع ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum|url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm|title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam|website=Lilienthal-museum.de|date=|access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> [[پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ|پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ]] ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. [[ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ|ٻئي مهاڀاري جنگ]] جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾، هوائي جهازن جي موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز "ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ" سال1952ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707، پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ، سال 1958 کان 2019 ع تائين (60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين) ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==اشتقاق ۽ استعمال== انگريزي ۾ پهرين ڀيرو تصديق ٿيل 19هين صدي جي آخر ۾، پهرين مسلسل طاقتور پرواز کان اڳ، لفظ ايروپلين (<small>airplane</small>) فرانسيسي لفظ "ايروپلين (<small>aéroplane</small>) مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو يوناني لفظ "اير" (ἀήρ، واء) ۽ يا ته لاطيني لفظ "پلينس" (<small>planus</small>، سطح) يا يوناني "پلانوس" (<small>πλάνος</small>، ڦرڻ) مان نڪتل آهي. لفظ "ايروپلين" (<small>Aéropla</small><small>ne</small>) اصل ۾ صرف ونگ ڏانهن اشارو ڪيو ويو. ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو هڪ جهاز آهي جيڪو هوا ذريعي هلندو آهي. سائنيدوخئ (synecdoche) جي مثال ۾، پرن لاءِ لفظ سڄي جهاز ڏانهن اشارو ڪرڻ لاءِ آيو. آمريڪا ۽ ڪينيڊا ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" طاقتور مقرر ٿيل پرن واري جهاز لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. برطانيه ۽ آئرلينڊ ۽ دولت مشترڪه جي اڪثريت ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" (ˈɛərəpleɪn) عام طور تي انهن جهازن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. آڪسفورڊ انگريزي ڊڪشنري جي مطابق "سال 1916ع ۾ نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايرووناٽڪس پاران اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ هوائي جهاز (aeroplane) معياري آمريڪي اصطلاح (Airplane جي جاءِ تي) بڻجي ويو."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==تاريخ== '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==تاريخ== {{Main article|Aviation history|First flying machine}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris|Le Bris]] and his [[glider aircraft|glider]], Albatros II, photographed by [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], 1868]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Lilienthal]] in mid-flight, Berlin, {{Circa|1895}}]] ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] 9m6pjmbnsuv21n3fr7cm6bsgwz5d2rm 370513 370512 2026-04-07T13:11:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 370513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 January 2025|title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1|access-date=2025-01-10|website=National Archives of the United States|language=en}}</ref> هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2018|title=Global air traffic hits new record|language=en-US|work=Channel News Asia|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730|url-status=dead|access-date=May 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730|archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي ڪل سامان جي منتقلي جي هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪا سال 1799ع کان شروع ٿيا هئا، جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (پوء ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا) ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن سال 1867 ۽ 1896ع جي وچ ۾ پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. <ref name="auto2">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> سال 1891ع ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum|url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm|title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam|website=Lilienthal-museum.de|date=|access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> [[پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ|پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ]] ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. [[ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ|ٻئي مهاڀاري جنگ]] جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾، هوائي جهازن جي موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز "ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ" سال1952ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707، پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ، سال 1958 کان 2019 ع تائين (60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين) ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==اشتقاق ۽ استعمال== انگريزي ۾ پهرين ڀيرو تصديق ٿيل 19هين صدي جي آخر ۾، پهرين مسلسل طاقتور پرواز کان اڳ، لفظ ايروپلين (<small>airplane</small>) فرانسيسي لفظ "ايروپلين (<small>aéroplane</small>) مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو يوناني لفظ "اير" (ἀήρ، واء) ۽ يا ته لاطيني لفظ "پلينس" (<small>planus</small>، سطح) يا يوناني "پلانوس" (<small>πλάνος</small>، ڦرڻ) مان نڪتل آهي. لفظ "ايروپلين" (<small>Aéropla</small><small>ne</small>) اصل ۾ صرف ونگ ڏانهن اشارو ڪيو ويو. ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو هڪ جهاز آهي جيڪو هوا ذريعي هلندو آهي. سائنيدوخئ (synecdoche) جي مثال ۾، پرن لاءِ لفظ سڄي جهاز ڏانهن اشارو ڪرڻ لاءِ آيو. آمريڪا ۽ ڪينيڊا ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" طاقتور مقرر ٿيل پرن واري جهاز لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. برطانيه ۽ آئرلينڊ ۽ دولت مشترڪه جي اڪثريت ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" (ˈɛərəpleɪn) عام طور تي انهن جهازن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. آڪسفورڊ انگريزي ڊڪشنري جي مطابق "سال 1916ع ۾ نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايرووناٽڪس پاران اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ هوائي جهاز (aeroplane) معياري آمريڪي اصطلاح (Airplane جي جاءِ تي) بڻجي ويو."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==تاريخ== '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==تاريخ== ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] rkp9jtnzkwl1mw3pb8022fvy2k1rvqd 370514 370513 2026-04-07T13:17:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 370514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 January 2025|title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1|access-date=2025-01-10|website=National Archives of the United States|language=en}}</ref> هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2018|title=Global air traffic hits new record|language=en-US|work=Channel News Asia|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730|url-status=dead|access-date=May 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730|archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي ڪل سامان جي منتقلي جي هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪا سال 1799ع کان شروع ٿيا هئا، جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (پوء ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا) ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن سال 1867 ۽ 1896ع جي وچ ۾ پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. <ref name="auto2">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> سال 1891ع ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum|url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm|title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam|website=Lilienthal-museum.de|date=|access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> [[پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ|پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ]] ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. [[ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ|ٻئي مهاڀاري جنگ]] جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾، هوائي جهازن جي موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز "ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ" سال1952ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707، پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ، سال 1958 کان 2019 ع تائين (60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين) ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==اشتقاق ۽ استعمال== انگريزي ۾ پهرين ڀيرو تصديق ٿيل 19هين صدي جي آخر ۾، پهرين مسلسل طاقتور پرواز کان اڳ، لفظ ايروپلين (<small>airplane</small>) فرانسيسي لفظ "ايروپلين (<small>aéroplane</small>) مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو يوناني لفظ "اير" (ἀήρ، واء) ۽ يا ته لاطيني لفظ "پلينس" (<small>planus</small>، سطح) يا يوناني "پلانوس" (<small>πλάνος</small>، ڦرڻ) مان نڪتل آهي. لفظ "ايروپلين" (<small>Aéropla</small><small>ne</small>) اصل ۾ صرف ونگ ڏانهن اشارو ڪيو ويو. ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو هڪ جهاز آهي جيڪو هوا ذريعي هلندو آهي. سائنيدوخئ (synecdoche) جي مثال ۾، پرن لاءِ لفظ سڄي جهاز ڏانهن اشارو ڪرڻ لاءِ آيو. آمريڪا ۽ ڪينيڊا ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" طاقتور مقرر ٿيل پرن واري جهاز لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. برطانيه ۽ آئرلينڊ ۽ دولت مشترڪه جي اڪثريت ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" (ˈɛərəpleɪn) عام طور تي انهن جهازن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. آڪسفورڊ انگريزي ڊڪشنري جي مطابق "سال 1916ع ۾ نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايرووناٽڪس پاران اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ هوائي جهاز (aeroplane) معياري آمريڪي اصطلاح (Airplane جي جاءِ تي) بڻجي ويو."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==تاريخ== {{Main article|هوابازي جي تاريخ|پهرين اڏامن واري مشين}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|لئ برس ۽ هنن جو گلائڊر، "البتروس"، 1868ع]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|اوٽو لليٿال سال 1895ع ۾ [[برلن]] مٿان اڏام جي دوران]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==تاريخ== ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] 8u50kmfmikc58cvq551actz9ke012no 370515 370514 2026-04-07T13:38:25Z Ibne maryam 17680 370515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Powered aircraft with wings}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Airplane | image = United Airlines Boeing 777-200 Meulemans.jpg | image_upright = | caption = A [[United Airlines]] [[Boeing 777-200]] on approach to land | classification = [[Vehicle]] | industry = Various | application = [[:Transportation]] | fuel_source = [[Gasoline]], [[Electric vehicle|electricity]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[Solar energy|solar]] | powered = Yes | self-propelled = Depends on model | invented = {{start date and age|1903}} | inventor = {{ubl|[[Orville Wright]]|[[Wilbur Wright]]}} }} [[image:Japan Airlines B747-446 (JA8914) in JAL's 2002 livery.jpg|thumb]] '''هوائي جهاز''' (Aeroplane)، غير رسمي طور تي صرف "جهاز" (Plane)، هڪ مقرر ٿيل پرن واري (Fixed-wing) هوائي سواري آهي، جيڪي جيٽ انجن، پروپيلر يا راڪيٽ انجن مان پيدا ڪيل واء جي زور سان اڳتي وڌائي ويندي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 January 2025|title=Code of Federal Regulations: 14 CFR Part 1 -- Definitions and Abbreviations|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-1|access-date=2025-01-10|website=National Archives of the United States|language=en}}</ref> هوائي جهاز مختلف سائزن، شڪلن ۽ پرن جي ترتيبن ۾ ايندا آهن. هوائي جهازن جي استعمال جي وسيع دائري ۾ تفريح، سامان ۽ ماڻهن جي نقل و حمل، فوجي استعمال ۽ تحقيقي آپريشن شامل آهن. دنيا ۾ تجارتي هوائي جهاز هر سال هوائي سوارين تي چار ارب کان وڌيڪ مسافرن کي منتقل ڪري ٿو<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2018|title=Global air traffic hits new record|language=en-US|work=Channel News Asia|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730|url-status=dead|access-date=May 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103124735/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/global-air-traffic-hits-new-record-9871730|archive-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> ۽ هر سال 200 ارب ٽن-ڪلوميٽر کان وڌيڪ سامان منتقل ڪري ٿو، جيڪو دنيا جي ڪل سامان جي منتقلي جي هڪ سيڪڙي کان گهٽ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/commercial/about-our-market/cargo-market-detail-wacf/download-report/assets/pdfs/wacf.pdf|title=World Air Cargo Forecast: 2016–2017|last1=Crabtree|first1=Tom|last2=Hoang|first2=Tom|last3=Tom|first3=Russell|date=2016|website=Boeing Aircraft|access-date=2018-05-12}}</ref> گھڻا هوائي جهاز جهاز تي پائلٽ طرفان اڏايا ويندا آهن، پر ڪجهه کي، جهڙوڪ ڊرونز کي، ريموٽ يا ڪمپيوٽر پاران ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو آهي. رائيٽ ڀائرن (Wright Brothers) سال 1903ع ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز ايجاد ڪيو ۽ اڏايو. "پهرين پائيدار ۽ ڪنٽرول ٿيل هوا کان ڳري طاقت واري پرواز" جي طور تي تسليم ڪيو ويو. اهي جارج ڪيلي جي ڪمن تي تعمير ڪيا ويا، جيڪا سال 1799ع کان شروع ٿيا هئا، جڏهن هن جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور پيش ڪيو (پوء ماڊل ٺاهيا ۽ اڏايا) ۽ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر ۽ انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل جو ڪم، جنهن سال 1867 ۽ 1896ع جي وچ ۾ پڻ هوا کان ڳري پرواز جو مطالعو ڪيو. <ref name="auto2">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> سال 1891ع ۾ لليينٿل جي پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum|url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm|title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam|website=Lilienthal-museum.de|date=|access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> [[پھرين مھاڀاري جنگ|پهرين مهاڀاري جنگ]] ۾ ان جي محدود استعمال کان پوءِ، هوائي جهاز ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي ڪندي رهي. [[ٻين مھاڀاري جنگ|ٻئي مهاڀاري جنگ]] جي سڀني وڏين جنگين ۾، هوائي جهازن جي موجودگي هئي. پهريون جيٽ جهاز 1939 ۾ جرمن "هينڪل هي-178" هو. پهريون جيٽ جهاز "ڊي هاويلينڊ ڪاميٽ" سال1952ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو. بوئنگ 707، پهريون وڏي پيماني تي ڪامياب ڪمرشل جيٽ، سال 1958 کان 2019 ع تائين (60 سالن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين) ڪمرشل سروس ۾ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/2183425/two-plane-crashes-two-days-and-their-hong-kong|title=Two air disasters in two days and their Hong Kong connection|date=2019-01-24|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref> ==اشتقاق ۽ استعمال== انگريزي ۾ پهرين ڀيرو تصديق ٿيل 19هين صدي جي آخر ۾، پهرين مسلسل طاقتور پرواز کان اڳ، لفظ ايروپلين (<small>airplane</small>) فرانسيسي لفظ "ايروپلين (<small>aéroplane</small>) مان نڪتل آهي. جيڪو يوناني لفظ "اير" (ἀήρ، واء) ۽ يا ته لاطيني لفظ "پلينس" (<small>planus</small>، سطح) يا يوناني "پلانوس" (<small>πλάνος</small>، ڦرڻ) مان نڪتل آهي. لفظ "ايروپلين" (<small>Aéropla</small><small>ne</small>) اصل ۾ صرف ونگ ڏانهن اشارو ڪيو ويو. ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو هڪ جهاز آهي جيڪو هوا ذريعي هلندو آهي. سائنيدوخئ (synecdoche) جي مثال ۾، پرن لاءِ لفظ سڄي جهاز ڏانهن اشارو ڪرڻ لاءِ آيو. آمريڪا ۽ ڪينيڊا ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" طاقتور مقرر ٿيل پرن واري جهاز لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. برطانيه ۽ آئرلينڊ ۽ دولت مشترڪه جي اڪثريت ۾، اصطلاح "هوائي جهاز" (ˈɛərəpleɪn) عام طور تي انهن جهازن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو. آڪسفورڊ انگريزي ڊڪشنري جي مطابق "سال 1916ع ۾ نيشنل ايڊوائزري ڪميٽي فار ايرووناٽڪس پاران اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ هوائي جهاز (aeroplane) معياري آمريڪي اصطلاح (Airplane جي جاءِ تي) بڻجي ويو."<ref>{{Cite OED|term=airplane|id=1081760475|access-date=December 31, 2025}}</ref> ==تاريخ== {{Main article|هوابازي جي تاريخ|پهرين اڏامن واري مشين}} [[File:LeBris1868.jpg|thumb|لئ برس ۽ هنن جو گلائڊر، "البتروس"، 1868ع]] [[File:Otto Lilienthal gliding experiment ppmsca.02546.jpg|thumb|اوٽو لليٿال سال 1895ع ۾ [[برلن]] مٿان اڏام جي دوران]] قديم دور جون ڪيتريون ئي ڪهاڻيون اڏام سان لاڳاپيل آهن. جيئن ته يوناني ڏند ڪٿا "اڪارس ۽ ڊائيڊالس" ۽ قديم هندستاني رزميه "ويمانا" ۾. يونان ۾ تقريباً 400 ق.م. آرڪيٽاس کي پهريون مصنوعي، خود هلائيندڙ اڏامندڙ ڊوائيس، هڪ پکي جي شڪل وارو ماڊل جيڪو شايد ٻاڦ جي جيٽ ذريعي هلائي ٿو، ڊزائين ۽ تعمير ڪرڻ لاءِ مشهور هو، چيو ويندو آهي ته اهو 200 ميٽر (660 فوٽ) اڏاميو هو. هي مشين شايد ان جي اڏام لاءِ معلق ڪئي وئي هجي. گلائڊرز سان ڪجهه ابتدائي رڪارڊ ٿيل ڪوششون 9هين صدي جي اندلس ۽ عربي ٻولي جي شاعر عباس بن فرناس ۽ 11هين صدي جي انگريزي راهب مالمسبري جي ايلمر پاران ڪيون ويون هيون. ٻنهي تجربن ۾ پائلٽ زخمي ٿيا. ليونارڊو ڊي ونچي پنهنجي "ڪوڊيڪس آن دي فلائيٽ آف برڊز" (1502ع) ۾ پکين جي پرن جي ڊيزائن تي تحقيق ڪئي ۽ پهريون ڀيرو ماس جي مرڪز ۽ اڏامندڙ پکين جي دٻاءُ جي مرڪز جي وچ ۾ فرق کي نوٽ ڪندي هڪ انسان سان هلندڙ جهاز ٺاهيو. سال 1799ع ۾، جارج ڪيلي جديد هوائي جهاز جو تصور، هڪ فڪسڊ ونگ فلائنگ مشين جي طور تي جنهن ۾ لفٽ، پروپلشن ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ الڳ الڳ نظام هئا، پيش ڪيو. ڪيلي 1803ع ۾ فڪسڊ ونگ جهاز جا ماڊل ٺاهي ۽ اڏائي رهيو هو ۽ هن 1853ع ۾ هڪ ڪامياب مسافر کڻندڙ گلائڊر ٺاهيو. 1856ع ۾، فرانسيسي جين ميري لي برس پهرين طاقتور پرواز ڪئي. پنهنجي گلائڊر، "لا باتروس لا آرٽيفيشيئل" (L'Albatros artificiel) کي هڪ گهوڙي سان ساحل تي ڇڪيو. پوءِ روسي اليگزينڊر ايف. موزائيسڪي پڻ ڪجهه جديد ڊيزائن ٺاهيا. 1883ع ۾، آمريڪي جان جي. مونٽگمري هڪ گلائڊر ۾ ڪنٽرول ٿيل پرواز ڪئي. ان وقت ساڳين پروازن ڪندڙ ٻيا هوائي جهاز اوٽو لليينٿل، پرسي پِلچر ۽ آڪٽيو چانوٽ هئا. سر هيرام ميڪسم هڪ جهاز ٺاهيو جنهن جو وزن، 110 فوٽ (34 ميٽر) جي پنن جي پکيڙ سان، 3.5 ٽن هو جيڪو ٻن 360 هارس پاور (270 ڪلوواٽ) اسٽيم انجنن سان طاقتور هو جيڪي ٻن پروپيلرن کي هلائي رهيا هئا. 1894ع ۾، سندس مشين کي اوور هيڊ ريل سان آزمايو ويو ته جيئن ان کي اڀرڻ کان روڪي سگهجي. ٽيسٽ ڏيکاريو ته ان ۾ اڏامڻ لاءِ ڪافي لفٽ هئي، پر جهاز بي قابو هو ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويو آهي، ته ميڪسم کي اهو احساس ٿيو ڇاڪاڻ ته هن پوء ان تي ڪم ڇڏي ڏنو. * سال 1867 ۽ 1896ع جي وچ ۾، انساني هوائي جهاز جي جرمن علمبردار اوٽو لليينٿل هوا کان ڳري پرواز تيار ڪئي. هو پهريون شخص هو جنهن چڱي طرح دستاويزي، بار بار، ڪامياب گلائڊنگ پروازون ڪيون. لليينٿل جي ڪم هن کي جديد ونگ جي تصور کي ترقي ڪرڻ جو سبب بڻيو. سال 1891ع ۾ سندس پرواز جي ڪوششن کي انساني پرواز جي شروعات طور ڏٺو وڃي ٿو. "لليينٿل نارملسيگيلاپارٽ" کي سيريز جي پيداوار ۾ پهريون هوائي جهاز سمجهيو ويندو آهي ۽ سندس ڪم رائٽ ڀائرن کي تمام گهڻو متاثر ڪيو. 1890ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾، لارنس هارگريو پرن جي بناوتن تي تحقيق ڪئي ۽ هڪ باڪس ڪائيٽ تيار ڪئي جيڪا انسان جو وزن کڻندي هئي. سندس باڪس ڪائيٽ ڊيزائن کي وڏي پيماني تي اختيار ڪيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ هن هڪ قسم جو روٽري هوائي جهاز انجن پڻ تيار ڪيو، پر هن هڪ طاقتور فڪسڊ ونگ هوائي جهاز نه ٺاهيو ۽ نه ئي اڏايو. '''هوائي جهاز''' (انگريزي: Aircraft) هڪ اهڙو اُڏامندڙ مشيني اوزار آهي جيڪو هوا ۾ پرن (Wings) جي مدد سان اڏامي سگهي ٿو. هوائي جهاز انسانن ۽ سامان جي تيز رفتار نقل و حمل لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ جديد ٽرانسپورٽ جو هڪ اهم حصو آهي. هوائي جهاز هوا جي قوت، انجڻ جي طاقت ۽ ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. هوائي جهاز جي ايجاد جو سهرو آمريڪي ڀائرن [[رائيٽ ڀائر]] (Wright brothers) جي سر تي آهي، جن 1903ع ۾ دنيا جي پهرين ڪنٽرول ٿيل طاقتور اڏام ڪاميابي سان ڪئي. ان کان پوءِ هوائي جهازن جي ٽيڪنالاجي ۾ تيزي سان ترقي ٿي ۽ اڄ اهي عالمي سفر جو اهم وسيلو بڻجي ويا آهن. ==جوڙجڪ== عام طور تي هڪ هوائي جهاز هيٺين حصن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي: * پر (Wings) – جيڪي لفٽ پيدا ڪري جهاز کي هوا ۾ رکندا آهن. * جسم (Fuselage) – جهاز جو مرڪزي حصو جنهن ۾ مسافر يا سامان هوندو آهي. * پڇ (Tail) – جهاز جي توازن ۽ رخ کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ. * انجڻ (Engine) – جهاز کي اڳتي وڌائڻ لاءِ زور فراهم ڪري ٿي. * لينڊنگ گيئر (Landing gear) – لهڻ ۽ اڏامڻ وقت زمين سان رابطي لاءِ. ==ڪم ڪرڻ جو اصول== هوائي جهاز ايروڊائنامڪس جي اصولن تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. جڏهن جهاز تيز رفتاري سان اڳتي وڌندو آهي ته پرن جي شڪل سبب هوا جي وهڪري ۾ فرق پيدا ٿيندو آهي جنهن سان لفٽ پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ جهاز مٿي اڏامندو آهي. ==قسمون== هوائي جهاز مختلف مقصدن لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * مسافر بردار جهاز (Passenger aircraft) * فوجي جهاز (Military aircraft) * مال بردار جهاز (Cargo aircraft) * خانگي جهاز (Private aircraft) * تربيت لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ جهاز (Training aircraft) ==استعمال== هوائي جهازن جا اهم استعمال هي آهن: * عالمي سفر ۽ سياحت * فوجي مقصد * امدادي ڪارروايون * سامان جي تيز ترسيل * سائنسي تحقيق ==حفاظت== جديد هوائي جهازن ۾ جديد نيويگيشن سسٽم، خودڪار ڪنٽرول ۽ حفاظتي نظام شامل هوندا آهن، جنهن سبب هوائي سفر کي دنيا جي محفوظ ترين سفري طريقن مان هڪ سمجھيو وڃي ٿو. ==تاريخ== ===Antecedents=== Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek legend]] of [[Icarus (mythology)|Icarus]] and [[Daedalus]], and the [[Vimana]] in ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]]. Around [[Ancient Greece|400 BC in Greece]], [[Archytas]] was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some {{cvt|200|m}}.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |title=Archytas of Tarentum, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece |publisher=Tmth.edu.gr |access-date=2013-05-30 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081226181400/http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html |archive-date=2008-12-26 }}</ref> This machine may have been suspended for its flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ |title=Modern rocketry |publisher=Pressconnects.com |access-date=2013-05-30}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |title=Automata history |publisher=Automata.co.uk |access-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021205014113/http://www.automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm |archive-date=2002-12-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some of the earliest recorded attempts with [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] were those by the 9th-century Andalusian and Arabic-language poet [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] and the 11th-century English monk [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]]; both experiments injured their pilots.<ref>White, Lynn. "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition". ''[[Technology and Culture]]'', Volume 2, Issue 2, 1961, pp. 97–111 (97–99 resp. 100–101).</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] researched the wing design of birds and designed a man-powered aircraft in his ''[[Codex on the Flight of Birds]]'' (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the [[center of mass]] and the [[Center of pressure (fluid mechanics)|center of pressure]] of flying birds. In 1799, [[George Cayley]] set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation History |url=http://www.aviation-history.com/early/cayley.htm |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=In 1799 he set forth for the first time in history the concept of the modern aeroplane. Cayley had identified the drag vector (parallel to the flow) and the lift vector (perpendicular to the flow).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist) |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet |publisher=Britannica |access-date=26 July 2009 |quote=English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Cayley established the modern configuration of an airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control as early as 1799.}}</ref> Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying [[Glider aircraft|glider]] in 1853.<ref name="auto">[https://archive.today/20120723034932/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet "Cayley, Sir George: Encyclopædia Britannica 2007"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 25 August 2007.</ref> In 1856, Frenchman [[Jean-Marie Le Bris]] made the first powered flight, by having his glider ''"L'Albatros artificiel"'' pulled by a horse on a beach.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3|last=E. Hendrickson III|first=Kenneth|pages=10}}</ref> Then the Russian [[Alexander F. Mozhaisky]] also made some innovative designs. In 1883, the American [[John J. Montgomery]] made a controlled flight in a glider.<ref>The Journal of San Diego History, July 1968, Vol. 14, No. 3</ref> Other aviators who made similar flights at that time were [[Otto Lilienthal]], [[Percy Pilcher]], and [[Octave Chanute]]. Sir [[Hiram Maxim]] built a craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m|adj=on}} wingspan that was powered by two {{convert|360|hp|kW|adj=on}} steam engines driving two propellers. In 1894, his machine was tested with overhead rails to prevent it from rising. The test showed that it had enough lift to take off. The craft was uncontrollable and it is presumed that Maxim realized this because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>Beril, Becker (1967). ''Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies''. New York: Atheneum. pp. 124–125</ref> Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/eotto.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |title=The Lilienthal glider project |website=Das DLR |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215184342/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/dossiers/2019/lilienthal-glider-project.html |url-status=dead }}{{cbignore}}</ref> his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight,<ref>{{cite web|author=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum |url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e34.htm |title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam |website=Lilienthal-museum.de |date= |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref> the "[[Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat]]" is considered to be the first airplane in series production and his work heavily inspired the Wright brothers.<ref>Crouch 1989, pp. 226–228.</ref> In the 1890s, [[Lawrence Hargrave]] conducted research on wing structures and developed a [[box kite]] that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=9 |year=1983 |title=Lawrence Hargrave (1850–1915) |id2=hargrave-lawrence-6563 |first=Amirah |last=Inglis |access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> ===Early powered flights=== [[Image:EolePatent.jpg|thumb|[[Patent drawing]]s of Clement Ader's ''[[Éole]]''.]] The Frenchman [[Clement Ader]] constructed his first of three flying machines in 1886, the ''[[Éole]]''. It was a bat-like design run by a lightweight [[steam engine]] of his own invention, with four cylinders developing {{convert|20|hp|kW|lk=on}}, driving a four-blade [[propeller]]. The engine weighed no more than {{convert|4|kg/kW|lb/hp}}. The wings had a span of {{cvt|14|m|ft}}. All-up weight was {{convert|300|kg|lb}}. On 9 October 1890, Ader attempted to fly the ''Éole''. Aviation historians give credit to this effort as a powered take-off and uncontrolled hop of approximately {{cvt|50|m|ft}} at a height of approximately {{cvt|200|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs-Smith|first1=Charles H.|date=3 Apr 1959|title=Hops and Flights: A roll call of early powered take-offs|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|url-status=dead|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|volume=75|issue=2619|page=468|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022730/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%200937.html|archive-date=March 2, 2012|access-date=24 Aug 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader|url=http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html|archive-date=October 20, 2007|access-date=2007-10-20}}</ref> Ader's two subsequent machines were not documented to have achieved flight.<ref> {{cite book | last = Gibbs-Smith | first = Charles Harvard | author-link = Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith | title = Clément Ader: His Flight-Claims and His Place in History | publisher = Her Majesty's Stationery Office | series = Aeronautical engineers | date = 1968 | location = London | pages = 214}}</ref> [[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Wright Flyer]]''{{'}}s first flight on 17 December 1903]] The American [[Wright brothers]]'s flights in 1903 are recognized by the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]'' (FAI), the standard-setting and record-keeping body for [[aeronautics]], as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".<ref name="auto1">[http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp FAI News: 100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113080326/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |date=January 13, 2011 }} posted 17 December 2003. Retrieved: 5 January 2007.</ref> By 1905, the [[Wright Flyer III]] was capable of fully controllable, stable flight for substantial periods. The Wright brothers credited Otto Lilienthal as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. [[File:14-bis de Alberto Santos Dumont.jpg|left|thumb|[[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]], between 1906 and 1907]] In 1906, the Brazilian [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by [[catapult]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernardo Malfitano - AirShowFan.com|url=http://www.airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330235400/http://airshowfan.com/first-airplane.htm|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=1 April 2015|work=airshowfan.com}}</ref> and set the first world record recognized by the [[Aéro-Club de France]] by flying {{convert|220|m|ft|sp=us}} in less than 22 seconds.<ref>Jones, Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', 25 December 2006. Retrieved: 17 August 2009.</ref> This flight was also certified by the FAI.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.]</ref> An early aircraft design that brought together the modern [[monoplane]] [[tractor configuration]] was the [[Blériot VIII]] design of 1908. It had movable tail surfaces controlling both yaw and pitch, a form of roll control supplied either by wing warping or by ailerons and controlled by its pilot with a [[joystick]] and rudder bar. It was an important predecessor of his later [[Blériot XI]] [[English Channel|Channel]]-crossing aircraft of the summer of 1909.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bleriot XI, The Story of a Classic Aircraft |last=Crouch |first=Tom |year=1982 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=0-87474-345-1 |pages=21 and 22 }}</ref> [[World War I]] served as a testbed for the use of the airplane as a weapon. Airplanes demonstrated their potential as mobile observation platforms, then proved themselves to be machines of war capable of causing casualties to the enemy. The earliest known aerial victory with a synchronized machine gun-armed [[fighter aircraft]] occurred in 1915, by German [[Luftstreitkräfte]] ''Leutnant'' [[Kurt Wintgens]]. [[Flying ace|Fighter aces]] appeared; the greatest (by number of Aerial Combat victories) was [[Manfred von Richthofen]], also known as the Red Baron. Following WWI, aircraft technology continued to develop. [[Alcock and Brown]] crossed the Atlantic non-stop for the first time in 1919. The first international commercial flights took place between the United States and Canada in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Move: A Chronology of Advances in Transportation|last=C. Brunco|first=Leonard|publisher=Gale Research|year=1993|pages=192}}</ref><!-- Aircraft Transport and Travel (UK-France) and Chalk's International Airlines (US-Bahamas) suggest earlier/different --> [[File:P-51 Mustang edit1.jpg|right|thumb|[[North American P-51 Mustang]], a [[World War II]] fighter aircraft]] Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of [[World War II]]. They were an essential component of the military strategies of the period, such as the German [[Blitzkrieg]], The [[Battle of Britain]], and the American and Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] campaigns of the [[Pacific War]]. === Development of jet aircraft === The first practical [[jet aircraft]] was the German [[Heinkel He 178]], which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]], the first operational jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German [[Luftwaffe]]. [[File:American Boeing 737-800 N923NN DCA VA1.jpg|left|thumb|A [[American Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-800]] landing at [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport]] in July 2024]] The first [[jet airliner]], the [[de Havilland Comet]], was introduced in 1952. The [[Boeing 707]], the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010. The [[Boeing 747]] was the world's biggest passenger aircraft from 1970 until it was surpassed by the [[Airbus A380]] in 2005. [[File:British Airways Concorde G-BOAC 03.jpg|thumb|The [[Concorde]] supersonic transport aircraft]] [[Supersonic transport|Supersonic airliner flights]], including those of the [[Concorde]], have been limited to over-water flight at supersonic speed because of their [[sonic boom]], which is prohibited over most populated land areas. The high cost of operation per passenger-mile and a [[Air France Flight 4590|deadly crash in 2000]] induced the operators of the Concorde to remove it from service.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-04-10|title=Concorde grounded for good|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2934257.stm|access-date=2021-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Filseth|first=Trevor|date=2021-12-04|title=Why Don't Concordes Fly Anymore?|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-don%E2%80%99t-concordes-fly-anymore-197531|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The National Interest|language=en}}</ref> ==Propulsion== {{See also|Powered aircraft|Aircraft engine}} ===Propeller=== {{Main article|Propeller (aeronautics)|Aircraft engine}} [[File:Antonov An-2 in Vitebsk.jpg|right|thumb|An [[Antonov An-2]] [[biplane]]]] An [[Propeller (aeronautics)|aircraft propeller]], or ''airscrew'', converts rotary motion from an [[engine]] or other power source, into a swirling slipstream which pushes the propeller forwards or backwards. It comprises a rotating power-driven hub, to which are attached two or more radial [[airfoil]]-section blades such that the whole assembly rotates about a longitudinal axis.<ref name="beaumont">Beaumont, R.A.; ''Aeronautical Engineering'', Odhams, 1942, Chapter 13, "Airscrews".</ref> Three types of aviation engines used to power propellers include [[reciprocating engine]]s (or piston engines), [[gas turbine]]s, and [[electric motor]]s. The amount of thrust a propeller creates is determined, in part, by its disk area—the area through which the blades rotate. The limitation on blade speed is the [[speed of sound]]; as when the blade tip exceeds the speed of sound, shock waves decrease propeller efficiency. The rpm required to generate a given tip speed is inversely proportional to the diameter of the propeller. The upper design speed limit for propeller-driven aircraft is [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.6. Aircraft designed to go faster than that employ jet engines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMNDgAAQBAJ&q=propellor+aircraft+speed&pg=PA136|title=Aircraft Performance: An Engineering Approach|last=Sadraey|first=Mohammad H.|date=January 1, 2017|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781498776561|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> ====Reciprocating engine==== {{Main article|Radial engine|Inline engine (aeronautics)|Flat engine}} [[Reciprocating engine]]s in aircraft have three main variants, [[Radial engine|radial]], [[Inline engine (aeronautics)|in-line]] and [[Flat engine|flat or horizontally opposed engine]]. The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally opposed cylinders. ====Gas turbine==== {{Main article|Turboprop}} A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing to the propeller. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop. ====Electric motor==== [[File:SolarImpulse HB-SIA landing Brussels Airport 3-crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Solar Impulse]] 1'', a solar-powered aircraft with electric motors.]] {{Main article|Electric motor}} An [[electric aircraft]] runs on [[electric motor]]s with electricity coming from [[fuel cell]]s, [[solar cell]]s, [[ultracapacitors]], [[power beaming]],<ref>[http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/Photo/Power-Beaming/index.html Power Beaming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217082723/http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/gallery/photo/Power-Beaming/index.html |date=2013-02-17 }} Dfrc.nasa.gov.</ref> or [[battery (electricity)|batteries]]. Currently, flying electric aircraft are mostly experimental prototypes, including manned and [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s, but there are some production models on the market.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130503092805/http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/PipistrelExpandsElectricAircraftLine_208598-1.html Pipistrel Expands Electric Aircraft Line] (2013)</ref> ===Jet=== {{Main article|Jet engine}} [[Jet aircraft]] are propelled by [[jet engine]]s, which are used because the aerodynamic limitations of propellers do not apply to jet propulsion. These engines are much more powerful than a reciprocating engine for a given size or weight and are comparatively quiet and work well at higher altitude. Variants of the jet engine include the [[ramjet]] and the [[scramjet]], which rely on high airspeed and intake geometry to compress the combustion air, prior to the introduction and ignition of fuel. [[Rocket engine|Rocket motors]] provide thrust by burning a fuel with an oxidizer and expelling gas through a nozzle. ====Turbofan==== Most jet aircraft use [[turbofan]] jet engines, which employ a [[gas turbine]] to drive a ducted fan, which accelerates air ''around'' the turbine to provide thrust in addition to that which is accelerated ''through'' the turbine. The ratio of air passing around the turbine to that passing through is called the [[Bypass ratio|by-pass ratio]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cumpsty|first1=Nicholas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFxiCgAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan+engine+explained|title=Jet Propulsion: A Simple Guide to the Aerodynamics and Thermodynamic Design and Performance of Jet Engines|last2=Heyes|first2=Andrew|date=2015-07-22|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-43263-1|language=en}}</ref> They represent a compromise between [[turbojet]] (with no bypass) and [[turboprop]] forms of aircraft propulsion (primarily powered with bypass air).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=El-Sayed|first=Ahmed F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijoPEAAAQBAJ&q=Turbofan|title=Aircraft Propulsion and Gas Turbine Engines|date=2017-07-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-9517-0|pages=43, 770|language=en}}</ref> Subsonic aircraft, such as airliners, employ high by-pass jet engines for fuel efficiency. [[Supersonic aircraft]], such as jet fighters, use low-bypass turbofans. However at supersonic speeds, the air entering the engine must be decelerated to a subsonic speed and then re-accelerated back to supersonic speeds after combustion. An [[afterburner]] may be used on combat aircraft to increase power for short periods of time by injecting fuel directly into the hot exhaust gases. Many jet aircraft also use [[thrust reverser]]s to slow down after landing.<ref name=":0" /> ====Ramjet==== {{Main article|Ramjet}} [[File:X43a2 nasa scramjet.jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of X-43A with [[scramjet]] attached to the underside]] A ramjet is a form of jet engine that contains no major moving parts and can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple engine for high-speed use, such as with missiles. Ramjets require forward motion before they can generate thrust and so are often used in conjunction with other forms of propulsion, or with an external means of achieving sufficient speed. The [[Lockheed D-21]] was a Mach 3+ ramjet-powered reconnaissance drone that was launched from a [[parent aircraft]]. A ramjet uses the vehicle's forward motion to force air through the engine without resorting to turbines or vanes. Fuel is added and ignited, which heats and expands the air to provide thrust.<ref name="Time 1965-11-26">{{cite news|date=1965-11-26|title=Here Comes the Flying Stovepipe|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408064246/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834721,00.html|archive-date=2008-04-08}}</ref> ====Scramjet==== {{Main article|Scramjet}} A scramjet is a specialized ramjet that uses internal supersonic airflow to compress, combine with fuel, combust and accelerate the exhaust to provide thrust. The engine operates at supersonic speeds only. The [[NASA X-43]], an experimental unmanned scramjet, set a world speed record in 2004 for a jet-powered aircraft with a speed of Mach 9.7, nearly {{convert|7500|mph|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name="weber">{{cite journal|last1=Weber|first1=Richard J.|last2=Mackay|first2=John S.|title=An Analysis of Ramjet Engines Using Supersonic Combustion|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085282&hterms=weber+mackay&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3Dweber%2520mackay%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchallpartial%26Nm%3D123%7CCollection%7CNASA%2520STI%7C%7C17%7CCollection%7CNACA|website=ntrs.nasa.gov|date=September 1958|publisher=NASA Scientific and Technical Information|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> ====Rocket==== {{Main article|Rocket engine}} [[File:X-1-1 In Flight - GPN-2000-000134.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bell X-1]] in flight, 1947]] Whereas jet aircraft use the atmosphere both as a source of [[oxidant]] and of mass to accelerate reactively behind the aircraft, rocket aircraft carry the oxidizer on board and accelerate the burned fuel and oxidizer backwards as the sole source of mass for reaction. Liquid fuel and oxidizer may be pumped into a combustion chamber or a solid fuel with oxidizer may burn in the fuel chamber. Whether liquid or solid-fueled, the hot gas is accelerated through a nozzle.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sutton|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwSRDQAAQBAJ&q=mass+acceleration|title=Rocket Propulsion Elements|last2=Biblarz|first2=Oscar|date=2016-12-27|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-75365-1|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> In [[World War II]], the Germans deployed the [[Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet|Me 163 Komet]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]]. The first plane to break the [[sound barrier]] in level flight was a rocket plane – the [[Bell X-1]] in 1948. The [[North American X-15]] broke many speed and [[Flight altitude record|altitude records]] in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ [[rocket-assisted take off]]s for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include [[spaceplane]]s, like [[SpaceShipTwo]], for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived [[Rocket Racing League]]. ==Design and manufacture== {{main article|Aerospace manufacturer}} [[File:SR71 factoryfloor SkunkWorks.jpg|thumb|alt=SR-71 at Lockheed Skunk Works|Assembly line of the [[Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird|SR-71 Blackbird]] at [[Skunk Works]], [[Lockheed Martin]]'s Advanced Development Programs (ADP).]] Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes. During this process, the objectives and design specifications of the aircraft are established. First the construction company uses drawings and equations, simulations, wind tunnel tests and experience to predict the behavior of the aircraft. Computers are used by companies to draw, plan and do initial simulations of the aircraft. Small models and mockups of all or certain parts of the plane are then tested in wind tunnels to verify its aerodynamics. When the design has passed through these processes, the company constructs a limited number of prototypes for testing on the ground. Representatives from an aviation governing agency often make a first flight. The flight tests continue until the aircraft has fulfilled all the requirements. Then, the governing public agency of aviation of the country authorizes the company to begin production. In the United States, this agency is the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA). In the European Union, [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA); in the United Kingdom it is the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-07|title=UK will leave EU aviation safety regulator at end of 2020|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51783580|access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> In Canada, the public agency in charge and authorizing the mass production of aircraft is [[Transport Canada|Transport Canada's]] Civil Aviation Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Canada|first=Transport|date=2019-10-15|title=Civil Aviation|url=https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/civil-aviation|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Transport Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> When a part or component needs to be joined together by welding for virtually any aerospace or defense application, it must meet the most stringent and specific safety regulations and standards. [[Nadcap]], or the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program sets global requirements for quality, quality management and quality assurance for aerospace engineering.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.helandermetal.com/aerospace-welding|title=Aerospace Welding {{!}} Helander Metal|work=Helander Metal|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> In the case of international sales, a license from the public agency of aviation or transport of the country where the aircraft is to be used is also necessary. For example, airplanes made by the European company [[Airbus]] need to be certified by the FAA to be flown in the United States, and airplanes made by U.S.-based [[Boeing]] need to be approved by the EASA to be flown in the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Our Mission: Your Safety|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-19|website=EASA|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065625/https://www.easa.europa.eu/light/easa |archive-date=11 June 2020 }}</ref> [[File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg|thumb|An [[Airbus A321]] on [[Assembly line|final assembly line]] 3 in the [[Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder]] plant.]] Regulations have resulted in reduced [[Aircraft noise|noise]] from aircraft engines in response to increased [[noise pollution]] from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing noise|url=https://aviationbenefits.org/environmental-efficiency/reducing-noise/|access-date=2021-04-15|website=aviationbenefits.org|language=en}}</ref> Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other [[homebuilt aircraft]] can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.<ref name="Aerocrafter">Purdy, Don: ''AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition'', pages 1–164. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. {{ISBN|0-9636409-4-1}}</ref> Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world. The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage.<ref>{{cite book|first=Todd R.|last=Porte|title=Social Responses to Large Technical Systems: Control or Anticipation|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|year=1991|isbn=978-9-40113-400-2|page=128}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Bryan|editor-last=Christiansen|title=Handbook of Research on Global Supply Chain Management|publisher=Business Science Reference|location=Hershey|year=2016|isbn=978-1-46669-640-2|page=211}}</ref> When complete, a plane is rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of [[flight test]]s to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly.<ref>{{cite book|first=Dale|last=Crane|title=Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms|edition=5|publisher=Aviation Supplies & Academics|location=Newcastle, Washington|year=2012|isbn=978-1-56027-864-1|pages=19, 271}}</ref> To meet a particular customer need, the airplane may be customised using components or packages of components provided by the manufacturer or the customer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ackert|first=Shannon|title=Commercial Aspects of Aircraft Customization|journal=Aircraft Monitor|year=2013|page=3}}</ref> ==Characteristics== [[File:Airplane major components.png|thumb|right|Major components of an airplane.]] [[File:IAI Heron 1 in flight 2.JPEG|thumb|right|An [[IAI Heron]] - an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] with a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration]] ===Airframe=== {{Main article|Airframe}} The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for powered flight around a hundred years ago, their mounts were made of metal. Then as speeds increased more and more parts became metal until by the end of WWII all-metal aircraft were common. In modern times, increasing use of [[composite material]]s has been made. Typical structural parts include: * One or more large horizontal ''wings'', often with an [[airfoil]] cross-section shape. The wing deflects air downward as the aircraft moves forward, generating [[Lift (force)|lifting force]] to support it in flight. The wing also provides stability in [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|roll]] to stop the aircraft from rolling to the left or right in steady flight. [[File:Antonov 225 (2010).jpg|thumb|right|The [[An-225 Mriya]], which could carry a 250-tonne payload, had two vertical stabilizers.]] * A ''[[fuselage]]'', a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage joins the other parts of the airframe and usually contains important things such as the pilot, payload and flight systems. * A ''[[vertical stabilizer]]'' or fin is a vertical wing-like surface mounted at the rear of the plane and typically protruding above it. The fin stabilizes the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|yaw]] (turn left or right) and mounts the [[rudder]], which controls its rotation along that axis. * A ''[[horizontal stabilizer]]'' or [[tailplane]], usually mounted at the tail near the vertical stabilizer. The horizontal stabilizer is used to stabilize the plane's [[Flight dynamics (aircraft)|pitch]] (tilt up or down) and mounts the [[Elevator (aircraft)|elevators]], which provide pitch control. * ''[[Landing gear]]'', a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag. ===Wings=== {{Main article|Wing}} The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an [[airfoil]] and is shaped like a bird's wing. ====Wing structure==== Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength. Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge. Early airplane engines had little power, and lightness was very important. Also, early airfoil sections were very thin, and could not have a strong frame installed within. So, until the 1930s, most wings were too lightweight to have enough strength, and external bracing struts and wires were added. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s, wings could be made heavy and strong enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced wing is called a cantilever wing. ====Wing configuration==== {{main article|Wing configuration}} [[File:Morane-Saulnier Type L - Captured with german insigna.jpg|thumb|Captured [[Morane-Saulnier L]] wire-braced parasol monoplane]] The number and shape of the wings varies widely on different types. A given wing plane may be full-span or divided by a central [[fuselage]] into port (left) and starboard (right) wings. Occasionally, even more wings have been used, with the three-winged [[triplane]] achieving some fame in WWI. The four-winged [[quadruplane]] and other [[Multiplane (aeronautics)|multiplane]] designs have had little success. A [[monoplane]] has a single wing plane, a [[biplane]] has two stacked one above the other, a [[tandem wing]] has two placed one behind the other. When the available engine power increased during the 1920s and 30s and bracing was no longer needed, the unbraced or cantilever monoplane became the most common form of powered type. The wing [[planform (aeronautics)|planform]] is the shape when seen from above. To be aerodynamically efficient, a wing should be straight with a long span from side to side but have a short chord (high [[aspect ratio]]). But to be structurally efficient, and hence light weight, a wing must have a short span but still enough area to provide lift (low aspect ratio). At transonic speeds (near the speed of sound), it helps to sweep the wing backwards or forwards to reduce drag from supersonic shock waves as they begin to form. The [[swept wing]] is just a straight wing swept backwards or forwards. [[File:Dassault Mirage G8.jpg|thumb|Two [[Dassault Mirage G]] prototypes, one with wings swept]] The [[delta wing]] is a triangle shape that may be used for several reasons. As a flexible [[Rogallo wing]], it allows a stable shape under aerodynamic forces and so is often used for ultralight aircraft and even [[kites]]. As a supersonic wing, it combines high strength with low drag and so is often used for fast jets. A variable geometry wing can be changed in flight to a different shape. The [[variable sweep wing|variable-sweep wing]] transforms between an efficient straight configuration for takeoff and landing, to a low-drag swept configuration for high-speed flight. Other forms of variable planform have been flown, but none have gone beyond the research stage. ===Fuselage=== {{Main article|Fuselage}} A ''[[fuselage]]'' is a long, thin body, usually with tapered or rounded ends to make its shape [[aerodynamically]] smooth. The fuselage may contain the [[flight crew]], passengers, cargo or [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]], fuel and engines. The pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a ''[[Cockpit (aviation)|cockpit]]'' located at the front or top of the fuselage and equipped with controls and usually windows and instruments. A plane may have more than one fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail located between the booms to allow the extreme rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of purposes. ===Wings vs. bodies=== ====Flying wing==== {{main article|Flying wing}} [[File:USAF B-2 Spirit.jpg|thumb|right|The US-produced [[B-2 Spirit]] is a [[strategic bomber]]. It has a flying wing configuration and is capable of intercontinental missions]] A flying wing is a [[tailless aircraft]] which has no definite [[fuselage]]. Most of the crew, payload and equipment are housed inside the main wing structure.<ref name="Crane">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 224. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref> The flying wing configuration was studied extensively in the 1930s and 1940s, notably by [[Jack Northrop]] and [[Cheston L. Eshelman]] in the United States, and [[Alexander Lippisch]] and the [[Horten brothers]] in Germany. After the war, several experimental designs were based on the flying wing concept, but the known difficulties remained intractable. Some general interest continued until the early 1950s but designs did not necessarily offer a great advantage in range and presented several technical problems, leading to the adoption of "conventional" solutions like the [[Convair B-36]] and the [[B-52 Stratofortress]]. Due to the practical need for a deep wing, the flying wing concept is most practical for designs in the slow-to-medium speed range, and there has been continual interest in using it as a tactical [[airlift]]er design. Interest in flying wings was renewed in the 1980s due to their potentially low [[radar]] reflection cross-sections. [[Stealth technology]] relies on shapes which only reflect radar waves in certain directions, thus making the aircraft hard to detect unless the radar receiver is at a specific position relative to the aircraft - a position that changes continuously as the aircraft moves. This approach eventually led to the Northrop [[B-2 Spirit]] [[Stealth aircraft|stealth]] bomber. In this case, the aerodynamic advantages of the flying wing are not the primary needs. However, modern computer-controlled [[fly-by-wire]] systems allowed for many of the aerodynamic drawbacks of the flying wing to be minimized, making for an efficient and stable long-range bomber. ====Blended wing body==== {{main article|Blended wing}} [[File:NASA BWB.jpg|thumb|right|Computer-generated model of the [[Boeing X-48]]]] Blended wing body aircraft have a flattened and airfoil shaped body, which produces most of the lift to keep itself aloft, and distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended in with the body. Thus blended wing bodied aircraft incorporate design features from both a futuristic fuselage and flying wing design. The purported advantages of the blended wing body approach are efficient high-lift wings and a wide [[airfoil]]-shaped body. This enables the entire craft to contribute to [[lift (force)|lift]] generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy. ====Lifting body==== [[File:X24.jpg|thumb|The Martin Aircraft Company [[Martin Marietta X-24A|X-24]] was built as part of a 1963 to 1975 experimental US military program.]] {{main article|Lifting body}} A lifting body is a configuration in which the body itself produces [[lift (force)|lift]]. In contrast to a [[flying wing]], which is a wing with minimal or no conventional [[fuselage]], a lifting body can be thought of as a fuselage with little or no conventional wing. Whereas a flying wing seeks to maximize cruise efficiency at [[Subsonic flight|subsonic]] speeds by eliminating non-lifting surfaces, lifting bodies generally minimize the drag and structure of a wing for subsonic, [[supersonic]], and [[hypersonic]] flight, or, [[spacecraft]] [[re-entry]]. All of these flight regimes pose challenges for proper flight stability. Lifting bodies were a major area of research in the 1960s and 1970s as a means to build a small and lightweight crewed spacecraft. The US built several famous lifting body rocket planes to test the concept, as well as several rocket-launched re-entry vehicles that were tested over the Pacific. Interest waned as the [[US Air Force]] lost interest in the crewed mission, and major development ended during the [[Space Shuttle design process]] when it became clear that the highly shaped fuselages made it difficult to fit fuel tankage. ===Empennage and foreplane=== {{main article|Empennage|Canard (aeronautics)}} [[File:SaabViggen Canards.jpg|thumb|Canards on the [[Saab Viggen]]]] The classic [[airfoil]] section wing is unstable in flight and difficult to control. Flexible-wing types often rely on an anchor line or the weight of a pilot hanging beneath to maintain the correct attitude. Some free-flying types use an adapted airfoil that is stable, or other ingenious mechanisms including, most recently, electronic artificial stability. To achieve stability and control, most fixed-wing types have an [[empennage]] comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane. Some types have a horizontal "[[Canard (aeronautics)|canard]]" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it.<ref name="Crane1">Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', page 86. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. {{ISBN|1-56027-287-2}}</ref><ref name="GroundUp">Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, ''From the Ground Up'', page 10 (27th revised edition) {{ISBN|0-9690054-9-0}}</ref><ref name="FAR1.1">{{cite web |url=http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=49436e70336dc8d8f1ab7b3d789254af&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |title=Title 14: Aeronautics and Space - PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS |access-date=5 August 2008 |last=Federal Aviation Administration |author-link=Federal Aviation Administration |date=August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920140807/http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=2c71ffcfa90ea16afab05fe85ba4f037&rgn=div8&view=text&node=14%3A1.0.1.1.1.0.1.1&idno=14 |archive-date=20 September 2008 }}</ref> This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these. ===Controls and instruments=== {{main article|Aircraft flight control system}} [[File:robin.dr400slash500.g-rndd.arp.jpg|thumb|A light aircraft ([[Avions Robin|Robin]] DR400/500) cockpit]] {{Further|Fixed-wing aircraft#Aircraft controls|Fixed-wing aircraft#Cockpit instrumentation}} <!--[[File:Six flight instruments.JPG|thumb|Six basic flight instruments]]--> Airplanes have complex [[Aircraft flight control system|flight control system]]s. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the [[Aircraft attitude|attitude]] (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust. On manned aircraft, [[cockpit]] instruments provide information to the pilots, including [[Flight instruments|flight data]], [[Aircraft engine|engine output]], navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed. ==Safety== {{Main article|Aviation safety}} When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel.<ref>[http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm The risks of travel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907173322/http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm |date=September 7, 2001 }}. Numberwatch.co.uk.</ref> Air travel insurance is relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic.<ref>[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16321985.200-flight-into-danger.html Flight into danger - 7 August 1999 - New Scientist Space]. Space.newscientist.com (7 August 1999).</ref> There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.<ref>{{citation |title=Is GA Flying Safer Than Driving? |url=http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |first=Harry |last=Mantakos |access-date=13 May 2012 |archive-date=31 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831212959/http://www.meretrix.com/~harry/flying/notes/safetyvsdriving.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Environmental impact== {{Main article|Environmental impact of aviation}} [[File:Contrails.jpg|thumb|Water vapor [[Condensation trails|contrails]] left by high-altitude jet [[airliner]]s. These may contribute to [[cirrus cloud]] formation.]] Like all activities involving [[combustion]], fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release [[soot]] and other pollutants into the atmosphere. [[Greenhouse gas]]es such as [[carbon dioxide]] (CO₂) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the [[tropopause]] (mainly large [[jet airliner]]s) emit aerosols and leave [[contrail]]s, both of which can increase [[cirrus cloud]] formation{{snd}}cloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|title=Aviation and the Global Atmosphere|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629113916/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/032.htm|archive-date=2007-06-29|bibcode=1999aga..book.....P|year=1999|last1=Penner|first1=Joyce E.|author-link1=Joyce E. Penner|last2=Lister|first2=David|last3=Griggs|first3=David J.|last4=Dokken|first4=David J.|last5=McFarland|first5=Mack}}</ref> * Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly [[nitrogen oxide|nitrogen compounds]], which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = X. | author2 = Trainer, M. |author3-link=Liu Shaw-chen | author3 = Liu, S.C. | name-list-style = amp | title = On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production | journal = Journal of Geophysical Research | volume = 93 | issue = D12 | pages = 15879–15888 | date = 1988 | doi = 10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 | bibcode=1988JGR....9315879L| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1231446 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Grewe | first = V. |author2=D. Brunner |author3=M. Dameris |author4=J. L. Grenfell |author5=R. Hein |author6=D. Shindell |author7=J. Staehelin | title = Origin and variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone at northern mid-latitudes | journal = Atmospheric Environment | volume = 35 | issue = 20 | pages = 3421–33 |date=July 2001 | doi = 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00134-0 |bibcode = 2001AtmEn..35.3421G | hdl = 2060/20000060827 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> * Most light piston aircraft burn [[avgas]], which contains [[tetraethyllead]] (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded [[Gasoline|mogas]] and turbine engines and diesel engines{{snd}}neither of which require lead{{snd}}are used on some newer [[light aircraft]]. Some non-polluting light [[electric aircraft]] are already in production. Another environmental impact of airplanes is [[noise pollution]], mainly caused by aircraft taking off and landing. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ھوائي جھاز|هوائي سواري]] * [[هيلي ڪاپٽر]] * [[ھوائي اڏو|ايئر پورٽ]] * [[جنگي جهازن جي فهرست]] * [[Aircraft flight mechanics]] * [[Aviation]] * [[Fuel efficiency]] * [[List of altitude records reached by different aircraft types]] * [[Rotorcraft]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * Blatner, David. ''The Flying Book: Everything You've Ever Wondered About Flying On Airplanes''. {{ISBN|0-8027-7691-4}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|aeroplane|aircraft|airplane}} * [http://www.aerocentre.blogspot.com/ The Aeroplane centre] * [http://www.airliners.net/info/ Airliners.net] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/ Aerospaceweb.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063248/http://travel.howstuffworks.com/airplane.htm How Airplanes Work] – howstuffworks.com {{Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)}} {{Portalbar|Aviation}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:هوائي جهاز]] [[زمرو:هوائي سواري]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي ايجادون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون قسمون]] [[زمرو:هوائي سوارين جون شڪليون]] [[زمرو: 1903 ۾ متعارف ڪرايل سواريون]] 37y45w5isu08pfipuvm0bd4m2d7i10z 0 2553 370541 8791 2026-04-07T20:36:23Z EmausBot 1754 Fixing double redirect from [[فضائي رَٿَ]] to [[ھوائي جهاز]] 370541 wikitext text/x-wiki #چوريو [[ھوائي جهاز]] mtrk21rr6gwy4pfhyrpzooh1j8tx42l 0 8703 370540 365545 2026-04-07T20:35:58Z Redaktor GLAM 19451 Higher resolution version of image 370540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} '''عثماني سلطنت جا سلطان''' ([[ترڪي ٻولي|ترڪي]]: <small>Osmanlı</small> <small>padişahları</small>)، جيڪي سڀئي عثماني خاندان (عثمان جو گھر) جا ميمبر هئا، 1299ع ۾ ان جي تصور ڪيل شروعات کان وٺي 1922 ۾ ان جي خاتمي تائين بين البراعظمي سلطنت تي حڪومت ڪئي. پنهنجي عروج تي، عثماني سلطنت اتر ۾ هنگري کان ڏکڻ ۾ يمن ۽ اولهه ۾ الجيريا کان اوڀر ۾ عراق تائين هڪ علائقو پکڙيل هئي. 1280 کان اڳ کان پهرين سوگٽ شهر کان ۽ پوءِ 1323 يا 1324ع کان بورسا شهر کان انتظامي طور تي، سلطنت جي گاديءَ جو هنڌ مراد اول جي فتح کان پوءِ 1363 ۾ ايڊرينوپل (هاڻي انگريزي ۾ ايڊرين جي نالي سان مشهور آهي) ۽ پوءِ محمد دوم جي فتح کان پوءِ 1453ع ۾ قسطنطنيه (هاڻوڪي استنبول) منتقل ڪيو ويو. عثماني سلطنت جا شروعاتي سال مختلف روايتن جو موضوع رهيا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڏند ڪٿا مان حقيقت کي سمجهڻ ۾ ڏکيائي ٿي رهي هئي. سلطنت 13 صدي جي آخر ۾ وجود ۾ آئي، ۽ ان جو پهريون حڪمران (۽ سلطنت جو نالو) عثمان اول هو. بعد ۾، اڪثر ڪري ناقابل اعتبار عثماني روايت موجب، عثمان اوغوز ترڪن جي قائي قبيلي جو اولاد هو. هن جيڪو عثماني خاندان قائم ڪيو هو اهو 36 سلطانن جي دور ۾ ڇهن صدين تائين قائم رهيو. عثماني سلطنت مرڪزي طاقتن جي شڪست جي نتيجي ۾ غائب ٿي وئي، جن سان هن پهرين عالمي جنگ دوران اتحاد ڪيو هو. فاتح اتحادين پاران سلطنت جي ورهاڱي ۽ ان کان پوءِ ترڪي جي آزادي جي جنگ 1922 ۾ سلطنت جي خاتمي ۽ 1922 ۾ جديد جمهوريه ترڪي جي پيدائش جو سبب بڻي. {{Infobox settlement | native_name = ''Osmanlı padişahı'' | image = Sultan Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire.jpg | caption = '''Last to reign'''<br />'''[[Mehmed VI]]'''<br />4 July 1918 – 1 November 1922 |name=عثماني سلطنت|official_name=Ottoman Empire|native_name_lang=tu|settlement_type=B|other_name=A|type=C|image_size=200px|image_caption=B|image_blank_emblem=Osmanli-nisani.svg|blank_emblem_size=90px|blank_emblem_type=ڪوٽ آف آرمز '''[[Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire|Imperial coat of arms]]''' (from 1882)|seat=مقرر ڪندڙ: [[Line of succession to the Ottoman throne|Hereditary]] شروعات: {{circa}} 1299 حدود: imperial پهريون سلطان: [[Osman I]] ({{circa}} 1299–1323/4) آخري سلطان: [[Mehmed VI]] (1918–1922) خاتمو: [[Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate|1 November 1922]] حدود: the Ottoman Empire شاهي لقب: سلطان اسٽائل:[[His Imperial Majesty]] رهائش: [[List of Ottoman palaces in Istanbul|Palaces in Istanbul]]: *[[Eski Saray]] *[[Topkapı Palace|Topkapı]] (1460s–1853) *[[Dolmabahçe Palace|Dolmabahçe]] (1853–1889; 1909–1922) *[[Yıldız Palace|Yıldız]] (1889–1909)}} [[File:Imperial standard of the Ottoman Sultan.svg|thumb|240px|Ottoman Imperial Standard]] [[File:Ottoman sultans family tree (EN) by shakko.jpg|thumb|left|80px|Family tree]] [[File:OttomanEmpire1683.png|thumb|240px|سال 1683ع ۾ [[عثماني سلطنت]]، [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] ۾ پنهنجي علائقائي توسيع جي عروج تي.]] == نالا == == عثماني سلطنت جي رياستي تنظيم == == سلطانن جي فهرست == == پڻ ڏسو == == نوٽ == == حوالا == == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == [[sultan]]s of the [[Ottoman Empire]] ({{langx|tr|Osmanlı padişahları}}), who were all members of the [[Ottoman dynasty]] (House of Osman), ruled over the [[Boundaries between the continents|transcontinental]] empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|its dissolution]] in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from [[Budin Eyalet|Hungary]] in the north to [[Yemen Eyalet|Yemen]] in the south and from [[Ottoman Algeria|Algeria]] in the west to [[Ottoman Iraq|Iraq]] in the east. Administered at first from the city of [[Söğüt]] since before 1280 and then from the city of [[Bursa]] since 1323 or 1324, the empire's capital was moved to Adrianople (now known as [[Edirne]] in English) in 1363 following [[Ottoman conquest of Adrianople|its conquest]] by [[Murad I]] and then to [[Constantinople]] (present-day [[Istanbul]]) in 1453 following [[Fall of Constantinople|its conquest]] by [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]].<ref>[[#Sta01|Stavrides 2001]], p. 21</ref> The [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire's early years]] have been the subject of varying narratives, due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend. The empire came into existence at the end of the 13th century, and its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was [[Osman I]]. According to later, often unreliable Ottoman tradition, Osman was a descendant of the [[Kayı tribe]] of the [[Oghuz Turks]].<ref>[[#Kaf95|Kafadar 1995]], p. 122. "That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it."<br/> [[#Low03|Lowry 2003]], p. 78. "Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kayı branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that..."<br/> [[#Lin83|Lindner 1983]], p. 10. "In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe. Without a proven genealogy, or even without evidence of sufficient care to produce a single genealogy to be presented to all the court chroniclers, there obviously could be no tribe; thus, the tribe was not a factor in early Ottoman history."</ref> The eponymous Ottoman dynasty he founded endured for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the [[Central Powers]], with whom it had allied itself during [[World War I]]. The [[Partition of the Ottoman Empire|partitioning of the Empire]] by the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and the ensuing [[Turkish War of Independence]] led to the [[Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate|abolition of the sultanate]] in 1922 and the birth of the modern [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] in 1922.<ref>[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "War of Independence"</ref> ==Names== The sultan was also referred to as the [[padishah]]<!--From English translation of 1876 constitution--> ({{langx|ota|پادشاه|pâdişâh}}, {{langx|fr|Padichah}}<!--French is important in the late Ottoman, Tanzimat and post Tanzimat history, see [[Languages of the Ottoman Empire]]-->). In Ottoman usage the word "Padishah" was usually used except "sultan" was used when he was directly named.<ref name=Straussp4344>[[#Str10|Strauss 2010]], pp. 21–51.</ref> In several European languages, he was referred to as the ''Grand Turk'', as the ruler of the Turks,<ref>{{Latins in the Levant}}</ref> or simply the "Great Lord" (''il Gran Signore'', ''le grand seigneur'') especially in the 16th century. [[Languages of the Ottoman Empire|Names of the sultan in languages used by ethnic minorities]]:<ref name="Straussp4344" /> * [[Arabic]]: In some documents "padishah" was replaced by "[[malik]]" ("king")<ref name=Straussp4344/> * [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: In earlier periods Bulgarian people called him the "[[tsar]]". The translation of the [[Ottoman Constitution of 1876]] instead used direct translations of "sultan" (Султан ''Sultan'') and "padishah" (Падишах ''Padišax'')<ref name=Straussp4344/> * [[Greek language|Greek]]: In earlier periods the Greeks used the Byzantine Empire-style name "[[basileus]]". The translation of the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 instead used a direct transliterations of "sultan" (Σουλτάνος ''Soultanos'') and "padishah" (ΠΑΔΙΣΑΧ ''padisach'').<ref name=Straussp4344/> * [[Judaeo-Spanish]]: Especially in older documents, ''El Rey'' ("the king") was used. In addition some Ladino documents used ''sultan'' (in Hebrew characters: שולטן and סולטן).<ref name=Straussp4344/> == State organisation of the Ottoman Empire == {{main article|State organisation of the Ottoman Empire}} The Ottoman Empire was an [[absolute monarchy]] during much of its existence. By the second half of the fifteenth century, the sultan sat at the apex of a hierarchical system and acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles.{{ref label|Titles|a|}} He was theoretically responsible only to [[God in Islam|God]] and [[divine law]] (the Islamic {{lang|ota-Arab|شریعت}} ''şeriat'', known in Arabic as {{lang|ar|شريعة}} ''[[sharia]]''), of which he was the chief executor. His heavenly mandate ([[Kut (mythology)|Kut]]) was reflected in Islamic titles such as "shadow of God on Earth" ({{lang|ota-Arab|ظل الله في العالم}} ''ẓıll Allāh fī'l-ʿalem'') and "caliph of the face of the earth" ({{lang|ota-Arab|خلیفه روی زمین}} ''Ḫalife-i rū-yi zemīn'').<ref name="Findley">[[#Fin05|Findley 2005]], p. 115</ref> All offices were filled by his authority, and every law was issued by him in the form of a decree called ''[[Firman (decree)|firman]]'' ({{lang|ota-Arab|فرمان}}). He was the [[commander-in-chief|supreme military commander]] and had the official title to all land.<ref name="Ottoman Institutions"/> [[Osman I|Osman]] (died 1323/4) son of [[Ertuğrul]] was the first ruler of the Ottoman state, which during his reign constituted a small principality (''beylik'') in the region of [[Bithynia]] on the frontier of the [[Byzantine Empire]]. After the [[conquest of Constantinople]] in 1453 by [[Mehmed II]], Ottoman sultans came to regard themselves as the successors of the Roman Empire, hence their occasional use of the titles [[Caesar (title)|caesar]] ({{lang|ota-Arab|قیصر}} ''qayser'') of [[Rûm]], and [[emperor]],<ref name="Findley"/><ref>[[#Toy74|Toynbee 1974]], pp. 22–23</ref><ref>[[#Sta01|Stavrides 2001]], p. 20</ref> as well as the [[caliph]] of Islam.{{ref label|Caliphate|b|1}} Newly enthroned Ottoman rulers were girded with the [[Sword of Osman]], an important ceremony that served as the equivalent of European monarchs' coronation.<ref>[[#Qua05|Quataert 2005]], p. 93</ref> A non-girded sultan was not eligible to have his children included in the line of succession.<ref>[[#Osm01|d'Osman Han 2001]], "Ottoman Padishah Succession"</ref> Although absolute in theory and in principle, the sultan's powers were limited in practice. Political decisions had to take into account the opinions and attitudes of important members of the dynasty, the bureaucratic and military establishments, as well as religious leaders.<ref name="Ottoman Institutions">[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "Ottoman Institutions"</ref> Beginning in the last decades of the sixteenth century, the role of the Ottoman sultans in the government of the empire began to decrease, in a period known as the [[Transformation of the Ottoman Empire]]. Despite being barred from inheriting the throne,<ref>[[#Qua05|Quataert 2005]], p. 90</ref> women of the [[Ottoman Imperial Harem|imperial harem]]—especially the reigning sultan's mother, known as the [[valide sultan]]—also played an important behind-the-scenes political role, effectively ruling the empire during the period known as the [[Sultanate of Women]].<ref>{{cite web | first = Leslie | last = Peirce | author-link = Leslie P. Peirce | title = The sultanate of women | url = http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/harem.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071203045546/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/harem.html | publisher = [[Channel 4]] | archive-date = 2007-12-03 | access-date = 2009-04-18}}</ref> [[Constitutional monarchy|Constitutionalism]] was [[First Constitutional Era|established]] during the reign [[Abdul Hamid II]], who thus became the empire's last absolute ruler and its reluctant first constitutional monarch.<ref>[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "External Threats and Internal Transformations"</ref> Although Abdul Hamid II abolished the [[General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire|parliament]] and the [[Constitution of the Ottoman Empire|constitution]] to return to personal rule in 1878, he was again forced in 1908 to [[Second Constitutional Era|reinstall constitutionalism]] and was [[31 March incident|deposed]]. Since 2021, the head of the [[Osmanoğlu family]] has been [[Harun Osman]], a great-grandson of Abdul Hamid II.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/last-heir-to-ottoman-throne-passes-away-at-90/news |title=Last heir to Ottoman throne passes away at 90 |website=Daily Sabah |date=19 January 2021 }}</ref> ==List of sultans== [[File:Sultans of the Ottoman Dynasty.jpg|thumb|Poster showing sultans of the Ottoman dynasty, from Osman I (upper left corner) to Mehmed V (large portrait in the center)]] {{see also|Ottoman family tree|List of burial places of Ottoman sultans}} The table below lists Ottoman sultans, as well as the last Ottoman caliph, in chronological order. The [[tughra]]s were the calligraphic seals or signatures used by Ottoman sultans. They were displayed on all official documents as well as on coins, and were far more important in identifying a sultan than his portrait. The "Notes" column contains information on each sultan's parentage and fate. Early Ottomans practiced what historian Quataert has described as "[[survival of the fittest]], not eldest, son": when a sultan died, his sons had to fight each other for the throne until a victor emerged. Because of the infighting and numerous [[fratricide]]s that occurred, there was often a time gap between a sultan's death date and the accession date of his successor.<ref>[[#Qua05|Quataert 2005]], p. 91</ref> In 1617, the [[Line of succession to the Ottoman throne|law of succession]] changed from survival of the fittest to a system based on [[agnatic seniority]] ({{lang|ota-Arab|اکبریت}} ''ekberiyet''), whereby the throne went to the oldest male of the family. This in turn explains why from the 17th century onwards a deceased sultan was rarely succeeded by his own son, but usually by an uncle or brother.<ref>[[#Qua05|Quataert 2005]], p. 92</ref> Agnatic seniority was retained until the [[Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate|abolition of the sultanate]], despite unsuccessful attempts in the 19th century to replace it with [[primogeniture]].<ref>[[#Kar05|Karateke 2005]], pp. 37–54</ref> Note that pretenders and co-claimants during the [[Ottoman Interregnum]] are also listed here, but they are not included in the formal numbering of sultans. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |- ! width="5%" | No. ! width="12%" | Sultan ! width="80px" | Portrait ! width="28%" | Reign ! width="80px" | [[Tughra]] ! width="30%" | Notes ! width="100px" | Coinage |- | colspan="7" style="background:#B9B9B9" | [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire]]<br />{{small|(1299–1453)}} |- | 1 | '''[[Osman I]]''' | [[File:I Osman.jpg|100px]] | {{Circa}} 1299 – c. 1324<ref name="Basic Books">[[#Fin07|Finkel 2007]], p. 33.</ref><br/>{{small|(25 years~)}} | {{n/a}}{{ref label|Tughra|c|1}} | align="left" | *Son of [[Ertuğrul|Ertuğrul Bey]]<ref name=coin>[[#Kaf95|Kafadar 1995]], pp. 60, 122.</ref> and an unknown woman.<ref name=lm>[[#Low03|Lowry 2003]], p. 153.</ref> *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Osman Gazi Coin.jpg|180px]] |- | 2 | '''[[Orhan]]''' | [[File:Metehanzade orhangazi.jpg|100px]] | c. 1324 – March 1362<br/>{{small|(38 years~)}} | [[File:Tughra of Orhan.svg|100px|Tughra of Orhan]] | align="left" | *Son of Osman I and [[Malhun Hatun]] (unclear).<ref name=lm/> *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Orhan Gazi Akçe.jpg|180px]] |- | 3 | '''[[Murad I]]'''{{ref label|Caliphate|b|2}} | [[File:Murad I.jpg|100px]] | March 1362 – [[Battle of Kosovo|15 June 1389]]<br/>{{small|({{age in years and months|1362|3|1|1389|6|15}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Murad I.svg|100px|Tughra of Murad I]] | align="left" | *Son of Orhan and [[Nilüfer Hatun]].<ref name=lm/> *Reigned until his death. *Killed on the battlefield at the [[Battle of Kosovo|Battle of Kosovo on June 15, 1389]]. | [[File:1555 osmanli 1 murat nm nd.jpg|180px]] |- | 4 | '''[[Bayezid I]]''' | [[File:Baiazeth. P. IIII.jpg|100px]] | [[Battle of Kosovo|15 June 1389]] – [[Battle of Ankara|20 July 1402]]<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1389|6|15|1402|7|20}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Bayezid I.svg|100px|Tughra of Bayezid I]] | align="left" | *Son of Murad I and [[Gülçiçek Hatun]].<ref name=lm/> *Captured on the battlefield at the [[Battle of Ankara]] against [[Timur]]. *Died in captivity in [[Akşehir]] on 8 March 1403. | [[File:Bayezid I AR akce.png|180px]] |- | colspan="7" style="background:#B9B9B9" | [[Ottoman Interregnum]]{{ref label|Interregnum|d|}}<br />{{small|([[Battle of Ankara|20 July 1402]] – [[Battle of Çamurlu|5 July 1413]])}} |- | — | ''[[İsa Çelebi]]'' | [[File:İsa Çelebi.jpg|100px]] | January – March/May 1403<br/>{{small|(3–5 months)}} | {{n/a}} | align="left" | *Co-sultan of Anatolia *After the [[Battle of Ankara]], [[İsa Çelebi]] defeated [[Musa Çelebi]] and took the western Anatolian territories for approximately two years. *Defeated by [[Mehmed Çelebi]] in the [[Battle of Ulubad]] in March or May 1403. *Strangled in September 1403. | {{n/a}} |- | — | ''[[Süleyman Çelebi]]''{{efn|Contemporary sources mention him as a legitimate sultan, but this view is not accepted today.}} | [[File:Suleyman Celebi (166345075).jpg|100px]] | [[Battle of Ankara|20 July 1402]] –<br/>17 February 1411<ref name="Jor09">[[#Jor09|Jorga 2009]], p. 314.</ref><br/>{{small|({{ayd|1402|7|20|1411|2|17}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Süleyman Çelebi.png|100px]] | align="left" | *Acquired the title of ''The Sultan of [[Rumelia]]'' for the European portion of the empire, a short period after the Ottoman defeat at Ankara. *Murdered on 17 February 1411.<ref name=Jor09/> | [[File:Süleyman Çelebi coin 1404.png|180px]] |- | — | ''[[Musa Çelebi]]'' | [[File:Paolo Veronese (Nachfolger) - Bildnis des Sultans Moise - 2238 - Bavarian State Painting Collections.jpg|100px]] | 18 February 1411 –<br/>5 July 1413<ref name="vonH">[[#vonH|von Hammer]], pp. 58–60.</ref><br/>{{small|({{ayd|1411|2|18|1413|7|5}})}} | {{n/a}} | align="left" | *Acquired the title of ''The Sultan of [[Rumelia]]'' for the European portion of the empire<ref>Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye tarihi Cilt II'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 pp 74–75</ref> on 18 February 1411, just after the death of [[Süleyman Çelebi]]. *Killed on 5 July 1413 by [[Mehmed Çelebi]]'s forces in the battle of ''Çamurlu Derbent'' near [[Samokov]] in [[Bulgaria]].<ref name="vonH"/> | [[File:Akçe - Musa Çelebi.png|180px]] |- | — | [[Mehmed I|''Mehmed Çelebi'']] | [[File:Mehmed I miniature.jpg|100px]] | 1403 – [[Battle of Çamurlu|5 July 1413]]<br/>{{small|(10 years)}} | {{n/a}} | align="left" | *Acquired the control of Eastern [[Anatolia]] as co-Sultan after the [[Battle of Ankara]]. *Defeated [[İsa Çelebi]] in the battle of [[Ulubat]] in 1405. *Became the sole ruler of Anatolia upon İsa's death in 1406. *Acquired the title of [[Mehmed I|Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Khan]] upon [[Musa Çelebi|Musa]]'s death. | [[File:Akçe - Mehmed Çelebi in the name of Timur.png|180px]] |- | colspan="7" style="background:#B9B9B9" | Sultanate resumed |- | 5 | '''[[Mehmed I]]''' | [[File:Mehmed I miniature.jpg|100px]] | [[Battle of Çamurlu|5 July 1413]] – 26 May 1421<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1413|7|5|1421|5|26}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mehmed I.svg|100px|Tughra of Mehmed I]] | align="left" | *Son of Bayezid I and [[Devlet Hatun]].<ref name=lm/> *Reigned until his death. | {{n/a}} |- | — | ''[[Mustafa Çelebi]]'' | {{n/a}} | January 1419 – May 1422<br/>{{small|({{age in years and months|1419|1|1|1422|5|1}})}} | {{n/a}} | align="left" | *Sultan of Rumelia *Son of [[Bayezid I]] *Executed by [[Murad II]] | [[File:Akçe - Mustafa Çelebi.png|180px]] |- | 6 | '''[[Murad II]]''' | [[File:Paolo Veronese (Nachfolger) - Sultan Murad II. - 2237 - Bavarian State Painting Collections.jpg|100px]] | 25 June 1421 –<br/>August 1444<br/>{{small|({{age in years and months|1421|6|25|1444|8|1}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Murad II.svg|100px|Tughra of Murad II]] | align="left" | *Son of Mehmed I and [[Emine Hatun]].<ref name=lm/> *Abdicated of his own free will in favour of his son [[Mehmed II]]. | [[File:Akçe of Murad II Obverse.JPG|80px]][[File:Akçe of Murad II Reverse.JPG|80px]] |- | 7 | '''[[Mehmed II]]''' | [[File:Bellini, Gentile - Sultan Mehmet II.jpg|100px]] | August 1444 –<br/>September 1446<br/>{{small|({{age in years and months|1444|8|1|1446|9|1}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mehmed II.svg|100px|Tughra of Mehmed II]] | align="left" | *First reign *Son of Murad II and [[Hüma Hatun]].<ref name=lm/> *Surrendered the throne to his father after having asked him to return to power, along with rising threats from Janissaries. | [[File:Akce_-_Mehmed_II_First_reign.png|180px]] |- | (6) | '''Murad II''' | [[File:Paolo Veronese (Nachfolger) - Sultan Murad II. - 2237 - Bavarian State Painting Collections.jpg|100px]] | September 1446 –<br/>3 February 1451<br/>{{small|({{age in years and months|1446|9|1|1451|2|3}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Murad II.svg|100px|Tughra of Murad II]] | align="left" | *Second reign *Forced to return to the throne following a [[Janissary]] insurgence.<ref>[[#Kaf95|Kafadar 1995]], p. xix</ref> *Reigned until his death. | {{n/a}} |- | colspan="7" style="background:#B9B9B9" | [[Growth of the Ottoman Empire]]<br />{{small|(1453–1550)}} |- | (7) | '''Mehmed II''' | [[File:Bellini, Gentile - Sultan Mehmet II.jpg|100px]] | 3 February 1451 –<br/>3 May 1481<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1451|2|3|1481|5|3}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mehmed II.svg|100px|Tughra of Mehmed II]] | align="left" | *Second reign *[[Fall of Constantinople|Conquered Constantinople]] in 1453. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Coin of Mehmed II 1451, second reign.png|180px]] |- | 8 | '''[[Bayezid II]]''' | [[File:Beyazid II.jpg|100px]] | 19 May 1481 –<br/>25 April 1512<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1481|5|19|1512|4|25}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Bayezid II.svg|100px|Tughra of Bayezid II]] | align="left" | *Son of Mehmed II and [[Gülbahar Hatun (mother of Bayezid II)|Gülbahar Hatun]].<ref name=lm/> *Abdicated. *Died near [[Didymoteicho]] on 26 May 1512. | [[File:1692 osmanli 2 beyazid ankara 886.jpg|180px]] |- | — | ''[[Cem Sultan]]'' | [[File:Cem-in-italy.jpg|100px]] | 28 May – 20 June 1481<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1481|5|28|1481|6|20}})}} | [[File:Cem Sultan Tughra.png|100px|Tughra of Cem]] | align="left" | *Son of Mehmed II *Acquired the title Cem bin Mehmed Han.<ref>[[Turkish Language Association]], (1960), ''Belleten'', p. 467 (in Turkish)</ref> *Died in exile | [[File:Akçe - Cem Sultan.png|180px]] |- | 9 | '''[[Selim I]]''' | [[File:Nakkaş Selim.jpg|100px]] | 25 April 1512 –<br/>21 September 1520<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1512|4|25|1520|9|21}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Padishah Yavuz Sultan Selim.png|100px|Tughra of Selim I]] | align="left" | * [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|Conquered Mamluks]] in 1516–1517. * First [[Ottoman Caliph]]. *Son of Bayezid II and [[Gülbahar Hatun (mother of Selim I)|Gülbahar Hatun]]. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Akçe of Selim I Constantinople mint 1512.jpg|180px]] |- | 10 | '''[[Suleiman the Magnificent|Suleiman I]]''' | [[File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|100px]] | 30 September 1520 –<br/>6 September 1566<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1520|9|30|1566|9|6}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Suleiman I the Magnificent.svg|100px|Tughra of Suleiman I]] | align="left" | *Son of Selim I and [[Hafsa Sultan]]. *Died of natural causes in his tent during the [[Siege of Szigetvár]] in 1566.<ref name= AG-BM-encyc>{{Cite book |last=Ágoston |first=Gábor |editor-last=Ágoston |editor-first=Gábor |editor-first2= Bruce |editor-last2= Masters |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |chapter=Süleyman I |date=2009}}</ref> | [[File:Sultani of Suleiman I, 1520.jpg|180px]] |- | colspan="7" style="background:#B9B9B9" | [[Transformation of the Ottoman Empire]]<br />{{small|(1550–1700)}} |- | 11 | '''[[Selim II]]''' | [[File:Portrait Of Sultan Selim II.jpg|100px]] | 29 September 1566 –<br/>15 December 1574<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1566|9|29|1574|12|15}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Selim II.svg|100px|Tughra of Selim II]] | align="left" | *Son of Suleiman I and [[Hürrem Sultan]]. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Sultani LACMA M.2006.143.1 (2 of 2).jpg|80px]][[File:Sultani LACMA M.2006.143.1 (1 of 2).jpg|80px]] |- | 12 | '''[[Murad III]]''' | [[File:Sultan Murad III.jpeg|100px]] | 27 December 1574 –<br/>16 January 1595<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1574|12|27|1595|1|16}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Murad III.svg|100px|Tughra of Murad III]] | align="left" | *Son of Selim II and [[Nurbanu Sultan]]. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Sequin Murad III 1576.jpg|180px]] |- | 13 | '''[[Mehmed III]]''' | [[File:Sultan Mehmet III of the Ottoman Empire.jpg|100px]] | 16 January 1595 –<br/>22 December 1603<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1595|1|16|1603|12|22}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mehmed III.svg|100px|Tughra of Mehmed III]] | align="left" | *Son of Murad III and [[Safiye Sultan (mother of Mehmed III)|Safiye Sultan]]. *Reigned until his death | [[File:Coin of Mehmed III.png|180px]] |- | 14 | '''[[Ahmed I]]''' | [[File:صورة للشاهزاده أحمد 2013-12-19 09-18.jpg|100px]] | 22 December 1603 –<br/>22 November 1617<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1603|12|22|1617|11|22}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Ahmed I.JPG|100px|Tughra of Ahmed I]] | align="left" | *Son of Mehmed III and [[Handan Sultan]]. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Post-medieval coin, Uncertain denomination of Ahmed I (FindID 489958).jpg|180px]] |- | 15 | '''[[Mustafa I]]''' | [[File:Mustafa I portrait.jpg|100px]] | 22 November 1617 –<br/>26 February 1618<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1617|11|22|1618|2|26}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mustafa I.JPG|100px|Tughra of Mustafa I]] | align="left" | *Son of [[Mehmed III]] and [[Halime Sultan]]. *Deposed due to his mental instability in favour of his young nephew [[Osman II]]. | {{n/a}} |- | 16 | '''[[Osman II]]''' | [[File:Osman 2.jpg|100px]] | 26 February 1618 –<br/>19 May 1622<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1618|2|26|1622|05|19}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Osman II.JPG|100px|Tughra of Osman II]] | align="left" | *Son of Ahmed I and [[Mahfiruz Hatun]]. *Deposed in a [[Janissary]] riot on 19 May 1622. *Murdered on 20 May 1622 by the [[Grand Vizier]] [[Kara Davud Pasha]]. | [[File:Sultani - Osman II.jpg|180px]] |- | (15) | '''Mustafa I''' | [[File:Mustafa I portrait.jpg|100px]] | 20 May 1622 –<br/>10 September 1623<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1622|05|20|1623|9|10}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mustafa I.JPG|100px|Tughra of Mustafa I]] | align="left" | *Second reign. *Returned to the throne after the assassination of his nephew [[Osman II]]. *Deposed due to his poor mental health and confined until his death in [[Istanbul]] on 20 January 1639. | {{n/a}} |- | 17 | '''[[Murad IV]]''' | [[File:Murad IV.jpg|100px]] | 10 September 1623 –<br/>8 February 1640<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1623|9|10|1640|2|8}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Murad IV.svg|100px|Tughra of Murad IV]] | align="left" | *Son of Ahmed I and [[Kösem Sultan]]. *Ruled under the regency of his mother [[Kösem Sultan]] until 1632. *Reigned until his death. | {{n/a}} |- | 18 | '''[[Ibrahim (Ottoman sultan)|Ibrahim]]''' | [[File:Ibrahim Deli.jpg|100px]] | 9 February 1640 –<br/>8 August 1648<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1640|2|9|1648|8|8}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Ibrahim.JPG|100px|Tughra of Ibrahim]] | align="left" | *Son of Ahmed I and [[Kösem Sultan]]. *Deposed on 8 August 1648 in a coup led by the [[List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire|Sheikh ul-Islam]]. *Strangled in [[Istanbul]] on 18 August 1648 at the behest of the [[Grand Vizier]] [[Mawlawi Order|Mevlevî]] Mehmed Paşa ''(Sofu Mehmed Pasha)''. | {{n/a}} |- | 19 | '''[[Mehmed IV]]''' | [[File:Sultan Mehmed IV (2).jpg|100px]] | 8 August 1648 –<br/>8 November 1687<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1648|8|8|1687|11|8}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mehmed IV.png|100px|Tughra of Mehmed IV]] | align="left" | *Son of Ibrahim and [[Turhan Sultan]]. *Ruled under the regency of his grandmother [[Kösem Sultan]] until 1651. *Ruled under the regency of his mother [[Turhan Sultan]] from 1651 until 1656. *Deposed on 8 November 1687 following the Ottoman defeat at the [[Battle of Mohács (1687)|Second Battle of Mohács]]. *Died in [[Edirne]] on 6 January 1693. | [[File:Osmanen- Mehmed IV. - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5556643.jpg|180px]] |- | 20 | '''[[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]]''' | [[File:II Suleyman.jpg|100px]] | 8 November 1687 –<br/>22 June 1691<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1687|11|8|1691|6|22}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Suleiman II.svg|100px|Tughra of Suleiman II]] | align="left" | *Son of Ibrahim and [[Aşub Sultan|Dilaşub Sultan]]. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Kupfer Not-Akce 1099 H., Qustantiniya (Konstantinopel-Istanbul)-210-00912q00.jpg|180px]] |- | 21 | '''[[Ahmed II]]''' | [[File:Ahmed II Sahand Ace.jpg|134x134px]] | 22 June 1691 –<br/>6 February 1695<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1691|6|22|1695|2|6}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Ahmed II.JPG|100px|Tughra of Ahmed II]] | align="left" | *Son of Ibrahim and [[Muazzez Sultan]]. *Reigned until his death. | {{n/a}} |- | 22 | '''[[Mustafa II]]''' | [[File:Mustafa II dressed in full armour.JPG|100px]] | 6 February 1695 –<br/>22 August 1703<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1695|2|6|1703|8|22}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mustafa II.JPG|100px|Tughra of Mustafa II]] | align="left" | *Son of Mehmed IV and [[Gülnuş Sultan]]. *Deposed on 22 August 1703 by a [[Janissary]] uprising known as the [[Edirne event|Edirne Event]]. *Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704. | [[File:1 Kuruș Mustafa II of Ottoman 1695-1704.png|180px]] |- | colspan="7" style="background:#B9B9B9" | [[Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire]]<br />{{small|(1700–1827)}} |- | 23 | '''[[Ahmed III]]''' | [[File:Portrait of Sultan Ahmed III (1673–1736), three-quarter-length, standing, with a view onto the Bosphorus and the Hagia Sophia by Jean-Baptiste Vanmour.jpg|100px]] | 22 August 1703 –<br/>[[Patrona Halil rebellion|1 October 1730]]<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1703|8|22|1730|10|1}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Ahmed III.JPG|100px|Tughra of Ahmed III]] | align="left" | *Son of Mehmed IV and [[Gülnuş Sultan]]. *Deposed in consequence of the [[Janissary]] rebellion led by [[Patrona Halil]]. *Died on 1 July 1736. | [[File:Sultani of Ahmed III, 1703.jpg|180px]] |- | 24 | '''[[Mahmud I]]''' | [[File:Sultan Mahmud I – Jean Baptiste Vanmour.jpg (cropped).jpg|100px]] | 2 October 1730 –<br/>13 December 1754<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1730|10|2|1754|12|13}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mahmud I.JPG|100px|Tughra of Mahmud I]] | align="left" | *Son of Mustafa II and [[Saliha Sultan (mother of Mahmud I)|Saliha Sultan]]. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Sequin of Mahmud I.jpg|180px]] |- | 25 | '''[[Osman III]]''' | [[File:III.Osman.webp|100px]] | 13 December 1754 –<br/>30 October 1757<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1754|12|13|1757|10|30}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Osman III.JPG|100px|Tughra of Osman III]] | align="left" | *Son of Mustafa II and [[Şehsuvar Sultan]]. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Turchia, osman III, moneta d'oro, 1754-1757.JPG|100px]] |- | 26 | '''[[Mustafa III]]''' | [[File:Sultan Mustafa III.jpg|100px]] | 30 October 1757 –<br/>21 January 1774<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1757|10|30|1774|1|21}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mustafa III.svg|100px|Tughra of Mustafa III]] | align="left" | *Son of Ahmed III and [[Mihrişah Kadın (mother of Mustafa III)|Mihrişah Kadın]]. *Reigned until his death. |[[File:1 Piastre 1183 Mustafa III (obv)-8477.jpg|80px]][[File:1 Piastre 1183 Mustafa III (rev)-8478.jpg|80px]] |- | 27 | '''[[Abdul Hamid I]]''' | [[File:Portrait of Abdülhamid I of the Ottoman Empire.jpg|100px]] | 21 January 1774 –<br/>7 April 1789<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1774|1|21|1789|4|7}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Abdülhamid I.svg|100px|Tughra of Abdul Hamid I]] | align="left" | *Son of Ahmed III and [[Rabia Şermi Kadın]]. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:M64 10para Constantinople KM383 1ar85 (8645875592).jpg|180px]] |- | 28 | '''[[Selim III]]''' | [[File:Joseph Warnia-Zarzecki - Sultan Selim III - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] | 7 April 1789 –<br/>[[Ottoman coups of 1807–1808|29 May 1807]]<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1789|4|7|1807|5|29}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Selim III.JPG|100px|Tughra of Selim III]] | align="left" | *Son of Mustafa III and [[Mihrişah Sultan (mother of Selim III)|Mihrişah Sultan]]. *Deposed as a result of the [[Ottoman coups of 1807–08|Janissary revolt]] led by [[Kabakçı Mustafa]] against his reforms. *Assassinated in Istanbul on 28 July 1808 at the behest of Mustafa IV. | [[File:Rial Tunisien - Selim III - 1215 AH - 1800 AD.jpg|180px]] |- | 29 | '''[[Mustafa IV]]''' | [[File:IV. Mustafa.jpg|100px]] | 29 May 1807 –<br/>[[Ottoman coups of 1807–1808|28 July 1808]]<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1807|5|29|1808|7|28}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mustafa IV.JPG|100px|Tughra of Mustafa IV]] | align="left" | *Son of Abdul Hamid I and [[Sineperver Sultan]]. *Deposed in an [[Ottoman coups of 1807–08|insurrection]] led by [[Alemdar Mustafa Pasha]]. *Executed in Istanbul on 17 November 1808 by order of Mahmud II. |{{n/a}} |- | colspan="7" style="background:#B9B9B9" | [[Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire|Modernization of the Ottoman Empire]]<br />{{small|(1827–1908)}} |- | 30 | '''[[Mahmud II]]''' | [[File:Mahmud II.jpg|100px]] | 28 July 1808 –<br/>1 July 1839<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1808|7|28|1839|7|1}})}} | [[File:Tughra Mahmud II bw.svg|100px|Tughra of Mahmud II]] | align="left" | *Son of Abdul Hamid I and [[Nakşidil Sultan]]. *Disbanded the [[Janissaries]] in consequence of the [[Auspicious Incident]] in 1826. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:2 Budju of Ottoman Algeria - Mahmud II 1823.png|180px]] |- | 31 | '''[[Abdülmecid I|Abdul Mejid I]]''' | [[File:Abdulmejid portrait.jpg|100px]] | 1 July 1839 –<br/>25 June 1861<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1839|7|1|1861|6|25}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Abdülmecid I.svg|100px|Tughra of Abdulmejid I]] | align="left" | *Son of Mahmud II and [[Bezmiâlem Sultan]]. *Proclaimed the [[Hatt-i Sharif|Imperial Edict of Gülhane ''(Tanzimât Fermânı)'']] that launched the [[Tanzimat]] period of reforms and reorganization on 3 November 1839 at the behest of reformist [[Grand vizier]] [[Mustafa Reşid Pasha]]. *Accepted the [[Hatt-ı Hümayun|Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Reform Edict) ''(Islâhat Fermânı)'']] on 18 February 1856. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:20 Piastres 1270 Abdülmecid I (obv)-8467.jpg|85px]][[File:20 Piastres 1270 Abdülmecid I (rev)-8468.jpg|85px]] |- | 32 | '''[[Abdulaziz|Abdul Aziz]]''' | [[File:4f3bdb2b3891715176c6580e6ab6cb4b--ottoman-empire-sultan.jpg|100px]] | 25 June 1861 –<br/>[[1876 Turkish coup d'état|30 May 1876]]<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1861|6|25|1876|5|30}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Abdülaziz.svg|100px|Tughra of Abdulaziz]] | align="left" | *Son of Mahmud II and [[Pertevniyal Sultan]]. *Deposed by his ministers. *Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later. | [[File:20 kurus Abdulaziz 1862.png|180px]] |- | 33 | '''[[Murad V]]''' | [[File:Sultan Murad V., 1876.jpg|100px]]<!--This is the only drawing/picture of him (so far?) while he was a sultan, thus please do not remove this with other pictures, where he still was a prince--> | 30 May – 31 August 1876<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1876|5|30|1876|8|31}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Murad V.svg|100px|Tughra of Murad V]] | align="left" | *Son of Abdulmejid I and [[Şevkefza Sultan]]. *Deposed due to his ill mental health. *Ordered to reside in [[Çırağan Palace]] where he died on 29 August 1904. | {{n/a}} |- | 34 | '''[[Abdul Hamid II]]''' | [[File:Sultan Gazi Abdül Hamid II - السلطان الغازي عبد الحميد الثاني.png|100px]] | 31 August 1876 –<br/>[[31 March Incident|27 April 1909]]<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1876|8|31|1909|4|27}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Abdülhamid II.svg|100px|Tughra of Abdul Hamid II]] | align="left" | *Son of Abdulmejid I and [[Tirimüjgan Kadın]] (later became the adoptive son of [[Perestu Kadın|Rahime Perestu Sultan]]). *Reluctantly allowed the [[First Constitutional Era]] on 23 November 1876 and then suspended it on 13 February 1878. *Forced to [[Second Constitutional Era|restore the Constitution]] on 3 July 1908. *Deposed after the [[31 March incident]]. *Confined to [[Beylerbeyi Palace]] where he died on 10 February 1918. | [[File:20 kurus Abdul Hamid II - 1877.png|180px]] |- | 35 | '''[[Mehmed V|Mehmed V Reşâd]]''' | [[File:Sultan Muhammed Chan V., Kaiser der Osmanen 1915 C. Pietzner.jpg|100px]] | 27 April 1909 –<br/>3 July 1918<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1909|4|27|1918|7|3}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mehmed V.svg|80px|Tughra of Mehmed V]] | align="left" | *Son of Abdulmejid I and [[Gülcemal Kadın]] (later became the adoptive son of [[Servetseza Kadın]]). *Reigned as a [[figurehead]] of [[Mehmed Talat]], [[İsmail Enver]], and [[Ahmed Djemal|Ahmed Cemal]] [[Three Pashas|Pashas]]. *Reigned until his death. | [[File:Lira of Mehmed V, 1911.jpg|180px]] |- | 36 | '''[[Mehmed VI|Mehmed VI Vahideddin]]''' | [[File:Sultan Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire.jpg|100px]] | 4 July 1918 –<br/>[[Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate|1 November 1922]]<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1918|7|4|1922|11|1}})}} | [[File:Tughra of Mehmed VI.svg|100px|Tughra of Mehmed VI]] | align="left" | *Son of Abdulmejid I and [[Gülistu Kadın]] (later became the adoptive son of [[Şayeste Hanım]]) *[[Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate|Sultanate abolished]]. *Left [[Istanbul]] on 17 November 1922. *Died in [[exile]] in [[Sanremo]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] on 16 May 1926. | [[File:36-1336-01-500K-kost-au.jpg|180px]] |- | colspan="7" style="background:#B9B9B9" | [[Ottoman Caliphate#Abolition|Caliph]] under the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]<br />{{small|(1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)}} |- | — | '''[[Abdulmejid II|Abdul Mejid II]]''' | [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|100px]] | 19 November 1922 –<br/>[[Abolition of the Caliphate|3 March 1924]]<br/>{{small|({{ayd|1922|11|18|1924|3|3}})}} | —<br />{{ref label|Tughra|c|2}} | align="left" | *Son of Abdulaziz and [[Hayranidil Kadın]];<ref>[[#Asi92|Aşiroğlu 1992]], p. 13</ref> *[[Exile]]d after the [[abolition of the Caliphate]];<ref>[[#Asi92|Aşiroğlu 1992]], p. 17</ref> *Died in [[Paris]], [[France]] on 23 August 1944.<ref>[[#Asi92|Aşiroğlu 1992]], p. 14</ref> | — |} '''Notes''' {{notelist}} ==See also== *[[Line of succession to the Ottoman throne]] *[[Ottoman family tree (simplified)|Ottoman sultan family tree]] *[[Ottoman family tree]] (more detailed) *[[Valide sultan]] *[[List of Ottoman grand viziers]] ==Notes== {{refbegin}} :'''a'''{{note|Titles}}: The [[Ottoman titles|full style]] of the Ottoman ruler was complex, as it was composed of several titles and evolved over the centuries. The title of [[sultan]] was used continuously by all rulers almost from the beginning. However, because it was widespread in the Muslim world, the Ottomans quickly adopted variations of it to dissociate themselves from other Muslim rulers of lesser status. [[Murad I]], the third Ottoman monarch, styled himself ''sultân-ı âzam'' ({{lang|ota|سلطان اعظم}}, the most exalted sultan) and ''hüdavendigar'' ({{lang|ota|خداوندگار}}, emperor), titles used by the Anatolian [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuqs]] and the Mongol [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanids]] respectively. His son [[Bayezid I]] adopted the style ''Sultan of Rûm'', [[Rûm]] being an old Islamic name for the Roman Empire. The combining of the Islamic and Central Asian heritages of the Ottomans led to the adoption of the title that became the standard designation of the Ottoman ruler: ''Sultan [Name] Khan''.<ref>[[#Pei93|Peirce 1993]], pp. 158–159</ref> Ironically, although the title of sultan is most often associated in the [[Western world]] with the Ottomans, people within Turkey generally use the title of ''[[padishah]]'' far more frequently when referring to rulers of the Ottoman Dynasty.<ref>{{cite magazine | last = M'Gregor | first = J. |date=July 1854 | title = The Race, Religions, and Government of the Ottoman Empire |magazine=The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art | volume = 32 |page=376 | publisher = Leavitt, Trow, & Co. | location = New York | oclc = 6298914 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1MYRAAAAYAAJ | access-date = 2009-04-25}}</ref> :'''b'''{{note label|Caliphate||1}}{{note label|Caliphate||2}}{{note label|Caliphate||3}}: The [[Ottoman Caliphate]] symbolized their spiritual power, whereas the sultanate represented their temporal power. According to Ottoman [[historiography]], [[Murad I]] adopted the title of caliph during his reign (1362 to 1389), and [[Selim I]] later strengthened the caliphal authority during his [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)|conquest of Egypt]] in 1516-1517. However, the general consensus among modern scholars is that Ottoman rulers had used the title of caliph before the conquest of Egypt, as early as during the reign of [[Murad I]] (1362–1389), who brought most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule and established the title of sultan in 1383. It is currently agreed that the caliphate "disappeared" for two-and-a-half centuries, before being revived with the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]], signed between the Ottoman Empire and [[Catherine II of Russia]] in 1774. The treaty was highly symbolic, since it marked the first international recognition of the Ottomans' claim to the caliphate. Although the treaty made official the Ottoman Empire's loss of the [[Crimean Khanate]], it acknowledged the Ottoman caliph's continuing religious authority over [[Islam in Russia|Muslims in Russia]].<ref>[[#Gla03|Glassé 2003]], pp. 349–351.</ref> From the 18th century onwards, Ottoman sultans increasingly emphasized their status as caliphs in order to stir [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamist]] sentiments among the empire's Muslims in the face of encroaching European imperialism. When [[World War I]] broke out, Caliph [[Mehmed V]] issued a [[1914 Ottoman jihad proclamation|proclamation]] for ''[[jihad]]'' in 1914 against the Ottoman Empire's [[Allies of World War I|Allied enemies]], unsuccessfully attempting to incite the subjects of the [[French colonial empire|French]], [[British Empire|British]] and [[Russian Empire|Russian]] empires to revolt. [[Abdul Hamid II]] was by far the Ottoman sultan who made the most use of his caliphal position, and was recognized as caliph by many Muslim heads of state, even as far away as the [[Abdul Hamid II#America and the Philippines|Philippines]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Kemal H. Karpat |title=The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvVlS3ljx20C&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA235 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513618-0 |pages=235– }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. Robert Moskin|title=American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pc5FAQAAQBAJ&q=Straus+Sulu+Ottoman&pg=PA204|date=2013|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-250-03745-9|pages=204–}}</ref> and [[Sumatra]].<ref>[[#Qua05|Quataert 2005]], pp. 83–85</ref> He had his claim to the title inserted into the [[Kanûn-ı Esâsî|1876 Constitution]] (Article 4).<ref name="Toprak">[[#Top81|Toprak 1981]], pp. 44–45</ref> :'''c'''{{note label|Tughra||1}}{{note label|Tughra||2}}: [[Tughra]]s were used by 35 out of 36 Ottoman sultans, starting with [[Orhan]] in the 14th century, whose tughra has been found on two different documents. No tughra bearing the name of [[Osman I]], the founder of the empire, has ever been discovered,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tugra.org/en/hakkinda.asp | title = About Tugra | access-date = 2009-02-06 | last = Mensiz | first = Ercan | publisher = Tugra.org | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071025010127/http://www.tugra.org/en/hakkinda.asp | archive-date = 2007-10-25}}</ref> although a coin with the inscription "Osman bin Ertuğrul" has been identified.<ref name=coin/> [[Abdulmejid II]], the last Ottoman Caliph, also lacked a tughra of his own, since he did not serve as [[head of state]] (that position being held by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]], President of the newly founded Republic of Turkey) but as a religious and royal [[figurehead]]. :'''d'''{{note|Interregnum}}: The [[Ottoman Interregnum]], also known as the Ottoman Triumvirate ({{Langx|tr|Fetret Devri}}), was a period of chaos in the Ottoman Empire which lasted from 1402 to 1413. It started following the defeat and capture of [[Bayezid I]] by the [[Turkic peoples|Turco-]][[Mongols|Mongol]] warlord [[Timur|Tamerlane]] at the [[Battle of Ankara]], which was fought on 20 July 1402. Bayezid's sons fought each other for over a decade, until [[Mehmed I]] emerged as the undisputed victor in 1413.<ref>[[#Sug93|Sugar 1993]], pp. 23–27</ref> :'''e'''{{note|Dissolution}}: The [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] was a gradual process which started with the abolition of the sultanate and ended with that of the caliphate 16 months later. The sultanate was formally abolished on 1 November 1922. Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] fled to [[Malta]] on 17 November aboard the British warship ''[[HMS Malaya|Malaya]]''. This event marked the end of the Ottoman ''Dynasty'', not of the Ottoman ''State'' nor of the [[Ottoman Caliphate]]. On 19 November, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] (TBMM) elected Mehmed VI's cousin [[Abdulmejid II]], the then crown prince, as caliph.<ref>[[#Asi92|Aşiroğlu 1992]], p. 54</ref> The official end of the Ottoman State was declared through the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] (24 July 1923), which recognized the new "[[Ankara]] government," and not the old Istanbul-based Ottoman government, as representing the rightful owner and successor state. The [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] was proclaimed by the TBMM on 29 October 1923, with [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] as its first [[President of Turkey|President]].<ref>[[#Gla96|Glazer 1996]], "Table A. Chronology of Major Kemalist Reforms"</ref> Although Abdulmejid II was a [[figurehead]] lacking any political power, he remained in his position of Caliph until the office of the Caliphate was abolished by the TBMM on 3 March 1924.<ref name="Toprak"/> Mehmed VI later tried unsuccessfully to reinstall himself as caliph in the [[Hejaz]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Steffen | first = Dirk | editor = Tucker, Spencer | encyclopedia = World War I: Encyclopedia | title = Mehmed VI, Sultan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B1cMtKQP3P8C | access-date = 2009-05-02 | year = 2005 | series = Volume | publisher = ABC-CLIO | volume = III: M–R | location = Santa Barbara, CA | isbn = 978-1-85109-420-2 | oclc = 162287003 | page = 779}}</ref> {{refend}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== {{Commons category|Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}} {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last=Aşiroğlu |first=Orhan Gâzi |title=Son halife, Abdülmecid |series=Tarihin şahitleri dizisi |year=1992 |publisher=Burak Yayınevi |location=Istanbul |language=tr |isbn=978-9757645177 |oclc=32085609 |ref=Asi92}} <!-- *{{cite book |last=Duran |first=Tülay |title=Padişah Portreleri (Portraits of the Ottoman Empire's Sultans) |year=1999 |publisher=Association of Historical Research and Istanbul Research Centre |location=Sirkeci |language=tr |isbn=978-9756926079 |oclc=248496159}} --> *{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter V. |title=The Turks in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_41FJ-pgRAC |access-date=2009-04-29 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-517726-8 |oclc=54529318 |ref=Fin05}} *{{cite book |last1=Finkel |first1=Caroline |title=Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. |date=2007 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0465008506 |ref=Fin07}} *{{cite encyclopedia | editor = Glassé, Cyril | encyclopedia = The New Encyclopedia of Islam | title = Ottomans | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC | access-date = 2009-05-02 | year = 2003 | publisher = AltaMira Press | location = Walnut Creek, CA | isbn = 978-0-7591-0190-6 | oclc = 52611080 |ref=Gla03}} *{{cite book |last=Glazer |first=Steven A. |editor-last=Metz |editor-first=Helen Chapin |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |title=A Country Study: Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/turkeycountrystu00metz |access-date=2009-04-22 |edition=5th |series=[[Library of Congress Country Studies|Country Studies]] |orig-date=Research completed January 1995 |year=1996 |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8444-0864-4 |oclc=33898522 |chapter=Chapter 1: Historical Setting |ref=Gla96 }} *{{cite book |last=Jorga |first=Nicholae |author-link=Nicolae Iorga |title=Geschishte des Osmanichen |others=Translated by Nilüfer Epçeli |volume=1 |publisher=Yeditepe yayınları |location=Istanbul |year=2009 |isbn=978-975-6480-17-5 |ref=Jor09}} *{{cite book |last=Kafadar |first=Cemal |title=Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsP-2y7kuJkC |access-date=2009-04-18 |year=1995 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, CA |isbn=978-0-520-20600-7 |oclc=55849447 |ref=Kaf95}} *{{cite book |last=Karateke |first=Hakan T. |editor1-last=Weismann |editor1-first=Itzchak |editor2-last=Zachs |editor2-first=Fruma |title=Ottoman Reform and Muslim Regeneration: Studies in Honour of Butrus Abu-Manneb |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7loMhnI5S8C |access-date=2009-05-02 |year=2005 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-1-85043-757-4 |oclc=60416792 |chapter=Who is the Next Ottoman Sultan? Attempts to Change the Rule of Succession during the Nineteenth Century |ref=Kar05}} *{{Cite book |last=Lindner |first=Rudi Paul |title=Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=1983 |ref=Lin83}} *{{Cite book |last=Lowry |first=Heath |title=The Nature of the Early Ottoman State |publisher=SUNY Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-7914-5636-6 |ref=Low03}} *{{cite book |last=d'Osman Han |first=Nadine Sultana |others=Foreword by Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajar |title=The Legacy of Sultan Abdulhamid II: Memoirs and Biography of Sultan Selim bin Hamid Han |url=http://nadinevalidesultan.org/history.html |access-date=2009-05-02 |year=2001 |publisher=Sultana Pub |location=Santa Fe, NM |oclc=70659193 |ref=Osm01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105170518/http://nadinevalidesultan.org/history.html |archive-date=2009-01-05 }} *{{cite book |last=Peirce |first=Leslie P. |author-link=Leslie P. Peirce |title=The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC |access-date=2009-04-19 |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-508677-5 |oclc=243767445 |ref=Pei93}} *{{cite book |last=Quataert |first=Donald |title=The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OX3lsOrXJGcC |access-date=2009-04-18 |edition=2nd |year=2005 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-83910-5 |oclc=59280221 |ref=Qua05}} *{{cite book |last=Stavrides |first=Theoharis |title=The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453–1474) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ptXG0uA70lAC |access-date=2009-04-18 |year=2001 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-12106-5 |oclc=46640850 |ref=Sta01}} *{{cite book |last=Strauss |first=Johann|url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/menalib/download/pdf/2734659?originalFilename=true |year=2010 |chapter=A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the ''Kanun-ı Esasi'' and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages | editor=Herzog, Christoph|editor2=Malek Sharif|title= The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy|publisher=[[Orient-Institut Istanbul]] |publication-place= [[Würzburg]] |ref=Str10}} ([http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:5-91645 info page on book] at [[Martin Luther University]]) // CITED: pp. 43–44 (PDF pp. 45–46/338). *{{cite book |last=Sugar |first=Peter F. |author-link=Peter Sugar |title=Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC |access-date=2009-04-18 |edition=3rd |year=1993 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |location=Seattle |isbn=978-0-295-96033-3 |oclc=34219399 |ref=Sug93}} *{{cite book |last=Toprak |first=Binnaz |title=Islam and Political Development in Turkey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIoeAAAAIAAJ |access-date=2009-04-19 |year=1981 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-06471-3 |oclc=8258992 |ref=Top81}} *{{cite book |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold J. |author-link=Arnold J. Toynbee |editor-last=Karpat |editor-first=Kemal H. |editor-link=Kemal Karpat |title=The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orEfAAAAIAAJ |access-date=2009-05-02 |series=Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East |volume=11 |year=1974 |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-03945-2 |oclc=1318483 |chapter=The Ottoman Empire's Place in World History |ref=Toy74}} *{{cite book |last=Uğur |first=Ali |title=Mavi Emperyalizm |trans-title=Blue Imperialism |url=http://www.kitapyurdu.com/kitap/default.asp?id=120251 |access-date=2009-04-19 |year=2007 |publisher=Çatı Publishing |location=Istanbul |isbn=978-975-8845-87-3 |oclc=221203375 |language=tr |ref=Top81}} *{{cite book |last=von Hammer |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall |title=Osmanlı Tarihi cilt I |publisher=Milliyet yayınları |location=Istanbul |others=condensed by Abdülkadir Karahan |ref=vonH}} {{refend}} {{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire|state=expanded}} {{Turkey topics}} [[زمرو:عثماني سلطنت]] [[زمرو:ترڪي ۾ رياستي سربراهه]] [[زمرو:عثماني سلطنت جا سلطان]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ بادشاهن جون فهرستون]] [[زمرو:يورپ ۾ بادشاهن جون فهرستون]] [[زمرو:عثماني سلطنت سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:فهرستون]] [[زمرو:سياست]] [[زمرو:ترڪي سان لاڳاپيل فهرستون]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جي قديم تاريخ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي قديم تاريخ]] mgg7a2zj1uxvjdbuncl31nyw05rk2v2 0 16920 370529 370281 2026-04-07T16:00:53Z Intisar Ali 8681 370529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>[168]</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>[169]</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>[170]</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>[171]</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>[172]</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>[173]</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>[174]</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي.<ref>[175][176]</ref> ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>[177]</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>[178]</ref> آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي.<ref>[179]</ref> === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.»<ref>[180][181]</ref> </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.<ref>[182]</ref> [[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي.<ref>[183]</ref> === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري.<ref>[184]</ref> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.»<ref>[185]</ref> </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو.<ref>[186]</ref> === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن.<ref>[187]</ref> سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>[188]</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي.<ref>[189]</ref> تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو.<ref>[190]</ref> هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي.<ref>[191]</ref> هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[189]</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[192]</ref> جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’زنان‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون.<ref>[190]</ref> === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] 6416s3xg0yar0mnk3puefwjonvyq92t 370530 370529 2026-04-07T16:07:08Z Intisar Ali 8681 370530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>«اقتصاد اسلامي»، دفترِ حفظ و نشر آثارِ آيت الله خامنه‌اي، khamenei.ir. «اقتصاد اسلامي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1161&npt=8</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>«طراحي ماڊلِ تعاملي گونه‌هاي فرهنگِ سازماني»، فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامي.</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «اقتصاد مقاومتي، قرارگاه اقتصاد مقاومتي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=12471&npt=1</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «جهش توليد». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/search-result?q=%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B4%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF&nt=99,101,2,4,9,1,16,</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>[172]</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>[173]</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>[174]</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي.<ref>[175][176]</ref> ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>[177]</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>[178]</ref> آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي.<ref>[179]</ref> === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.»<ref>[180][181]</ref> </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.<ref>[182]</ref> [[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي.<ref>[183]</ref> === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري.<ref>[184]</ref> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.»<ref>[185]</ref> </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو.<ref>[186]</ref> === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن.<ref>[187]</ref> سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>[188]</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي.<ref>[189]</ref> تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو.<ref>[190]</ref> هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي.<ref>[191]</ref> هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[189]</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[192]</ref> جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’زنان‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون.<ref>[190]</ref> === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] m7hz4ngozxvjl5lj1k74vwmxpntbard 370531 370530 2026-04-07T16:17:21Z Intisar Ali 8681 370531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>«اقتصاد اسلامي»، دفترِ حفظ و نشر آثارِ آيت الله خامنه‌اي، khamenei.ir. «اقتصاد اسلامي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1161&npt=8</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>«طراحي ماڊلِ تعاملي گونه‌هاي فرهنگِ سازماني»، فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامي.</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «اقتصاد مقاومتي، قرارگاه اقتصاد مقاومتي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=12471&npt=1</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «جهش توليد». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/search-result?q=%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B4%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF&nt=99,101,2,4,9,1,16,</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>«ڪاميني چيو ته ايران کي جنگ روڪڻ لاءِ فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي»، رائيٽرز (Reuters). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/khamenei-says-iran-should-increase-military-might-to-prevent-war-idUSKBN2020B5/</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>«ڪاميني جي 2021ع جي پهرين تقرير: آمريڪي ڪمزوري ۽ ايراني خودانحصاري تي ٻيهر زور»، واشنگٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ (Washington Institute). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khameneis-first-speech-2021-reemphasizing-us-weakness-iranian-self-reliance</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>«قاسم سليماني جي قتل تي ’سخت بدلو‘: ’مناسب وقت‘ جيڪو نه آيو ۽ ’مناسب جاءِ‘ جيڪا نه ملي»، بي بي سي نيوز فارسي. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۱۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-55500811</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي<ref>«آمريڪا لاءِ اهڙو ايران آپشن جيڪو نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ٿو»، ايشيا ٽائمز. بائيگاني ڪيل: 17 جون 2018ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20060316201913/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC17Ak02.html</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>«ايران چوي ٿو ته يورينيم جي افزودگي روڪڻ وارو ناهي»، رائيٽرز. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-says-it-will-not-stop-uranium-enrichment-idUSTRE4941KO/</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو. آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي<ref>«نيڊ پرائس چوي ٿو ته خامنه‌اي جو فتويٰ آمريڪا جي ايٽمي هٿيارن تائين ايران جي رسائي روڪڻ بابت فيصلن جو ڪڏهن به بنياد نه رهيو آهي»، صدائے آمريڪا. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/us-iran-ned-price-khamenei-fatva/6394845.html</ref>. === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.»<ref>[180][181]</ref> </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.<ref>[182]</ref> [[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي.<ref>[183]</ref> === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري.<ref>[184]</ref> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.»<ref>[185]</ref> </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو.<ref>[186]</ref> === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن.<ref>[187]</ref> سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>[188]</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي.<ref>[189]</ref> تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو.<ref>[190]</ref> هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي.<ref>[191]</ref> هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[189]</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[192]</ref> جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’زنان‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون.<ref>[190]</ref> === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] b74ornqtc8rp1n0nyecq1wvfhkuy5te 370532 370531 2026-04-07T16:17:59Z Intisar Ali 8681 370532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>«اقتصاد اسلامي»، دفترِ حفظ و نشر آثارِ آيت الله خامنه‌اي، khamenei.ir. «اقتصاد اسلامي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1161&npt=8</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>«طراحي ماڊلِ تعاملي گونه‌هاي فرهنگِ سازماني»، فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامي.</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «اقتصاد مقاومتي، قرارگاه اقتصاد مقاومتي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=12471&npt=1</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «جهش توليد». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/search-result?q=%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B4%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF&nt=99,101,2,4,9,1,16,</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>«ڪاميني چيو ته ايران کي جنگ روڪڻ لاءِ فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي»، رائيٽرز (Reuters). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/khamenei-says-iran-should-increase-military-might-to-prevent-war-idUSKBN2020B5/</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>«ڪاميني جي 2021ع جي پهرين تقرير: آمريڪي ڪمزوري ۽ ايراني خودانحصاري تي ٻيهر زور»، واشنگٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ (Washington Institute). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khameneis-first-speech-2021-reemphasizing-us-weakness-iranian-self-reliance</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>«قاسم سليماني جي قتل تي ’سخت بدلو‘: ’مناسب وقت‘ جيڪو نه آيو ۽ ’مناسب جاءِ‘ جيڪا نه ملي»، بي بي سي نيوز فارسي. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۱۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-55500811</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي<ref>«آمريڪا لاءِ اهڙو ايران آپشن جيڪو نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ٿو»، ايشيا ٽائمز. بائيگاني ڪيل: 17 جون 2018ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20060316201913/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC17Ak02.html</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>«ايران چوي ٿو ته يورينيم جي افزودگي روڪڻ وارو ناهي»، رائيٽرز. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-says-it-will-not-stop-uranium-enrichment-idUSTRE4941KO/</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو. آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي<ref>«نيڊ پرائس چوي ٿو ته خامنه‌اي جو فتويٰ آمريڪا جي ايٽمي هٿيارن تائين ايران جي رسائي روڪڻ بابت فيصلن جو ڪڏهن به بنياد نه رهيو آهي»، صدائے آمريڪا. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/us-iran-ned-price-khamenei-fatva/6394845.html</ref>. === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.» </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.[[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري.<ref>[184]</ref> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.»<ref>[185]</ref> </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو.<ref>[186]</ref> === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن.<ref>[187]</ref> سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>[188]</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي.<ref>[189]</ref> تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو.<ref>[190]</ref> هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي.<ref>[191]</ref> هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[189]</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[192]</ref> جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’زنان‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون.<ref>[190]</ref> === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] ssjadkueexc28ae1m5dqtdc8e5fa4hv 370533 370532 2026-04-07T16:18:28Z Intisar Ali 8681 370533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>«اقتصاد اسلامي»، دفترِ حفظ و نشر آثارِ آيت الله خامنه‌اي، khamenei.ir. «اقتصاد اسلامي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1161&npt=8</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>«طراحي ماڊلِ تعاملي گونه‌هاي فرهنگِ سازماني»، فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامي.</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «اقتصاد مقاومتي، قرارگاه اقتصاد مقاومتي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=12471&npt=1</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «جهش توليد». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/search-result?q=%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B4%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF&nt=99,101,2,4,9,1,16,</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>«ڪاميني چيو ته ايران کي جنگ روڪڻ لاءِ فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي»، رائيٽرز (Reuters). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/khamenei-says-iran-should-increase-military-might-to-prevent-war-idUSKBN2020B5/</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>«ڪاميني جي 2021ع جي پهرين تقرير: آمريڪي ڪمزوري ۽ ايراني خودانحصاري تي ٻيهر زور»، واشنگٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ (Washington Institute). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khameneis-first-speech-2021-reemphasizing-us-weakness-iranian-self-reliance</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>«قاسم سليماني جي قتل تي ’سخت بدلو‘: ’مناسب وقت‘ جيڪو نه آيو ۽ ’مناسب جاءِ‘ جيڪا نه ملي»، بي بي سي نيوز فارسي. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۱۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-55500811</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي<ref>«آمريڪا لاءِ اهڙو ايران آپشن جيڪو نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ٿو»، ايشيا ٽائمز. بائيگاني ڪيل: 17 جون 2018ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20060316201913/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC17Ak02.html</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>«ايران چوي ٿو ته يورينيم جي افزودگي روڪڻ وارو ناهي»، رائيٽرز. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-says-it-will-not-stop-uranium-enrichment-idUSTRE4941KO/</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو. آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي<ref>«نيڊ پرائس چوي ٿو ته خامنه‌اي جو فتويٰ آمريڪا جي ايٽمي هٿيارن تائين ايران جي رسائي روڪڻ بابت فيصلن جو ڪڏهن به بنياد نه رهيو آهي»، صدائے آمريڪا. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/us-iran-ned-price-khamenei-fatva/6394845.html</ref>. === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.» </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.[[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري. هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.» </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو.<ref>[186]</ref> === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن.<ref>[187]</ref> سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>[188]</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي.<ref>[189]</ref> تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو.<ref>[190]</ref> هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي.<ref>[191]</ref> هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[189]</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[192]</ref> جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’زنان‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون.<ref>[190]</ref> === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] ck1xsb57ssgdgo5ow699zv2tymynknm 370534 370533 2026-04-07T16:20:14Z Intisar Ali 8681 370534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>«اقتصاد اسلامي»، دفترِ حفظ و نشر آثارِ آيت الله خامنه‌اي، khamenei.ir. «اقتصاد اسلامي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1161&npt=8</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>«طراحي ماڊلِ تعاملي گونه‌هاي فرهنگِ سازماني»، فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامي.</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «اقتصاد مقاومتي، قرارگاه اقتصاد مقاومتي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=12471&npt=1</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «جهش توليد». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/search-result?q=%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B4%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF&nt=99,101,2,4,9,1,16,</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>«ڪاميني چيو ته ايران کي جنگ روڪڻ لاءِ فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي»، رائيٽرز (Reuters). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/khamenei-says-iran-should-increase-military-might-to-prevent-war-idUSKBN2020B5/</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>«ڪاميني جي 2021ع جي پهرين تقرير: آمريڪي ڪمزوري ۽ ايراني خودانحصاري تي ٻيهر زور»، واشنگٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ (Washington Institute). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khameneis-first-speech-2021-reemphasizing-us-weakness-iranian-self-reliance</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>«قاسم سليماني جي قتل تي ’سخت بدلو‘: ’مناسب وقت‘ جيڪو نه آيو ۽ ’مناسب جاءِ‘ جيڪا نه ملي»، بي بي سي نيوز فارسي. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۱۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-55500811</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي<ref>«آمريڪا لاءِ اهڙو ايران آپشن جيڪو نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ٿو»، ايشيا ٽائمز. بائيگاني ڪيل: 17 جون 2018ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20060316201913/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC17Ak02.html</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>«ايران چوي ٿو ته يورينيم جي افزودگي روڪڻ وارو ناهي»، رائيٽرز. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-says-it-will-not-stop-uranium-enrichment-idUSTRE4941KO/</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو. آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي<ref>«نيڊ پرائس چوي ٿو ته خامنه‌اي جو فتويٰ آمريڪا جي ايٽمي هٿيارن تائين ايران جي رسائي روڪڻ بابت فيصلن جو ڪڏهن به بنياد نه رهيو آهي»، صدائے آمريڪا. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/us-iran-ned-price-khamenei-fatva/6394845.html</ref>. === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.» </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.[[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري. هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «در مخاطب‌شناسي دچار توهم بوديم». بائيگاني ڪيل: ۵ جولاءِ ۲۰۱۶ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20160811155132/http://farsi.khamenei.ir/others-note?id=24174</ref> </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو.<ref>[186]</ref> === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن.<ref>[187]</ref> سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>[188]</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي.<ref>[189]</ref> تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو.<ref>[190]</ref> هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي.<ref>[191]</ref> هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[189]</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[192]</ref> جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’زنان‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون.<ref>[190]</ref> === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] pumcrn6r9k74jwvvauhdofvw77apgle 370535 370534 2026-04-07T16:20:38Z Intisar Ali 8681 370535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>«اقتصاد اسلامي»، دفترِ حفظ و نشر آثارِ آيت الله خامنه‌اي، khamenei.ir. «اقتصاد اسلامي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1161&npt=8</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>«طراحي ماڊلِ تعاملي گونه‌هاي فرهنگِ سازماني»، فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامي.</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «اقتصاد مقاومتي، قرارگاه اقتصاد مقاومتي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=12471&npt=1</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «جهش توليد». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/search-result?q=%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B4%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF&nt=99,101,2,4,9,1,16,</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>«ڪاميني چيو ته ايران کي جنگ روڪڻ لاءِ فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي»، رائيٽرز (Reuters). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/khamenei-says-iran-should-increase-military-might-to-prevent-war-idUSKBN2020B5/</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>«ڪاميني جي 2021ع جي پهرين تقرير: آمريڪي ڪمزوري ۽ ايراني خودانحصاري تي ٻيهر زور»، واشنگٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ (Washington Institute). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khameneis-first-speech-2021-reemphasizing-us-weakness-iranian-self-reliance</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>«قاسم سليماني جي قتل تي ’سخت بدلو‘: ’مناسب وقت‘ جيڪو نه آيو ۽ ’مناسب جاءِ‘ جيڪا نه ملي»، بي بي سي نيوز فارسي. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۱۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-55500811</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي<ref>«آمريڪا لاءِ اهڙو ايران آپشن جيڪو نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ٿو»، ايشيا ٽائمز. بائيگاني ڪيل: 17 جون 2018ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20060316201913/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC17Ak02.html</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>«ايران چوي ٿو ته يورينيم جي افزودگي روڪڻ وارو ناهي»، رائيٽرز. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-says-it-will-not-stop-uranium-enrichment-idUSTRE4941KO/</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو. آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي<ref>«نيڊ پرائس چوي ٿو ته خامنه‌اي جو فتويٰ آمريڪا جي ايٽمي هٿيارن تائين ايران جي رسائي روڪڻ بابت فيصلن جو ڪڏهن به بنياد نه رهيو آهي»، صدائے آمريڪا. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/us-iran-ned-price-khamenei-fatva/6394845.html</ref>. === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.» </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.[[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري. هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «در مخاطب‌شناسي دچار توهم بوديم». بائيگاني ڪيل: ۵ جولاءِ ۲۰۱۶ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20160811155132/http://farsi.khamenei.ir/others-note?id=24174</ref> </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو. === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن.<ref>[187]</ref> سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>[188]</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي.<ref>[189]</ref> تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو.<ref>[190]</ref> هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي.<ref>[191]</ref> هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[189]</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[192]</ref> جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’زنان‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون.<ref>[190]</ref> === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] ql41ouomadltaprmda59azvaiz0f994 370536 370535 2026-04-07T16:25:51Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* عورتن بابت خيال */ 370536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>«اقتصاد اسلامي»، دفترِ حفظ و نشر آثارِ آيت الله خامنه‌اي، khamenei.ir. «اقتصاد اسلامي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1161&npt=8</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>«طراحي ماڊلِ تعاملي گونه‌هاي فرهنگِ سازماني»، فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامي.</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «اقتصاد مقاومتي، قرارگاه اقتصاد مقاومتي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=12471&npt=1</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «جهش توليد». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/search-result?q=%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B4%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF&nt=99,101,2,4,9,1,16,</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>«ڪاميني چيو ته ايران کي جنگ روڪڻ لاءِ فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي»، رائيٽرز (Reuters). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/khamenei-says-iran-should-increase-military-might-to-prevent-war-idUSKBN2020B5/</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>«ڪاميني جي 2021ع جي پهرين تقرير: آمريڪي ڪمزوري ۽ ايراني خودانحصاري تي ٻيهر زور»، واشنگٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ (Washington Institute). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khameneis-first-speech-2021-reemphasizing-us-weakness-iranian-self-reliance</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>«قاسم سليماني جي قتل تي ’سخت بدلو‘: ’مناسب وقت‘ جيڪو نه آيو ۽ ’مناسب جاءِ‘ جيڪا نه ملي»، بي بي سي نيوز فارسي. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۱۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-55500811</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي<ref>«آمريڪا لاءِ اهڙو ايران آپشن جيڪو نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ٿو»، ايشيا ٽائمز. بائيگاني ڪيل: 17 جون 2018ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20060316201913/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC17Ak02.html</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>«ايران چوي ٿو ته يورينيم جي افزودگي روڪڻ وارو ناهي»، رائيٽرز. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-says-it-will-not-stop-uranium-enrichment-idUSTRE4941KO/</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو. آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي<ref>«نيڊ پرائس چوي ٿو ته خامنه‌اي جو فتويٰ آمريڪا جي ايٽمي هٿيارن تائين ايران جي رسائي روڪڻ بابت فيصلن جو ڪڏهن به بنياد نه رهيو آهي»، صدائے آمريڪا. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/us-iran-ned-price-khamenei-fatva/6394845.html</ref>. === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.» </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.[[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري. هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «در مخاطب‌شناسي دچار توهم بوديم». بائيگاني ڪيل: ۵ جولاءِ ۲۰۱۶ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20160811155132/http://farsi.khamenei.ir/others-note?id=24174</ref> </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو. === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن. سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «حضور زنان در صحنه». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=4004</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي. تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو. هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي. هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>سعيديان، مريم؛ يراقي، سعيده. «راهکارهاي مقابله با فرهنگ غرب». پاسداري فرهنگ انقلاب اسلامي. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.sid.ir/paper/235526/</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو. جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’عورتن‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون<ref>Hughes، Donna M. «Women and Reform in Iran». University of Rhode Island.</ref>. === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] sn1imi40nxhexdf5wnfykw0q0ga9b2o 370537 370536 2026-04-07T16:35:57Z Intisar Ali 8681 370537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>«اقتصاد اسلامي»، دفترِ حفظ و نشر آثارِ آيت الله خامنه‌اي، khamenei.ir. «اقتصاد اسلامي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1161&npt=8</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>«طراحي ماڊلِ تعاملي گونه‌هاي فرهنگِ سازماني»، فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامي.</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «اقتصاد مقاومتي، قرارگاه اقتصاد مقاومتي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=12471&npt=1</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «جهش توليد». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/search-result?q=%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B4%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF&nt=99,101,2,4,9,1,16,</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>«ڪاميني چيو ته ايران کي جنگ روڪڻ لاءِ فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي»، رائيٽرز (Reuters). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/khamenei-says-iran-should-increase-military-might-to-prevent-war-idUSKBN2020B5/</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>«ڪاميني جي 2021ع جي پهرين تقرير: آمريڪي ڪمزوري ۽ ايراني خودانحصاري تي ٻيهر زور»، واشنگٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ (Washington Institute). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khameneis-first-speech-2021-reemphasizing-us-weakness-iranian-self-reliance</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>«قاسم سليماني جي قتل تي ’سخت بدلو‘: ’مناسب وقت‘ جيڪو نه آيو ۽ ’مناسب جاءِ‘ جيڪا نه ملي»، بي بي سي نيوز فارسي. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۱۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-55500811</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي<ref>«آمريڪا لاءِ اهڙو ايران آپشن جيڪو نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ٿو»، ايشيا ٽائمز. بائيگاني ڪيل: 17 جون 2018ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20060316201913/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC17Ak02.html</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>«ايران چوي ٿو ته يورينيم جي افزودگي روڪڻ وارو ناهي»، رائيٽرز. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-says-it-will-not-stop-uranium-enrichment-idUSTRE4941KO/</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو. آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي<ref>«نيڊ پرائس چوي ٿو ته خامنه‌اي جو فتويٰ آمريڪا جي ايٽمي هٿيارن تائين ايران جي رسائي روڪڻ بابت فيصلن جو ڪڏهن به بنياد نه رهيو آهي»، صدائے آمريڪا. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/us-iran-ned-price-khamenei-fatva/6394845.html</ref>. === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.» </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.[[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري. هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «در مخاطب‌شناسي دچار توهم بوديم». بائيگاني ڪيل: ۵ جولاءِ ۲۰۱۶ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20160811155132/http://farsi.khamenei.ir/others-note?id=24174</ref> </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو. === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن. سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «حضور زنان در صحنه». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=4004</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي. تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو. هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي. هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>سعيديان، مريم؛ يراقي، سعيده. «راهکارهاي مقابله با فرهنگ غرب». پاسداري فرهنگ انقلاب اسلامي. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.sid.ir/paper/235526/</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو. جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’عورتن‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون<ref>Hughes، Donna M. «Women and Reform in Iran». University of Rhode Island.</ref>. === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === ==== آمريڪا سان لاڳاپا ==== علي خامنه‌اي جي آمريڪا بابت پاليسي سندس تقريرن ۾ مستقل طور تي ظاهر ٿئي ٿي، جنهن ۾ هو آمريڪا سان سخت مخالفت جي اصول تي زور ڏئي ٿو. سندس خيال موجب آمريڪا جي «نظام» ۽ «ايراني عوام» سان دشمني ناقابلِ انڪار آهي. آمريڪا سان مذاڪرات بابت هو موقف اختيار ڪري ٿو ته آمريڪا ظاهري طور دلڪش واعدا ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيڪي عملي طور تي گهڻو ڪري پورا نٿا ٿين؛ تنهنڪري جيستائين ايران ايترو مضبوط نه ٿئي جو ڳالهين دوران آمريڪي دٻاءَ کي برداشت ڪري سگهي، تيستائين آمريڪا سان سڌيون ڳالهيون ڪرڻ مناسب ناهي. 1981ع ۾ تهران يونيورسٽي ۾ وڏي عوامي اجتماع دوران، جنهن ۾ محمد مصدق جي ياد ملهائي وئي ۽ سياسي تبديليءَ جا مطالبا ڪيا ويا، خامنه‌اي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ چيو ته: <blockquote> «اسان آليندي ۽ مصدق جهڙا لبرل ناهيون جو سي.آء.اي. اسان کي دٻائي سگهي.» </blockquote> هو برطانيا کي «خبيث انگلينڊ» جي اصطلاح سان ياد ڪري ٿو ۽ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته: <blockquote> «داعش ۽ القاعده کي استعماري قوتن، خاص طور خبيث انگلينڊ، اسلامي جمهوريه ۽ اسلامي بيداري خلاف ٺاهيو آهي.»<ref>[197]</ref> </blockquote> ساڳيءَ طرح، هو پاڪستان ۽ هندستان جي وچ ۾ ڪشمير بابت تڪرار جو ذميوار پڻ برطانيا کي قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[198]</ref> 2018ع ۾ عيدالفطر جي موقعي تي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ هن عوام جي غير ضروري پرڏيهي سفرن تي به تنقيد ڪئي. ان سلسلي ۾ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني سان منسوب هڪ بيان پڻ موجود آهي، جنهن ۾ آمريڪا سان لاڳاپن بابت اندروني بحثن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هي بيان هڪ انٽرويو جي وڊيو جي صورت ۾ سامهون آيو، جيڪو خامنه‌اي جي آفيس پاران آمريڪا تي ڀروسو ڪرڻ جي تنقيد جي پسمنظر ۾ جاري ٿيو. ==== اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم بابت خيال ==== خامنه‌اي اسرائيل جي رياست ۽ صهيونيزم جو مخالف آهي. 2000ع ۾ هن اسرائيل کي «هڪ ڪينسر جهڙو ڦوڙو» قرار ڏيندي چيو ته اهو علائقي مان ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي. 2015ع ۾ ايران جي ايٽمي پروگرام بابت عالمي معاهدي کان پوءِ، هن اظهار ڪيو ته: <blockquote> «اسرائيل ايندڙ 25 سال نه ڏسندو.» </blockquote> ساڳي وقت، هن وضاحت ڪئي آهي ته اسرائيل جي خاتمي بابت سندس بيان يهودي قوم جي تباهيءَ جو سڏ ناهي، ۽ ايران کي يهودين سان ڪو به اصولي اختلاف ناهي. سندس خيال ۾، مختلف مذهبن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهن کي اسرائيل جي مستقبل بابت فيصلا ڪرڻ جو حق هئڻ گهرجي. خارجي پاليسي جي لحاظ کان، خامنه‌اي اوڀر ۽ اولهه ٻنهي سان سفارتي لاڳاپا وڌائڻ جي حمايت ڪري ٿو—سواءِ آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي—۽ خاص طور پاڙيسري ملڪن ۽ اوڀر طرف توجهه ڏيڻ کي اوليت ڏئي ٿو.< ==== هولوڪاسٽ ==== 2014ع ۾ نوروز جي موقعي تي پنهنجي هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي هولوڪاسٽ بابت شڪ جو اظهار ڪيو. هن چيو: <blockquote> «هولوڪاسٽ هڪ اهڙو واقعو آهي جنهن جي حقيقت واضح ناهي، ۽ جيڪڏهن ٿيو به هجي ته اهو ڪيئن ٿيو، اهو به معلوم ناهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته: <blockquote> «يورپي ملڪن ۾ ڪو به هولوڪاسٽ بابت ڳالهائڻ جي همت نٿو ڪري» </blockquote> ۽ اهو پڻ بيان ڪيو ته اولهه ۾ هولوڪاسٽ بابت بحث ڪرڻ يا ان تي سوال اٿارڻ کي وڏو گناهه تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو. ==== صحابه محمد ۽ اسلامي دنيا جي وحدت بابت خيال ==== 2010ع ۾ خامنه‌اي هڪ فتوٰي جاري ڪيو جنهن مطابق محمد ﷺ جي ازواجن ۽ صحابه جي توهين حرام آهي. ايران ۾ اهڙين ڪيسن ۾ ماڻهن کي توهينِ مقدسات (سبّ النبي) جي الزام هيٺ سزا پڻ ڏني وئي آهي، جنهن ۾ موت جي سزا به شامل رهي آهي. هي فتوٰي سعودي عرب جي شيعه برادري جي هڪ استفتا جي جواب ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو هو اسلامي دنيا بابت، خامنه‌اي اتحاد، تعاون، ۽ مذهبي اختلافن کان پاسو ڪرڻ تي زور ڏئي ٿو. هن جي مطابق، مسلمانن جي وچ ۾ اتحاد قائم ٿيڻ سان انهن جي موجوده حالتن ۾ بهتري اچي سگهي ٿي. هن ان حوالي سان چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن اها وحدت پيدا ٿي وڃي، ته مسلمانن جي موجوده حالت اهڙي نه رهندي ۽ مسلمان عزت حاصل ڪندا. ’انگريزي شيعه‘ ۽ ’آمريڪي سني‘ هڪ ئي قينچي جا ٻه پٽ آهن؛ انهن جو مقصد مسلمانن کي پاڻ ۾ وڙهائڻ آهي.»<ref>[215]</ref> </blockquote> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] cwvkzmo1q7igm8du6ea6ekuq5150n2t 370538 370537 2026-04-07T16:37:58Z Intisar Ali 8681 370538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = {{ubl|[[آيت الله#گرينڊ آيت الله|گرينڊ آيت الله]]|[[سيد]]}} | native_name = <!--خامنئي آذربائيجاني ۽ فارسي نسل مان هو، ۽ هو فارسي ۽ آذربائيجاني ٻئي ٻوليون ڳالهائيندو هو. انهيءَ سبب سندس ڪيترائي مقامي نالا آهن ۽ اهي سڀ هتي نه رکڻ گهرجن.--> | image = Ali Khamenei Nowruz message official portrait 1397 02.jpg<!--اتفاقِ راءِ کان سواءِ تصوير نه بدلائجو--> | alt = 2017ع ۾ 77 ورهين جي خامنئي جي هڪ تصوير | caption = خامنئي 2017ع ۾ | order = ٻيون | office = ايران جو سپريم ليڊر | president = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | ''هو پاڻ'' | [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]] | [[محمد خاتمي]] | [[محمود احمدي نژاد]] | [[حسن روحاني]] | [[ابراهيم رئيسي]] | [[محمد مخبر]] (قائم مقام) | [[مسعود پزشڪيان]] }} | primeminister = [[مير حسين موسوي]]<br />(آگسٽ 1989ع تائين) | term_start = 4 جون 1989ع{{efn|6 آگسٽ 1989ع تائين [[Acting (law)|قائم مقام]]}} | term_end = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | predecessor = [[روح الله خميني]] | successor = [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي]] | order1 = ٽيون | office1 = ايران جو صدر | 1blankname1 = {{nowrap|سپريم ليڊر}} | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|روح الله خميني|''هو پاڻ''}} | 2blankname1 = وزيراعظم | 2namedata1 = مير حسين موسوي | term_start1 = 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | term_end1 = 16 آگسٽ 1989ع | predecessor1 = [[محمد علي رجائي]] | successor1 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني {{Collapsed infobox section begin|ٻيا عهدا جيڪي سنڀاليائين|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey}} | office2 = [[Expediency Discernment Council]] جو پهريون چيئرمين | appointed2 = روح الله خميني | predecessor2 = ''عهدو قائم ڪيو ويو'' | successor2 = اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني | term_start2 = 7 فيبروري 1988ع | term_end2 = 4 جون 1989ع | office3 = [[Assembly of Experts]] جو ميمبر | term_start3 = 15 آگسٽ 1983ع | term_end3 = 4 جون 1989ع | constituency3 = [[تهران صوبو]] | majority3 = 2,800,353 (87.8%)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344 |title=چه کسی در نخستین انتخابات خبرگان اول شد؟ +جدول ("Who came first in the first election of the Experts?" )|date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |website=mashreghnews.ir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024415/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/520344/%da%86%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%b3%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%ae%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%af-%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84 |archive-date=10 October 2017}}</ref> | office4 = [[اسلامي مشاورتي مجلس]] جو ميمبر | term_start4 = 28 مئي 1980ع | term_end4 = 13 آڪٽوبر 1981ع | constituency4 = [[تهران، ري، شميرانات ۽ اسلامشهر (انتخابي ضلعو)|تهران، ري ۽ شميرانات]] | majority4 = 1,405,976 (65.8%)<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament members |url=http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |publisher=[[Iranian Majlis]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707095033/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/parliament_member/show/762450 |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> | office5 = [[تهران جي جمعي نماز جو امام]] | term_start5 = 14 جنوري 1980ع | term_end5 = 28 فيبروري 2026ع | appointer5 = روح الله خميني | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|عبوري امام}} | 1namedata5 = {{Collapsible list|title=''فهرست ڏسو'' | [[احمد جنتي]] | [[احمد خاتمي]] | [[ڪاظم صديقي]] | [[علي موحدي ڪرماني]] | [[محمد حسن ابوترابي فرد]] | [[محمد جواد حاج علي اڪبري]] }} | predecessor5 = [[حسين علي منتظري]] | successor5 = خالي {{Collapsed infobox section end}} | birth_name = علي حسيني خامنئي | birth_date = {{birth date|1939|04|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[مشهد]]، [[ايران]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|02|28|1939|04|19|df=y}} | death_place = [[تهران]]، ايران | party = {{plainlist| * [[اسلامي ريپبلڪن پارٽي]] (1979ع–1987ع) * [[جنگجو روحاني تنظيم]] (1977ع–1989ع) * [[آزاد سياستدان|آزاد]] (1989ع–2026ع) }} | otherparty = | spouse = {{marriage|[[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]]|1964}} | children = 6، جن ۾ [[مصطفيٰ خامنئي|مصطفيٰ]]، [[مجتبيٰ خامنئي|مجتبيٰ]]، ۽ [[مسعود خامنئي|مسعود]] شامل آهن | father = [[جواد خامنئي]] | mother = خديجه ميردامادي | relatives = [[خامنئي خاندان]] | education = {{ubl|خراسان مدرسا|[[نجف مدرسا]]|[[قم مدرسا]]}} | signature = | website = {{URL|english.khamenei.ir}} | allegiance = <!-- اسلامي جمهوريه ايران --> | branch = {{ubli|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[اسلامي انقلابي گارڊ ڪور]]|[[غير منظم جنگي هيڊڪوارٽر]]}} | serviceyears = 1979ع–1989ع{{efn|سپريم ليڊر جي حيثيت ۾ هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي هٿياربند فوجن جي سپهه سالار طور سرگرم رهيو.}} | commands = {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جون هٿياربند فوجون]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[ايران-عراق جنگ]] ** [[آپريشن Samen-ol-A'emeh]]<ref name="raee">{{cite journal |last1=Raee |first1=Sajjad |editor1-last=Ardestani |editor1-first=Hussein |script-title=fa:نقش آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در دفاع مقدس: سال اول جنگ |journal=Negin-e Iran - Quarterly for Studies of Iran–Iraq War |date=Winter 2008 |volume=7 |issue=26 |pages=9–24 |url=http://www.negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |access-date=15 January 2018 |trans-title=Ayatollah Khamanei's Role in the Sacred Defense - During the First Year |language=fa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428015402/http://negineiran.ir/article_3502_e6259811d85ef09a0248f5e7f51ee64b.pdf |date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> * [[ٻارهن-ڏينهن واري جنگ]] * [[2026 ايران جنگ]]{{Assassinated|علي خامنئي جو قتل}} {{tree list/end}} | module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed=yes | main_interests = [[اسلامي فقہ جا اصول|اصول الفقه]]، [[تفسير]]<ref name="cgie"> Velayati, Ali Akbar. "Ayatollah Ali Khamenei". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017. </ref> | notable_ideas = [[علي خامنئي جو ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ|ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف فتويٰ]] | religion = [[اسلام]] | denomination = [[اثنا عشري|اثنا عشري شيعا]] | jurisprudence = [[جعفري]] | creed = [[اصولي]] | teacher = {{ubl|[[حسين بروجردي]]|روح الله خميني<ref name="cgie"/>}}}} | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Ali Khamenei speech at the Hussainiya of Lovers of Karbala, Sari - 14 October 1995 (13740722 2546).wav|title=علي خامنئي جو آواز|type=speech|description=خامنئي [[ساري، ايران|ساري]] ۾<br />حسينيه عاشقانِ ڪربلا ۾ ڳالهائيندي<br />رڪارڊ ٿيل 14 آڪٽوبر 1995ع}} | footnotes = | death_cause = [[علي خامنئي جو قتل|هوائي حملي ذريعي قتل]] }} ''' آيت الله سيد علي حسيني خامنائي''' (1939ع-2026ع) [[ايران]] جو ٻيو [[سپريم ليڊر]] (رهبر معظم 237) ھيو. پاڻ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو [[صدر]] بہ رهيو. [[اسلامي انقلاب]] کان اڳ ۽ شروع وارا ڪجهہ سال ”[[وزيراعظم]]“ جو بہ کين عھدو هيو جيڪو نئين آئين مطابق ختم ڪري وزيراعظم جون ڪيتريون ئي جوابداريون ملڪ جي صدر حوالي ڪيون ويون ۽ صدر جيڪو پھرين فقط نالي ماتر رهيو ٿي يعني علامتي سربراھ طور ۽ سندس ڪي خاص اختيار نہ هئا هاڻ انتظاميہ ۽ ریاست جو سربراھ آهي. هو ملڪ جو سڀ ۾ وڏو چونڊيل نمائندو آهي.<ref name="الطاف">[http://sindhitravelogues.blogspot.com/2011/02/blog-post_9639.html سنڌي سفرناما : خامنائي ۽ خاتمي - الطاف شيخ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> صدر کانسواءِ ملڪ جو ٻيو سربراه ”رهبر معظم ‎“ يعني سپريم ليڊر سڏجي ٿو. هو ملڪ جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي اٿارٽي مڃيو وڃي ٿو. [[امام خميني]] اسلامي جمهوريہ ايران جو پھريون [[سپريم ليڊر]] هو ۽ 1989ع ۾ سندس وفات کان پوءِ 28 فيبروري 2026ع تائين سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي ايران جو ٻيو سپريم ليڊر ٿيو. سندس تصويرون اڪيلي سر يا امام خميني سان گڏ جتي ڪٿي نظر اينديون. سپريم ليڊر گهڻو ڪري اهو ٿئي ٿو جيڪو عالم دين هجي. سيد علي حسيني خامنہ اي سپريم ليڊر ٿيڻ کان اڳ، امام خميني جي ڏينھن ۾ 1981ع کان 1989ع تائين ايران جو صدر ٿي رهيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> خامنائي مشهد، نجف ۽ قم جي حوزن ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، ۽ سيد محمدهادي ميلاني کان اجازۂ روايت حاصل ڪئي. پنهنجي نوجوانيءَ ۾ هو سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي سان واقف ٿيو, جيڪو هڪ طالب علم، جمعيت فدائيان اسلام جو باني ۽ اڳواڻ هو—۽ سندس اسلامي انقلابي ڪارروائين کان متاثر ٿيو.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017). ''The Ayatollahs and the Republic''.</ref> خامنائي 1957ع ۾ سيد روح الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ 1962ع ۾ سندس تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو. هن پهلوي حڪومت مخالف سرگرميون جاري رکيون ۽ ڇهه ڀيرا گرفتار ٿيو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> 1977ع ۾ ژاندارمري کيس ايرانشهر ۽ پوءِ جيرفت ڏانهن جلاوطن ڪيو، پر 1978ع ۾ احتجاجن سبب هو مشهد موٽي آيو. 1979ع جي انقلاب کان پوءِ خامنائي شوراي انقلاب جو رڪن، تهران جو امام جمعو، ۽ نائب وزير دفاع بڻيو. 1981ع ۾ هڪ ناڪام قاتلاڻي حملي سبب سندس ساڄو هٿ بيڪار ٿي ويو.<ref name="USHR2015">{{cite report |title=Iran 2015 Human Rights Report |author=United States Department of State |publisher=U.S. Department of State |year=2016 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214101328/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/253135.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2022 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> 1989ع ۾ خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ مجلس خبرگان کيس ايران جو ٻيون اڳواڻ چونڊيو. 1994ع کان پوءِ کيس شيعن جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ali Khamenei".</ref> اڳواڻ جي حيثيت سان خامنائي ايران جي جوهري پروگرام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تباهي آڻيندڙ هٿيارن کي حرام قرار ڏيڻ بابت فتويٰ جاري ڪئي. هن رياستي صنعتن جي نجڪاري ۽ ايران کي انرجي سپر طاقت بڻائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي.<ref>Baker, Lauren (2017).</ref> سندس دور ۾ ايران شام، عراق، يمن ۽ غزه جي جنگن ۾ محور مقاومت جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ روس–يوڪرين جنگ ۾ روس جي پٺڀرائي ڪئي.<ref>International political reports on Iran foreign policy.</ref> خامنائي اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم جو سخت نقاد هو ۽ فلسطينين جي حمايت ڪندو هو. سندس دور ۾ ايران اسرائيل ۽ سعودي عرب سان نيابتي جنگين ۾ ملوث رهيو.<ref>Middle East political analysis reports.</ref> خامنائي کي عمل پرست تندرو اڳواڻ طور سڃاتو ويندو آهي. هن سياسي مخالفن ۽ وچولي خيال وارن گروهن کي حاشيي تي ڌڪي ڇڏيو ۽ احتجاجن کي سختي سان دٻايو.<ref>Committee to Protect Journalists reports.</ref> 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا خامنائي ۽ سندس دفتر تي پابنديون وڌيون. مٿس مائيڪونوس قتلن ۽ آميا بم ڌماڪي ۾ ملوث هجڻ جا الزام پڻ لڳايا ويا.<ref>US Sanctions Reports 2019.</ref> آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي ايران تي حملن دوران تهران ۾ سندس دفتر نشانو بڻايو ويو.<ref>Iran International News, 2026.</ref> اسرائيلي عملدارن اعلان ڪيو ته خامنائي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي ۽ سندس موت جي تصديق ٿي وئي.<ref>Reuters News, 2026.</ref> ==ايراني انقلاب کان اڳ وارو دؤر== === ابتدائي زندگي === ==== پيدائش ۽ ننڍپڻ ==== [[File:The oldest photo of Ayatollah Khamenei at the age of one and a half 02.jpg|250px|سيد علي خامنائي جي ڏيڍ سال جي عمر ۾ نڪتل ھڪ تصوير]] [[سيد علي حسيني خامنائي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ پيدا ٿيو. سندس ڄمڻ جي تاريخ سڃاڻپ ڪارڊ موجب 24 [[تير]] 1318 هجري شمسي (16 جولاءِ 1939ع) درج آهي، پر پاڻ صحيح تاريخ 29 [[فروردين]] ساڳئي سال ٻڌائي ٿو.<ref name="ولايتي"> ولایتی، علی‌اکبر (۱۳۹۲). «خامنه‌ای، آیت‌الله سیدعلی». در موسوی بجنوردی، کاظم. دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. جلد ۲۱. تهران: مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی. ص ۶۷۳–۷۰۷. شابک ۹۷۸-۶۰۰-۶۳۲۶-۱۹-۱. </ref>سندس خاندان اصل ۾ [[آذري]] هو ۽ [[خامنه]] شهر سان تعلق رکندڙ هو.<ref name="OxfordIslam"> {{cite encyclopedia |title=Khameneʿi, ʿAlī |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_the_Islamic_W.html?id=oMDZAQAACAAJ |access-date=16 January 2023 }} </ref>سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، سندس ننڍپڻ غربت ۾ گذريو ۽ تقريباً پنجن سالن جي عمر تائين هو [[مشهد]] جي هڪ غريب پاڙي ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي گهر ۾ رهندو هو، جنهن ۾ صرف هڪ ڪمرو ۽ هڪ زيرزمين هو. بعد ۾ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] جي ڪجهه عقيدتمندن ان گهر جي ڀرسان زمين خريد ڪري تحفي طور ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ سندن گهر ۾ ٽي ڪمرا ٿي ويا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن تعليم چار سالن جي عمر ۾ پنهنجي وڏي ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] سان گڏ مڪتب ۾ قرآن سکڻ سان شروع ڪئي. پوءِ ڪجهه وقت بعد هن [[مشهد]] جي پهرين اسلامي اسڪول «دارالتعليم ديانتي» ۾ ابتدائي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. ان ئي زماني ۾ هن [[قرآن]] جي قرائت ۽ تجويد پڻ مشهد جي ڪجهه قاريئن کان سکڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> علي خامنائي اٺن ڀائرن ڀينرن ۾ ٻيو نمبر وڏو ٻار ھيو. هن جا ٻہ ٻيا ڀائر بہ هن وانگر ايران جا وڏا مذهبي عالم ھيا. سندس ننڍو ڀاءُ هادي خامنہ اي هڪ اخبار جو قابل ايڊيٽر ۽ مولوي ھيو. [[File:Childhood photo of Seyed Ali Khamenei.jpg|سيد علي خامنائي جي ننڍپڻ جي تصوير]] ==== ديني تعليم ==== [[خامنائي]] ديني تعليم چار سالن جي عمر کان گهر ۾ شروع ڪئي ۽ سندس پيءُ [[سيد جواد خامنائي]] سندس پهريون استاد هو، جنهن کيس قرآن سيکاريو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce, Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei.</ref> پنهنجي شوق ۽ والدين جي همٿ افزائي سان هن پنجين درجي ۾ پڙهندي [[مشھد]] جي سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ ابتدائي ديني تعليم شروع ڪئي. هن ڪجهه ابتدائي ڪتاب پنهنجي پيءُ وٽ پڙهيا. سندس چوڻ موجب 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ جڏهن [[نواب صفوي]] [[مشھد]] ۾ هو، تڏهن سليمان خان مدرسه ۾ پڙهائي سندس سياسي مستقبل تي گهڻو اثر وڌو.<ref>Hovsepian-Bearce.</ref> هن پوءِ [[نواب مدرسه]] ۾ تعليم جاري رکي ۽ اتي سطح جو نصاب مڪمل ڪيو. ساڳئي وقت هن حوزوي تعليم سان گڏ اسڪول جي تعليم به جاري رکي ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول جي ٻئي درجي تائين پڙهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[خامنائي]] [[معالم الاصول]] [[سيد جليل حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، [[شرح لمعه]] پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[ميرزا احمد حسيني سيستاني]] وٽ پڙهيو، ۽ [[فرائد الاصول]]، [[مڪاسب]] ۽ [[ڪفاية الاصول]] پڻ پنهنجي پيءُ ۽ [[هاشم قزويني]] وٽ پڙهيو. 1955ع ۾ هن [[سيد محمدهادي ميلاني]] وٽ درس خارج فقه ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. 1957ع ۾ هو مختصر سفر تي پنهنجي خاندان سان [[نجف]] ويو ۽ اتي [[نجف]] جي مدرسي جي مشهور عالمن جهڙوڪ [[سيد محسن حڪيم]]، [[سيد ابوالقاسم خويي]]، [[سيد محمود شاهرودي]]، [[ميرزا باقر زنجاني]] ۽ [[ميرزا حسن بجنوردي]] جا درس ٻڌا، پر پنهنجي پيءُ جي نجف ۾ رهڻ جي مخالفت سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو. ان ئي سال [[قم]] وڃڻ کان اڳ [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] کيس اجازۂ روايت ڏني.<ref name=" OxfordIslam"/> علي خامنائيءَ پرائمري تعليم دوران مذهبي تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ مدرسي ۾ پڙھڻ ويو. مشھد جي هن مدرسي ۾ ايران جون مشھور شخصيتون حاجي [[شيخ هاشم قاضيويني]] ۽ [[آيت الله ميلاني]] هن جا معلم رهيا. 1958ع جي آخر ۾، 19 سالن جي عمر ۾، [[خامنائي]] [[قم]] ويو. [[حوزه علميه قم]] ۾ پهچڻ بعد هو [[مدرسه حجتيه]] ۾ رهيو. قم ۾ رهائش دوران هن [[سيد حسين بروجردي]]، [[روح الله خميني]]، [[مرتضيٰ حائري يزدي]] ۽ [[سيد محمد محقق داماد]] کان فقه ۽ اصول، ۽ [[سيد محمدحسين طباطبائي]] کان فلسفو پڙهيو. هن هن دور ۾ گهڻو وقت پڙهڻ، تحقيق ۽ تدريس ۾ گذاريو ۽ 1958ع کان 1964ع تائين پنج سال [[قم]] ۾ رهيو. 1964ع ۾ پنهنجي پيءُ جي اک جي بيماري سبب هو [[مشهد]] واپس موٽي آيو ۽ اتي [[سيد هادي ميلاني]] جي درس ۾ شرڪت جاري رکي جيڪا 1970ع تائين جاري رهي.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="OxfordIslam"/>. === اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ سرگرميون === [[خامنائي]] جون سياسي سرگرميون سندس خاندان جي سياسي ۽ مذهبي پس منظر سان لاڳاپيل هيون، پر سندس نوجوانيءَ ۾ ٽي اهم سياسي واقعا ٿيا جن سندس سياسي سوچ تي اثر وڌو: [[شاه]] جون سماجي سڌارا، [[محمد مصدق]] طرفان ايران جي تيل جي قوميائي، ۽ [[نواب صفوي]] جي اسلامي تحريڪ سان واقفيت.<ref name="Hovsepian62"> {{cite book |last=Hovsepian-Bearce |first=Yvette |title=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |page=62 }} </ref> پهريون ڀيرو [[خامنائي]] هڪ شيعه روحاني جي سياسي سرگرمي تڏهن ڏٺي جڏهن [[سيد ابوالقاسم ڪاشاني]] [[مصدق]] جي تحريڪ جي حمايت ڪئي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> پر سندس چوڻ موجب سياست ۾ اچڻ جو اصل اثر تڏهن ٿيو جڏهن هن [[سيد مجتبيٰ نواب صفوي]] کي [[مشهد]] ۾ ڏٺو.<ref>Iran historical sources.</ref> نواب صفوي سان سندس واحد ملاقات 1952ع ۾ [[مشهد]] ۾ سندس تقرير دوران ٿي. خامنائي ان بابت چيو: «ان ئي وقت نواب صفوي اسان جي دل ۾ اسلامي انقلاب جي چنگاري وڌي.<ref name="Hovsepian62"/> [[خامنائي]] پاڻ کي [[روح الله خميني]] جو فقه، اصول، سياست ۽ انقلاب ۾ شاگرد سمجهندو آهي. سندس خميني سان پهرين ملاقات 1957ع ۾ ٿي، پر خميني جي سياسي شخصيت 1962ع ۾ [[انجمنن جي ايالتي ۽ ولايتي]] قانون جي معاملي دوران واضح ٿي. [[خامنائي]] خميني جي تحريڪ ۾ شامل ٿيو ۽ [[پهلوي]] حڪومت خلاف سرگرميون شروع ڪيون. [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کيس انهن پهرين ماڻهن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو جيڪي [[15 خرداد 1963]] جي تحريڪ کان اڳ [[خميني]] سان گڏ هئا. ان ريفرنڊم کان پوءِ [[خامنائي]] ۽ سندس ڀاءُ [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] کي [[محمدهادي ميلاني]] جو خط [[خميني]] تائين پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني وئي. ان کان پوءِ [[خميني]] کيس [[خراسان]] جي عالمن ۽ [[مشهد]] جي ماڻهن تائين پنهنجا پيغام پهچائڻ جي ذميواري ڏني، جن ۾ تحريڪ جي حڪمت عملي بيان ڪئي ويندي هئي. هڪ پيغام ۾ عالمن کي چيو ويو ته محرم جي ستين ڏينهن کان [[مدرسه فيضيه]] جي واقعي کي بيان ڪن ته جيئن [[پهلوي]] حڪومت جي مخالفن سان ورتل روين کي عوام آڏو واضح ڪيو وڃي.<ref>Iran political history sources.</ref> 1963 کان هن اسلامي تحريڪن ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. شھنشاھ پھلوي جو زمانو هو، جنھن کي اهي ڳالهيون پسند نہ هيون ۽ علي خامنائي کي ڪيترا دفعا جيل بہ وڃڻو پيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ====سياسي سرگرميون ۽ گرفتاريون==== [[File:خامنه‌ای زندان.jpg|thumb|250px|فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسرائيل جي بالادستي بابت تقرير سبب خامنه‌ای جي پهرين گرفتاري خرداد ۱۳۴۲ ۾ بيرجند ۾ ٿي.]] خامنائي [[خراسان]] جي ڪجهه شهرن جهڙوڪ [[بيرجند]] ۾ منبرن ۽ مجلسن ۾ تقريرون ڪندو هو، جتي هو فيضيه مدرسه تي حملي ۽ اسلامي معاشرن تي اسرائيل جي بالادستي جهڙن مسئلن بابت ڳالهائيندو هو. انهن تقريرن کان پوءِ پهلوي حڪومت کيس پهريون ڀيرو ۱۲ [[خرداد]] ۱۳۴۲ (2 جون 1963) تي بيرجند ۾ شهرباني وسيلي گرفتار ڪري جيل ۾ وڌو. ۱۵ خرداد ۱۳۴۲ جي احتجاجن کان پوءِ کيس بيرجند کان مشهد منتقل ڪري فوجي حراست واري هنڌ حوالي ڪيو ويو. هن گرفتاري دوران سندس قيد جو عرصو 10 ڏينهن ٻڌايو ويو آهي. جيل مان پهرين آزادي کان پوءِ، هو سيد هادي ميلاني جي گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪندو رهيو، جيڪي خميني جي تحريڪ کي سندس غير موجودگي ۾ جاري رکڻ لاءِ منعقد ٿينديون هيون — ڇو ته هو نظر بند هو — ۽ هن ميلاني سان پنهنجو رابطو برقرار رکيو. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو قم ويو ۽ اتي پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. [[سيد محمود طالقاني]]، [[يدالله سحابي]] ۽ [[مھدي بازرگان]] جي حمايت ۾، جيڪي سيد [[روح الله خميني]] جي حمايت سبب قيد هئا، هن انهن ڏانهن ٽيليگرام موڪليا. هن خراساني طلاب کي خميني جي نظر بندي خلاف احتجاج لاءِ اڳواڻي ڪئي ۽ ان وقت جي وزيراعظم [[حسن علي منصور]] کي خط لکيو<ref name="ولايتي"/>. سندس ٻي گرفتاري [[زاهدان]] جي سفر سان لاڳاپيل هئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۴۲ (جنوري 1963ع) ۾ هو پنهنجي ڪجهه دوستن سان گڏ [[ڪرمان]] ويو، ۽ ڪرمان ۾ ٽي ڏينهن رهڻ، تقريرون ڪرڻ ۽ شهر جي عالمن ۽ طالبن سان ملاقاتن کان پوءِ زاهدان روانو ٿيو. اتي پڻ سندس تقريرن ۽ سياسي سرگرمين سبب کيس ٻيهر شهرباني گرفتار ڪيو ۽ ۱۲ بهمن تي ساواڪ حوالي ڪيو ويو، ۽ اتان کيس [[تھران]] جي [[قزل قلعه جيل]] ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. خامنه‌ای ساڳئي سال [[اسفند]] ۾ هن شرط تي آزاد ٿيو ته هو تهران کان ٻاهر نه ويندو، ۽ 1979ع جي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي تائين هو هميشه پهلوي حڪومت جي سيڪيورٽي ادارن جي نگراني هيٺ رهيو. ۱۳۴۳ (1964) جي سرءُ ۾ مشهد واپس اچڻ کان پوءِ، پنهنجي والد جي سنڀال سان گڏ هن پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو. ۲۹ [[بھمن]] ۱۳۴۳ تي سيد روح الله خميني جي جلاوطني کان پوءِ، هن امير عباس هويدا کي خطاب ڪندي هڪ خط ذريعي احتجاج ڪيو. هن [[عبدالرحيم رباني شيرازي]]، [[محمد حسيني بهشتي]]، [[علي فيض مشڪيني]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، [[علي قدوسي]]، [[اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني]]، [[سيد محمد خامنائي]] ۽ [[محمد تقي مصباح يزدي]] جهڙن عالمن سان گڏ هڪ يارهن ڄڻن جي ٽولي ٺاهي، جنهن جو مقصد پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد ڪرڻ هو. هي ٽولو، جيڪو قم جي حوزہ علميه جي پهرين ڳجهي تنظيم طور سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ۱۳۴۵ (1966ع) جي آخر ۾ [[ساواڪ]] طرفان ظاهر ڪيو ويو، ۽ خامنائي به انهيءَ سبب تعاقب هيٺ آيو. هن دور ۾ خامنائي “اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل” نالي ڪتاب جو ترجمو ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. ساواڪ هن ڪتاب کي ضبط ڪيو پر کيس گرفتار نه ڪري سگهي. ڪجهه وقت کان پوءِ هو مسجد اميرالمؤمنين جو امام مقرر ٿيو. هن ۱۳۴۹ (1970ع) جي بهار ۾ گڏجاڻين جو هڪ سلسلو به منعقد ڪيو، جنهن جي جدوجهد جو بنياد اسلامي جهان بيني ۽ اسلامي نظريي جي ترتيب تي ٻڌل هو. سيد حسين قمي جي گرفتاري ۽ خامنه‌ای جي احتجاج کان پوءِ، ساواڪ کيس ٽيون ڀيرو ۱۴ فروردين ۱۳۴۶ تي [[مجتبيٰ قزويني]] جي جنازي جي موقعي تي گرفتار ڪيو. هو انهيءَ سال ۲۶ [[تير]] تائين حراست ۾ رهيو. [[File:Ebrat-Museum-Tehran-9.jpg|thumb |ساواڪ جي گڏيل دھشتگردي روڪ ڪميٽي جو جيل، جتي خامنائي جنوري 1975 کان سيپٽمبر 1975 تائين قيد رهيو۔]] ۱۳۵۰ کان ۱۳۵۳ (1971–1974ع) جي وچ واري عرصي ۾، خامنائي جا قرآن جي تفسير ۽ نظريي بابت درس مشهد جي ٽن مسجدن — مسجد ڪرامت، مسجد امام حسن ۽ مسجد ميرزا جعفر — ۾ ٿيندا هئا. انهن سرگرمين سبب ساواڪ دي ۱۳۵۳ (جنوري 1975ع) ۾ مشهد ۾ سندس گهر جي تلاشي ورتي، کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ سندس ڪيترائي نوٽس ۽ لکڻيون ضبط ڪيون. فروردين ۱۳۵۲ (اپريل 1973ع) ۾ خامنائي تبليغ لاءِ [[نيشاپور]] ويو ۽ اتي جي مسجدن ۾ گڏجاڻيون منعقد ڪيون. خرداد ۱۳۵۲ (جون 1973ع) ۾ ساواڪ مسجد امام حسن ۽ سندس گهر ۾ ٿيندڙ تفسير جون ڪلاسن بند ڪرائي ڇڏيون. آذر ۱۳۵۲ (ڊسمبر 1973ع) ۾ مشهد جي مسجد ڪرامت جي باني ۽ واقف جي دعوت تي هن اتي ٻيهر پنهنجون سرگرميون شروع ڪيون، پر ساواڪ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. آبان ۱۳۵۳ (نومبر 1974ع) ۾ محمد مفتح جي دعوت تي هن تهران جي مسجد جاويد ۾ تقرير ڪئي. [[دي]] ۱۳۵۳ ۾ کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو ويو ۽ تهران ۾ گڏيل مخالف تخريب ڪميٽي جي جيل ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو. سندس پنهنجي بيان موجب، قيد جو هي عرصو سندس لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيو ۽ سخت دور هو. آخرڪار، هو ۲ [[شھريور]] ۱۳۵۴ (24 آگسٽ 1975) تي جيل مان آزاد ٿيو<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. آزادي کان پوءِ هو مشهد موٽي آيو ۽ ٻيهر پنهنجي سياسي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو، پر کيس اڳين وانگر ڪلاس هلائڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي. ساواڪ طرفان پنهنجي پنجين گرفتاري بابت خامنائي لکي ٿو: {{quote|1969ع کان ايران ۾ هٿياربند جدوجهد جي تيارين جا آثار محسوس ٿيڻ لڳا هئا. اڳوڻي حڪومت جي ڪارروائي ڪندڙ ادارن جي حساسيت ۽ سختي به منهنجي حوالي سان وڌي وئي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن مختلف نشانين مان اندازو لڳايو هو ته اهڙي تحريڪ منهنجي جهڙن ماڻهن سان لاڳاپي کان سواءِ نٿي ٿي سگهي. 1971ع ۾ مون کي ٻيهر، پنجون ڀيرو، جيل موڪليو ويو. جيل ۾ ساواڪ جو تشدد وارو رويو صاف ظاهر ڪري رهيو هو ته حڪومت کي هٿياربند جدوجهد ڪندڙ تحريڪن جي اسلامي فڪر جي مرڪزن سان ڳنڍجڻ کان سخت خوف هو، ۽ اها ڳالهه قبول ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار نه هئي ته مشهد ۽ تهران ۾ منهنجون فڪري ۽ تبليغي سرگرميون انهن تحريڪن کان الڳ ۽ بي تعلق آهن. آزادي کان پوءِ، تفسير جي عام درس ۽ ڳجهن نظرياتي ڪلاسن جو دائرو وڌيڪ وڌي ويو.|<ref name="HamshahriBio">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه رهبرعالی قدر انقلاب |website=همشهری |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref>}} ====آخري گرفتاري ۽ جلاوطني==== [[سيد مصطفيٰ خميني]] جي وفات کان پوءِ جدوجهد وڌيڪ سنجيده ٿي وئي. پهلوي حڪومت به انهن سرگرمين جي ردعمل طور، سياسي کليل ماحول جي پاليسي جو اعلان ڪرڻ باوجود، مجاهدن کي دٻائڻ شروع ڪيو. هن پاليسي جي عملدرآمد کان پوءِ ڪجهه مشهور مجاهدن کي جلاوطني جي سزا ڏني وئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به شامل هو. 1977ع جي آخر ۾ پهلوي سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس گرفتار ڪيو ۽ خراسان جي سماجي سلامتي ڪميشن جي حڪم سان کيس ٽن سالن لاءِ [[ايرانشهر]] جلاوطن ڪيو ويو. پهلوي حڪومت جي آخري سالن تائين کيس ملڪ کان ٻاهر وڃڻ کان به روڪيو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ کيس عراق جي مقدس زيارتن لاءِ وڃڻ ۽ سيد روح‌الله خميني سان ملاقات ڪرڻ جي اجازت نه ڏني وئي هئي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 1978ع جي وچ ڌاري، جڏهن ايران جي انقلابي تحريڪ زور وٺي رهي هئي، تڏهن کيس جلاوطني مان آزاد ڪيو ويو ۽ هو مشهد موٽي آيو. ايرانشهر جي مسجد آل رسول ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ انقلابي سرگرمين ۽ مختلف ماڻهن جي سندس گهر اچ وڃ سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسز کيس سخت نگراني هيٺ رکيو. 9 اپريل 1978ع تي يزد ۾ ماڻهن جي قتل کان پوءِ، هن ان واقعي جي مذمت ۾ هڪ خط شايع ڪيو، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ ۾ اعلامي طور ورهايو ويو. 19 جولاءِ 1978ع تي جڏهن مشهد جي حوزي علميه جي طلبائن خامنه‌اي جي جلاوطني خلاف احتجاج ڪيو، ته پوليس ان احتجاج کي دٻائي ڇڏيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ولايتي جي مطابق دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامي ۾، خامنائي جي انقلابي ۽ عوامي سرگرمين سبب سندس جلاوطني جي جاءِ تبديل ڪري جي رفت ڪئي وئي. ان مطابق، 13 آگسٽ 1978ع تي کيس جي رفت جلاوطن ڪيو ويو، جتي هن پهلوي حڪومت خلاف پنهنجي سرگرمين کي جاري رکيو ۽ جامع مسجد ۾ تقريرون ڪيون، جن مان هڪ تقرير 6 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي ٿي. هن ملڪ جي حالتن ۽ پهلوي حڪومت خلاف جدوجهد بابت سيد [[علي محمد دستغيب]] کي خط پڻ لکيا ۽ ڪجهه حڪمت عمليون پڻ پيش ڪيون. هن دور ۾ هو ڳجهي نموني حڪومت خلاف انقلابي سرگرمين جاري رکڻ لاءِ ڪهنوج به ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> 23 سيپٽمبر 1978ع تي هو ڪهنوج مان نڪري مشهد ويو، جتي هن انقلابي معاملن جي تنظيم ۽ جدوجهد جاري رکي. جڏهن سيد روح‌الله خميني [[فرانس]] ۾ رهائش پذير هو، تڏهن هن خميني جي اتي موجودگي کي ماڻهن جي دلين ۾ اميد ۽ عزم پيدا ٿيڻ جو سبب قرار ڏنو ۽ آخرڪار خميني جي فرانس مان واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. مشهد ۾ رهائش دوران سندس انقلابي سرگرميون وڌيڪ تيز ٿي ويون ۽ هن حڪومت خلاف افشاگر تقريرون ڪيون. خميني به ساڻس رابطي ۾ هو ۽ هن سان ۽ صدوقي سان ملاقات جي خواهش ظاهر ڪئي. مشهد جي سعدآباد اسٽيڊيم ۾ ڪيل هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي خميني جي واپسي جو مطالبو ڪيو. [[مشھد]]، [[قوچان]]، [[شيروان]] ۽ [[بجنورد]] ۾ سياسي سرگرمين جي شدت سبب سيڪيورٽي فورسن کيس ٻيهر گرفتار ڪيو. ساواڪ جي دستاويزن ۾ کيس خراسان ۾ انقلاب جي نمايان اڳواڻن مان هڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. حرم امام رضا ۾ عاشورا جي رات واري خطبي دوران، اڳئين روايت جي ابتڙ، جنهن ۾ [[محمدرضا پهلوي]] لاءِ دعا پڙهي ويندي هئي، هن خطبو سيد [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي نالي سان پڙهيو ۽ مشهد ۾ عاشورا جي مظاهرن کي به منظم ڪيو. هو انهن ماڻهن مان به هو جن مشهد جي شاه رضا اسپتال تي حڪومتي اهلڪارن جي حملي خلاف احتجاج ۽ ڌرڻو ڏنو. هن خراسان جي گورنر هائوس جي ملازمن کي ماڻهن سان شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ مظاهرن ۾ به شرڪت ڪئي ۽ 31 ڊسمبر 1978ع تي ماڻهن جي قتل کي روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. 12 جنوري 1979ع تي خميني جي حڪم سان کيس اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن مان هڪ مقرر ڪيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ هن مشهد ڇڏيو ۽ تهران هليو ويو. ايران جي اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪاميابي جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ رفاه اسڪول ۾ رهائش اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، هو خميني جي استقبال لاءِ تشهير ڪميٽي جو ذميوار بڻيو. هن بختيار طرفان [[مھرآباد ايئرپورٽ]] بند ڪرڻ خلاف ڌرڻن ۽ بيانن ۽ قراردادون شايع ڪرڻ ۾ به اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. اهي ڌرڻا گهڻو ڪري [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] ۾ ٿيندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ هو گهڻو ڪري سيد روح‌ الله خميني جي دفترِ تبليغات جي ڪميٽي جو ذميوار رهيو ۽ سندس نالي سان هڪ رسالو شايع ڪرڻ جو ذمو به سنڀاليو، جنهن ۾ هن پاڻ به مقالا لکيا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===اسلامي انقلاب جا ابتدائي سال=== [[File:Paper news Khomeini made Council of the Islamic Revolution.jpg|thumb|روزنامه اطلاعات:امام خميني اسلامي انقلاب جي ڪائونسل تشڪيل ڏني]] آخرڪار روح‌الله خميني 13 جنوري 1979ع تي انقلاب جي رهبري لاءِ ايران جي [[اسلامي انقلابي ڪائونسل]] قائم ڪئي، ۽ ان جي ٻئي ڏينهن محمدرضا شاه ملڪ ڇڏي هليو ويو. شاه جي نڪرڻ ۽ شاپور بختيار جي حڪومت جي ناڪامي کان پوءِ، خميني 1 فيبروري تي [[فرانس]] جي جلاوطني مان ايران واپس آيو، ۽ 4 فيبروري تي فوج جي غيرجانبداري جي اعلان کان پوءِ مهدي بازرگان جي وزيراعظم ٿيڻ سان ايران جي عبوري حڪومت قائم ٿي. آخرڪار 11 فيبروري 1979ع تي انقلاب ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====انقلابي ڪائونسل==== اسلامي جمهوريه ۾ خامنائي جي شروعاتي ڪردارن مان هڪ سندس انقلابي ڪائونسل ۾ رڪنيت ۽ سرگرمي هئي. هي ڪائونسل [[روح‌الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان نومبر 1978ع جي شروعات کان قائم ٿي ۽ ان جا ميمبر تدريجي طور سندس طرفان چونڊيا ويا، ۽ سرڪاري طور 12 جنوري 1979ع تي قائم ٿي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جنوري 1979ع جي آخر ۾ خامنه‌اي مرتضيٰ مطهري جي تجويز تي انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪرڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش سوم) دوران کودکی و مدرسه |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |archive-date= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ان وقت ڪائونسل اهم فيصلن جي ذميوار هئي، جن ۾ پهلوي حڪومت جي اهلڪارن ۽ پرڏيهي ملڪن جي اهلڪارن سان ڳالهين شامل هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ميمبرن جي ترتيب ۾ ان جي چار دورن دوران ڪيترائي ڀيرا تبديليون ٿيڻ باوجود، ۽ 20 جولاءِ 1980ع تي ان جي سرگرمين جي پڄاڻي تائين، خامنه‌اي ان جو مستقل ميمبر رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> جولاءِ 1979ع جي آخر ۾ عبوري حڪومت ۽ انقلابي ڪائونسل جي ضم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ڪائونسل جا ڪجهه ميمبر مختلف وزارتن ۾ شامل ٿيا ۽ خامنه‌اي کي وزارت دفاع ۾ انقلابي معاملن جو نائب مقرر ڪيو ويو. <ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش دهم)- راهیابی به حلقه خاص خمینی |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17_khamenei_biography_32/24689962.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ان وقت مصطفيٰ چمران وزير دفاع هو. کيس سيڪيورٽي وزيرن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر پڻ مقرر ڪيو ويو، جيڪا پوليس، فوجي ۽ سيڪيورٽي معاملن جي نگراني ۽ ذميواري سنڀاليندي هئي. انقلابي ڪائونسل طرفان سندس ٻين ذميوارين ۾ دستاويزن جي مرڪز جي ذميواري ۽ 24 نومبر 1979ع تي اسلامي انقلابي پاسداران سپاه جي نگراني شامل هئي. هن 24 فيبروري 1980ع تي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ سبب سپاه جي نگراني جي ذميواري تان استعيفيٰ ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ريڊيو فردہ">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش یازدهم)-جبهه‌گیری در برابر اولین رئیس‌جمهوری منتخب ایران |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مجلس جي نمائندگي==== [[File:President Ali Khamenei speech at 2nd legislature of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Cropped).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي اسيمبلي ۾ تقرير ڪندي]] مارچ 1980ع ۾ اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين چونڊن لاءِ اميدوار ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي کي هڪ وڏي اتحاد جي حمايت حاصل ٿي جنهن ۾ [[جامعه روحانيت مبارز تهران]]، [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] ۽ ٻيون ڪيترائي اسلامي تنظيمون ۽ گروهه شامل هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/> مئي 1980ع ۾ [[فخرالدين حجازي]]، [[حسن حبيبي]]، [[مھدي بازرگان]] ۽ [[علي اڪبر معين‌فر]] کان پوءِ، [[تھران]] جي چونڊ تڪ ۾ پنجين نمبر تي اچي اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي پهرين دور ۾ چونڊيو ويو. <ref name=" ريڊيو فردہ"/> پارليامينٽ ۾ هو دفاعي معاملن جي ڪميشن جو ميمبر ۽ چيئرمين هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس نمائندگي دوران اهم موقفن مان هڪ ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت لاءِ سياسي طور نااهل قرار ڏيڻ واري تجويز جي حمايت ۾ سندس تقريرون هيون.<ref>{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوازدهم)-در مجلس اول علیه بنی‌صدر»، رادیوفردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b17-khamenei-biography-12/24732052.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی }}</ref> 22 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي ايران-عراق جنگ شروع ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ۽ جنگي محاذن تي موجودگي سبب هو پارليامينٽ جي اجلاس ۾ گهٽ شرڪت ڪندو هو، ۽ 27 جون 1981ع تي سخت زخمي ٿيڻ کان پوءِ هو رڳو ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پارليامينٽ ۾ حاضر ٿيو. آڪٽوبر 1981ع جي صدارتي چونڊن ۾ چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ هن پارليامينٽ ڇڏي.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ====جمعي جي نماز جي امامت==== [[File:Jumu'ah pray Ali Kamenei as Jumu'ah Imam.jpg|thumb|تھران ۾ جمعي جي نماز جو خطبو ڏيندي]] خامنائي کي تھران ۾ جمعي نماز جي امام آيت الله حسين علي منتظري جي 1979 ۾ استيفا ڏيڻ بعد<ref name="الطاف"/> 13 جنوري 1980ع تي روح‌الله خميني طرفان تهران جو امام جمعه مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> گذريل چاليهه سالن ۾ سندس امامت جمعه جي دور کي ٽن دورن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو، جن دوران هن 240 کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا نماز پڙهائي. پهريون دور 18 جنوري 1980ع کان 27 جون 1981ع تي سندس خلاف حملي تائين جاري رهيو. ٻيون دور حملي کان ڪجهه مهينا پوءِ کان وٺي سندس رهبر چونڊجڻ تائين جاري رهيو.<ref name=" ھمشھر "/> هن دور دوران 15 مارچ 1985ع تي سندس امامت هيٺ جمعي جي نماز دوران بم ڌماڪو ٿيو جنهن ۾ 14 ماڻهو مارجي ويا ۽ 88 زخمي ٿيا.<ref name="تسنيم">{{cite web |title=خامنه‌ای به جوانان فرانسه: از رئیس‌جمهورتان بپرسید چرا تردید در هولوکاست، جُرم اما اهانت به پیامبر آزاد است؟ |website=تسنیم |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com |publisher=خبرگزاری تسنیم |language=فارسی }}</ref> ٽيون دور سندس رهبري جي دور کان اڄ تائين جاري آهي. 17 جون 2019ع جي جمعي جي نماز فيبروري 2012ع کان پوءِ سندس پهرين جمعي جي نماز هئي.<ref name="ھمشھر">{{cite web |title=تصویر اولین حضور آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای در نماز جمعه تهران | ۲۴۰ بار اقامه نماز در ۴۰ سال |website=همشهری آنلاین |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir |publisher=همشهری آنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ====مسجد ابوذر ۾ قاتلاڻو حملو==== 27 جون 1981ع تي تقرير دوران خامنائي تي قاتلاڻو حملو ڪيو ويو. ان وقت هو اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر ۽ تهران جو امام جمعه هو. هي حملو پارليامينٽ طرفان ابوالحسن بني‌صدر کي صدارت تان هٽائڻ کان لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هفتي پوءِ ٿيو. هن واقعي کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ تهران ۾ اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي جي مرڪز تي ڌماڪي ۾ پارٽي جا ڪيترائي ميمبر، جن ۾ [[سيد محمد بهشتي]] به شامل هو، مارجي ويا. <ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=ترور علی خامنه‌ای، ۳۵ سال بعد |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی }}</ref> [[File:Ayatolla Ali Khamenei in Hospital after Assassination by khamenei.ir02.jpg|thumb|آيت الله علي خامنائي قاتلاڻي حملي بعد اسپتال ۾ ]] ٽيپ رڪارڊر جنهن جي اندر بم رکيل هو، تقرير ڪندڙ جي کاٻي پاسي دل جي ويجهو رکيو ويو هو. هڪ محافظ ٽيپ رڪارڊر کي ٿورو ساڄي پاسي منتقل ڪيو ۽ خامنه‌اي به مائيڪروفون کان پري ٿي ويو. تقرير شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه منٽن پوءِ بم ڌماڪو ٿيو. خامنائي سخت زخمي ٿي بيهوش ٿي ويو. کيس بهارلو اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو ۽ پوءِ وڌيڪ علاج لاءِ تهران هارٽ اسپتال منتقل ڪيو ويو. هڪ محافظ چيو ته جڏهن هو ٽربيون وٽ پهتو ته هن ٽيپ رڪارڊر جي اندروني ڀت تي لکيل ڏٺو: "اسلامي جمهوريه لاءِ فرقان گروپ جو پهريون عيد جو تحفو!". ڊاڪٽرن سندس ساڄي هٿ جي چمڙي جي مرمت ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي، پر سندس ساڄو هٿ ڪم ڪرڻ کان محروم ٿي ويو. <ref name="RadioFarda3">{{cite web |title=زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش چهاردهم)- روزی که خامنه‌ای ترور شد»، رادیو فردا |website=رادیو فردا |url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/f3_khamenei_biography_third_section/24562488.html |publisher=رادیو فردا |language=فارسی |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[احمد قديريان]] هن حملي کي [[جواد قديري]] ۽ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم جو ڪم قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref name="خبر">{{cite web |title=عامل و طراح سوءقصد به جان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسی بود؟ / شباهت‌های دو گروه تروریستی |website=خبرآنلاین |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir |publisher=خبرآنلاین |language=فارسی }}</ref> ايرج مصداقي، قديري نالي ڪنهن شخص جي موجودگي کي رد ڪندي، هن حملي جو ذميوار اروج اميرخان‌زاده نالي شخص کي قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو [[رهروان فرقان]] گروپ جو ميمبر هو. اميرخان‌زاده چيو هو ته هن رهروان فرقان جي بنياد وجهڻ ۾ ايرج افشاري نالي هڪ ٻئي شخص سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي هئي.<ref name="BBC"></ref> ====ايران-عراق جنگ دوران==== [[File:Ali Khamenei (right) in trench during Iran-Iraq war.jpg|thumb|ايران عراق جنگ دوران علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ ساڄي پاسي کان) ھڪ خندق ۾ ويٺل]] [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] جي مطابق، خامنائي [[ايران عراق جنگ]] جي شروعاتي ڪلاڪن کان ئي جنگي معاملن ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. [[عراق]] جي ايران تي حملي جي ڪجهه ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ هن ريڊيو تان عراق جي فوج جي حملي بابت پهريون اطلاع جاري ڪيو. 27 سيپٽمبر 1980ع تي هو جنگي محاذن تي ويو ته جيئن محاذن جي صورتحال ۽ انهن علائقن ۾ ايراني فوجن جي امڪانن بابت رپورٽ تيار ڪري، جن تي عراقي فوج حملو ڪيو هو، ۽ دشمن سان مقابلي لاءِ فوجن جي تنظيم ۾ مدد ڪري. ان بنياد تي هو ڏاکڻي محاذ ڏانهن ويو ۽ 1981ع جي بهار جي وچ تائين اتي رهيو. ان کان پوءِ هو اولهه واري محاذ تي به حاضر رهيو. محاذن تي سندس موجودگي مڪمل وقت لاءِ نه هوندي هئي؛ هو جمعي جي نماز پڙهائڻ جهڙن ڪمن لاءِ تهران ايندو ويندو رهندو هو. محاذن تي سندس گهڻو وقت غير منظم جنگن جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي هدايت، پٺڀرائي ۽ آپريشنن جي منصوبابندي ۾ گذرندو هو. هن هيڊڪوارٽر جي ڪاررواين مان هڪ، جنهن ۾ خامنه‌اي جو ڪردار هو، ٽينڪن کي تباهه ڪرڻ لاءِ خاص فوجي گروهن جي ٺهڻ هئي. [[خرمشهر]]، [[آبادان]] ۽ [[سوسنگرد]] جي محاذن جي مدد ۾ هن مؤثر ڪردار ادا ڪيو ۽ سپاه پاسداران ۽ بسيج جهڙين عوامي فوجي قوتن کي مضبوط ڪرڻ ۽ انهن جي فني ۽ سامان جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. سندس ٻين ڪوششن مان هڪ سپاه ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ محاذن ۽ فوجي آپريشنن ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ هئي. [[روح‌ الله خميني]] جي حڪم سان 12 آڪٽوبر 1980ع تي اعليٰ قومي دفاع ڪائونسل سڀني جنگي معاملن جي ذميواري سنڀالي، ۽ 10 مئي 1980ع تي خامنه‌اي هن ڪائونسل ۾ خميني جو نمائندو ۽ ان جو ترجمان مقرر ٿيو. هن عرصي دوران هو جنگي معاملن ۾ خميني جو صلاحڪار پڻ هو. خامنه‌اي آبادان جي گهيري کي ٽوڙڻ واري آپريشن ۾ سڌي طرح موجود هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:Ayatollah Khamenei Visiting Division 31 of Ashura in 1988 by Khamenei.ir 12 (c).jpg|thumb|آيت الله خامنائي 1988ع ۾ ايراني فوج جي 31ھين ڊويزن جي دوري دوران]] [[ابوالحسن بني‌صدر]] جي دعويٰ مطابق، جيڪو ان وقت هٿياربند فوجن جو سپهه سالار هو، خامنائي ڪرخائي ڪور جي جنگ ۾ محاذ تي موجود هو، پر آپريشن واري علائقي مان سندس نڪرڻ سبب فوجين جو حوصلو ڪمزور ٿيو ۽ ڪجهه سپاهي ڀڄي ويا.<ref>{{cite web |title=بنی صدر: آقای خامنه‌ای از روحانیان انقلابی خیلی عقب‌تر بود |website=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |publisher=بی‌بی‌سی |language=فارسی |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901140325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2011/09/110916_l13_banisadr_interview_on_khamenei.shtml |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ٻي طرف، مشرق نيوز ويب سائيٽ اميرحسين ثابتِي جي حوالي سان دعويٰ ڪري ٿي ته جنگ دوران اهڙو ڪو واقعو پيش نه آيو هو ۽ ڪنهن به مجاهد جي يادگيرين ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه جو ذڪر موجود نه آهي. اهو پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو ته 1981ع ۾ پارليامينٽ جي ڪجهه ميمبرن خامنائي کان جنگ جي ناڪامي بابت سوال ڪيو هو، نه ته سندس مبينا فرار بابت. ان حوالي سان اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي جي 21 جون 1981ع واري اجلاس ۾ خامنائي چيو: «ان واقعي ۾ ڪو به قصوروار نه هو؛ سڀني پنهنجي پوري ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ مون ڪا به غداري نه ڏٺي.» <ref>{{cite web |title=دروغ‌های بنی صدر پیرامون امام خامنه ای |website=مشرق نیوز |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/68892/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C |publisher=مشرق نیوز |language=فارسی }}</ref> 1988ع جي اونهاري ۾ [[ايران]] طرفان [[گڏيل قومن جي سلامتي ڪائونسل]] جي قرارداد 598 قبول ڪرڻ سان جنگ ختم ٿي وئي. [[سلامتي ڪائونسل جي قرارداد نمبر 598|قرارداد 598]] جي قبوليت 17 جولاءِ 1988ع تي هڪ اجلاس ۾، جنهن جي صدارت خامنائي ڪري رهيو هو ۽ جنهن ۾ اعليٰ حڪومتي عملدار موجود هئا، منظور ڪئي وئي، ۽ خميني به ان کي قبول ڪيو. ان فيصلي کان پوءِ خامنائي، صدر جي حيثيت سان، 18 جولاءِ 1988ع تي گڏيل قومن جي ان وقت جي سيڪريٽري جنرل خاوِير [[پيريز ڊي ڪوئيار]] کي خط لکي ايران طرفان قرارداد 598 جي قبوليت جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[عراق ايران جنگ]] ۾ علي خامنائي جنگ جي ميدان ۾ هڪ بم ڦاٽڻ تي شديد زخمي ٿي پيو. هن کي ”زندھ شھيد“ جي لقب سان سڏيو ويندو ھيو.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==جمھوري رياست دوران== [[File:Ali Khamenei first presidency decree by Rohullah Khomeini (8).jpg|thumb|1981ع ۾ خامنائي جي صدارتي حڪم جي نفاذ جي تقريب]] [[محمد علي رجائي]]، ايران جي ٻئي صدر، جي قتل کان پوءِ [[اسلامي جمهوريه پارٽي]] جي مرڪزي ڪائونسل ۽ [[قم]] جي ديني علميه جي عالمن جي جماعت گڏيل طور خامنائي کي صدارتي اميدوار طور چونڊيو. [[روح‌ الله خميني]]، جيڪو عالمن جي صدر ٿيڻ جي حق ۾ نه هو، تنهن هوندي به سندس اميدواري جي منظوري ڏني. چونڊن ۾ سندس اهم حامين مان هڪ امام خط جي قوتن جو وڏو اتحاد هو. چونڊون 2 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي ٿيون ۽ خامنائي اڪثريت ووٽ (95.11٪) حاصل ڪري صدر چونڊيو ويو. 9 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي روح‌ الله خميني سندس صدارتي مقرري جي توثيق ڪئي ۽ 13 آڪٽوبر تي هن اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي ۾ ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جي ٽئين صدر طور حلف کنيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 19 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي خامنائي [[علي اڪبر ولايتي]] کي وزيراعظم طور اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي آڏو پيش ڪيو، پر هو نمائندن جي اڪثريت حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. 26 آڪٽوبر 1981ع تي هن ميرحسين موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو ۽ موسوي نمائندن جي اڪثريت ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> [[File:Ali Khamenei (Left) - Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Right) (2).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي (تصوير ۾ کاٻي پاسي) مير حسن موسوي سان گڏ ويٺل ]] خامنائي پنهنجي صدارت اهڙي وقت شروع ڪئي جڏهن صدارتي اداري وٽ مناسب انتظامي ڍانچو موجود نه هو. صدر جي مدد لاءِ صلاحڪار گروهه ۽ ورڪنگ گروهه اڃا ٺهيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب صدارتي اداري جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ ڪيترائي مسئلا پيدا ٿيا. آهستي آهستي صدارتي دفتر ڪيترن ئي صلاحڪارن ۽ ورڪنگ گروهن سان گڏ ٺهيو. شروعات ۾ خامنائي پنهنجي ڪوششن جو هڪ حصو صدارتي دفتر ۽ صدارتي اداري جي ڍانچي کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ وقف ڪيو. بعد ۾ صدر جي اختيارن ۽ ذميوارين جي وضاحت ۾ ابهام سبب—جنهن جي کوٽ پهرين دور دوران وزيراعظم سان لاڳاپن ۾ ظاهر ٿي—صدر جي اختيارن بابت قانون تيار ڪيو ويو ۽ 6 مئي 1986ع تي [[اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي]] طرفان منظور ڪيو ويو. خامنائي ۽ موسوي مختلف معاملن ۾ اختلاف راءِ رکندا هئا، جن ۾ معاشي پاليسي ۽ وزيرن جي چونڊ شامل هئي. سيد [[مصطفيٰ مير سليم]] جي مطابق، خامنائي جو خيال هو ته نجي شعبي کي معاشي سرگرمين ۾ وڌيڪ حصو وٺڻ گهرجي، جڏهن ته موسوي ان جي مخالفت ڪندو هو<ref>خبرآنلاین، «روایت میرسلیم از اختلاف نظرها بین خامنه‌ای و موسوی»، خبرگزاری خبرآنلاین.</ref>. انهن اختلافن سبب صدارتي دور جي پهرين چئن سالن ۾ خامنائي ٻيهر صدارتي چونڊن ۾ حصو وٺڻ نه پئي چاهيو، پر جڏهن خميني ان کي سندس شرعي ذميواري قرار ڏنو، تڏهن هن چوٿين صدارتي چونڊن ۾ اميدوار ٿيڻ جو فيصلو ڪيو ۽ خميني کان درخواست ڪئي ته کيس وزيراعظم جي چونڊ ۾ آزاد ڇڏيو وڃي، جنهن کي خميني قبول ڪيو.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> ٻيهر صدر چونڊجڻ کان پوءِ، جڏهن وزيراعظم جي چونڊ جو وقت آيو ۽ اهو واضح ٿيو ته هو ڪنهن ٻئي شخص کي وزيراعظم بڻائڻ چاهي ٿو، ته ڪجهه فوجي اڳواڻن، جن جي اڳواڻي محسن رضائي ڪري رهيو هو، خميني کي ٻڌايو ته جنگي محاذن تي اڳڀرائي ميرحسين موسوي جي ٻيهر وزيراعظم ٿيڻ تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> خميني جنگ جي ضرورتن سبب هن راءِ کي قبول ڪيو ۽ خامنائي کي حڪم ڏنو ته موسوي کي وزيراعظم طور پيش ڪري. پنهنجي مخالفت جي باوجود، خامنه‌اي موسوي کي پارليامينٽ آڏو پيش ڪيو. پارليامينٽ جي 99 ميمبرن موسوي جي وزارت عظميٰ خلاف ووٽ ڏنو، ۽ خامنائي هڪ تقرير ۾ چيو: «اهي 99 ماڻهو نه آهن، مون سان گڏ اسين هڪ سئو آهيون.» <ref>خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «بازخوانی یک واقعه تاریخی / رئیس‌جمهوری که مظلوم بود و به مخالفت با ولایت متهم شد»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/80674248</ref> صدارت جي ٻئي دور دوران صدر ۽ وزيراعظم جي وچ ۾ اختلاف جاري رهيا ۽ ڪجهه معاملن ۾، جهڙوڪ ڪابينا جي ميمبرن جي چونڊ ۾، وڌيڪ وڌي ويا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> پنهنجي ستن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، جيڪو جنگ جي دور سان گڏ هو، هن پنهنجي گهڻين پرڏيهي ڳالهين کي امن وفدن سان ڳالهين لاءِ وقف ڪيو، جيڪي ثالثي لاءِ مقرر ڪيا ويا هئا. پنهنجي صدارت دوران، خميني جي جنگي محاذن تي وڃڻ جي مخالفت سبب، هو رڳو محدود دورا ڪندو هو. هن دور ۾ خامنه‌اي جنگي پٺڀرائي جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو سربراهه هو. هي ڪائونسل 1986ع ۾ جنگ جي خاص حالتن سبب قائم ڪئي وئي ته جيئن ملڪ جي وسيلن کي بهتر نموني جنگ جي خدمت ۾ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ۽ جنگي محاذن جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي ۽ وسيلن جي بهتر تنظيم ڪئي وڃي. 8 فيبروري 1988ع تي سندس استفسار جي جواب ۾ خميني اعلان ڪيو ته هن ڪائونسل جا فيصلا جنگ جي پڄاڻي تائين لازمي طور نافذ هوندا.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> 24 اپريل 1989ع تي جاري ڪيل حڪم ۾ خميني آئين جي نظرثاني واري ڪائونسل مقرر ڪئي، جيڪا 20 ميمبرن تي مشتمل هئي، جن ۾ خامنائي به پهريون نائب چيئرمين طور شامل هو، ته جيئن آئين جي نظرثاني ۽ تڪميل ڪئي وڃي. خامنائي جي اٺن سالن جي صدارتي دور دوران، ايران جي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ سفارتي نظام وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيو. پنهنجي پهرين صدارتي دور ۾، 6 سيپٽمبر کان 11 سيپٽمبر 1984ع تائين هن [[شام]]، [[لبيا]] ۽ [[الجزائر]] جو دورو ڪيو؛ ۽ پنهنجي ٻئي دور ۾، 13 جنوري کان 23 جنوري 1986ع تائين هن [[پاڪستان]]، [[تنزانيا]]، [[زمبابوي]]، [[انگولا]] ۽ [[موزمبيق]] جو دورو ڪيو. هن غير وابسته ملڪن جي اٺين سربراهي اجلاس ۾ شرڪت لاءِ ٻيهر زمبابوي ([[هراري]]) جو سفر ڪيو. هن سفر دوران هن اجلاس ۾ تقرير ڪئي ۽ انهن ملڪن جي ڪجهه اڳواڻن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي. 21 فيبروري کان 25 فيبروري 1989ع تائين هن [[يوگوسلاويا]] ۽ [[رومانيا]] جو دورو ڪيو، ۽ 9 مئي کان 16 مئي 1989ع تائين [[چين]] ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]] جو دورو ڪيو. 22 سيپٽمبر 1987ع تي خامنائي [[گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي]] جي 42هين اجلاس ۾ شرڪت ڪئي ۽ پنهنجي تقرير ۾ [[اسلامي جمهوريه ايران]] جي بنيادي نظرين ۽ موقفن جي وضاحت ڪئي. هن سفر کي نيويارڪ ۾ رهندڙ ايراني ۽ مسلمانن ۽ عالمي صحافت طرفان ڀليڪار مليو. پرڏيهي پاليسي جي ميدان ۾ خامنائي جي ٻين قدمن ۾ [[افغانستان]]، [[عراق]] ۽ [[لبنان]] ۾ شيعه سياسي گروهن سان لاڳاپا قائم ڪرڻ، انهن جي وچ ۾ هم آهنگي پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ عراق جي اعليٰ اسلامي ڪائونسل جي قيام ۾ مدد شامل هئي. هن دور ۾ لبنان، [[فلسطين]]، عراق ۽ افغانستان ۾ اسلامي ويڙهاڪن لاءِ ايران جي حمايت ۾ اضافو ٿيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[File:President Ali Khamenei in 42nd United Nations General Assembly (1).jpg|thumb|علي خامنائي گڏيل قومن جي جنرل اسيمبلي جي 42ھي اجلاس کي خطاب ڪندي]] مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقاتون، مختلف ادارن ۽ تنظيمن جا دورا، منصوبن جي افتتاحي تقريبن ۾ شرڪت، ڪانفرنسن ۾ شرڪت ۽ صوبائي دورا، خامنه‌اي جي صدارتي دور دوران سندس ٻين سرگرمين ۾ شامل هئا. ولايتي جي چوڻ موجب، ملڪ جي مختلف صوبن ۽ علائقن ڏانهن خامنائي جا دورا مختلف طبقن جي ماڻهن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ، مقامي عملدارن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف حل ڪرڻ، جنگ سان لاڳاپيل معاملن ۽ [[پاسداران انقلاب]] ۽ فوج جي وچ ۾ سهڪار جي پيروي ڪرڻ، شهرن ۽ ڳوٺن جي عالمن ۽ بزرگن سان ملاقات ڪرڻ ۽ معاشي مسئلن ۽ مشڪلاتن جو جائزو وٺڻ جهڙين سرگرمين لاءِ هوندا هئا، جيڪي سندس مسلسل سرگرمين مان هيون.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ===ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جي سربراهي=== 30 آگسٽ 1983ع تي، خامنائي ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ پهرين وڏي تبديلي آندي ۽ روح‌ الله خميني جي حڪم ۽ پنهنجي تجويز جي بنياد تي انتظامي عملدارن کي شامل ڪري ان کي مضبوط ڪيو. ان کان پوءِ ڪجهه انتظامي عملدار، جهڙوڪ وزيراعظم، ثقافت ۽ اعليٰ تعليم جو وزير، ثقافت ۽ اسلامي ارشاد جو وزير، ۽ جهاد دانشگاھي جي چونڊيل ٻه شاگرد هن هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ شامل ڪيا ويا. يونيورسٽين جي ٻيهر کولڻ، تعليمي ادارن جي واڌ ۽ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جي سرگرمين جي واڌ کان پوءِ، خامنه‌اي روح‌الله خميني جي 10 ڊسمبر 1984ع واري پيغام جي بنياد تي هيڊڪوارٽر ۾ ٻي وڏي تبديلي آندي. هن تبديلي ۾ ثقافتي انقلاب جي هيڊڪوارٽر جو نالو تبديل ڪري ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل رکيو ويو، نئين ميمبرن جي جوڙجڪ سان ڪائونسل ٺاهي وئي ۽ صدر هن ڪائونسل جو سربراهه بڻيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/><ref name="ارنا">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا)، «دربارهٔ شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی»، وبگاه ایرنا، https://www.irna.ir/news/83585931</ref> ثقافتي انقلاب جي اعليٰ ڪائونسل جو ٽيون دور 1996ع ۾، سندس اڳواڻي واري دور ۾ قائم ٿيو. هن هڪ حڪم ذريعي ڪائونسل جا نوان ميمبر مقرر ڪيا ۽ ڪائونسل جي حيثيت ۽ ذميوارين جي اهميت تي زور ڏنو<ref name="ارنا"/>. ===مجمع تشخيص مصلحت نظام جي سربراهي=== اسلامي مشاورتي اسيمبلي (پارليامينٽ) ۽ گارڊين ڪائونسل جي وچ ۾ مختلف بلن جي منظوري بابت اختلافن کان پوءِ، روح‌الله خميني ملڪ جي اڳواڻن جي خط جي جواب ۾ 6 فيبروري 1988ع (17 بهمن 1366) تي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جي قيام سان اتفاق ڪيو. ان بنياد تي خامنه‌اي مجمع تشخيص مصلحت جو پهريون سربراهه بڻيو. هن پنهنجي صدارتي دور جي پڄاڻي تائين هي عهدو سنڀاليو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ==سندس رھبري وارو دور== ===بطور رھبر سندس چونڊ=== [[حسين علي منتظري]] کي خميني جي جانشيني لاءِ قائم مقام اڳواڻ طور چونڊيو ويو هو. خميني جي زندگي جي آخري سالن ۾ سندس ۽ منتظري جي وچ ۾ اختلاف پيدا ٿيا ۽ منتظري کي جانشين واري حيثيت مان هٽايو ويو. [38][39][40] خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ هڪ موجوده مرجع تقليد کي چونڊڻ بابت بحث ٿيو، ۽ ان وقت صرف [[سيد محمد رضا گلپايگاني]] جو نالو پيش ٿيو، پر هن معاملي تي ڪو اتفاق نه ٿي سگهيو. [39] گڏيل قيادت (شورائي رهبري) جو خيال پڻ پيش ڪيو ويو، پر اهو ڪافي ووٽ حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو. جڏهن فردي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جو نالو پيش ڪيو ويو، تڏهن [[هاشمي رفسنجاني]] موجود ماڻهن جي درخواست تي خميني جا اهي بيان بيان ڪيا جيڪي نظام جي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ خامنائي جي صلاحيت بابت هئا. آخرڪار موجود 74 ميمبرن مان 60 ميمبرن خامنائي جي عارضي رهبري جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏنو، جيتوڻيڪ هن پاڻ واضح طور مخالفت ڪئي ۽ پاڻ کي هن عهدي لاءِ لائق نه سمجهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/>[41][42] 4 جون 1989ع (14 خرداد 1368) تي [[مجلس خبرگان رهبري]] خامنائي کي، جيڪو ان وقت صدر هو، ايران جي اسلامي جمهوريه جو عارضي اڳواڻ چونڊيو. [43] ولايتـي جي چوڻ موجب، خميني جي وفات کان پوءِ خامنائي جو رهبري جي عهدي تي چونڊجڻ اسلامي جمهوريه جي تاريخ جي اهم موڙن مان هڪ هو. هڪ طرف خميني لاءِ ڪنهن واضح جانشين جي چونڊ نه ٿيڻ، ۽ ٻي طرف ايران ۽ عراق جي وچ ۾ «نه جنگ ۽ نه امن» واري صورتحال ۽ عالمي طاقتن ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جي وچ ۾ جاري دشمنين، ايران جي تاريخ جي هن دور کي خاص حساسيت ۽ اهميت ڏني.<ref name="ولايتي"/> آئين ۾ نظرثاني ۽ عوامي ريفرنڊم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، مجلس خبرگان نئين آئين جي بنياد تي ٻيهر خامنه‌اي جي رهبري بابت ووٽنگ ڪئي ۽ اڪثريت کيس اڳواڻ چونڊيو. <ref name="ولايتي"/> ===رهبري جي دور جا واقعا=== خامنائي جي رهبري وارو دور وسيع احتجاجن سان گڏ رهيو آهي، پر هو انهن واقعن کي تسليم نٿو ڪري ۽ انهن کي دٻائڻ جو حڪم ڏئي ٿو<ref name="BBC-Protests">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «واکنش خامنه‌ای در سه دهه حکمرانی به اعتراضات چه بوده؟»، ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۱، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-63100098</ref>. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ايران ۾ ٿيندڙ لاڳاتار قتلن دوران، ڪجهه منحرف ۽ اسلامي جمهوريه جا مخالف وزارت انٽيليجنس جي اهلڪارن جي هٿان قتل ڪيا ويا<ref name="BBC-ChainMurders">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای ایران، بیست سال بعد»، ۳۰ آبان ۱۳۹۷، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-46297953</ref>. خامنائي انهن قتلن کي تمام خراب ۽ نفرت جوڳا واقعا قرار ڏنو ۽ انهن کي غيرقانوني سڏيو<ref name="IranIntl-ChainMurders">ایران اینترنشنال، «آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و «قتل‌های زنجیره‌ای»»، ۲۹ نوامبر ۲۰۱۸، https://old.iranintl.com/ايران/آیت‌الله-خامنه‌ای-و-قتل‌های-زنجیره‌ای</ref>. جولاءِ 1999ع ۾، اخبار سلام جي بندش خلاف احتجاجن کان پوءِ، سادن ڪپڙن ۾ ماڻهو ۽ سيڪيورٽي اهلڪار [[تھران يونيورسٽي]] جي هاسٽلن تي حملو ڪيو ۽ ڪيترن ئي شاگردن کي مارڪٽ ۽ گرفتار ڪيو. احتجاج ملڪ جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ 14 جولاءِ تائين جاري رهيا<ref name="VOA-ProtestsHistory">صدای آمریکا، «مروری بر اعتراضات مردمی پس از انقلاب اسلامی ایران؛ از مبارزه با حجاب اجباری تا مطالبات معیشتی»، بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی، https://ir.voanews.com/a/major-protests-in-iran-post-revolution/6316847.html</ref>. خامنائي جي هڪ تقرير موجب، ڪيترين اخبارن کي وڏي پيماني تي بند ڪيو ويو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ هڪ هزار صحافي بيروزگار ٿي ويا<ref name="BBC-PressClosure1999">بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. «۲۰ سالگی توقیف مطبوعات؛ "غمی که دائمی‌شد"». وبگاه بی‌بی‌سی فارسی. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-features-52388017</ref>. 31 جولاءِ 2018ع تي سون جي قيمتن ۾ واڌ ۽ ڊالر جي مقابلي ۾ ريال جي قدر ۾ سخت گهٽتائي سبب 2018ع جا احتجاج ٿيا<ref name="VOA-2018Protests">Voice of America, “Iran Protests Spread to 10 Cities in Widest Unrest Since January,” VOA News, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145956/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-protests-spread-to-10-cities-in-widest-unrest-since-january/4511936.html</ref>. نومبر 2019ع ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت ۾ اوچتي واڌ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي شهرن ۾ وسيع مظاهرا شروع ٿيا، جن کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو پهريون وڏي پيماني وارو قتل عام قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. احتجاج جي ٻئي ڏينهن (16 نومبر) پارليامينٽ جي «اميد» نالي ڌڙي هڪ هنگامي بل تيار ڪيو ته پيٽرول جي قيمت ٻيهر اڳئين سطح تي آندي وڃي ۽ اهو بل ايندڙ ڏينهن پارليامينٽ جي صدارتي بورڊ کي پيش ڪرڻو هو<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019">دویچه‌وله فارسی. «خیز نمایندگان برای تک نرخی کردن بنزین؛ حرکتی سیاسی یا مردمی؟». وبگاه دویچه‌وله فارسی. https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/خیز-نمایندگان-برای-تک-نرخی-کردن-بنزین-حرکتی-سیاسی-یا-مردمی/a-51455251</ref>. پر 17 نومبر تي خامنائي جي تقرير ۽ ٽنهي رياستي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪرڻ جي زور ڏيڻ کان پوءِ، ان ڌڙي جي ترجمان اعلان ڪيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه جي اڳواڻ جي زور ڀرڻ سبب اهو بل ايجنڊا مان ڪڍي ڇڏيو ويو آهي<ref name="DW-Gasoline2019"/>. علي خامنائي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ پيٽرول جي قيمت وڌائڻ بابت ٽنهي ادارن جي سربراهن جي فيصلي جي حمايت ڪئي<ref name="IRNA-GasolineSupport">خبرگزاری جمهوری اسلامی (ایرنا). «حمایت مقام معظم رهبری از تصمیم سران سه قوه». وبگاه ایرنا. https://www.irna.ir/news/83559704</ref><ref name="Euronews-Gasoline2019">یورونیوز فارسی، «رهبر ایران با حمایت از افزایش بهای بنزین: تخریب و آتش زدن کار اشرار است»، ۱۷ نوامبر ۲۰۱۹، https://farsi.euronews.com/2019/11/17/iran-s-khamenei-backed-gasoline-price-rising-and-blames-enemies-for-sabotage-in-protests</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، پارليامينٽ جي ميمبر محمود صادقي چيو ته اڳواڻ نمائندن ڏانهن هڪ نوٽ موڪليو جنهن ۾ کين ٽنهي ادارن جي فيصلي جي مخالفت نه ڪرڻ جي هدايت ڪئي وئي<ref>صدای آمریکا، «حکم حکومتی خامنه‌ای؛ نمایندگان مجلس حتی اختیار مخالفت با افزایش سه‌برابری قیمت بنزین را هم ندارند»، ۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protest-parlemanto/5178897.html</ref>. رائٽرز جي 23 ڊسمبر 2019ع واري رپورٽ موجب، نومبر 2019ع جي احتجاجن شروع ٿيڻ کان ڪجهه ڏينهن پوءِ خامنائي اهلڪارن جي احتجاجن سان نمٽڻ جي طريقي تي تنقيد ڪئي ۽ اعليٰ سيڪيورٽي عملدارن ۽ ٻين حڪومتي اهلڪارن کي چيو: «اسلامي جمهوريه خطري ۾ آهي. ڪنهن به طريقي سان احتجاج ختم ڪريو. اهو منهنجو حڪم آهي.»<ref name="RadioFarda-Reuters1500">رادیو فردا. «رویترز: خامنه‌ای دستور داد «هر کار لازم است بکنید»، «۱۵۰۰» نفر کشته شدند». وبگاه رادیو فردا. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/reuters-on-khamenei-1500-protesters-killed/30339975.html</ref><ref name="VOA-Reuters1500">صدای آمریکا. «رویترز: با دستور خامنه‌ای حدود ۱۵۰۰ نفر از معترضان کشته شدند». وبگاه صدای آمریکا. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5216587.html</ref> [[علي شمخاني]] جي چوڻ موجب، خامنائي چيو ته اهي عام شهري جيڪي ڪنهن به ڪردار کان سواءِ ۽ جهيڙن جي وچ ۾ مارجي ويا، انهن کي شهيد سمجهيو وڃي<ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «موافقت رهبر ایران با 'شهید' خواندن بعضی کشته‌شدگان اعتراض‌های آبان»، ۱۳ آذر ۱۳۹۸، https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-50659530</ref>. جنوري 2020ع ۾، [[سپاھ پاسداران انقلاب اسلامي]] جي قدس فورس جو ڪمانڊر [[قاسم سليماني]] [[بغداد]] جي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏي تي آمريڪا جي هوائي حملي ۾ مارجي ويو<ref>United States Department of State. «U.S. Department of State». Archived from the original on 30 December 1996. Retrieved 3 January 2020. https://www.state.gov/</ref>، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ايران آمريڪا جي [[عين الاسد بيس]] تي بيلسٽڪ ميزائلن سان حملو ڪيو.<ref name="Independent-MissileAttack">ایندیپندنت فارسی. «سپاه از حمله سنگین موشکی به پایگاه هوایی آمریکا در عراق خبر داد». ۸ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.independentpersian.com/node/36141</ref> سپاھ طرفان [[يوڪرين]] جي مسافر جهاز تي ميزائل حملي کي لڪائڻ کان پوءِ جنوري 2020ع جا احتجاج ٿيا، جن دوران خامنائي خلاف وڌيڪ نعرا لڳايا ويا.<ref name="RadioZamaneh-Polytechnic">رادیو زمانه. «شعار در برابر پلی‌تکنیک: مرگ بر این ولایت، این همه سال جنایت». Radio Zamaneh. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳.</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «اعتراض‌ها به سرنگونی هواپیمای مسافربری توسط سپاه، به شهرهای مختلف کشیده شد». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/30372730.html</ref><ref>رادیو فردا. «از «این ماه ماه آخره» تا «فرمانده کل قوا، استعفا، استعفا»». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۱۶ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. دریافت‌شده در ۹ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://web.archive.org/web/20200116203424/https://www.radiofarda.com/a/slogans_iran_protests_leader_revolutionary_guards/30373178.html</ref><ref>صدای آمریکا. «ادامه اعتراضات دانشجویان به شلیک موشک به هواپیمای اوکراینی؛ دست‌کم ۴ دانشجو در اعتراضات بازداشت شدند». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲۰ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-protests/5243237.html</ref> ان کان پوءِ خامنائي، بطور سپريم ڪمانڊر، معافي نه گهري ۽ رڳو تعزيت ڪئي ۽ سپاھ جي ڪمانڊرن جو «ماڻهن کي وضاحت ڏيڻ» تي شڪريو ادا ڪيو. هن حڪومت ۽ سپاه جي لڪائڻ واري عمل خلاف احتجاج ڪندڙن کي پرڏيهي ميڊيا جي دوکي ۾ آيل قرار ڏنو.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲ ژانویه ۲۰۲۳. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> هن اهو پڻ چيو ته قاسم سليماني جي جنازي ۾ شرڪت ڪندڙ ايران جا ماڻهو آهن، نه اهي جيڪي جهاز حادثي جي احتجاجن دوران سندس تصويرون ڦاڙيون ۽ هن ۽ سپاه خلاف نعرا هنيا.<ref>رادیو فردا. «تشکر «او» از مسئولان شلیک به هواپیما». دریافت‌شده در ۲۷ ژانویه ۲۰۲۰. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/sixth-hour-khamenei-on-plane-shooting/30383480.html</ref> [[مھسا اميني]] جي موت کان پوءِ سيپٽمبر 2022ع کان ملڪ جي اڪثر شهرن ۾ احتجاج شروع ٿيا. گارڊين اخبار جي مطابق، اهي احتجاج انقلاب کان پوءِ حڪومت لاءِ سڀ کان وڏو چئلينج ھئا.<ref name="RadioFarda-SisterStatement">Radio Farda. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> ڊسمبر 2022ع ۾، خامنائي جي ڀيڻ 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت دوران خامنائي ۽ سندس «آمرانه خلافت» کان لاتعلقي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط طور پنهنجي ڪرائي جي ماڻهن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ايران جي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»<ref>رادیو فردا. «اعلام برائت خواهرِ خامنه‌ای از «خلافت مستبدانه» رهبر جمهوری اسلامی». بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۷ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۲۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/ali-khamenei-s-sister-openly-opposes-her-brother-s-authoritarian-policies/32165370.html</ref> 25 نومبر 2022ع تي خامنائي احتجاجن کي دٻائڻ ۾ شامل بسيج فورسن جي واکاڻ ڪندي چيو: «بسيجي ثقافت گمنام مجاهدن جي ثقافت آهي، جيڪي بغير ڪنهن اميد جي ۽ خطرو کڻي پنهنجي سڄي وجود کي ملڪ جي خدمت لاءِ وقف ڪن ٿا ۽ ٻين کي بچائڻ لاءِ پاڻ مظلوم بڻجن ٿا، جيئن تازين واقعن ۾ بسيجي ميدان ۾ مظلومانه طور موجود هئا ته جيئن قوم فساد ڪندڙن ۽ غافل يا ڪرائي جي عنصرن جي ڪري مظلوم نه ٿئي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «خامنه‌ای از شبه نظامیان بسیجی موظف به سرکوب معترضان تمجید کرد». ۲۶ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. بایگانی‌شده از روی نسخه اصلی در ۴ دسامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://www.darivoa.com/a/6851114.html</ref> 2022ع جي ايران بغاوت جي ڏهين هفتي ۾ خامنائي احتجاجن کي فساد قرار ڏنو ۽ ڌمڪي ڏني ته «شرارت جو ڄار» ختم ڪيو ويندو ۽ احتجاج ڪندڙن کي سندن ڏوهن مطابق سزا ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «دهمین هفته اعتراض‌های سراسری؛ خامنه‌ای: «بساط شرارت» جمع خواهد شد». ۱۹ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-khamenei-threatens-protesters/6841481.html</ref> خامنائي جي «شرارت جو ڄار ختم ڪرڻ» واري حڪم کان پوءِ، ايران جي اولهه وارن علائقن، خاص طور تي [[ڪردستان صوبو، ايران|ڪردستان]]، [[ڪرمان شاه صوبو، ايران|ڪرمان شاہ]] ۽ [[اولھ آذربائيجان صوبو، ايران|اولھ آذربائيجان]] صوبن ۾ سرڪاري فورسن جي ڪارروائين ۾ نمايان واڌ ٿي، جنهن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 400 احتجاج ڪندڙ شهري سيڪيورٽي فورسن جي هٿان مارجي ويا.<ref>صدای آمریکا. «سازمان‌های حقوق‌بشری: حدود ۵۰ معترض طی یک هفته در کردستان، کرمانشاه و آذربایجان‌غربی کشته شدند». ۲۱ نوامبر ۲۰۲۲. دریافت‌شده در ۱۲ مارس ۲۰۲۵. https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-kurdistan-protests/6843762.html</ref> اسرائيل ۽ حماس جي جنگ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 10 آڪٽوبر 2023ع تي [[امام علي آفيسر يونيورسٽي]] ۾ چيو: «اسان هوشيار منصوبه سازن ۽ فلسطيني نوجوانن جي پيشاني ۽ بازو کي چميون ٿا، پر جيڪي چون ٿا ته تازو واقعو غير فلسطيني ماڻهن جو ڪم آهي، اهي غلط حساب لڳائي رهيا آهن.» ساڳئي ڏينهن پنهنجي سوشل ميڊيا اڪائونٽ تي هن حملي جي پهرين ڏينهن لکيو: «اسان چيو هو ته اسان اوهان وٽ اينداسين.» ۽ [[ايڪس، سوشل ميڊيا|ايڪس]] (Twitter) تي هڪ پوسٽ ۾ لکيو: «صهيوني حڪومت فلسطين جي ماڻهن ۽ علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي قوتن جي هٿان ختم ٿي ويندي.»<ref>صدای آمریکا. «علی خامنه‌ای حملات حماس را «حماسه» نامید و از طراحان آن تقدیر کرد». ۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۲۳. دریافت‌شده در ۲۵ دسامبر ۲۰۲۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/ali-khamenei-called-the-attacks-of-hamas-epic-and-praised-its-designers/7304168.html</ref> سيد [[حسن نصرالله]] جي قتل جي خبر اچڻ کان هڪ ڏينهن پوءِ، [[رائيٽرز ايجنسي|رائٽرز]] ڄاڻايل ذريعن جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ڏني ته ايران جو اڳواڻ علي خامنائي «سخت سيڪيورٽي انتظامن» هيٺ «هڪ محفوظ هنڌ» تي منتقل ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو پهريون ڀيرو هو جو چيو ويو ته [[بنيامين نتنياهو]] جي ڌمڪين کان پوءِ کيس محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ڪيو ويو. ڪجهه ڏينهن بعد خامنائي [[امام خميني حسينيه]] ۾، جيڪو سندس عوامي ملاقاتن جو معمولي هنڌ آهي، تقرير ڪئي ۽ «آمريڪا ۽ اولهه وارن ملڪن» کي «امن جا ڪوڙا دعويدار» قرار ڏنو، جن جو «علائقي [وچ اوڀر] مان شر گهٽجڻ گهرجي».<ref>Wintour, Patrick. «Iran braces for Israeli strikes as supreme leader calls for west to leave Middle East». The Guardian. ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. دریافت‌شده در ۲ اکتبر ۲۰۲۴. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iran-braces-israeli-strikes-supreme-leader-west-leave-middle-east</ref><ref>دفتر حفظ و نشر آثار آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای. «دیدار نخبگان و استعدادهای برتر علمی با رهبر انقلاب». ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. دریافت‌شده در ۱۱ مهر ۱۴۰۳. https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=57741</ref>. ===ايران–اسرائيل جنگ=== 13 جون 2025 (۲۳ خرداد ۱۴۰۴) تي [[اسرائيل]]، [[اسرائيلي دفاعي فوج]] ۽ [[موساد]] جي ذريعي ايران اندر فوجي هدفن ۽ ايٽمي تنصيبات خلاف وسيع فوجي حملا شروع ڪيا. انهن حملن دوران ايران جي اعليٰ فوجي آفيسرن ۽ ايٽمي سائنسدانن کي به نشانو بڻايو ويو. انهن حملن کان پوءِ، رپورٽن موجب، [[علي خامنائي]] هڪ زيرزميني محفوظ هنڌ تي منتقل ٿي ويو ۽ حفاظتي سببن ڪري اليڪٽرانڪ رابطي جا وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ کان پاسو ڪيو. 26 جون 2025 تي خامنائي هڪ رڪارڊ ڪيل بيان جاري ڪيو جنهن ۾ هن اعلان ڪيو ته ايران اسرائيل ۽ آمريڪا خلاف جنگ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو آهي. ان بيان جي جواب ۾ آمريڪا جي صدر [[ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ]] سماجي نيٽ ورڪ «[[ٽروٿ سوشل]]» تي بيان جاري ڪيو ۽ خامنائي جي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي چيو ته ايران جي فتح بابت بيان حقيقتن جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ هن ايران تي پابندين ۾ نرمي بابت ڪوششن کي روڪي ڇڏيو آهي. ڪجهه هفتن تائين عوامي منظرنامي کان غائب رهڻ کان پوءِ، خامنائي 5 جولاءِ 2025 (۱۴ تير ۱۴۰۴) تي [[محرم]] جي موقعي تي [[حسينيه امام خميني]] ۾ هڪ مذهبي تقريب ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جيڪو جنگ کان پوء سندس پهريون عوامي ظهور قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ايران جا 2025ع وارا فساد=== 2025 جي ايراني فسادن جي ردعمل ۾، خامنائي پنهنجي عوامي بيانن ۾ چيو ته احتجاج ڪندڙن جا ڪيترائي معاشي مسئلا ـ جهڙوڪ مهانگائي، ريال جي قيمت ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ واپارين کي پيش ايندڙ مشڪلاتون ـجائز آهن، پر هن «احتجاج ڪندڙن» ۽ «فساد ڪندڙن» ۾ فرق ڪيو ۽ چيو: «فساد ڪندڙ کي پنهنجي جاءِ تي ويهارڻ گهرجي.» نيو يارڪ ٽائيمز جي صحافي فرناز فصيحي موجب، وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي فوجي موجودگي وڌڻ کان پوءِ فيبروري 2024ع (بهمن ۱۴۰۴) ۾ خامنائي [[علي لاريجاني]] کي وسيع اختيار ڏنا. خامنائي لاريجاني ۽ ڪجهه سياسي ۽ فوجي ويجهن ماڻهن کي هدايت ڪئي ته جيڪڏهن آمريڪا سان ممڪن جنگ يا سندس موت ٿئي ته اسلامي جمهوريه قائم رهي. ڇهن اعليٰ آفيسرن ۽ پاسداران انقلاب جي ميمبرن موجب، خامنائي هر فوجي ڪمانڊ ۽ سرڪاري عهدن لاءِ، جيڪي هو پاڻ مقرر ڪندو آهي، جانشيني جا چار سطح مقرر ڪيا. هن سڀني قيادتي عهدن تي ويٺلن ماڻهن کي به چيو ته چار متبادل ماڻهو نامزد ڪن ۽ ذميواريون اعتماد وارن محدود ماڻهن جي دائري ۾ ورهائن ته جيئن جيڪڏهن سندس سان رابطو ٽٽي وڃي يا هو مارجي وڃي ته به فيصلا جاري رهن.<ref>Fassihi, Farnaz. "Inside Iran's Preparations for War and Plans for Survival". The New York Times. 22 February 2026. Retrieved 22 February 2026. https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/22/world/middleeast/iran-larijani-khamenei-pezeshkian.html</ref> === تعليم جو واڌارو === علي خامنائيءَ سائنس ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي شعبي ۾ ايران جي نوجوانن کي گھڻو اڳيان آندو.<ref name="الطاف"/> هن جو اهو چوڻ ھيو تہ ”زمين هيٺ دٻيل تيل ۽ گئس جو ذخيرو آخر تہ هڪ ڏينھن ختم ٿي ويندو. ان ڪري هينئر کان ئي اسان کي [[نيوڪليئر ٽيڪنالاجي]] جو علم حاصل ڪرڻ کپي ۽ ان مان فائدا حاصل ڪرڻ کپن.“ ==خاندان== خامنائي جو پيءُ، [[سيد جواد خامنائي]]، ۽ سندس ڏاڏو [[سيد حسين خامنائي]] آذري نسل جا عالم هئا جيڪي [[نجف]] ۾ رهندا هئا، ۽ سندس ابن ڏاڏن مان هڪ [[تفرش]] کان [[آذربائيجان]] ڏانهن لڏي ويو هو. سيد حسين خامنائي نجف جي حوزي علميه جي مشهور فقيهن ۽ استادن مان شمار ٿيندو هو. سيد حسين [[تبريز]] جي طالبیه مدرسه ۾ به درس ڏيندو هو ۽ ان شهر جي جامع مسجد جو امام پڻ رهيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> سيد جواد خامنائي نجف ۾ ڄائو ۽ ننڍپڻ ۾ نجف کان تبريز منتقل ٿيو. نجف ۾ حوزي جا ابتدائي درس مڪمل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ ايران واپس اچي [[مشهد]] ۾ رهيو، جتي تدريس سان گڏ مشهد جي صديقي بازار مسجد ۽ مسجد گوهرشاد ۾ امام جماعت جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. سندس چاچو سيد محمد خامنائي ۽ سندس ماسڙ محمد خياباني ايران جي مشروطه تحريڪ جا حامي هئا.<ref name="ولايتي"/><ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی8 |عنوان=خویشاوندان آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای چه کسانی هستند |ناشر=بی‌بی‌سی فارسی |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سندس ماءُ خديجه ميردامادي هئي، جيڪا سندس رهبري شروع ٿيڻ کان ٻه مهينا پوءِ وفات ڪري وئي. هوءَ هاشم ميردامادي جي ڌيءَ هئي، جيڪو اصل ۾ [[اصفهان]] جو هو ۽ مشهد ۾ رهندو هو.<ref>{{حوالو:سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا21 |عنوان=زندگی‌نامه آیت الله خامنه ای (بخش نخست)- تولد و والدین |ناشر=رادیو فردا |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> سيد جواد خامنائي پنهنجي پهرين شادي مان ٽن ڌيئرن علويه، بتول ۽ فاطمه سلطان جو پيءُ هو، جيڪي سڀ فوت ٿي چڪيون آهن. پهرين زال جي وفات کان پوءِ هن خديجه ميردامادي سان شادي ڪئي، جنهن مان کيس چار پٽ سيد محمد، سيد علي، سيد هادي ۽ سيد حسن ۽ هڪ ڌيءَ [[بدري سادات]] پيدا ٿيا. سيد محمد، وڏو ڀاءُ، آئين ساز ماهرن جي اسيمبلي جو ميمبر هو. هو [[اسلامي مجلس شورا]] جي پهرين ۽ ٻي دور ۾ مشهد جو نمائندو رهيو. نمائندگي دوران سندس مٿان قاتلاڻو حملو ٿيو پر هو بچي ويو. هو [[بنياد حڪمت اسلامي صدرا]] جو سربراهه آهي.<ref>رادیو فردا، «زندگی‌نامه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای (بخش دوم)- معرفی برادران و خواهران»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFرادیوفردا22، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد هادي، ننڍو ڀاءُ، پڻ روحاني ۽ سياسي ڪارڪن آهي ۽ مجمع روحانيون مبارز جو ميمبر آهي. هن 2000ع ۾ حيات نو نالي اخبار جاري ڪئي، جيڪا بعد ۾ هڪ توهين آميز ڪارٽون سبب عدالت ويژه روحانيت (ديني عالمن) جي حڪم سان بند ڪئي وئي.<ref>صدای آمریکا، «توضیحات هادی خامنه‌ای در مجلس راجع به کاریکاتور اهانت‌آمیز»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFصدای_آمریکا2، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref><ref>بی‌بی‌سی فارسی، «کاریکاتور روزولت در ایران بحران آفرید»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFبی‌بی‌سی9، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس سڳي ڀيڻ بدري سادات، [[علي تهراني]] جي زال آهي. ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، ايران جي 2022 واري گوڙ دوران، [[بدري سادات]] خامنائي ۽ سندس «[[مستبدانه خلافت]]» کان علحدگي جو اعلان ڪيو ۽ چيو: «منهنجو ڀاءُ ايران جي ماڻهن جي آواز نٿو ٻڌي ۽ غلط نموني پنهنجن ڪرائيدارن ۽ فائدو وٺندڙن جي آواز کي ماڻهن جو آواز سمجهي ٿو.»[99] تهراني 1979 واري انقلاب دوران سرگرم روحاني هو، جيڪو بعد ۾ مجاهدين خلق تنظيم سان وابسته ٿيو ۽ عراق هليو ويو. هو 1995 ۾ پنهنجي خاندان سان گڏ ايران واپس آيو.<ref>نیویورک تایمز، «خواهر رئیس‌جمهور ایران برای پیوستن به شوهرش در عراق از کشور گریخت»، سید_علی_خامنه‌ای#CITEREFنیویورک_تایمز1، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سيد حسن، جيڪو واحد غير روحاني ڀاءُ آهي، وزارت نفت ۾ انتظامي خلاف ورزين جي جاچ بورڊن جو سربراهه، انهن بورڊن ۾ وزير نفت جو نمائندو، ۽ فلم نمائش لائسنس ڪائونسل جو ميمبر رهيو آهي.<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/253025/اعضای-شورای-نمایش-معرفی-شدند |عنوان=اعضای شورای نمایش معرفی شدند |ناشر=مشرق نیوز |ويب سائيٽ=mashreghnews.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref> ===زال ۽ ٻار=== خامنائي 1964 جي شروعاتي سرءُ ۾ [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>مشرق. «ماجرای ازدواج سیدعلی/ خطبه عقد را چه کسی خواند؟». ۸ آذر ۱۳۹۱. https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/172679/ماجرای-ازدواج-سیدعلی-خطبه-عقد-را-چه-کسی-خواند، حاصل ڪيل ۱۹ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.</ref><ref>اسپوتنیک. «همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران -- منصوره خجسته باقرزاده». bokroom.ir. [مرده ڪڙي] https://bokroom.ir/news/31729/کتاب-شناسی-امام-رضا-ع، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> هوءَ مشهد جي هڪ مذهبي واپاري خاندان ۾ پرورش پاتي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب، هن ڪڏهن به سرڪاري سياسي سرگرمي ۾ حصو نه ورتو آهي. البت هوءَ عام طور ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ مارجي ويل ماڻهن جي خاندانن سان ملاقاتون ڪندي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> سندس ڪا به سرڪاري تصوير ميڊيا ۾ شايع نه ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref>ایسنا (۱۳۹۳). «همه همسران رؤسای جمهور ایران». isna.ir https://www.isna.ir/fa/news/93072714902/همه-همسران-رؤسای-جمهور-ایران-تصاویر، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> خامنائي جا ڇهه ٻار آهن، ٻه ڌيئرون ۽ چار پٽ. ڌيئرن جا نالا بشریٰ ۽ هدیٰ آهن، ۽ پٽن جا نالا مصطفیٰ، مجتبیٰ، مسعود (محسن) ۽ ميثم آهن. سيد مصطفیٰ، وڏو پٽ، گهڻو ڪري حوزي تعليم ۾ مصروف آهي. [[سيد مجتبیٰ خامنائي]] پنهنجي پيءُ وانگر ايران–عراق جنگ ۾ محاذ تي ويو ۽ ڪيترين ڪارروائين ۾ شرڪت ڪئي. سندس [[بسيج]] ۽ سپاه پاسداران سان ويجها لاڳاپا آهن. مجتبیٰ خامنائي کي مستقبل جي رهبري لاءِ ممڪن اميدوارن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو ھو. آگسٽ 2022 جي وچ ڌاري مير حسين موسوي به رهبري جي موروثي ٿيڻ بابت خبردار ڪيو. مجلس خبرگان رهبري انهن رپورٽن کي رد ڪيو ۽ انهن کي افواهه قرار ڏنو. سيد مسعود، جيڪو محسن جي نالي سان به سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، [[جامعه مدرسين قم]] جو ميمبر آهي. هو گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي پيءُ جي يادگيرين کي گڏ ڪرڻ ۽ سندس ويب سائيٽ هلائڻ ۾ مصروف آهي. خامنائي پنهنجي پٽن کي معاشي سرگرمين يا سرڪاري عهدن رکڻ کان منع ڪيو ھو. ==علمي سرگرميون== ===تدريس=== خامنائي مشهد ۾ رهائش جي زماني کان تدريس جي ڪم ۾ مصروف رهيو آهي. شروعات ۾ هن حوزي جي اعليٰ سطحن تي تدريس ڪئي — جنهن ۾ رسائل، مڪاسب ۽ ڪفایه ڪتابن جي تدريس شامل هئي. انقلاب کان پوءِ، پنهنجي صدارت واري دور دوران به هن تفسير قرآن جي تدريس جاري رکي. 1990 کان وٺي هن درس خارج فقه پڙهائڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> هن هن وقت تائين جهاد ۽ قصاص جهڙا موضوع پڙهايا آهن ۽ هن وقت مڪاسب محرمه (حرام واپار يا ممنوع معاملن) جي تدريس ڪري رهيو آهي. سندس ڪلاسن ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 500 شاگرد شرڪت ڪندا آهن.<ref>رادیو فردا. «درس خارج فقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای و تربیت تکنیسین‌های دیوانسالاری مذهبی». radiofarda.com https://radiofarda.com/a/f35_Khamenei_Seminary_Com/2030152.html، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> ===مرجعيت (ديني اختيار)=== ڊسمبر 1994 ۾، محمد علي اراڪي — جيڪو ان وقت جي مراجع تقليد مان هڪ هو — جي وفات کان پوءِ ايندڙ مرجع تقليد جو سوال اٿاريو ويو. ان وقت ڪجهه روحاني عالمن جهڙوڪ [[يوسف صانعي]]، [[فاضل لنڪراني]]،<ref name="ولايتي"/> [[هاشمي شاهرودي]]، [[تسخيري]]، [[جلال الدين طاهري]]، [[رضا استادي]]، [[محمد باقر حڪيم]]، [[حسين راستي ڪاشاني]]، [[هادي روحاني]] ۽ [[محمد مؤمن]]<ref name="ولايتي"/> سندس مرجعيت جي صلاحيت جي تصديق ڪئي.<ref>صالحات. «اعلمیت یا اصلح بودن تقلید از خامنه‌ای». https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195249/http://salehat.ir/index.php/component/content/article/96-khamenei/feghahat/144--1373-v15-144، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> قم جي جامعه مدرسين ۽ تهران جي جامعه روحانيت مبارز پڻ مرجعيت لاءِ اهل ماڻهن جي هڪ فهرست جاري ڪئي، جنهن ۾ خامنائي جو نالو به شامل هو.<ref name="ولايتي"/> ٻئي طرف، ڪجهه شيعه عالمن جهڙوڪ [[حسين علي منتظري]]، [[سيد محمد حسين فضل الله]]، [[احمد آذري قمي]]، ۽ [[ابوالقاسم خز علي]] کيس [[مرجعيت]] لاءِ اهل نه سمجهيو. [[محسن ڪديور]] جي چوڻ مطابق، ڊسمبر 1994 ۾ طاهري خرم آبادي ۽ مؤمن قمي خامنائي جي چونڊ جي وقت احتجاج طور جامعه مدرسين جي اجلاس مان نڪري ويا، جيتوڻيڪ مؤمن بعد ۾ هن ڳالهه جي ترديد ڪئي.<ref>سایت شخصی کدیور. «مخالفان مرجعیت رهبری در جامعهٔ مدرسین». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref> مؤمن ٻين اٺ ماڻهن سان گڏ خامنائي جي نون رڪني فتوٰي ڪائونسل جو ميمبر هو، جيڪا سيد محمود شاهرودي سان گڏ فقهي بحثن ذريعي خامنائي کي فقهي مباحث سيکاريندي هئي. خامنائي جي استفتائن جي پهرين ڪتاب جو نالو درر الفوائد فی أجوبة القائد هو، جيڪو 1992 ۾ شايع ٿيو. آبراهاميَن جي مطابق، جڏهن «حجت الاسلام» خامنائي ايران جو رهبر چونڊيو ويو، تڏهن سرڪاري ميڊيا کيس ۽ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني کي «آيت الله» طور متعارف ڪرايو. حسين باستاني پنهنجي رپورٽ ۾ خامنائي کي نئين رهبر طور مستحڪم ڪرڻ ۽ کيس آيت الله جو لقب ڏيڻ کي سندس قيادت جي شروعاتي دور ۾ هڪ ميڊيا مهم جو نتيجو قرار ڏئي ٿو. خامنائي جي رهبر طور چونڊ تڪراري هئي، ۽ اهو تڪرار ان وقت شروع ٿيو جڏهن خامنائي پاڻ فقهي دليلن جي بنياد تي پنهنجي چونڊ جي سخت مخالفت ڪئي. آئين جي آرٽيڪل 109 مطابق — 1989 جي آئيني ريفرنڊم کان اڳ — رهبر لاءِ هڪ شرط اهو هو ته وٽس فتويٰ ڏيڻ ۽ مرجعيت لاءِ ضروري علمي ۽ تقوائي صلاحيت هجي، جيڪا ان وقت خامنائي وٽ موجود نه هئي. خميني آئين ۾ ترميم ڪرڻ جي گهر ڪئي، جنهن لاءِ آئين جي نظرثاني لاءِ هڪ ڪائونسل قائم ڪئي وئي. هن 29 اپريل 1989 تي علي مشڪيني — آئين نظرثاني ڪائونسل جي سربراهه — کي لکيل خط ۾ لکيو: {{quote|... رهبر لاءِ مرجعيت جي شرط ضروري ناهي. هڪ عادل مجتهد، جيڪو سڄي ملڪ جي مجلس خبرگان طرفان منظور ٿيل هجي، ڪافي آهي.»|}} ===تصنيفون=== خامنائي پنهنجي ديني شاگردي واري دور کان لکڻ ۽ تصنيف ڪرڻ شروع ڪيو. اسلامي انقلاب کان اڳ هن ڪيترائي ڪتاب تصنيف ڪيا، جن ۾ شامل آهن: [[علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب، (ڪتاب)|علم رجال جا چار بنيادي ڪتاب]]، [[قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو، (ڪتاب)|قرآن ۾ اسلامي فڪر جو مجموعي خاڪو]] ۽ [[پيشوائي صادق، (ڪتاب)|پيشوائي صادق]]. ٻين تصنيفن ۾ شامل آهن: [[گفتار در باب صبر (ڪتاب)|گفتار در باب صدر]]، [[وحدت ۽ تهذيب (ڪتاب)|وحدت ۽ تھذيب]]، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ هنر، دين کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ، مجموعه پيام، شيعه امامن جون جدوجهدون، خدا جي وحدت جو ذات، قرآن ڏانهن واپسي جي ضرورت، امام سجاد، امام رضا ۽ سندس ولي عهد ٿيڻ سان نسبت<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=103 }}</ref> وغيره. ساڳئي دور ۾ هن ڪجهه ڪتاب ترجمو ڪري شايع ڪيا، جن ۾ پنهنجي تحقيق به شامل ڪئي، جن مان ڪجهه هي آهن: [[اسلام جي دائري ۾ مستقبل (سيد قطب)]]<ref>{{حوالو ڪتاب |آخري=Hovsepian-Bearce |پهريون=Yvette |عنوان=The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran |ناشر=Routledge |جاءِ=Abingdon, Oxon |سال=2016 |isbn=978-1-138-81310-6 |صفحو=70 }}</ref>، صلح امام حسن (رازي آل ياسين جو لکيل)، ۽ هندوستان جي آزادي جي تحريڪ ۾ مسلمان (عبدالمنعم نمر جو لکيل).<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هڪ ٻي تصنيف مغربي تمدن خلاف فرد جرم آهي. ان کان علاوه سندس تقريرن جي مجموعن مان به ڪيترائي ڪتاب ترتيب ڏنا ويا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: انسان 250 ساله، ثقافتي يلغار، غنا، آيت الله خامنائي جي نظر ۾ فلسطين، ۽ ٻه مجاهد امام. مغربي نوجوانن ڏانهن خط خامنائي مغربي ملڪن جي نوجوانن ڏانهن ٻه کليل خط شايع ڪيا. انهن مان پهريون خط جنوري 2015 ۾ شايع ٿيو ۽ ٻيو خط 29 نومبر 2015 تي شايع ٿيو. اهي ٻئي خط سندس سماجي ميڊيا اڪائونٽن جهڙوڪ ٽوئيٽر، فيسبڪ ۽ انسٽاگرام ذريعي جاري ڪيا ويا. جون 2024 ۾، اسرائيل–غزه جنگ خلاف يونيورسٽي ڪيمپسز ۾ ٿيندڙ احتجاجن جي حمايت ۾، خامنائي آمريڪا جي يونيورسٽين ۾ فلسطيني ماڻهن جي حمايت ڪندڙ شاگردن ڏانهن پڻ هڪ خط جاري ڪيو. هن انهن کي «محاذ مقاومت» جو حصو قرار ڏنو. هن خط جي ردعمل ۾ ڪجهه ماڻهن ايران جي اختيارين جي شاگردن جي احتجاجن بابت پاليسين کي ٻٽي معيار قرار ڏنو ۽ ايران ۾ شاگردن جي دٻاءُ جا مثال پيش ڪيا. علي خامنائي جا ڪيترائي ڪتاب ۽ مضمون لکيل آهن جن مان ڪجهہ انگريزي ۾ بہ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.<ref name="الطاف"/> سندس تقريرن ۽ پيغامن جا نو واليوم تعليمي ادارن ۾ پڙهايا بہ وڃن ٿا. عرب ليکڪن سيد قطب، رضي الياسين ۽ عبدالمنيم ناصري جا ڪجهہ ڪتاب علي خامنائي عربي مان فارسي ۾ پڻ ترجمو ڪيا.<ref name="الطاف"/> ==ثقافتي سرگرميون== خامنائي ثقافت کي ملڪ جي بنيادي ترين مسئلن مان هڪ سمجهي ٿو. هن ثقافتي خطرن ۽ نقصانن کي «ثقافتي يلغار»، «ثقافتي شبيخون»، «ثقافتي لٽ مار»، «ثقافتي ناٽو» ۽ «نرم خطرو» جهڙن اصطلاحن سان بيان ڪيو آهي.<ref name=" ولايتي "/> هن انهن خطرن جي مقابلي لاءِ «جهاد تبيين» ۽ «ترڪيب يافته جنگ» جهڙن تصورن تحت مقابلي جي اپيل ڪئي آهي. ===تنظيمون=== [[مجمع جهاني اهل بيت]]، [[جامعة المصطفی العالميه]]، [[بنياد دائرة المعارف اسلامي]]، [[بنياد حفظ آثار و نشر ارزش‌هائي دفاع مقدس]]، [[مجمع جهاني تقريب مذاهب اسلامي]]، [[شورائی عالي فضائي مجازي]]، ۽ [[شورائي عالی قرآن]] اهي ثقافتي تنظيمون آهن جيڪي خامنائي طرفان قائم ڪيون ويون. ===ادب=== خامنائي ادبي اسلوبن کان واقف ھو ۽ ننڍپڻ کان وٺي ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين پڙهڻ ۾ دلچسپي رکندو رهيو، ۽ هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي مشهور ناولن ۽ ڪهاڻين جو مطالعو ڪيو. هي دلچسپي دنيا جي وڏن اديبن جي ناولن ۽ ادبي ڪتابن سان گڏ اوڀر ۽ اولهه جي قومن جي تاريخ ۽ ثقافت جي مطالعي سان جاري رهي. فارسي ٻولي جي اهميت ۽ حيثيت بابت خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته جيڪو به انسان انساني علم ۽ معارف ۾ دلچسپي رکي ٿو، ان کي فارسي ٻولي کي خاص حيثيت ڏيڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن ٻولي دنيا جي وڏي جغرافيائي علائقي کي پنهنجي معنوي اثر هيٺ آندو آهي ۽ پنهنجي بلاغت جي طاقت سان قومن جي دلين ۾ جاءِ ٺاهي آهي ۽ انهن لاءِ ثقافت، دين، علم ۽ تهذيب آندي آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. 2019 ۾ خامنائي چيو ته هو فارسي ٻولي بابت فڪرمند آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته فارسي ٻولي آهستي آهستي ڪمزور ٿي رهي آهي. هن اهو به چيو ته سرڪاري نشريات ڪڏهن صحيح ٻولي کي فروغ ڏيڻ بدران پرڏيهي لفظ ۽ اصطلاح استعمال ڪن ٿيون. ===شاعري=== جڏهن خامنائي مشهد شهر ۾ هو ته هو ادبي انجمنن جهڙوڪ [[انجمن ادبي فردوسي]] ۽ [[انجمن ادبي فرخ]] جو ميمبر رهيو ۽ هن شاعري به ڪئي آهي. ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ هن وٽ هڪ نوٽ بڪ هوندي هئي جنهن جو نالو هن «سفینه غزل» رکيو هو، جنهن ۾ هو نيون شاعريون لکي رکندو هو جيڪي کيس پسند اينديون هيون. سندس آخري گرفتاري دوران [[ساواڪ]] سندس شاعري وارو دفتر ضبط ڪري ورتو ۽ ڪڏهن به واپس نه ڪيو. سندس شاعري ۾ تخلص «امين» آهي<ref name="ولايتي"/>. نموني طور هڪ شعر: {{quote|ڪاش مان به جنون جي محفل ۾ ٿورو ترسيو هجان ها، ۽ ان جادو ڀري پيالي مان پنهنجا چپ به تر ڪيا هجان ها. هزارين خواهشون راهه ۾ آهن، دل مشتاق ۽ مان حيران، مان پنهنجي اندر ڏانهن ويندڙ رستو ڪيئن ڳولي سگهان ها.|<ref>{{حوالو ويب |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=35791 |عنوان=مطروحه‌ای از رهبر انقلاب برای شاعران مذهبی‌سرا |ناشر=خامنه‌ای دات‌آی‌آر |ويب سائيٽ=Khamenei.ir |ٻولي=فارسي |حاصل ڪيل=2026 }}</ref>|}} تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي جي مطابق، شاعرن ۽ خامنائي جون ملاقاتون سندس صدارت واري دور کان ٿينديون رهيون آهن ۽ رهبري دوران به جاري رهيون. تسنيم جي چوڻ مطابق، رمضان جي مهيني جي وچ ۾ هر سال ٿيندڙ شاعرن جي ملاقات ادبي حلقن ۾ هڪ پراڻي روايت بڻجي چڪي آهي. نسيم آن لائن جي مطابق، ڪجهه ماڻهو انهن گڏجاڻين کي هڪ طرفي ۽ حڪم تي ٻڌل عمل سمجهن ٿا، جنهن موجب شاعرن کان توقع ڪئي ويندي آهي ته هو سندس هدايتن تي عمل ڪن. تسنيم نيوز ايجنسي رپورٽ ڏني آهي ته انهن گڏجاڻين ۽ پڙهيل شاعري بابت ڪيترائي ڪتاب جهڙوڪ شب شاعران بی‌دل ۽ با کاروان شعر فارسی لکيا ويا آهن. ايراني شاعرن کان علاوه افغانستان، تاجڪستان، پاڪستان، آذربائيجان، عراق، هندستان، يوڪرين ۽ ترڪي جا شاعر به انهن گڏجاڻين ۾ شرڪت ڪري شاعري پڙهي چڪا آهن. ترڪي، عراق ۽ آذربائيجان جي ٽن شاعرن کان سواءِ، باقي شاعرن پنهنجي شاعري فارسي ٻولي ۾ پڙهي<ref>نسیم آنلاین. «رسانه‌های خارجی دربارهٔ علاقه آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای به شعر و ادبیات چه می‌گویند؟». ۳۰ فروردین ۱۴۰۰. http://nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/2041365/رسانه-های-خارجی-درباره-علاقه-آیت-الله-خامنه-ای-به-شعر-و-ادبیات-چه-می-گویند، حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==اندروني ۽ خارجي سياست== ===اندروني سياست=== هن دور ۾ اندروني سياست پنجين صدارتي چونڊن ۽ آئين جي ترميم بابت ريفرنڊم سان شروع ٿي. خامنائي جي رهبري جي شروعات کان وٺي هينئر تائين نو حڪومتون قائم ٿي چڪيون آهن.<ref name=" ولايتي"/>. هاشمي رفسنجاني ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا رفسنجاني جي صدارت واري دور ۾ سٺا هئا. رفسنجاني انهن انقلابي شخصيتن مان هو جيڪي هن جي ويجهو هئا. سڌار پسند صدر سيد محمد خاتمي سان خامنائي جا لاڳاپا دٻاءُ ۽ تناءُ جو شڪار رهيا. خامنائي جي قدامت پسند سوچ ۽ آمريڪا تي گهري بي اعتمادي جي ابتڙ، خاتمي آمريڪا سان ويجهڙائي جو حامي هو. خامنائي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي چئلينج کي 2009 جي چونڊن جي واقعن دوران ڏٺو. مخالف ڌر ڌانڌلي جي شڪ جي بنياد تي نتيجن کي رد ڪيو ۽ احتجاج لاءِ گڏ ٿي وئي. ان جي جواب ۾ خامنائي چيو: {{quote| «اسان جي ملڪ ۾ چونڊن جا قانوني طريقا ڌانڌلي جي اجازت نٿا ڏين.»|}} محمود احمدي نژاد جي ٻي صدارتي دور ۾ احمدي نژاد ۽ خامنائي جا لاڳاپا پهرين دور جي ابتڙ خراب ٿي ويا. حسن روحاني جي صدارت دوران ايٽمي معاهدي تائين پهچڻ لاءِ ڳالهين ٿيون، جنهن جو نتيجو برجام (JCPOA) نڪتو. پر پابندين جي خاتمي ۽ ايٽمي مسئلي جي حل جا فائدا ٿوري وقت لاءِ هئا. ڊونلڊ ٽرمپ اعلان ڪيو ته آمريڪا ايٽمي معاهدي مان نڪري ويندو ۽ پابنديون ٻيهر لاڳو ڪندو. خامنائي روحاني تي الزام لڳايو ته هن معاهدي ۾ حد کان وڌيڪ نرمي ڏيکاري.[ 8 جنوري 2021 (19 دي 1399) تي خامنائي آمريڪا ۽ برطانيا کان ڪورونا ويڪسين جي درآمد تي پابندي لڳائي ۽ چيو ته آلودہ رت واري اسڪينڊل کي نظر ۾ رکندي هو فرانس مان ويڪسين درآمد بابت به پراعتماد ناهي. هن ايران ۾ ويڪسين ٺاهڻ جي به حمايت ڪئي. سندس رهبري جي دور ۾ اندروني سياست ۾ جن معاملن تي هن زور ڏنو انهن ۾ روزگار ۽ «اقتصاد مقاومتي» جو تصور شامل آهي. هن ماڻهن ۽ حڪومت کي معاشي مسئلن جي حل لاءِ قناعت ۽ اسراف کان بچڻ جي صلاح ڏني آهي. خامنائي ايران ۾ سائنسي ترقي جو حامي رهيو آهي. هو انهن پهرين اسلامي عالمن مان هڪ هو جن اسٽيم سيل تحقيق ۽ علاج لاءِ ڪلوننگ جي اجازت ڏني. خارجي سياست چيو وڃي ٿو ته خارجي سياست جي «سڌي ذميواري» خامنائي وٽ آهي ۽ «سندس سڌي راءِ ۽ منظوري کان سواءِ ڪو به فيصلو نه ڪيو ويندو.» هو اسلامي جمهوريه ايران جي خارجي سياست کي هن طرح بيان ڪري ٿو: {{quote| «اسان جي سياست مسلمانن جي دفاع ۽ مظلوم قومن جي دفاع تي ٻڌل آهي، ۽ اسان ان کي پنهنجي بنيادي پاليسين مان سمجهون ٿا ۽ ان کان پوئتي نه هٽنداسين. اسان اسلام جا حامي آهيون، مسلمانن جا حامي آهيون ۽ اسلامي بيداري جا حامي آهيون. اسان استحصالي طاقتن طرفان مظلوم قومن جي وسيلن جي استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، اسان استعمار ۽ استحصال جا مخالف آهيون، ۽ هي مخالفت رڳو لفظن ۽ ڳالهين تائين محدود ناهي. اهو اسان جو عقيدو آهي ۽ اسان جي خارجي سياست جو ڍانچو به انهيءَ تي ٻڌل آهي.»|}} چيو وڃي ٿو ته هو خارجي سياست کي اهڙي طرف هدايت ڪري ٿو جو اولهه سان نه سڌي ٽڪراءُ ٿئي ۽ نه مڪمل ٺاهه. خامنائي يمن ۾ سعودي عرب جي مداخلت جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ سعودي عرب کي اسرائيل سان ڀيٽيو. خامنائي جي چوڻ موجب ايران جي علائقائي سياست آمريڪا جي سياست جي ابتڙ آهي ۽ ايران علائقي ۾ مزاحمتي تحريڪن ۽ اسرائيل خلاف وڙهندڙن جي حمايت ڪري ٿو. هن اهو به چيو ته اسلامي جمهوريه ايران شام جي حڪومت ۽ عوام جي مدد کي «محور مقاومت» جي حمايت سمجهي ٿو ۽ ان تي فخر ڪري ٿو. خامنائي ميانمار ۾ روهينگيا مسلمانن تي ظلم ۽ تشدد جي مذمت ڪئي ۽ ميانمار جي عملي اڳواڻ ۽ نوبل امن انعام يافته آنگ سانگ سوچي کي «بي رحم عورت» سڏيو<ref>رادیو فردا. «نظر آقای رئیس‌جمهور “The Latest: Indonesia sends 34 tons of aid for Rohingya”, NY Daily News نظر بنده نزدیک‌تر است». حاصل ڪيل 2026.</ref>. ==خيال == === اقتصادي خيال === علي خامنائي جي خيال موجب اسلامي معيشت ٻن بنيادي ستونن تي بيٺل آهي: «قومي دولت ۾ واڌارو» ۽ «اسلامي سماج جي اندر انصاف سان ورڇ ۽ محرومي جو خاتمو». هر اهڙو معاشي نمونو جيڪو انهن ٻنهي بنيادن کي پورو ڪري سگهي، معتبر سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>«اقتصاد اسلامي»، دفترِ حفظ و نشر آثارِ آيت الله خامنه‌اي، khamenei.ir. «اقتصاد اسلامي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=1161&npt=8</ref> هن 2010ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو «مزاحمتي معيشت» (اقتصادِ مزاحمتي) جو تصور پيش ڪيو ۽ پوءِ ڪيترين ئي تقريرن ۾ ان تي زور ڏنو.<ref>«طراحي ماڊلِ تعاملي گونه‌هاي فرهنگِ سازماني»، فرهنگ در دانشگاه اسلامي.</ref> هو ان جي وضاحت هن ريت ڪري ٿو: <blockquote> «مزاحمتي معيشت جو مطلب اهو آهي ته اسان وٽ اهڙي معيشت هجي جنهن ۾ ملڪ جي اقتصادي واڌ جو سلسلو برقرار رهي؛ ساڳئي وقت عالمي دٻائن جي مقابلي ۾ گهٽ ڪمزور هجي. اها هڪ اهڙي معيشت آهي جيڪا ماڻهن تي ڀاڙي ٿي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «اقتصاد مقاومتي، قرارگاه اقتصاد مقاومتي». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=12471&npt=1</ref> </blockquote> هن جي نظر ۾ «پيداوار ۾ واڌارو» انتهائي اهم آهي: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن توهان واقعي پيداوار ۾ واڌارو آڻي سگهو ٿا، ته ملڪ جا سڀ اهم اقتصادي اشاريہ بدلجي ويندا؛ يعني مستقل روزگار پيدا ٿيندو، بي روزگاري گهٽ ٿيندي، برآمدات وڌنديون، ملڪ کي غير ملڪي زر مبادله حاصل ٿيندو، مهانگائي گهٽ ٿيندي، ۽ انهن سڀني کان علاوه ملڪ ۾ اقتصادي خودمختياري پيدا ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «جهش توليد». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/search-result?q=%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B4%20%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF&nt=99,101,2,4,9,1,16,</ref> </blockquote> === فوجي خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي ته ايران کي جنگ کان بچڻ لاءِ پنهنجي فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي.<ref>«ڪاميني چيو ته ايران کي جنگ روڪڻ لاءِ فوجي طاقت وڌائڻ گهرجي»، رائيٽرز (Reuters). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/khamenei-says-iran-should-increase-military-might-to-prevent-war-idUSKBN2020B5/</ref> هن جي مطابق ايران جي علائقائي موجودگي ۽ ميزائل صلاحيتون ناقابلِ مذاڪرات آهن.<ref>«ڪاميني جي 2021ع جي پهرين تقرير: آمريڪي ڪمزوري ۽ ايراني خودانحصاري تي ٻيهر زور»، واشنگٽن انسٽيٽيوٽ (Washington Institute). حاصل ڪيل: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/khameneis-first-speech-2021-reemphasizing-us-weakness-iranian-self-reliance</ref> قاسم سليماني جي قتل کان پوءِ هن چيو ته ذميوارن لاءِ «سخت بدلو» انتظار ڪري رهيو آهي. هن عين الاسد ايئر بيس تي حملي جو حوالو ڏيندي چيو ته اهڙيون فوجي ڪارروايون ڪافي ناهن، ۽ علائقي ۾ آمريڪا جي «فساد پيدا ڪندڙ موجودگي» ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي.<ref>«قاسم سليماني جي قتل تي ’سخت بدلو‘: ’مناسب وقت‘ جيڪو نه آيو ۽ ’مناسب جاءِ‘ جيڪا نه ملي»، بي بي سي نيوز فارسي. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۱۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-55500811</ref> خامنائي سان منسوب هڪ فتوٰي موجب، ايٽمي هٿيارن ۽ ٻين وڏي تباهي وارن هٿيارن جي پيداوار، ذخيرو ڪرڻ ۽ استعمال حرام آهي. تنهن هوندي به اهڙا ثبوت موجود آهن جيڪي ڳجهي نموني ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ جي ڪوششن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جنهن سبب يورپي عملدارن ۾ شڪ پيدا ٿيو آهي<ref>«آمريڪا لاءِ اهڙو ايران آپشن جيڪو نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ٿو»، ايشيا ٽائمز. بائيگاني ڪيل: 17 جون 2018ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20060316201913/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC17Ak02.html</ref>. ساڳئي وقت، هو غير فوجي مقصدن لاءِ ايٽمي ٽيڪنالاجي جي اهميت تي زور ڏئي ٿو: <blockquote> «تيل ۽ گيس جا ذخيرا هميشه لاءِ باقي نٿا رهي سگهن.»<ref>«ايران چوي ٿو ته يورينيم جي افزودگي روڪڻ وارو ناهي»، رائيٽرز. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.reuters.com/article/world/iran-says-it-will-not-stop-uranium-enrichment-idUSTRE4941KO/</ref> </blockquote> تنهن هوندي به هن فتويٰ جي اعتبار تي بحث موجود آهي—مثال طور ڇا هن وٽ اهڙي فتويٰ جاري ڪرڻ جو اختيار آهي يا اهو ڪنهن به سبب سان رد ٿي سگهي ٿو. آمريڪا پڻ چوي ٿو ته ان جا فيصلا هن فتويٰ تي مبني ناهن ۽ ان جو انهن تي ڪو اثر ناهي<ref>«نيڊ پرائس چوي ٿو ته خامنه‌اي جو فتويٰ آمريڪا جي ايٽمي هٿيارن تائين ايران جي رسائي روڪڻ بابت فيصلن جو ڪڏهن به بنياد نه رهيو آهي»، صدائے آمريڪا. بائيگاني ڪيل: ۳ آڪٽوبر ۲۰۲۲ع. حاصل ڪيل: ۲۰۲۲-۱۰-۱۳. https://ir.voanews.com/a/us-iran-ned-price-khamenei-fatva/6394845.html</ref>. === ولايت فقيه بابت خيال === علي خامنائي جو خيال آهي: <blockquote> «ولي فقيه جا اختيار، جيڪڏهن ماڻهن جي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان ٽڪراءُ ۾ اچن، ته ماڻهن جي فيصلن تي برتري رکن ٿا ۽ انهن تي حاڪم آهن.» </blockquote> هو سمجهي ٿو ته «ولايت مطلقه فقيه» واري نظام ۾ فقيه ئي اسلامي حڪمران آهي ۽ سندس حڪمراني قيامت تائين جاري رهندي. هن تنقيدن جي جواب ۾، ته اهو نظام فقيه جي ذاتي خواهشن تي هلندو آهي، هن چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن ولايت مطلقه فقيه ڪنهن عالم جي هٿ ۾ هجي ته هو پنهنجي خواهش موجب عمل نٿو ڪري سگهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته هن نظام ۾ لچڪ موجود آهي، يعني قيادت هيٺ ادارا مسلسل وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مڪمل اختيار ڪندي پاڻ کي تبديل ڪندا رهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به ڪيترائي ماڻهو کيس آمريت جو الزام ڏين ٿا. 1997ع ۾ [[حسين علي منتظري]] سندس [[مرجعيت]] تي سوال اٿاريو ۽ کيس ان ميدان ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان روڪيو.[[حسن فيروزآبادي]] موجب، 2012ع جي سياري ۾ خامنائي سرڪاري عملدارن تي سندس هدايتن تي عمل نه ڪرڻ بابت شڪايت ڪئي === فن ۽ ميڊيا بابت خيال === خامنائي وٽ موسيقي جي حلال يا حرام هجڻ جا معيار متغير ۽ غير واضح آهن. هو ان جو فيصلو عرفي لحاظ سان مڪلف جي راءِ تي ڇڏي ٿو. اڪثر شيعه فقيهن جيان، هو سازن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهائي ٿو: «حرام لاءِ مخصوص اوزار» ۽ «مشترڪ اوزار»، پر ان لاءِ ڪو واضح معيار پيش نٿو ڪري. هو سمجهي ٿو ته «اسلامي انقلاب» کي دنيا تائين فلم ۽ ناول ذريعي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي ٿو. ان حوالي سان هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «انقلاب بغير ناول جي نٿو ٿي سگهي. روسي ۽ فرانسيسي انقلاب پنهنجي ناولن ذريعي متعارف ٿيا. ساڳيءَ طرح سٺي فلم کان سواءِ به نٿو ٿي سگهي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «در مخاطب‌شناسي دچار توهم بوديم». بائيگاني ڪيل: ۵ جولاءِ ۲۰۱۶ع. حاصل ڪيل: https://web.archive.org/web/20160811155132/http://farsi.khamenei.ir/others-note?id=24174</ref> </blockquote> === راندين بابت خيال === هو نوجوانن کي مسلسل عالمي مقابلن ۾ حصو وٺڻ جي همٿ افزائي ڪري ٿو ته جيئن اسلامي قدرن کي عالمي نوجوانن جي دلين ۽ ذهنن تائين پهچايو وڃي ۽ ايراني ثقافت کي متعارف ڪرايو وڃي. هن جي عوامي بيانن موجب، هو راندين کي هڪ اهم سفارتي اوزار طور ڏسي ٿو. === عورتن بابت خيال === علي خامنائي مختلف موقعن تي عورتن ۽ سندن سماجي ڪردار بابت پنهنجا خيال بيان ڪيا آهن. سماجي شموليت بابت هو چوي ٿو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن عورتون ڪنهن قوم جي سماجي تحريڪ ۾ شامل نه ٿين، ته اها تحريڪ ڪامياب نه ٿيندي.»<ref>خامنه‌اي ڊاٽ آئي آر (khamenei.ir)، «حضور زنان در صحنه». حاصل ڪيل: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=4004</ref> </blockquote> هو اهو پڻ سمجهي ٿو ته اسلامي اصولن موجب عورتن کي نه ته سماجي، اقتصادي، سياسي يا علمي سرگرمين ۾ زبردستي شامل ڪيو وڃي ۽ نه ئي انهن کي روڪيو وڃي. جيڪڏهن عورتون اهڙين سرگرمين ۾ حصو وٺڻ چاهين ته ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هئڻ گهرجي. تنهن هوندي به، جولاءِ 1997ع ۾ هن عورتن جي برابر شموليت جي خيال کي منفي، سادو ۽ ٻاراڻو قرار ڏنو. هن اهو به چيو ته عورتن جو اعليٰ سرڪاري عهدن تي هجڻ فخر جو باعث ناهي ۽ مغربي سوچ جي قبوليت جي علامت آهي. هو خاندان کي سڀ کان اهم سماجي ادارو سمجهي ٿو ۽ عورت کي ان ۾ وڌيڪ اهم ڪردار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>سعيديان، مريم؛ يراقي، سعيده. «راهکارهاي مقابله با فرهنگ غرب». پاسداري فرهنگ انقلاب اسلامي. حاصل ڪيل: https://www.sid.ir/paper/235526/</ref> هو «گهر سنڀالڻ» ۽ «اولاد ڄڻڻ» کي عورتن لاءِ جهاد ۽ هنر قرار ڏئي ٿو. جون 1998ع ۾ هن عورتن جي «سرڪش روين» خلاف ڪارروائي جو حڪم ڏنو، جنهن دوران آگسٽ جي وچ تائين 1800 عورتن ۽ مردن کي «نامناسب لباس ۽ غير اخلاقي روين» جي الزام هيٺ گرفتار ڪيو ويو. هن دور ۾ عورتن جي صحافين ۽ رسالن، جهڙوڪ ’’عورتن‘‘، تي به پابنديون لڳايون ويون<ref>Hughes، Donna M. «Women and Reform in Iran». University of Rhode Island.</ref>. === سامراجي مخالفت، آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل بابت خيال === ==== آمريڪا سان لاڳاپا ==== علي خامنه‌اي جي آمريڪا بابت پاليسي سندس تقريرن ۾ مستقل طور تي ظاهر ٿئي ٿي، جنهن ۾ هو آمريڪا سان سخت مخالفت جي اصول تي زور ڏئي ٿو. سندس خيال موجب آمريڪا جي «نظام» ۽ «ايراني عوام» سان دشمني ناقابلِ انڪار آهي. آمريڪا سان مذاڪرات بابت هو موقف اختيار ڪري ٿو ته آمريڪا ظاهري طور دلڪش واعدا ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيڪي عملي طور تي گهڻو ڪري پورا نٿا ٿين؛ تنهنڪري جيستائين ايران ايترو مضبوط نه ٿئي جو ڳالهين دوران آمريڪي دٻاءَ کي برداشت ڪري سگهي، تيستائين آمريڪا سان سڌيون ڳالهيون ڪرڻ مناسب ناهي. 1981ع ۾ تهران يونيورسٽي ۾ وڏي عوامي اجتماع دوران، جنهن ۾ محمد مصدق جي ياد ملهائي وئي ۽ سياسي تبديليءَ جا مطالبا ڪيا ويا، خامنه‌اي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ چيو ته: <blockquote> «اسان آليندي ۽ مصدق جهڙا لبرل ناهيون جو سي.آء.اي. اسان کي دٻائي سگهي.» </blockquote> هو برطانيا کي «خبيث انگلينڊ» جي اصطلاح سان ياد ڪري ٿو ۽ دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته: <blockquote> «داعش ۽ القاعده کي استعماري قوتن، خاص طور خبيث انگلينڊ، اسلامي جمهوريه ۽ اسلامي بيداري خلاف ٺاهيو آهي.»<ref>[197]</ref> </blockquote> ساڳيءَ طرح، هو پاڪستان ۽ هندستان جي وچ ۾ ڪشمير بابت تڪرار جو ذميوار پڻ برطانيا کي قرار ڏئي ٿو.<ref>[198]</ref> 2018ع ۾ عيدالفطر جي موقعي تي پنهنجي تقرير ۾ هن عوام جي غير ضروري پرڏيهي سفرن تي به تنقيد ڪئي. ان سلسلي ۾ اڪبر هاشمي رفسنجاني سان منسوب هڪ بيان پڻ موجود آهي، جنهن ۾ آمريڪا سان لاڳاپن بابت اندروني بحثن جو ذڪر ڪيو ويو آهي؛ هي بيان هڪ انٽرويو جي وڊيو جي صورت ۾ سامهون آيو، جيڪو خامنه‌اي جي آفيس پاران آمريڪا تي ڀروسو ڪرڻ جي تنقيد جي پسمنظر ۾ جاري ٿيو. ==== اسرائيل ۽ صهيونيزم بابت خيال ==== خامنه‌اي اسرائيل جي رياست ۽ صهيونيزم جو مخالف آهي. 2000ع ۾ هن اسرائيل کي «هڪ ڪينسر جهڙو ڦوڙو» قرار ڏيندي چيو ته اهو علائقي مان ختم ٿيڻ گهرجي. 2015ع ۾ ايران جي ايٽمي پروگرام بابت عالمي معاهدي کان پوءِ، هن اظهار ڪيو ته: <blockquote> «اسرائيل ايندڙ 25 سال نه ڏسندو.» </blockquote> ساڳي وقت، هن وضاحت ڪئي آهي ته اسرائيل جي خاتمي بابت سندس بيان يهودي قوم جي تباهيءَ جو سڏ ناهي، ۽ ايران کي يهودين سان ڪو به اصولي اختلاف ناهي. سندس خيال ۾، مختلف مذهبن سان تعلق رکندڙ ماڻهن کي اسرائيل جي مستقبل بابت فيصلا ڪرڻ جو حق هئڻ گهرجي. خارجي پاليسي جي لحاظ کان، خامنه‌اي اوڀر ۽ اولهه ٻنهي سان سفارتي لاڳاپا وڌائڻ جي حمايت ڪري ٿو—سواءِ آمريڪا ۽ اسرائيل جي—۽ خاص طور پاڙيسري ملڪن ۽ اوڀر طرف توجهه ڏيڻ کي اوليت ڏئي ٿو.< ==== هولوڪاسٽ ==== 2014ع ۾ نوروز جي موقعي تي پنهنجي هڪ تقرير ۾ خامنه‌اي هولوڪاسٽ بابت شڪ جو اظهار ڪيو. هن چيو: <blockquote> «هولوڪاسٽ هڪ اهڙو واقعو آهي جنهن جي حقيقت واضح ناهي، ۽ جيڪڏهن ٿيو به هجي ته اهو ڪيئن ٿيو، اهو به معلوم ناهي.» </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ چيو ته: <blockquote> «يورپي ملڪن ۾ ڪو به هولوڪاسٽ بابت ڳالهائڻ جي همت نٿو ڪري» </blockquote> ۽ اهو پڻ بيان ڪيو ته اولهه ۾ هولوڪاسٽ بابت بحث ڪرڻ يا ان تي سوال اٿارڻ کي وڏو گناهه تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو. ==== صحابه محمد ﷺ ۽ اسلامي دنيا جي وحدت بابت خيال ==== 2010ع ۾ خامنه‌اي هڪ فتوٰي جاري ڪيو جنهن مطابق محمد ﷺ جي ازواجن ۽ صحابه جي توهين حرام آهي. ايران ۾ اهڙين ڪيسن ۾ ماڻهن کي توهينِ مقدسات (سبّ النبي) جي الزام هيٺ سزا پڻ ڏني وئي آهي، جنهن ۾ موت جي سزا به شامل رهي آهي. هي فتوٰي سعودي عرب جي شيعه برادري جي هڪ استفتا جي جواب ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو هو اسلامي دنيا بابت، خامنه‌اي اتحاد، تعاون، ۽ مذهبي اختلافن کان پاسو ڪرڻ تي زور ڏئي ٿو. هن جي مطابق، مسلمانن جي وچ ۾ اتحاد قائم ٿيڻ سان انهن جي موجوده حالتن ۾ بهتري اچي سگهي ٿي. هن ان حوالي سان چيو: <blockquote> «جيڪڏهن اها وحدت پيدا ٿي وڃي، ته مسلمانن جي موجوده حالت اهڙي نه رهندي ۽ مسلمان عزت حاصل ڪندا. ’انگريزي شيعه‘ ۽ ’آمريڪي سني‘ هڪ ئي قينچي جا ٻه پٽ آهن؛ انهن جو مقصد مسلمانن کي پاڻ ۾ وڙهائڻ آهي.» </blockquote> == قتل == [[File:Ilham Aliyev visited Iranian Embassy in Azerbaijan to offer condolences 3.jpg|thumb|آذربائيجاني صدر [[الهام عليوف]] باڪو ۾ ايراني سفارتخاني جو دورو ڪري رهيو آهي تہ جيئن خامنئي جي لاڏاڻي تي تعزيت جو اظھار ڪري سگهجي، 4 مارچ 2026ع]] 28 فيبروري 2026ع تي، ايران ۾ ڪيترن ئي نشانن تي وڏي پيماني تي [[2026 ايران جنگ|آمريڪي ۽ اسرائيلي ميزائل حملا]] ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sanya Burgess |author2=Molly Blackall |date=1 March 2026 |title=How Trump and Israel's killing of Khamenei played out – hour by hour |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |access-date=2 March 2026 |website=The i Paper |language=en-US |archive-date=3 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260303175231/https://inews.co.uk/news/trump-israels-killing-khamenei-played-out-4266623 |url-status=live }}</ref> ان ڏينھن کانپوءِ، [[رائٽرز]] هڪ گمنام اسرائيلي اهلڪار جي رپورٽ شايع ڪئي جنھن دعويٰ ڪئي تہ خامنئي جو لاش ملي ويو آهي، ۽ هو فوت ٿي چڪو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stewart|first=Phil|last2=Hafezi|first2=Parisa|last3=Rose|first3=Emily|last4=Mills|first4=Andrew|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian leader Khamenei killed in strikes, Israel says|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/irans-supreme-leader-ali-khamenei-194449508.html |access-date=28 February 2026|work=Reuters: [[Yahoo]]|via=www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/israel-us-launch-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/}}</ref> ايراني اسٽيٽ ٽي وي 1 مارچ 2026ع تي صبح جو 5:00 وڳي جي لڳ ڀڳ [[ايران معياري وقت]] مطابق خامنئي جي موت جي تصديق ڪئي.{{efn|[[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] حملن کانپوءِ سندس ڌيءَ، ناٺي، ننھن ۽ پوٽي جي موت جي خبر ڏني وئي <ref name=Gabrelletal02032026>{{Cite web|author1=Jon Gambrell|author2=Melanie Lidman|author3=Josh Boak|author4=Eric Tucker|date=28 February 2026|title=Iranian state media say country's supreme leader is dead|url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|access-date=1 March 2026|website=AP News|language=en|quote=Citing unidentified sources, the semiofficial Fars news agency, believed to be close to the Revolutionary Guard, reported that several relatives of Khamenei were also killed, including a daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law and grandchild.|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228082605/https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-explosion-tehran-c2f11247d8a66e36929266f2c557a54c|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228065750/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gabrelletal02032026" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei Death: Official Confirmation |url=https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |access-date=1 March 2026 |website=Islamic Info Center |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302155943/https://islamicinfocenter.com/ayatollah-khamenei-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ٻڌايو ويو تہ خامنئي کي ان وقت قتل ڪيو ويو جڏهن هو پنھنجي آفيس ۾ موجود هو.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Benedict |title=How the US pulled off the assassination of the century |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301125853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/us/news/2026/03/01/how-the-us-pulled-off-the-assassination-of-the-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Keane |first1=Isabel |title=Months of CIA tracking and a rare window of opportunity: How the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei unfolded |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-ayatollah-khamenei-assassination-airstrikes-b2929787.html |website=The Independent |access-date=4 March 2026 |date=1 March 2026}}</ref> 2 مارچ 2026ع تي، اها تصديق ڪئي وئي تہ خامنئي جي گهر واري، [[منصوره خجسته باقرزاده]] حملي ۾ لڳل زخمن جي ڪري ٻن ڏينھن کانپوءِ لاڏاڻو ڪري وئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben Ari |first=Lior |date=2 March 2026 |title=Reports in Iran: Khamenei's wife dies from her wounds |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/r9qqou6xc |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Ynetglobal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5762788-iran-ali-khamenei-wife-death/|title=Khamenei's wife dies from injuries sustained in US, Israeli attack: State media|first=Tara|last=Suter|publisher=The Hill|date=2 March 2026|accessdate=2 March 2026}}</ref> [[فارس نيوز ايجنسي]] جي مطابق، کيس [[مشھد]] ۾ دفن ڪيو ويندو، جيڪو خامنئي جي پيدائش جو شھر ۽ سندس پيءُ جي وفات جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Brian Osgood |author2=Virginia Pietromarchi |author3=Mariamne Everett |title=Fire contained at US consulate in Dubai after Iranian drone incident |date=3 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/3/iran-live-news-israel-bombs-tehran-beirut-trump-says-war-to-last-4-weeks |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == نوٽ == <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==حوالا== {{حوالا|2}} [[زمرو:اسلامي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران]] [[زمرو:ايراني شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ايران جا سپريم ليڊر]] [[زمرو:ايران جي حڪومت]] [[زمرو:ايران جي سياست]] [[زمرو:تازيون وفاتون]] [[زمرو:1939ع جون پيدائشون]] 7sz9az9rnpy6si6tdk6tmik0jv11s6i 14 17014 370565 322562 2026-04-08T09:47:56Z Memon2025 21315 370565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Scientists}} {{cat main|سائنسدان}} {{ٻيا زمرا|Engineers|Wikipedia categories named after scientists|Inventors|Researchers|Scholars|Academics}} [[زمرو:سائنس]] [[زمرو:سائنس سان لاڳاپيل شخصيتون]] ix4jtvgri5ny9ennhfh7a57w3wl31s7 0 29307 370582 324345 2026-04-08T10:12:25Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 370582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TAFI}} {{صندوق معلومات شخص}} [[فائل:Charles James Napier by William Edward Kilburn, 1849-crop.png|thumb|کاٻو|چارلس نيپيئر]] '''چارلس جيمس نيپئر''' (Charles James Napier) انگريز جنرل 10 آگسٽ 1782ع تي فوجي ڪرنل ’جارج‘ جي گھر ۾، انگلنڊ ۾ ڄائو. هيءُ اڃا ٽن سالن جو مس هو ته سندس خاندان لنڊن ([[عظيم برطانيا|برطانيا]]) ڇڏي ڊبلن, آئرلينڊ جي ڀرسان هڪ ڳوٺ ۾ وڃي آباد ٿيو. نـنـڍي هـونـدي سـاڻـس هـڪ حـادثـو پيـش آيـو، جنهنڪري هيءُ بيمار رهڻ لڳو ۽ بيمار رهڻ ڪري اڪثر جسماني طور ڪمزور ۽ طبيعت ۾جذباتي ٿي پيو، پر هُو ننڍي هوندي کان تمام ذهين ۽ چالاڪ هو. == شروعاتي دور == جنوري 1794ع ۾ ڪميشن پاس ڪري شاهي [[فوج]] ۾ ڀرتي ٿيو ۽ پنجن مهينن جي مختصر عرصي ۾ ترقي ڪري 1803ع ڌاري ڪئپٽن ٿيو. چارلس نيپئر بدترين مصيبتن ۽ ذلتن جو شڪار رهيو. 1809ع واري [[اسپين]] جي جنگ ۾ جنگي قيدي ٿيو. 1810ع ڌاري قيدين جي مٽاسٽا ۾ [[آزادي]] ماڻي، مائٽن سان ملي، وري اچي پنهنجي ريجمينٽ ۾ شامل ٿيو. ساڳئي [[سال]] ’بساڪو‘ واري جنگ ۾ حصو ورتائين. جنگ ۾ سندس هڪ هٿ جو چنبو ڀڄي پيو. 1811ع ۾ ليفٽيننٽ ڪرنل مقرر ٿيو. 1815ع ۾ وري [[فرانس]] واري جنگ ۾ حصو ورتائين. جنگ تان موٽندي جيتوڻيڪ فوجين جو جهاز ٻڏي ويو، پر هيءُ محفوظ رهيو. 1820ع ۾ سِيڪريٽ سروس ۾ شموليت اختيار ڪيائي. [[يونان]]۾ هاءِ ڪمشنر جي هٿ هيٺ سياسي خدمتون سرانجام ڏنائين ۽ مقامي ماڻهن جي چڱي سهائتا ڪيائين. == تقرري ۽ شادي == 1825ع ۾ ڪرنل ٿيو ۽ اپريل 1827ع ۾ [[شادي]] ڪيائين. هاءِ ڪميشن ۾ نوڪري ڪندي بالا عملدارن سان نا اتفاقي ٿي پيس. ان ڪري ڊگھي موڪل وٺي اچي ’باٿ‘ شهر ۾ رهيو. 1833ع ڌاري سندس زال ڪالرا وگھي وفات ڪري وئي، جنهن بعد 1835ع ۾ ٻي شادي ڪيائين. 1837ع ۾ [[ميجر جنرل]] مقرر ٿيو ۽ هڪ دفعو ٻيهر [[فوجي]] خـدمـتـون سـرانـجـام ڏيـڻ لـڳـو. چارلس نيپئر 1841ع ۾ [[هندستان]] جو فوجي سربراهه ٿيو. [[آگسٽ]] 1842ع ڌاري [[هندستان]] جي نئين گورنر جنرل ’لارڊ ايلنبرو‘ نيپئر کي جيمس آئوٽرام جي جاءِ تي [[سنڌ]] جو بااختيار سياسي ۽ [[فوجي]] اڳواڻ مقرر ڪيو. چارلس نيپئر 3 [[سيپٽمبر]] 1842ع تي [[ممبئي]] کان [[ڪراچي]] لاءِ روانو ٿيو. ان دوران سامونڊي سفر ۾ ئي هو ته ڪالرا جي وبا ڦهلجي وئي، جنهنڪري سندس جهاز ۾ 54 ماڻهو اجل جو شڪار ٿيا، پر سر چارلس نيپئر بچي ويو. == سنڌ اچڻ == [[فائل:Charles Napiers Order to storm Amarkot Sindh India 1843.jpg|thumb|کاٻو|چارلس نيپيئر جي هٿ لکت]] ڪراچي پهچڻ کان پوءِ جڏهن سنڌو درياهه رستي [[ڪراچي]]ءَ کان [[سکر]] لاءِ نڪتو ته [[حيدرآباد]] وٽ ميرن سندس شاندار آڌرڀاءُ ڪيو. سندس سواريءَ لاءِ سون ۽ چانديءَ سان مڙهيل هڪ پالڪي موڪلي وئي. سر چارلس نيپئر جي ساٿي آفيسرن لاءِ سون ۽ چانديءَ سان سجايل اُٺڻيون موڪليون ويون. ساڳئي وقت مير عباس علي خان ۽ ٻين ميرن کي اڳواٽ سندن آجيان لاءِ روانو ڪيو ويو. اهڙيءَ طرح چارلس نيپئر وڏي دٻدٻي ۽ ٺٺ ٺانگر سان ميرن سان ملاقات ڪئي ۽ ٻئي ڏينهن تي اسٽيمر تي چڙهي وڃي سکر نڪتو. ان وقت بکر جي قديم قلعي ۾ انگريز فوج جي وڏي ڇانوڻي قائم هئي. 20 ميل اولهه اتر طرف شڪارپور ۾ به انگريزن جا فوجي دستا ترسيل هئا. نيپئر مڪمل طرح فوجي ڪنٽرول سنڀالي، ٽالپرن جي خبر ورتي. هن جيمس آئوٽرام سان صلاح مصلحت ڪري، گورنر جنرل جي منظوريءَ سان خيرپور ۽ [[حيدرآباد]] جي ميرن کي هڪ سخت قسم جي عهدنامي ڪرڻ جو چيو. ان کان اڳ ميرن سان ٿيل عهدنامي مطابق ڪراچي، بکر ۽ شڪارپور جا علائقا مير حڪمرانن جي هٿ مان نڪري چڪا هئا. هِن عهدنامي مطابق ٽالپرن تي زور ڀريو ويو ته اهي انگريز فوج جي چرپر لاءِ وڏي رقم، کاڌ خوراڪ ۽ ٻارڻ مهيا ڪري ڏين. اهڙي عهدنامي سان سنڌو درياهه واري رسد انگريزن جي قبضي ۾ پئي آئي ۽ ٽالپر حڪمرانن کي درياهه جي ٻنهي طرفن کان ڪچي جي زمين، ٻيلن ۽ محصول اوڳاڙڻ جي حق تان دستبردار ٿيڻو پئي پيو. جڏهن ميجر جنرل آئوٽرام ان قسم جو عهدنامو آڻي ميرن اڳيان رکيو ته سندن حوصلا خطا ٿي ويا. خيرپور جي پوڙهي مير رستم خان ۽ سندس ننڍي ڀاءُ مير علي مراد ۾ اڻبڻت پيدا ٿي پئي. اهڙيءَ طرح چارلس نيپئر خيرپور جي والي مير رستم خان تي دٻاءُ وڌو ته هو ڪوٽڏجيءَ جي قلعي مان نڪري وڃي ٿر ۾ امام ڳڙهه واري قلعي ۾ لڪو. نيپئر 6 جنوري 1843ع تي 350 پيادا ۽ اٺ توڙي گھوڙي سوار دستا ساڻ ڪري سندس پويان پيو. هن [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] فوج سان 80 ميلن جي جھنگ ۽ واريءَ جو سفر ستن ڏينهن ۾ طئي ڪري، اچي امام ڳڙهه قلعي وٽ پهتو. ان وچ ۾ مير رستم خان قلعو خالي ڪري نڪري چڪو هو ۽ اچي حيدرآباد جي ميرن وٽ فريادي ٿيو. 16 جنوري تي نيپئر امام ڳڙهه قلعي کي مسمار ڪري واپس خيرپور موٽي ويو. ميجر جنرل آئوٽرام کي هدايت ڪئي وئي ته هو ڪنهن به حالت ۾ ميرن کان نئين ٺاهه تي صحيحون ڪرائي وٺي. انهيءَ مقصد لاءِ آئوٽرام 16 جنوريءَ تي ڪوٽڏيجيءَ پهتو. 25 جنوريءَ تائين ميرن ۽ سندن وڪيلن جو انتظار ڪيائين، پر سندن ڪا پهر نه موٽي. انهيءَ وچ ۾ [[حيدرآباد]] ۾ ميرن جي گھڻگھري ميجر آئوٽرام، چارلس نيپئر کي ان ڳالهه تي راضي ڪري ورتو ته هو خود حيدرآباد وڃي ٽالپر حڪمرانن سان ملاقات ڪري، کين ٺاهه تي صحيحون ڪرڻ لاءِ راضي ڪندو. ان لاءِ 8 فبروريءَ تي ميجر آئوٽرام حيدرآباد ريزيڊنسيءَ ۾ اچي لٿو ۽ ميرن سان ڳالهين جو سلسلو شروع ڪيائين ۽ لاڳيتو چار ڏينهن ڳالهين ڪرڻ کانپوءِ ٽالپرن کي اهڙي عهدنامي لاءِ راضي ڪري ورتائين. اهڙيءَ ريت ميجر آئوٽرام بنا ڪنهن جنگ جي پنهنجي مقصد ۾ ڪامياب ٿي واپس [[خيرپور]] موٽي آيو. جيتوڻيڪ ٽالپر حڪمرانن خوف وچان اهڙي شڪست قبول ڪئي هئي، پر سنڌ جي ننڍن ميرن، بلوچ سردارن ۽ ڪجهه غيرتمند ۽ محب وطن سپاهين مفت ۾ پنهنجي ڌرتي ڏئي ڇڏڻ کان نابري واري ۽ انگريزن سان هر صورت ۾ جنگ ڪرڻ جو فيصلو ڪيائون. == جنگيون == 15 فبروري 1843ع تي سنڌ جي 8000 پيادن ۽ گھوڙيسوار سپاهين گدو لڳ انگريز ريزيڊنسيءَ تي حملو ڪيو، جتي ميجر جنرل آئوٽرام هڪ سؤ سپاهين سان گڏ ترسيل هو. انگريزي فوجن جي مدد لاءِ هڪ آگبوٽ ’سيٽلائيٽ‘ به اچي پهتو. ’ڪئپٽن ڪانوي‘ جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾ انگريز سپاهي خوب وڙهيا، پر آئوٽرام سميت سمورن انگريز سپاهين وٽ ڀڄڻ کان سواءِ ڪوبه رستو نه بچيو هو ۽ هُو ڀتيون ٽپي ڀڄڻ لڳا. ’ڪئپٽن ڪانوي‘ کي به ڀت ٽپي سپاهين سميت مٽيارين ڏانهن رُخ رکڻو پيو. هن جنگ ۾ ٽي انگريز سپاهي مئا ۽ ٻارهن ڌڪي ٿيا، جڏهن ته سٺ [[سنڌي]] سپاهي شهيد ۽ هڪ سؤ زخمي ٿي پيا هئا. اهڙيءَ صورتحال کان پوءِ چارلس نيپئر، خيرپور کان نڪري 6 فبروريءَ تي نوشهري فيروز؛ 11 فبروريءَ تي سڪرنڊ؛ 14 فبروريءَ تي سعيدآباد ۽ 16 فبروري 1843ع تي مٽياريءَ منزلون ڪندو اچي پهتو. هن جي ڪمانڊ هيٺ 2700 فوجي آفيسر ۽ سپاهي جنگ لاءِ تيار هئا. 16 فبروري 1843ع تي ميجر آئوٽرام ۽ ڀڳل سپاهي به مٽيارين وٽ اچي نيپئر سان مليا. == مياڻي واري جنگ == 17 فبروري 1843ع تي مياڻيءَ جي ميدان تي [[سنڌ]] پنهنجي بقا جي آخري جنگ وڙهي. هڪ طرف انگريزن جون تربيت يافته ۽ هٿياربند فوجون هيون ۽ ٻئي طرف وطن جا بهادر ۽ بيباڪ سپاهي هئا، جن سان گڏ ٽالپر حڪمران به وڙهڻ لاءِ تيار ٿي چڪا هئا. مياڻيءَ جي ميدان تي وڏي جنگ ٿي، ڪيترن سرفروش سپاهين شهادتون ماڻيون، پر انگريزن جي هن 61 سالا چالاڪ جنرل نيپئر جي چالاڪين ۽ مڪارين آڏو [[سنڌي]] سپاهي بيهي نه سگهيا. مياڻيءَ جي جنگ 17 فبروري 1843ع تي جمعي جي ڏينهن مياڻيءَ جي ميدان ۾ لڳي. هن جنگ ۾ شڪست کائڻ کان پوءِ حيدرآباد جا سڀئي ٽالپر امير گرفتار ڪيا ويا. جنهن کان پوءِ ميرپورخاص وارو مير شير محمد خان ٽالپر بلوچن جي هڪ وڏي لشڪر سان اچي دُٻي ۾ پهتو، جتي 24 مارچ 1843ع تي ديهه ناريجاڻيءَ ۾ ’دٻي جي جنگ‘ لڳي. هن جنگ ۾ به انگريزن کي فتح نصيب ٿي. مياڻيءَ جي جنگ ۾ هوش محمد شيدي وڏي بهادريءَ سان وڙهيو هو ۽ لشڪر جي ڇڙوڇڙ ٿيڻ کان پوءِ پنهنجن ساٿين سميت اچي مير شير محمد ٽالپر سان گڏيو هو. هوشو شيديءَ جو آخري دم تائين: ”مر ويسون، پر [[سنڌ]] نه ڏيسون“ جو نعرو لڳندو رهيو. هن دٻيءَ جي جنگ ۾ وڙهندي، دشمنن کي ڪيرائيندي، سرچن نالي انگريز سپاهيءَ هٿان شهادت ماڻي. هوشو شيديءَ جي بهادري ڏسي چارلس نيپئر به سندس لاش کي سلام ڪيو ۽ هن بهادر [[سنڌي]]ءَ جو لاش عزت سان کڻائي، ديهه ناريجاڻيءَ ۾ موجوده سيالن جي ڳوٺ لڳ دفن ڪرايو. ڪن مؤرخن ۽ ليکڪن جو خيال آهي ته هوشوءَ جو لاش [[حيدرآباد]] جي پڪي قلعي ۾ آهي، جتي سندس مزار جي مٿان بيڪري ٺاهي، ان کي منهدم ڪيو ويو. پر تحريري سندون پهرين حقيقت تي روشني وجهن ٿيون. سنڌ فتح ڪرڻ جي اهڙي سوڀ تي چارلس نيپئر کي 60 هزار پائونڊ انعام مليو ۽ ٻين بيشمار رعايتن سان گڏ سندس پگهار 8000 پائونڊ مقرر ٿيو. چارلس نيپئر ساڍا چار سال 1847ع تائين سنڌ کي ڦُريندو ۽ ديس واسين مٿان ڳرا محصول مڙهي مٿن ظلم ڪندو رهيو. ان دوران ڪنهن به قسم جي بغاوت کي ڪچلڻ لاءِ سنڌ ۾ فوج تي ساڍا ٽي ڪروڙ رپيا خرچ ڪيا ويا، جيڪي محصول جي صورت ۾ سنڌ مان ئي اوڳاڙيا ويا. انگريز فوج جي اهڙي زورآوريءَ جي نتيجي ۾ سنڌ جون اقتصادي حالتون تمام ڪمزور ٿي ويون ۽ سنڌ مرڪز وٽ ستر لکن جي قرضي ٿي وئي. [[حيدرآباد]] واري قلعي تي قبضي دوران ميرن جي منشين، سردارن ۽ ٻين ماڻهن وٽان جيڪا مالي ڦرلٽ ڪئي، سا به انگريزن کي ڦٻي وئي. == بيماري ۽ وفات == اپريل 1846ع ۾ ڪالرا وگھي ڪراچيءَ ۾ ست هزار ماڻهو مُئا، جن ۾ نيپئر جو ڀائيٽيو ’جان‘ به فوت ٿيو. چارلس نيپئر به هن بيماري ۾ مبتلا ٿيو. چارلس نيپئر 1847ع ۾ گورنريءَ تان استعيفا ڏئي، آڪٽوبر ۾ هندستان ڇڏي، برطانيا روانو ٿي ويو ۽ 29 آگسٽ 1853ع تي برطانيا ۾ وفات ڪيائين. == اعتراف == [[سنڌ]] تي قبضي ڪرڻ کان پوءِ بمبئي هيڊڪوارٽر ڏانهن پيغام اماڻيندي چارلس نيپئر، لاطيني ٻوليءَ جو لفظ ’پڪائولي‘ (Piccivli) اصطلاح طور استعمال ڪيو، جنهن جو مطلب هي ڪڍيو ويو: ‘I have sinned’ انهيءَ رمز واري جملي جون لکت واري فرق سان ٻه معنائون نڪري سگهن ٿيون. هڪڙي ته: ”مون [[سنڌ]] فتح ڪري ورتي“ ۽ ٻي معنيٰ اها ته: ”مون سنڌ تي قبضو ڪري، پاپ جهڙو ڪم ڪيو آهي!“ انهيءَ جملي مان سندس ندامت جو اظهار ٿئي ٿو.<ref>ڪتاب: انسائڪلوپيڊيا سنڌيانا، جلد چوٿون، ڇپيندڙ: سنڌي لئنگئيج اٿارٽي (ISBN 978-969-9098-80-2) سال: 2012</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:برطانوي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:سنڌ جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:گڏيل بادشاهت جي تاريخ]] [[زمرو:1853ع جون فوتگيون]] 9lswmjfy4mmwf0caj8vnvq4msqycgxd 14 43710 370594 281821 2026-04-08T11:17:34Z Memon2025 21315 370594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{زمرو ڪامنز}} [[زمرو:شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:جڳهه جي لحاظ کان ماڻھو]] c6f97iv74stcffb8jofury2ovccbu2w 0 48841 370568 322376 2026-04-08T09:55:55Z Memon2025 21315 370568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = جان ڊالٽن<br>John Dalton |image = John Dalton by Charles Turner.jpg |caption = جان ڊالٽن چارلس ٽرنر پاران، جيمس لونسڊيل جي سال 1834ع جي ميزوٽنٽ کان پوء |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1766|09|06}} |birth_place = ايگلزفيلڊ، ڪمبرلينڊ، [[انگلينڊ]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1844|07|27|1766|09|06}} |death_place = [[مانچسٽر]]، [[لنڪاشائر]]، انگلينڊ |citizenship =[[گڏيل بادشاھت]] (برطانيه) |nationality = برطانوي |ethnicity = |field = |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |notable_students = جيمز پريسڪوٽ جول |known_for = * ايٽمي ماڊل جو نظريو * گھڻن تناسب جو قانون * ڊالٽن جو جزوي دٻاءُ جو قانون * ڊالٽنزم (ڪلر بلائنڊنيس جي متعلق) |author_abbrev_bot = Jn.Dalton |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = [[John Gough (natural philosopher)|John Gough]] |influenced = |prizes = رائل ميڊل {{small|(1826)}} |footnotes = |signature =John Dalton Signature c1827.svg }} '''جان ڊالٽن''' (John Dalton؛ {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɔː|l|t|ən}} ؛ 6 سيپٽمبر 1766 - 27 جولاءِ 1844) هڪ انگريز ڪيميادان، طبيعياتدان ۽ ماهر موسميات هو. <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=John Dalton|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dalton|accessdate=6 September 2022|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|archivedate=3 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903215223/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dalton}}</ref> پاڻ گهڻو ڪري مادي جي ائٽمي ماڊل جي نظرئي جي ڪري شهرت حاصل ڪيائون. هن ڪجهه عنصرن جي ايٽمي وزنن جي ابتدائي فهرست مرتب ڪئي ۽ شايع ڪئي. هن گيسن جي جزوي دٻاءُ جو قانون جو پيش ڪيو، جن کي بعد ۾ "[[ڊالٽن جو جزوي دٻاءُ جو قانون|ڊالٽن جي جزوي دٻاءُ جي قانون]]" جي نالي سان سڃاڻو ويو. هن موسمي تبديلين جو رڪارڊ رکڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ بعد ۾ پنهنجي مشاهدن ۽ نتيجن کي موسمياتي مشاهدن جي نالي سان هڪ ڪتاب ۾ بيان ڪيو. هن پيدائشي [[رنگ انڌو پن|رنگ انڌي پن جي بيماري]] (colorblindness) جي پڻ جاچ ڪئي ۽ هڪ حالت دريافت ڪئي جيڪا هاڻ ڪيترن اي ٻولين ۾ "ڊالٽن ازم" جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. هن شاگردن لاءِ انگريزي گرامر جي هڪ ڪتاب پڻ مرتب ڪيو. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:طبيعيات دان]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:انگريز طبيعيات دان]] [[زمرو:1844ع جون فوتگيون]] q7v3pr4mm4s3onuzlmvsrbj687y6sqs 0 50086 370581 324347 2026-04-08T10:11:18Z Memon2025 21315 /* حوالا */ 370581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific_prefix = {{Pre-nominal styles|RHon|size=100%}} |name = مارگريٽ ٿيچر<br>Margaret Thatcher |honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|LG|OM|DStJ|PC|FRS|HonFRSC}} |image = Margaret Thatcher stock portrait (cropped).jpg |alt = half-length portrait of Margaret Thatcher |office = برطانيہ جي وزيراعظم |term_start = 4 مئي 1979ع |term_end = 28 نومبر 1990ع |monarch = راڻي ايلزبيٿ ثاني <!-- Whitelaw did not acquire the title of Deputy PM. See Hennessy (2001, p. 405) --> |deputy = سر جيوفري ھوو |predecessor = جيمس ڪيلاھان |successor = جان ميجر |office1 = مخالف ڌر جي سرواڻ |term_start1 = 11 فيبروري 1975ع |term_end1 = 4 مئي 1979ع |monarch1 = راڻي ايلزبيٿ ثاني |primeminister1 = {{Unbulleted list |ھیرالڊ ولسن |جيمس ڪالاھان }} |predecessor1 = ايڊورڊ ھيٿ |successor1 = جيمس ڪالاھان |office2 = ڪنزرويٽو پارٽيءَ جي سرواڻ |term_start2 = 11 فيبروري 1975ع |term_end2 = 28 نومبر 1990ع |deputy2 = وسڪائونٽ وائيٽ لاء |predecessor2 = ايڊورڊ ھيٿ |successor2 = جان ميجر |birth_name = مارگريٽ ھیلڊا رابرٽس |birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|10|13|df=y}} |birth_place = گرانٿم، لنڪنشائر، انگلينڊ |death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|4|8|1925|10|13|df=y}} |death_place = ويسٽ منسٽر، لنڊن، انگلينڊ |resting_place = رائل ھسپتال، چیلسي |resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.4874|-0.1582|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline}} |party = ڪنزرويٽو پارٽي |spouse = {{Marriage|[[ڊينس ٿيچر]]|13 ڊسمبر 1951|26 جون 2003|end=وفات}} |children = {{Hlist|[[Mark Thatcher|مارڪ]]|[[Carol Thatcher|ڪيرول]]}} |education = کیستیون اینڈ گرانتھم گرلز اسکول |alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list |سومروائل کالج، آکسفورڈ |انز آف کورٹ اسکول آف لاء }} |parents = [[الفريڊ رابرٽس]] (والد) |occupation = {{Hlist|[[وڪيل]]|[[ڪيميادان]]|سياستدان}} }} '''مارگريٽ ھلدا ٿيچر''' (Margaret Thatcher؛ <small>جنم: 13 آڪٽوبر 1925ع ــ وفات: 08 اپريل 2013ع)</small> يا بارونيس ٿيچر [[برطانيا]] جي ڪنزرويٽو پارٽيءَ سان تعلق رکندڙ سياستدان ۽ وزيراعظم (1979ع ــ 1990ع)، [[يورپ]] جي پھرين خاتون وزيراعظم، ويھين صديءَ ۾ برطانيہ جي واحد شخصيت جنھن کي لاڳيتو ٽي ڀيرا وزيراعظم چونڊجڻ جو اعزاز حاصل ٿيو. 1827ع کان پوءِ ھوءَ برطانيہ جي سڀ کان ڊگھي عرصي تائين وزيراعظم رھي. ھن پنھنجي ملڪ جي معيشيت کي مضبوط بنايو ۽ سندس شمار برطانيہ جي انتھائي ڪامياب ۽ ساک وارن سياستدانن ۾ ٿئي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Page|first=Jason S.|date=2013-06-04|title=Boildown Study on Supernatant Liquid Retrieved from AW-106 in December 2012|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1082481}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Thatcher revolution : Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the transformation of modern Britain, 1979-2001|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50006501|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2003|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=0742522024|oclc=50006501|last=Reitan, E. A. (Earl Aaron), 1925-}}</ref> == ننڍپڻ== مارگريٽ ٿيچر جو جنم [[انگلينڊ]] جي شھر گرانٿم ۾ ٿيو<ref>{{Cite chapter|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-37305|title=Who Was Who|date=2007-12-01|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|chapter=Thatcher, Baroness, (Margaret Hilda Thatcher) (13 Oct. 1925–8 April 2013)|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u37305}}</ref>. سندس والد الفريڊ رابرٽس ھڪ دڪاندار ھو جيڪو اڳتي ھلي پنھنجي شھر جو ميئر بنيو. ھن کي ننڍپڻ کان ئي سياست جو شوق ھو. ھن آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽيءَ مان ڪيميسٽريءَ جي تعليم حاصل ڪئي. شاگرديءَ واري زماني ۾ آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽيءَ جي ڪنزرويٽو ائسوسيئيشن جي پھرين خاتون صدر بني<ref>Beckett (2006), pp. 20–21; Blundell (2008), p. 28</ref>. 1947ع ۾ تعليم پوري ڪرڻ کان پوءِ چار سال ھڪ ڪيميائي محقق طور ڪم ڪيائين. انھيءَ دوران ھوءَ وڪالت جو اڀياس ڪندي رھي ۽ 1954ع ۾ وڪالت جي پريڪٽس ڪرڻ لڳي. 1951ع ۾ ھن جي شادي ڊينس ٿيچر سان ٿي. 1953ع ۾ کيس جاڙا ٻار ڄاوا جن مان ھڪ ڇوڪرو ۽ ھڪ ڇوڪري ھئي. ھن پھريون ڀيرو 1954ع ۾ پارليامينٽري چونڊن ۾ حصو ورتو پر ڪامياب نہ ٿي سگھي البت 1959ع وارين چونڊن ۾ وڏي اڪثريت سان چونڊ کٽيائين<ref>''Beckett, Clare (2006). The 20 British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century: Thatcher. Haus. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-904950-71-4</nowiki>.''</ref>. برطانيہ جي پارليامينٽ اندر ھن تمام ٿوري عرصي اندر پنھنجو پاڻ مڃرائي ورتو. 1961ع کان 1964ع تائين پارليامينٽري سيڪريٽري، 1969ع کان 1970ع تائين سائنس ۽ تعليمي معاملن بابت مخالف ڌر جي اسپوڪس مين، ۽ 1970ع کان 1974ع تائين سائنس ۽ تعليم جي سيڪريٽري رھي. 1975ع ۾ کيس ڪنزرويٽو پارٽيءَ جو اڳواڻ چونڊيو ويو<ref>{{Cite chapter|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11844-1_5|title=The Language of Political Leadership in Contemporary Britain|last=Gaffney|first=John|date=1991|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781349118465|location=London|pages=148–185|chapter=Margaret Thatcher and the Conservative Tradition}}</ref>. == بطور وزيراعظم == 1979ع ۾ ڪنزرويٽو پارٽيءَ چونڊون کٽيون ۽ مارگريٽ ٿيچر ملڪ جي وزيراعظم بڻي. وزيراعظم طور ھن سرڪاري ادارن کي خانگائڻ ۽ ملڪ جي معاشي ادارن ۾ سرڪاري ادارن جي مداخلت گھٽائڻ جي پاليسي اختيار ڪئي<ref>{{Cite book|title=Britain under Thatcher|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868580236|location=Harlow, England|isbn=9781317882916|oclc=868580236|others=Collings, Daniel, 1978-|last=Seldon, Anthony.}}</ref>. ھوءَ جڏھن وزيراعظم بڻي تڏھن ملڪ جي معيشيت انتھائي ڪمروز ٿي چڪي ھئي. انھيءَ کي ھٿي وٺائڻ لاءِ ھن مختلف ڪاروباري ادارن کي ڏنل ڇوٽ ۽ ٻيون رعايتون ختم ڪيون<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Thatcher revolution : Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the transformation of modern Britain, 1979-2001|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50006501|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2003|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=0742522024|oclc=50006501|last=Reitan, E. A. (Earl Aaron), 1925-}}</ref>. اھي قدم کڻڻ سان ملڪ جي معاشي صورتحال ۾ ڪجهه بھتري آئي پر بيروزگاريءَ جي شرح لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي ٿي وئي. ھن جي وزيراعظم طور پھرئين ٽينيوئر جي پڄاڻيءَ تائين ملڪ ۾ بيروزگار ماڻھن جي تعداد ۾ 3 ملين جو واڌارو آيو. شايد ھوءَ ٻيو ڀيرو چونڊون نہ کٽي سگھي ھا پر مخالف ڌر جي جاعت ليبر پارٽي جي اندروني اختلافن ۽ ارجنٽائن ۽ برطانيہ وچ ۾ فاڪلينڊ ٻيٽن جي مسئلي تي ٿيل جنگ سبب ھن جي پارٽي ھڪ ڀيرو ٻيھر وڏي اڪثريت ماڻي ورتي ۽ مارگريٽ ٻيھر ملڪ جي وزيراعظم طور ملڪ جون واڳون سنڀاليون. ٻيو ڀيرو وزيراعظم ٿيڻ شرط ھن ملڪ ۾ ھڙتالون ڪرائيندڙ ٽولن جا اختيار گھٽائڻ لاءِ عملي قدم کنيا<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Downing Street years|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29232843|publisher=HarperCollins|date=1993|location=London|isbn=0002550490|oclc=29232843|last=Thatcher, Margaret.}}</ref>. مختلف ادارن جي ٽريڊ يونين پاران ٿيل ھڙتالن سبب 79-1978ع ۾ ملڪ جو ڪاروھنوار سخت متاثر ٿيو ھو. ھن زبردستي دوڪان بند ڪرائڻ، ميمبرن جي ووٽ بنان احتجاج ڪرائڻ ۽ ھڙتالون ڪرائڻ وارن جي خلاف سخت قانون ٺاھيا. 1984ع ۾ آئرش ريپبلڪ آرميءَ پاران ڪنزرويٽو پارٽيءَ جي ھلندڙ اجلاس تي بم جو حملو ڪيو ويو جنھن ۾ مارگريٽ ٿيچر ذري گھٽ موت کان بچي وئي. 1986ع ۾ ھن [[گريٽر لنڊن]] ڪائونسل کي بند ڪري ڇڏيو. ھن جي ٻئي دور ۾ برطانيہ جي معاشري ۽ طرز حڪومت ۾ وڏيون تبديليون آيون. ھن جي ٻئي دور کي پرڏيھي پاليسين جي ڪاميابيءَ جو دور پڻ قرار ڏئي سگھجي ٿو. آمريڪا ۽ برطانيہ جا تعلقات وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿيا. ھن نيٽو ۽ برطانيہ جي نيوڪلائي پروگرام جي پرزور حمايت ڪئي ۽ [[سوويت يونين]] جي مخالفت ڪئي. آفريقا ۾ ھن زمبابوي جي آزاديءَ جي حمايت ڪئي<ref>''Soames, Baron (1980). "From Rhodesia to Zimbabwe". International Affairs. '''56''' (3): 405–419. doi:10.2307/2617389. JSTOR 2617389''</ref>، البت ڏکڻ آفريقا جي حڪومت جي حمايت سبب کيس تنقيد جو نشانو بنايو ويو<ref>{{Cite book|title=Margaret Thatcher|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1028224428|location=London|isbn=9781446420089|oclc=1028224428|last=Campbell, John, 1947-}}</ref>. 1984ع ۾ ھن [[يورپي اتحاد|يورپي يونين]] جي بجيٽ کي ملندڙ برطانيہ جو حصو گھٽائي ڇڏيو. ھن يورپي يونين جي وڌندڙ سياسي اثررسوخ ۽ ھڪ سڪي (Single Currency) جي مخالفت ڪئي<ref>{{Cite book|title=Soft law in European Community law|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56437178|publisher=Hart|date=2004|location=Oxford|isbn=1841134325|oclc=56437178|last=Senden, Linda.}}</ref>. انھيءَ ڪري ھن جي پنھنجي پارٽي اختلافن جو شڪار ٿي وئي ۽ ھن جي ڪابينہ جي ڪجهه وزير استعيفائون ڏئي حڪومت کان جدا ٿي ويا. 1989ع ۾ ھن پول ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪيو جنھن سبب نہ فقط ھن جي خلاف عوامي مظاھرا ٿيا بلڪ ھن جي پارٽيءَ ۾ بہ مخالفت وڌي وئي. 22 نومبر 1990ع تي ھن وزيراعظم جي عھدي تان استعيفا ڏيڻ جو اعلان ڪيو. ==آخري سال== استعيفا ڏيڻ کان پوءِ عوام ۾ ھڪ ڀيرو ٻيھر ھن جي مقبوليت ڪنھن حد تائين وڌي ۽ عوام ۾ اھو احساس پيدا ٿيو تہ ھن جي حڪومت ملڪ لاءِ بھتر ھئي. 1992ع ۾ ھن برطانوي پايامينٽ کي خداحافظ چيو. ھن غريب ملڪن جي مدد لاءِ ھڪ فائونڊيشن قائم ڪئي پر اھا 2005ع ۾ بند ٿي وئي. ھن پنھنجي يادگيرين تي مشتمل ٻہ ڪتاب لکيا: ڊائوننگ اسٽريٽ ۾ گذاريل سال (The Downing Street Years) ۽ اقتدار جو رستو (The Path to Power). جولاءِ 1992ع ۾ فلپ مورس ڪمپنيءَ کيس پنھنجو جيو پوليٽيڪل ڪنسلٽنٽ مقرر ڪيو. ھن ڪمپنيءَ طرفان ليڪچر ڏنا. ھن ڪروشيا ۽ سلووينيا جي آزاديءَ جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ بوسنيا ۾ سربيا طرفان ڪيل قتل عام جي مذمت ڪئي. 2008ع کان پوءِ ھن جي صحت خراب رھڻ لڳي. آخرڪار 8 اپريل 2013ع تي ھن جي حياتيءَ جو ڏيئو ھميشہ لاءِ اجھامي ويو<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Margaret|date=2015-03-24|title=Trumpets at Her Bedside|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.18476|journal=JAMA|volume=313|issue=12|pages=1272|doi=10.1001/jama.2014.18476|issn=0098-7484}}</ref>. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:سياست]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:برطانوي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:1925ع جون پيدائشون]] fce8m4mtqsnsiabl7bvr7vxk4adog2g 0 53707 370583 324360 2026-04-08T10:15:02Z Memon2025 21315 370583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = مسٽر. بين | image = Rowan Atkinson and Manneken Pis.jpg | caption = برسلز ۾ رووِن اٽڪنسن (مسٽربين) مُٽڻ ڪندڙ مينيڪن بُت ڀرسان بيٺل آهي | genre = [[سٽڪام]] | creator = {{unbulleted list|[[روون اٽڪنسن]]|[[رچرڊ ڪورتس]]}} | writer = {{unbulleted list|[[بين ايلٽن]] <small>(قسط 1 ۽ 15)</small>|رچرڊ ڪورتس <small>(قسطون 1کان7 ۽ 15)</small>|[[رابن ڊسڪول]] <small>(قسطون 2کان14)</small>|روون اٽڪنسن}} | director = {{unbulleted list|[[جان هاورڊ ڊيوائس]] <small>(قسطون 1کان3، 15)</small>|[[جان برڪن]] <small>(قسطون 4کان7, 10کان14)</small>|[[پال ویئلينڊ]] <small>(قسطون 8کان9)</small>}} | starring = [[روون اٽڪنسن]] | composer = [[هاورڊ گڊال]] | country = [[گڏيل بادشاھت|يونائٽيڊ ڪنگڊم]] | language = انگلش | num_episodes = 15 | list_episodes = مسٽر بين قسطن جي فهرست | executive_producer = [[پيٽربينيٽ-جونز]] | producer = {{unbulleted list|جان هاورڊ ڊيوائس <small>(قسطون 1کان3)</small>|[[سو ورچيو|سوئي ورٽچيو]] <small>(قسطون 4کان9, 12کان15)</small>|پيٽربينيٽ-جونز <small>(قسطون 10–11 ۽ 15)</small>}} | runtime = 29 منٽَ | company = [[ٽائيگر اسپيڪٽ پروڊڪشنز]] | distributor = {{unbulleted list|[[ٽيمز ٽيليويزن]] <small>(1990کان1992)</small>|[[آءِٽي وي سينٽرل]] <small>(1993کان1995)</small>|[[پيئرسن ٽيليويزن]] <small>(1994 کان2001)</small>|[[فريمنٽل (ڪمپني)|فريمنٽل]] <small>(2001کان 2009)</small>|[[اينڊيمول شائن يوڪي]] <small>(2009کان حال)</small>}} | network = [[آئي ٽي وي (ٽي وي نيٽورڪ)|ITV]] | picture_format = {{unbulleted list|576i (4:3 SDTV)}} | audio_format = {{unbulleted list|Stereo}} | first_aired = {{Start date|19<!-- This date is as shown on the official website. Do not change it without citing an even more reliable source -->90|1|1|df=yes}}<ref name=TL>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrbean.com/timeline|title=Mr Bean&nbsp;— Timeline|publisher=Tiger Aspect Productions Ltd|accessdate=8 February 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219134210/http://www.mrbean.com/timeline|archivedate=19 December 2013}}</ref> | last_aired = {{End date|1995|12|15|df=yes}} | followed_by = ''[[بيئن (فلم)|بین:الٽيميٽ ڊيزاسٽر مووي]]'' | website = http://www.mrbean.co.uk/ | }} [[فائل:Rowan Atkinson on a Mini at Goodwood Circuit in 2009.jpg|200px|thumb|"مسٽر بين بيڪ ٽو اسڪول" جو هِڪُ منظر (سينُ)]] '''مسٽر بين''' ({{lang-en|Mr. Bean}}) اَڌُ ڪلاڪ جي چوڏهن قسطن تي ٻَڌل برطانوي ڪاميڊي ٽيليويزن ڪامڪس سلسليوار ڊرامي جو نالو آهي،جنهن ۾ مُکيا (مرڪزي) ڪردار روان ايٽڪنسن) نڀايو آهي. ڊرامي کي [[روون اٽڪنسن|روان ايٽڪنسن]]، روبن ڊريسڪول، رچرڊ ڪرٽس ۽ بن ايلٽن لکيو آهي. مرڪزي ڪردار جي نالي سان نشر ٿيندڙ ان ڊرامي جي پهرئين قسط جنوري 1، 1990<ref name=TL /> تي نشر ڪئي وئي ۽ گڊ نائٽ مسٽر بين (Goodnight, Mr. Bean) جيڪا آڪٽوبر 21، 1995 تي نشر ٿي هئي انکانپوءِ آخري قسط ۽ پندرنهين قسط دي بيسٽ بٽس آف مسٽر بين ( "The Best Bits of Mr. Bean") جي نالو سان ڊسمبر 15، 1995 تي نشر ٿي هئي. مسٽر بين ڊرامو هڪ اهڙي ماڻهوءَ جي صورت ۾ پيش ڪري ٿو، جنهن جو ذهن ٻالڪپڻ (ننڍڙي ٻار) وارو آهي ۽ اهو ڏيکاري ٿو تہ روزاني زندگيءَ جي معاملن کي حل ڪرڻ ۾ هو ڪهڙي ريت ڏُکيائين کي مُنهن ڏئي ٿو.<ref name=cavendish/> ڊرامي پنج سال جي عرصي ۾ نہ رُڳو برطانوي ٽي وي شوقينن جي وڏي تعداد جو ڌيان چِڪايو پر ڪيترائي بين الاقوامي ايوارڊ پڻ حاصل ڪيا جِن ۾ Rose d'Or پڻ شامل آهي. ان سلسلي جي قسط "مسٽر بين سان پريشاني" ("The Trouble with Mr. Bean") کي 18.74 ملين ناظرين ڏٺو.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096657/trivia Viewing figures] at the [[انٽرنيٽ مووي ڊيٽابيس]]. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> ڊرامو نہ رُڳو مشهور ٿيو، پر ان جي مرڪزي خيال تي ٻه فلمون ۽ هڪ ڪارٽون سيريز پڻ ٺاهي وئي. اصل ۾ ان ڊرامي ۾ [[روون اٽڪنسن|ايٽڪنسن]] جي تيار ڪيل هڪ ڪردار جو بنياد وڌو ويو، جڏهن هو [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] ۾ پنهنجي ماسٽرز ڊگري لاءِ تعليم پِرائي رهيو هيو، مسٽر بين تي ٻَڌل سيريز جو مرڪزي ڪردار، جيڪو [[روون اٽڪنسن|ايٽڪنسن]] پاران "وڏي ماڻهوءَ جي جسم ۾ هڪ ٻار" قرار ڏنو هيو، ڇاڪاڻ تہ هو روزانو مختلف ڳنڀيرتائو (مسئلا) حل ڪندو آهي، جِن ۾ ڪيترن ئي ڪمن ۽ عمل ۾ کيس رڪاوٽون سامهون اچن ٿيون.<ref name=cavendish>{{cite web|url=http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=2323922005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018071947/http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=2323922005 |title=Atkinson has Bean there and he's done with that |archivedate=18 October 2006 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref> هي سيريز جسماني ڪاميڊي اداڪارن جهڙوڪ جيڪ تاٽي ۽ مُنڍائتي خاموش فلمن کان متاثر ٿي ڪري ٺاهي وئي آهي.<ref name=cavendish/> هيءَ سيريز سموري دنيا جي 245 علائقن ۾ پڻ وِڪرو ٿي چُڪي آهي ۽ ان اينيميٽيڊ اسپن-آف ۽ ٿيٽر جي خصوصيت جي ڊگهائي (لينٿ) واري ٻن فلمن کي متاثر ڪيو آهي. 2012 لنڊن سمر اولمپڪس مهورتي (افتتاحي) تقريب ۾ پرفارمنس، ٽيليويزن اشتهارن ۽ ڪامڪ ريليف جي ڪيترن ئي خاڪن جي اداڪاري لاءِ مسٽر بين طور اٽڪنسن پنهنجي ڪردار جي نمائندگي ڪندي هڪ سرگرم ڪردار نڀايو آهي. ان شو جي تعريف کانسواءِ، سموري دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي علائق۾ ۾ شو جي گُهرج (ڊمانڊ) جو هڪ ٻيو ڪارَڻ هي پڻ آهي تہ ان شو ۾ ڏاڍو قابل فهم ڊائلاگ جو استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن سان اهو انهن ماڻهن جي لاءِ ڏاڍو گهڻو قابل رسائي ٿئي ٿو جيڪي [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] سفا گهٽ يا نہ ڄاڻيندا آهن. ==مُنڍُ== مسٽر بين جو ڪردار ان مهل ٺاهيو ويو هيو، جڏهن [[روون اٽڪنسن|راون ايٽڪنسن]] [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] جي دي ڪوئز ڪاليج ۾ اليڪٽريڪل انجينئرنگ ۾ ماسٽرز جي ڊگري حاصل ڪري رهيو هيو. 1980 جي ڏهاڪو جي شروع ۾ اِيڊنبرا فرنج (ايڊنبرگ فرنج) ۾ بين جي خاصيت وارو خاڪو ڏيکاريو ويو هيو. رابرٽ باڪس نالي ساڳئي طرح جو هڪ ڪردار، جيڪو اٽڪنسن پڻ نڀايو، 1979 ۾ آءِ ٽي وي سئٽڪام ڪينڊ لاٽر (ITV sitcom Canned Laughter) ۾ هڪ ئي ڀير پيش ڪيو ويو، جيڪو 1997 ۾ موشن پڪچر ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ وهنواري پڻ شامل هيو.<ref>''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0125687/ Canned Laughter]'' at the [[انٽرنيٽ مووي ڊيٽابيس|Internet Movie Database]]. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> ==هوم ميڊيا== هي سلسلو ٿامز ٽيليويزن (ٽيمز ٽيليويزن) جي ڪيترن ئي وي ايڇ ايس رچنا (ترتيب) تي موجود هيو. [[عظيم برطانيا|برطانيا]] (ريجن 2) ۾، مسٽر بين جي قسطن کي يونيورسل پڪچرز يوڪي (Universal Pictures UK) طرفان هر سال جي بنياد تي 2004 کان جاري ڪيو هيو. پُوري ڪليڪشن هاڻي موجود آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻہ فيچر فلمون ۽ ٻِيا ايڪسٽراز پڻ شامل آهن. 1990 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ [[آمريڪا جون گڏيل رياستون|آمريڪا]] ۾ A&E هوم وڊيو جي وسيلي VHS تي قسطون جاري ڪيون ويون هيون.هي ريليزز (جاري ڪيل قسطون) يگانيون آهن ڇو تہ انهن ۾ پهرئين ٽن قسطن جي اصل افتتاحي ڪريڊٽ هوندا آهن، جيئن تہ اصل ۾ ٽيليويزن تي نشر ٿيڻ وقت ڏيکاريو ويندو آهي. انکانسواء، ان ۾ وڌيڪ منظر آهن، جيڪي تجارتي-آزاد (ڪمرشل-فري) نشريات ڪرڻ جي لاءِ رن-ٽائم وڌائيندا آهن، جيڪي پي بي ايس (PBS) جي درخواست تي ڪُجھ قسطن ۾ ايڊٽ ٿيل آهن. ڪينيڊا ۾، مسٽر. بين کي پوليگرام هوم ويڊيو جي ذريعي وي ايڇ ايس (VHS) تي جاري (رليز) ڪيو ويو. آمريڪا (ريجن 1) ۾، مڪمل سيريز 2003 کان A&E هوم وڊِيو تي " دي هول بين (The Whole Bean)" تحت موجود آهي. مسٽر بين نالي دستاويزي فلم برطانيا ۽ آمريڪا ڊي وي ڊي سيٽَن تي سنواريل آهن: ٽيلي ويژن تي نشر ٿيڻ تي هي اصل ۾ 52 منٽَ جي هُئي، تنهن هوندي، برطانيا ڊي وي ڊي (UK DVD) تي اها دستاويزي فلم 48 منٽ جڏهن تہ آمريڪي ڊي وي ڊي تي ڇَڙو (رُڳو) 40 منٽ جي آهي. سڀ کان اهم ڳالهہ هيءَ آهي تہ، يوڪي واري ورژن ۾، ڊگهو همراهہ (دي ٽال گاءِ The Tall Guy) جي تفصيل سان آگاهہ ڪندڙ حصي ۾ فلم منجهان هٽائيل مزاحيا ڪلپس موجود آهن. امريڪي ڊي وي ڊي ۾ برٽش ڊي وي ڊي وانگُر ئي ترميمون (سُڌارو) شامل آهن پَر بين جي سيٽَ تي برٽ رينالڊس جو تبصرو (ڪمينٽس)، جيف گولڊ بلم جو تبصرو، شو مسٽربين جا ڪُجھ ڪلپس ۽ ٻِيا انيڪ ڪلپس پڻ غائب ٿيل آهن. بين جي رليز ٿيڻ کان ڪُجھ دير اَڳُ ئي ريڪارڊ-وڪرو ڪندڙ يوڪي جي وڊيوز واپس کنيون (هٽايون) ويون، ۽ ڊي وي ڊي 2004 کانپوءِ هرسال (سالياني) جي بنيادن تي جاري ڪيون ويون. آگسٽ 2009 ۾، سيريز جو هڪ باضابطا (آفيشل) [[يوٽيوب]] چينل آندو (لائونچ ڪيو) ويو هيو، جنهن ۾ اصل سِڌوسنئون-ايڪشن (لائيو-ايڪشن) ۽ ساهه وجهندڙ (اينيميٽيڊ) سيريز ٻنهنين جو مواد شامل هُيو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/mrbean |title=Kanaal van MrBean |publisher=YouTube |date=1 January 1990 |accessdate=26 December 2010}}</ref> ان سيريز کي [[اتر آمريڪا|اُتر آمريڪا]] ۾ شائوٽ فيڪٽري طرفان ان جي 25 هين وَرسي جي مطابق 24 مارچ 2015 تي ڊي وي ڊي تي ٻيهَر-جاري (re-released) ڪيو هُيو. ان سيٽَ ۾ ڊجيٽل طور ٻيهَر ٺاهيل قسطن (2010 جي برطانوي ريليز وانگر)، مسٽر بين جي 40 منٽَ جي ڪهاڻي، واڌُو منظر (سينَ) تي جُڙيل آهي: "[[ترڪي]] جو وزن (Turkey Weight)،" "آرمچير سيل (Armchair Sale)،" "مارچنگ (Marching)" ۽ "ماچيس سان راند کيڏڻ (Playing With Matches)"، " بس اسٽاپ "۽ " لائبريري" خاڪا، مسٽر بين جو هڪ ٽريلر: ايني ميٽڊ سيريز ۽" مسٽر بين جا بهترين بٽس (The Best Bits of Mr. Bean)"، هڪ 72 منٽ جي ڪِلپ شو شامل آهن.<ref name="amazon.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Mr-Bean-Whole-Complete/dp/B00QJN33II/ref=tmm_dvd_title_0?_encoding=UTF8&sr=&qid=|title=Amazon.com: Mr. Bean: The Whole Bean (Complete Series): Rowan Atkinson, John Birkin: Movies & TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shoutfactory.com/tv/comedy/mr-bean-the-whole-bean-remastered-25th-anniversary-collection|title=Shout! Factory - Mr. Bean: The Whole Bean [Remastered 25th Anniversary Collection]}}</ref> ===وي ايڇ ايس (VHS)=== {| class="wikitable" |- !ٽائٽل !قسطن جو تعداد |- | مسٽر بين جي حيرت انگيز خطرناڪ مهم | 2; "مسٽر بين" ۽ "مسٽر بين جي واپسي" |- | مسٽر بين جون دلچسپ شرارتون | 2; "مسٽر بين جي بددعا" ۽ "مسٽر بين شهر گُهمڻ ويو" |- | مسٽر بين جا خوفناڪ قصا | 2; "مسٽر بين سان پريشاني" ۽ "مستر بين ٻيهر سواري ڪئي (مسٽر بين رائڊز اگين)" |- | مسٽر بين جا ميري افسوسناڪ حادثا | 2; "ميري ڪرسمس، مسٽر بين" ۽ "مسٽر بين 426 ڪمرو ۾" |- | مسٽر بين جي جوکائتي ڳولها | 2; "مائنڊ دي بيبي، مسٽر بين" ۽ "اهو-پاڻ-ڪر، مسٽر بين (ڊو اِٽ يوئرسيلف، مسٽر بين)" |- | اڻ ڏٺل بين Unseen Bean | 2; "اسڪول ڏانهن واپسي، مسٽر بين (Back to School, Mr. Bean)" ۽ "لنڊن واري مسٽر بين جا وارَ (Hair by Mr. Bean of London)" |- | مسٽر بين جون آخري چِلولائيون | 2; "ٽي آف، مسٽر بين" ۽ "گڊ نائٽ، مسٽر بين" |- | دَ بيسٽ بٽس آف مسٽر بين The Best Bits of Mr. Bean | قسط ڪلپس |- | مڪمل مسٽر بين (جُلد 1) | 7; "مسٽر بين" ، "مسٽر بين جي بددعا" ، "مسٽر بين سان پريشاني" ، "ميري ڪرسمس، مسٽر بين" ، "مائنڊ دي بيبي، مسٽر بين" ، "اسڪول واپسي، مسٽر۔ بين "۽" گڊ نائٽ، مسٽر بين" |- | مڪمل مسٽر بين (جُلد 2 ٻئي) | 7; "مسٽر بين جي واپسي" ، "مسٽر بين شهر وڃي ٿو (مسٽر بين گوئز ٽو ٽائون)" ، "مسٽر بين رائڊز اگين" ، "مسٽر بين ڪمرو 426 ۾" ، "ڊو اِٽ يوئرسليف، مسٽر بين" ، "ٽي آف، مسٽر بين "۽" مسٽر بين لنڊن جا وارَ " |- | ميري ڪرسمس مسٽر بين | 1 |- |مسٽر بين&nbsp;– Vol. 1 |3 |- |مسٽر بين&nbsp;– Vol. 2 |3 |- |} ===ڊي وي ڊي(DVD)=== {| class="wikitable" |- !ٽائٽل !قسطن جو انگُ (تعداد) !تاريخ رليز !نوٽس |- | مسٽر بين:پوري بينَ | 14 + 4 (خاص قسط۔) | 29 اپريل 2003 | [[ڊي وي ڊي ريجن ڪوڊ#1|علائقو 1]]۔ سڀ 15 قسطون، ٻه [[مزاحيا ليف|Comic Relief]] خاڪا ۽ ٻه هدايت ڪار جا ڪَٽِ ٿيل خاڪا شامل آهن گڏوگڏ، '' مسٽر بين جي آکاڻي '' (40 منٽ جي دستاويزي (ڊاڪيومينٽري) فلم)، "" مسٽر۔ بين:ايني ميٽڊ سيريز '' جو ٽريلر، ۽ روون اٽڪنسن بائيوگرافي ۽ فلم نگاري (فلموگرافي) |- | مسٽر بين: سيريز 1، جُلدَ 1۔4 (ڊجيٽل طور تي 20 هي سالگرهہ ايڊِيشن) | 14 + 4 (خاص قسط۔) | 6 سيپٽمبر 2010 | سمورين 15 قسطن تي ٻَڌل آهي |- | مسٽر بين - مڪمل مجموعو | 14 + 4 (خاص قسط۔) | 28 نومبر 2011 | سڀ 15 قسطن تي مشتمل آهي (ڊجيٽل طور ٻيهَر تيار ڪيل) + '' مسٽر بين: ايني ميٽِيڊ سيريز '' جون قسطون + ٻئي فلمون. |} ;جُلدَ (واليمز) {| class="wikitable" |- !ٽائٽل !قسط جو تعداد !جاري ٿيڻ جي تاريخ !نوٽس |- | مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: 1 | 3 |1 نومبر 2004 | قسطون: قسط 1: "مسٽر بين" ، قسط 2: "مسٽر بين جي واپسي" ، قسط 14: "لنڊن کان آيل مسٽر بين جا وارَ." بونس خاصيتون: "گُلابي رنگ ۾" ، "لائبريري". |- | مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: 2 | 3 | 31 آڪٽوبر 2005 | قسطون: قسط 3: "مسٽر بين جي بددعا" ، قسط 4: "مسٽر بين شهر ويو" ، قسط 5: "مسٽر بين سان پريشاني"۔ بونس خاصيتون: "رائل بين"۔ |- | مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: 3 | 3 | 13 نومبر 2006 | قسطون: قسط 10: "ٻار کي ذهن ۾ رکو (مائنڊ دَ بيبي)، مسٽر بين" ، قسط 8: "مسٽر بين 426 ڪمري ۾"، قسط 6: "مسٽر بين ٻهير سواري تي"۔ بونس خاصيتون:پردي جي پويان'' مسٽربين جو هاليڊي (مسٽربين جي موڪَل جو ڏينهن)''۔ |- | مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: 4 | 3 | 19 مارچ 2007 | قسطون: قسط 9: اهو پاڻ ڪر، مسٽر بين (ڊُواِٽِ يوئرسيلف، مسٽربين)"، قسط 11:" اسڪول ڏانهن واپسي، مسٽر بين"، قسط 12:" ٽي آف، مسٽر بين ". بونس خاصيتون:" خزانو! "۔ |- | مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: 5 | 2 | 12 نومبر 2007 | قسطون: قسط 7: "ميري ڪرسمس، مسٽر بين" ، قسط 13: "گڊ نائٽ، مسٽر بين". واڌُو خاصيتون: 2007 ڪامڪ ليف اسڪيچ، "آرٽ چور" ، "سڪيريڊي بين" ، "هيئر ڪٽ". |- | مسٽر بين: بينٽسٽڪ سموري ڪليڪشن | 14 + 26 (ڪارٽون) + 2 (فلمون) | 12 نومبر 2007 | سڀ 14 ٽي وي قسطون، ''مسٽربين'' ايني ميٽيڊ سيريز جون سڀ 26 قسطون، ''مسٽر بين جي موڪلَ'' ۽ '' بين- الٽيميٽ ڊيزاسٽر مووي''۔ |- | مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: ڪلاسيڪي ٽي وي سيريز جو سمورو جُهڳٽو (مجموعو) (5 ڊي وي ڊي سيٽُ) | 14 | 18 نومبر 2008 | تي ٻڌل: مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: 1 ۽ 2 (2 ڊي وي ڊي سيٽ), مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: 3 ۽ 4 (2 ڊي وي ڊي سيٽ) ۽ مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: 5. |- | مسٽر بين: بيسٽ بٽس | |17 نومبر 2008 | جهلڪيون |- | مسٽر بين: جُلد 1 (ڊجيٽل طور 20 هين سالگرهہ ايڊيشن ۾ ٻيهر ڪَٺِيون ڪيل) | 5 | 6 سيپٽمبر 2010 | يونيورسل پڪچرز يوڪي |- | مسٽر بين: جُلد 2 (ڊجيٽل طور 20 هين سالگرهہ ايڊيشن ۾ ٻيهر ڀريل) | 5 | 6 سيپٽمبر 2010 | يونيورسل پڪچرز يوڪي |- | مسٽر بين: جُلد 3 (20 هين سالگرهہ جي ايڊيشن ۾ ڊجيٽل طور ٻيهر منظم) | 4 | 6 سيپٽمبر 2010 | يونيورسل پڪچرز يوڪي |- | مسٽر بين: جُلد 4 (20 هين سالگرهہ جي ايڊيشن ۾ ڊجيٽل طور ٻيهر منظم) | بيسٽ بٽس، '' مسٽر بين جي ڪهاڻي ''، روون اٽڪنسن سان انٽرويو | 6 سيپٽمبر 2010 | يونيورسل پڪچرز يوڪي |- | مسٽر بين ۾ روون اٽڪنسن: بين جو شاندار باڪس سيٽ (20 هين سالگرهہ ايڊيشن ۾ ڊجيٽل طور ٻيهر ڇپيل) | 14 | 6 سيپٽمبر 2010 | يونيورسل پڪچرز يوڪي |- | مسٽر بين سالگرهہ جون واڌايون | 3 | 6 سيپٽمبر 2010 | ٻَڌل آهن: ريستورنٽ کان "مسٽر بين جي واپسي" ، "برٿ ڊي بيئر" (ايني ميٽيڊ قسط) ، وٽان "ڊسڪو" "مسٽر بين ٽائون ويو"، "ڊنر فار ٽو" (اينيميٽيڊ قسط) ، "دي فن فيئر"مائينڊ دَي بيبي، مسٽر بين"، "دي ريسٽورانٽ" (اينيميٽيڊ قسط). |- | ميري ڪرسمس مسٽر بين | 1 | 1 نومبر 2010 | قسط 7: ميري ڪرسمس مسٽر بين. |- | مسٽر بين سان گڏ موڪلُن جي تباهي (هاليڊي هاووڪ وٿ مسٽر بين) | 9 خاڪا (اسڪيچز) | 8 آگسٽ 2011 | |- | اسڪول واپسي، مسٽر بين Back to School, Mr. Bean | 3 | 4 آگسٽ 2014 | قسط 11 تي ٻَڌَل آهي: "اسڪول ڏانهن واپسي، مسٽر بين" ، "دي لائبريري" ، "امتحان"۔ |- | مسٽر بين:مزاحيا مُهانڊو (مسٽر بين فني فيسز) | 2 | 4 مئي 2015 | |} == حوالا == {{Reflist|30em}} ==ٻاهِريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikiquote}} *{{Official website|http://www.mrbean.co.uk/}} *{{IMDb title|id=0096657|title=Mr. Bean}} *{{tv.com show|mr-bean|Mr. Bean}} *[http://www.findthatlocation.com/Television-Show/Mr-Bean Filming locations from ''Mr Bean''] *[http://www.mrbeantvseries.co.uk/beancharacters.htm Mr Bean Guest Characters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806174346/http://www.mrbeantvseries.co.uk/beancharacters.htm |date=2018-08-06 }} {{Mr. Bean}} {{Richard Curtis}} {{Ben Elton}} {{Comic Relief}} {{InternationalEmmyAward Popular Arts Programming}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مسٽر بين]] [[زمرو:اداڪار]] [[زمرو:انگريز اداڪار]] [[زمرو:برطانوي اداڪار]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:برطانوي شخصيتون]] sqd6cqofb106o611in6jr83cwg7nxxe 14 53709 370584 174536 2026-04-08T10:16:03Z Memon2025 21315 370584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{lang-en|Category:Mr. Bean}} {{Portal|Television|United Kingdom}} {{Commons category|Mr. Bean}} {{Cat main|مسٽر بين}} [[زمرو:اداڪار]] [[زمرو:انگريز اداڪار]] [[زمرو:برطانوي اداڪار]] 7pcvq4yv1h8gyw31nmytnimzwtlb2yf 14 78942 370587 284622 2026-04-08T11:00:23Z Memon2025 21315 370587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جو سماج]] زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ کنڊ tmgqf9gqfo897p769ur500gghnlj3fp 370588 370587 2026-04-08T11:06:43Z Memon2025 21315 370588 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:يورپ جا ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:يورپ جو سماج]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جا ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي شخصيتون]] 2po7u7lr65m9z626yea61kgvwp81t5d 370589 370588 2026-04-08T11:09:15Z Memon2025 21315 370589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:يورپ جو سماج]] [[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جا ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:يورپ جا ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جو سماج]] 0oa0237qm9k9q0btwet3f1gut6gxhs2 370592 370589 2026-04-08T11:13:42Z Memon2025 21315 370592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:يورپ جو سماج]] [[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ کنڊ]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي شخصيتون]] qxuxjcv79jy4r1flwzmrs2wsn9jzotv 0 79818 370522 316122 2026-04-07T14:52:42Z Memon2025 21315 370522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|English chemist, theologian, educator, and political theorist (1733–1804)}} {{Featured article}} {{Infobox person | name = جوزف پرسٽلي<br> <!-- use common name/article title --> Joseph Priestley | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|size=100%}} | image = File:Joseph Priestley.jpeg | alt = Joseph Priestley | caption = پرسٽلي جو پورتريت، سال 1801ع | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = 24 مارچ، 1733ع | birth_place = برسٽل، يارڪشائر، [[انگلينڊ]] | death_date = 6 فيبروري، 1804ع | death_place = نارٿمبرلينڊ، [[پينسلوانيا]]، [[گڏيل آمريڪي رياستون]] | occupation = {{hlist|[[ڪيميا دان]]|فلسفي|الهيات جو ماهر|[[لسانيات|گرائمر جو ماهر]]|[[استاذ]]}} | known_for = * [[آڪسيجن]] (O₂) جي دريافت ۽ نو ٻيون گئسون، جن ۾ ڪاربن مونو آڪسائيڊ (CO)، نائٽرڪ آڪسائيڊ (NO)، نائٽرس آڪسائيڊ (N₂O)، [[امونيا]] (NH₃)، سلفر ڊائي آڪسائيڊ (SO₂) ۽ نائٽروجن پرآڪسائيڊ (N₂O₄) شامل آهن. * ڪاربن چڪر جي دريافت | awards = * رائل سوسائٽي جو فيلو (1766ع)<ref name="FRS">{{cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org/downloaddoc.asp?id=4275 |title=List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660–2007, K–Z |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=The Royal Society |access-date=1 August 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212012209/http://royalsociety.org/downloaddoc.asp?id=4275 |archive-date=12 December 2007}}</ref> * ڪوپلي ميڊل (1772ع)<ref name="Copley Medal">{{cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744 |title=Copley archive winners 1799–1731 |website=royalsociety.org |publisher=The Royal Society |access-date=1 August 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111085614/http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=1744 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref> }} '''جوزف پرسٽلي''' (Joseph Priestley؛ (24 مارچ 1733ع - 6 فيبروري 1804ع)، FRS، <ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/priestley "Priestley"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030033729/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/priestley|date=30 October 2014}}: ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]'' – Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition.</ref> هڪ انگريز ڪيميادان، يونيٽيرين عيسائي، قدرتي فلسفي، عالم، گرامر دان، گھڻن مضمونن جو معلم ۽ ڪلاسيڪل لبرل سياسي نظريي جو ماهر هو.<ref name="oxford2004" /> هن 150 کان وڌيڪ ڪم شايع ڪيا ۽ [[سائنس]] جي ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ تجربا ڪيا.<ref>[[#isaacson2004|Isaacson, 2004]], pp. 140–141, 289</ref><ref>[[#schofield1997|Schofield, 1997]], p. 142</ref> [[ڪيميا]] ۾ پريسٽلي کي [[آڪسيجن]] جي دريافت جو ڪريڊٽ ڏنو ويو آهي، جيڪا هن سال 1774ع ۾ مرڪيورڪ آڪسائيڊ جي حرارتي ٽٽ جي ذريعي الڳ ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|title=General Chemistry|author=H.&nbsp;I. Schlesinger|year=1950|edition=4th|page=134}}</ref><ref>Although Swedish chemist [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] also has strong claims to the discovery, Priestley published his findings first. Scheele discovered it by heating potassium nitrate, mercuric oxide, and many other substances in about 1772.</ref> هن جي حياتيءَ دوران، پرسٽلي جي ڪافي سائنسي شهرت هن جي ڪاربونيٽيڊ پاڻي جي ايجاد، بجليءَ تي هن جي لکڻين ۽ ڪيترن ئي گيسن جي دريافت تي رهي، جنهن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور [[آڪسيجن]] آهي جن کي پرسٽلي "ڊي فلوجسٽڪ هوا“ جو نالو ڏنو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/josephpriestleyoxygen.html|title=Joseph Priestley, Discoverer of Oxygen National Historic Chemical Landmark|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> پرسٽلي جي فلوجسٽن نظريي جو دفاع ڪرڻ ۽ هن نظريات کي رد ڪرڻ جو عزم جيڪا ڪيميائي انقلاب بڻجي ويا، آخرڪار هن کي سائنسي برادري ۾ الڳ ٿلگ ڪري ڇڏيو. پرسٽلي جي سائنس سندس مذهبي نظريات سان جڙيل هئي ۽ هن مسلسل ڪوشش ڪئي ته روشن خيال عقليت پسنديءَ کي عيسائي مذهبي نظريات سان ملائي.<ref>Tapper, 10.</ref> هن جي مابعدالطبعيات لکت ۾، پرسٽلي ڪوشش ڪئي مذهبيات، ماديت ۽ عزم کي گڏ ڪري، هي هڪ اهڙو منصوبو هئو جنهن کي "بيوقوف ۽ اصل" سڏيو ويو.<ref name="Tap3142">Tapper, 314.</ref> هن يقين ڪيو ته فطري دنيا جي صحيح سمجهه انساني ترقي کي وڌائيندو ۽ آخرڪار مسيحي ملينيم جو ذريعو بڻجي ويندو.<ref name="Tap3143">Tapper, 314.</ref> پرسٽلي، جيڪو خيالن جي آزاد ۽ کليل تبادلي تي پختو يقين رکندو هو، رواداري ۽ مذهبي اختلاف ڪندڙن لاءِ برابري جي حقن جو حامي هو، جنهن هن کي انگلينڊ ۾ وحدانيت پرست عيسائيت ڦيلائڻ ۾ مدد پڻ ڏني. پرسٽلي جي اشاعتن جي تڪراري نوعيت، پهريان آمريڪي انقلاب ۽ بعد ۾ فرانس جي انقلاب جي سندس واضح حمايت سان گڏ،<ref>[[جوزف پرسٽلي#schofield1997|Schofield, 1997]], p. 274</ref> عوامي ۽ حڪومتي توهين کي جنم ڏنو؛<ref>[[جوزف پرسٽلي#vandoren1938|Van Doren]], p. 420</ref> آخرڪار هن کي 1791ع ۾، پهرين لنڊن ۽ پوءِ آمريڪا ڏانهن ڀڄڻ تي مجبور ٿيو. بعد ۾ هڪ متشدد ٽولو سندس برمنگهم گهر ۽ چرچ کي ساڙي ڇڏيو. هن پنهنجا آخري ڏهه سال نارٿمبرلينڊ ڪائونٽي، پنسلوانيا ۾ گذاريا. هڪ عالم ۽ استاد جي طور تي، پرسٽلي پنهنجي سڄي زندگي تدريسي علم ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو، جنهن ۾ انگريزي گرامر تي بنيادي ڪم ۽ تاريخ تي ڪتابن جي اشاعت شامل آهي. هن ڪجهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثرائتو شروعاتي تاريخي ٽائم لائنون تيار ڪيون. تعليمي لکڻيون پرسٽلي جي مشهور ڪمن مان هيون. يقينن، سندس مابعدالطبعياتي ڪم، جيتوڻيڪ، سڀ کان وڌيڪ پائيدار اثر رکندڙ آهن، جيئن هاڻي فلاسفرن جهڙوڪ جيريمي بينٿم، جان اسٽوارٽ مل ۽ هربرٽ اسپينسر پاران استعمال جي بنيادي ذريعن طور سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. == ابتدائي زندگي ۽ تعليم == ==ڪيريئر== نيدهام مارڪيٽ ۽ نانتوچ: وارنگٽن اڪيڊمي: ليڊز: ڪالن: برمنگهم: هيڪني: پنسلوانيا: ==ڊگريون== ==ورثو== ==آرڪائيو== ==چونڊيل ڪم== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[انتوائن ليوازئي]] * [[بنجامن فرينڪلن]] * آزاد دريافتن جي فهرست * لبرل نظريادانن جي فهرست ==خارجي لنڪس== {{Wikiquote}} {{commons category|Joseph Priestley}} * [[List of works by Joseph Priestley#Links to online works in full-text|Links to Priestley's works online]] * [http://www.priestleysociety.net/ The Joseph Priestley Society] * [http://www.josephpriestley.com/index.html Joseph Priestley Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713120604/http://www.josephpriestley.com/index.html |date=13 July 2011 }}: Comprehensive site with bibliography, links to related sites, images, information on manuscript collections, and other helpful information. * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20071115.shtml Radio 4 program on the discovery of oxygen] by the [[BBC]] * [http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/smith/PortraitList.cfm?ScientistID=223&visited=smithScientist Collection of Priestley images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423053556/http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/smith/PortraitList.cfm?ScientistID=223&visited=smithScientist |date=23 April 2009 }} at the Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text and Image ===مختصر آن لائن سوانح عمريون=== * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111002141806/https://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/memberapp?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=925&content_id=CTP_004441&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1 Joseph Priestley: Discoverer of Oxygen]" at the [[American Chemical Society]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070228055714/http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/Priestley.html Joseph Priestley] at the [[Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation]] * [http://www.spaceship-earth.org/Biograph/Priestley.htm Joseph Priestley] from the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=858 ExplorePAHistory.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130090722/http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=858 |date=2024-11-30 }} * {{cite web |last=Poliakoff |first=Martyn |title=Joseph Priestley |url=http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/feature_priestley_glasses.htm |work=[[The Periodic Table of Videos]] |publisher=[[University of Nottingham]] |author-link=Martyn Poliakoff}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Priestley, Joseph}} [[Category:1733 births]] [[Category:1804 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century American theologians]] [[Category:18th-century British philosophers]] [[Category:18th-century English chemists]] [[Category:18th-century English Christian theologians]] [[Category:18th-century English non-fiction writers]] [[Category:18th-century English male writers]] [[Category:18th-century Unitarian clergy]] [[Category:19th-century American male writers]] [[Category:19th-century British philosophers]] [[Category:19th-century English writers]] [[Category:American abolitionists]] [[Category:American male non-fiction writers]] [[Category:American Unitarians]] [[Category:British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies]] [[Category:Christian universalist theologians]] [[Category:Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus]] [[Category:Discoverers of chemical elements]] [[Category:Educators from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:English abolitionists]] [[Category:English Christian theologians]] [[Category:English Christian universalists]] [[Category:English Dissenters]] [[Category:English pamphleteers]] [[Category:English philosophers]] [[Category:English political philosophers]] [[Category:English Unitarians]] [[Category:Enlightenment philosophers]] [[Category:Enlightenment scientists]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Industrial gases]] [[Category:Leeds Blue Plaques]] [[Category:Linguists of English]] [[Category:Members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham]] [[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:People associated with the University of Edinburgh]] [[Category:People from Birstall, West Yorkshire]] [[Category:People from Hackney Central]] [[Category:People from Northumberland, Pennsylvania]] [[Category:People of the American Industrial Revolution]] [[Category:Priestley family]] [[Category:Protestant philosophers]] [[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]] [[Category:Religious leaders from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:18th-century American male writers]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:پريسٽلي]] [[زمرو:سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:ڪيميا دان]] [[زمرو:قدرتي فلسفي]] [[زمرو:گرامر دان]] [[زمرو:آڪسيجن]] [[زمرو:انگريز ڪيميادان]] [[زمرو:1804ع جون فوتگيون]] 2arfzl0cntef798isj4i8h9a3h7s1vw 0 79832 370519 320102 2026-04-07T14:32:55Z Memon2025 21315 370519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Medieval English polymath, philosopher and friar}} {{distinguish|فرانسس بيڪن}} {{Infobox philosopher | region = مغربي فلسفو | era = وچين دور جو فلسفو | name = راجر بيڪن<br>Roger Bacon | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]]}} | image = Roger-bacon-statue.jpg | caption = آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي جي ميوزيم آف نيچرل هسٽري ۾ راجر بيڪن جو مجسمو | other_names = ''Doctor Mirabilis'' (ڊاڪٽر ميرابلس) | birth_date = {{circa|lk=no|1219/20}} | birth_place = الچيسٽر جي ويجهو، سمرسيٽ، [[انگلينڊ]] | death_date = {{circa|lk=no|1292}}{{sfnp|''Encyclopædia Britannica''|1878|p=220}}{{sfnp|''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''|2004}} (اٽڪل 72 سالن جي عمر ۾) | death_place = [[آڪسفورڊ]] جي ويجهو، [[آڪسفورڊ شائر]]، انگلينڊ | alma_mater = [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] | nationality = انگريز | school_tradition = اسڪالرزم | main_interests = [[مذهب|اللهيات]]، [[فطري فلسفو]]، [[فطرتي سائنس]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[انجنيئرڱ]]، [[رياضي]] ۽ [[فلڪيات]] | notable_ideas = تجرباتي سائنس |honorific_prefix=ريوريند<br>The Reverend}} '''راجر بيڪن''' OFM <ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bacon "Bacon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032613/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bacon|date=15 June 2018}} entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> (لاطيني: <small>Rogerius Baconus؛</small> <small>_1219-1292</small>)، جيڪو پڻ علمي اعزاز ڊاڪٽر ميرابيلس (Doctor Mirabilis) جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، هڪ پوليميٿ، قرون وسطي جو انگريز فلسفي، سائنسدان، اللهيات جو ماهر ۽ فرانسسڪن پادري هو، جيڪو فڪري طور تي، تجربي جي ذريعي فطرت جي مطالعي تي زور ڏنو. راجر بيڪن کي قرون وسطيٰ جي عظيم پوليميٿن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي، هن پنهنجي ڪيٿولڪ عقيدي ۽ سائنسي سوچ کي ڳنڍيو. شروعاتي جديد دور ۾، هن کي هڪ جادوگر سمجهيو ويندو هو ۽ خاص طور تي هن جي ميڪانياتي يا نيورومانٽڪ ڪانسي ٿيل سر جي ڪهاڻي لاء مشهور هو. هن کي، هن جي استاد رابرٽ گروسسٽسٽ سان گڏ، جديد سائنسي طريقي جي ابتدائي يورپي وڪيلن مان هڪ طور تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. بيڪن [[ابن ھيثم|ابن الهيثم (الهزين)]] جي تجرباتي طريقي کي [[ارسطو]] سان منسوب ڪيل نصوص جي مشاهدن تي لاڳو ڪيو. بيڪن تجرباتي جاچ جي اهميت کي تڏهن دريافت ڪيو جڏهن هن حاصل ڪيل نتيجا انهن کان مختلف هئا جن جي اڳڪٿي ارسطو ڪري ها.{{sfnp|Ackerman|1978|p=119}} هن جي لساني ڪم کي عالمگير گرامر جي شروعاتي نمائش لاءِ پيش ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ 21هين صدي جي ٻيهر جائزي تي زور ڏنو ويو آهي ته بيڪن بنيادي طور تي هڪ قرون وسطي وارو مفڪر هو، هن جي "تجرباتي" علم جو گهڻو حصو اسڪالر روايت جي ڪتابن مان حاصل ڪيو ويو.{{sfnp|''MSTM''|2005}} هو، تنهن هوندي به، جزوي طور تي [[وچون دور|وچولي دور]] جي يونيورسٽين جي نصاب جي نظرثاني جو ذميوار آهي، جنهن ۾ روايتي کواڊريويم ۾ [[بصريات]] جو اضافو ڏٺو ويو.{{sfnp|''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''|2013|loc=§1}} بيڪن جو وڏو ڪم، "اوپس ميجس" (Opus Majus)، پوپ جي درخواست تي 1267ع ۾ روم ۾ پوپ ڪليمينٽ IV ڏانهن موڪليو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ گن پاؤڊر پهريون ڀيرو، چين ۾ ايجاد ڪيو ويو ۽ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي، بيڪن يورپ ۾ پهريون شخص هو جنهن پنهنجي گن پاؤڊر فارمولا کي رڪارڊ ڪرايو. ==سوانح عمري== ==ڪم== ==ورثو== ==مشهور ثقافت ۾== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ڊيڪارٽ]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08m8z2w "Roger Bacon" – In Our Time 2017] * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=79&letter=B 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia: Bacon, Roger] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714015552/http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=quote&sa=browseQuotesFrontEnd&sortLetter=b Roger Bacon Quotes] at [http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/ Convergence] * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bacon2.html Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science, 1268] * [http://www.levity.com/alchemy/rbacon.html Brehm, Edmund A., "Roger Bacon's Place in the History of Alchemy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122094558/http://www.levity.com/alchemy/rbacon.html |date=2022-11-22 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Bacon |title=Roger-Bacon |encyclopedia=Britannica Encyclopedia|date=January 2024 }} * [https://i.pinimg.com/736x/e2/ba/0e/e2ba0e78be05d6431464050bb5609867--medieval-philosophy-roger-bacon.jpg classic wood engraving of Roger Bacon's visage, appears in Munson and Taylor's "Jane's History of Aviation" c.1972] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bacon, Roger}} [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:سائنسدان]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} l56mvvjem6w2u3rsxocjhqmhg80jzat 370520 370519 2026-04-07T14:45:40Z Memon2025 21315 370520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Medieval English polymath, philosopher and friar}} {{distinguish|فرانسس بيڪن}} {{Infobox philosopher | region = مغربي فلسفو | era = وچين دور جو فلسفو | name = راجر بيڪن<br>Roger Bacon | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of Friars Minor|OFM]]}} | image = Roger-bacon-statue.jpg | caption = آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي جي ميوزيم آف نيچرل هسٽري ۾ راجر بيڪن جو مجسمو | other_names = ''Doctor Mirabilis'' (ڊاڪٽر ميرابلس) | birth_date = {{circa|lk=no|1219/20}} | birth_place = الچيسٽر جي ويجهو، سمرسيٽ، [[انگلينڊ]] | death_date = {{circa|lk=no|1292}}{{sfnp|''Encyclopædia Britannica''|1878|p=220}}{{sfnp|''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''|2004}} (اٽڪل 72 سالن جي عمر ۾) | death_place = [[آڪسفورڊ]] جي ويجهو، [[آڪسفورڊ شائر]]، انگلينڊ | alma_mater = [[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي]] | nationality = انگريز | school_tradition = اسڪالرزم | main_interests = [[مذهب|اللهيات]]، [[فطري فلسفو]]، [[فطرتي سائنس]]، [[ڪيميا]]، [[حياتيات]]، [[انجنيئرڱ]]، [[رياضي]] ۽ [[فلڪيات]] | notable_ideas = تجرباتي سائنس |honorific_prefix=ريوريند<br>The Reverend}} '''راجر بيڪن''' OFM <ref>[http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bacon "Bacon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032613/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bacon|date=15 June 2018}} entry in ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> (لاطيني: <small>Rogerius Baconus؛</small> <small>_1219-1292</small>)، جيڪو پڻ علمي اعزاز ڊاڪٽر ميرابيلس (Doctor Mirabilis) جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، هڪ پوليميٿ، قرون وسطي جو انگريز فلسفي، سائنسدان، اللهيات جو ماهر ۽ فرانسسڪن پادري هو، جيڪو فڪري طور تي، تجربي جي ذريعي فطرت جي مطالعي تي زور ڏنو. راجر بيڪن کي قرون وسطيٰ جي عظيم پوليميٿن مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي، هن پنهنجي ڪيٿولڪ عقيدي ۽ سائنسي سوچ کي ڳنڍيو. شروعاتي جديد دور ۾، هن کي هڪ جادوگر سمجهيو ويندو هو ۽ خاص طور تي هن جي ميڪانياتي يا نيورومانٽڪ ڪانسي ٿيل سر جي ڪهاڻي لاء مشهور هو. هن کي، هن جي استاد رابرٽ گروسسٽسٽ سان گڏ، جديد سائنسي طريقي جي ابتدائي يورپي وڪيلن مان هڪ طور تسليم ڪيو ويو آهي. بيڪن [[ابن ھيثم|ابن الهيثم (الهزين)]] جي تجرباتي طريقي کي [[ارسطو]] سان منسوب ڪيل نصوص جي مشاهدن تي لاڳو ڪيو. بيڪن تجرباتي جاچ جي اهميت کي تڏهن دريافت ڪيو جڏهن هن حاصل ڪيل نتيجا انهن کان مختلف هئا جن جي اڳڪٿي ارسطو ڪري ها.{{sfnp|Ackerman|1978|p=119}} هن جي لساني ڪم کي عالمگير گرامر جي شروعاتي نمائش لاءِ پيش ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ 21هين صدي جي ٻيهر جائزي تي زور ڏنو ويو آهي ته بيڪن بنيادي طور تي هڪ قرون وسطي وارو مفڪر هو، هن جي "تجرباتي" علم جو گهڻو حصو اسڪالر روايت جي ڪتابن مان حاصل ڪيو ويو.{{sfnp|''MSTM''|2005}} هو، تنهن هوندي به، جزوي طور تي [[وچون دور|وچولي دور]] جي يونيورسٽين جي نصاب جي نظرثاني جو ذميوار آهي، جنهن ۾ روايتي کواڊريويم ۾ [[بصريات]] جو اضافو ڏٺو ويو.{{sfnp|''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''|2013|loc=§1}} بيڪن جو وڏو ڪم، "اوپس ميجس" (Opus Majus)، پوپ جي درخواست تي 1267ع ۾ روم ۾ پوپ ڪليمينٽ IV ڏانهن موڪليو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ گن پاؤڊر پهريون ڀيرو، چين ۾ ايجاد ڪيو ويو ۽ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي، بيڪن يورپ ۾ پهريون شخص هو جنهن پنهنجي گن پاؤڊر فارمولا کي رڪارڊ ڪرايو. ==سوانح عمري== ==ڪم== ==ورثو== ==مشهور ثقافت ۾== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ڊيڪارٽ]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08m8z2w "Roger Bacon" – In Our Time 2017] * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=79&letter=B 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia: Bacon, Roger] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714015552/http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/?pa=quote&sa=browseQuotesFrontEnd&sortLetter=b Roger Bacon Quotes] at [http://mathdl.maa.org/convergence/1/ Convergence] * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bacon2.html Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science, 1268] * [http://www.levity.com/alchemy/rbacon.html Brehm, Edmund A., "Roger Bacon's Place in the History of Alchemy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122094558/http://www.levity.com/alchemy/rbacon.html |date=2022-11-22 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Bacon |title=Roger-Bacon |encyclopedia=Britannica Encyclopedia|date=January 2024 }} * [https://i.pinimg.com/736x/e2/ba/0e/e2ba0e78be05d6431464050bb5609867--medieval-philosophy-roger-bacon.jpg classic wood engraving of Roger Bacon's visage, appears in Munson and Taylor's "Jane's History of Aviation" c.1972] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bacon, Roger}} [[زمرو:راجر بيڪن]] [[زمرو:همه دان]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:ڪيميادان]] [[زمرو:فلڪيات دان]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:رياضي دان]] [[زمرو:ادب جا فلسفي]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:انگريز ڪيميادان]] [[زمرو:1220 پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1292 موتون]] [[زمرو:آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي جا شاگرد]] [[زمرو:ڪيٿولڪ پادري سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:ڪيٿولڪ فلسفي]] [[زمرو:انگريز موسيقي جا نظريا نگار]] [[زمرو:انگريز فلسفي]] [[زمرو:انگريز مترجم]] [[زمرو:لاطيني جا گرامر ڄاڻندڙ]] [[زمرو:وچين دور جا انگريزي فلڪيات دان]] [[زمرو:طبيب]] [[زمرو:قدرتي فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ايلچيسٽر، سومرسيٽ جا ماڻهو] [[زمرو:ٻولي جا فلسفي]] [[زمرو:ذهن جا فلسفي]] [[زمرو:سائنس جا فلسفي]] [[زمرو:علمي فلسفي]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} 2gzkmgc5l7fn1e9dfe12a5ar9z3zs9l 0 80439 370580 324367 2026-04-08T10:10:05Z Memon2025 21315 370580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|British historian and politician (1800–1859)}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = عزت مآب | name = لارڊ مئڪالي<br>The Lord Macaulay | honorific-suffix = PC،FRS،FRSE | image = Thomas Babington Macaulay2.jpg | imagesize = | caption = مئڪالي جو انگريوڊ فوٽوگراف، انتوني ڪلادي پاران | signature = Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay (signature).svg | order1 = سيڪريٽري ايٽ وار (وزير جنگ) | term_start1 = 27 سيپٽمبر، 1839ع | term_end1 = 30 آگسٽ، 1841ع | monarch1 = [[راڻي وڪٽوريا (برطانيا)|راڻي وڪٽوريا]] | primeminister1 = وسڪائونٽ ميلبورن | predecessor1 = وسڪائونٽ هاوڪ | successor1 = سر هينري هارڊنگ | order2 = پي ماسٽر جنرل | term_start2 = 7 جولائي، 1846ع | term_end2 = 8 مئي، 1848ع | monarch2 = راڻي وڪٽوريا | primeminister2 = لارڊ جان رسل | predecessor2 = بنگهم بئرنگ | successor2 = ارل گرين وائل | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1800|10|25}} | birth_place = ليسيسٽر شائر، [[انگلينڊ]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1859|12|28|1800|10|25}} | death_place = [[لنڊن]]، [[انگلينڊ]] | nationality = برطانوي | party = وڱ پارٽي | alma_mater = تثليث ڪاليج، ڪيمبرج | occupation = سياستدان | profession = تاريخدان، شاعر | parents = زڪريا مئڪالي<br/>سلينا ملز }} '''لارڊ مئڪالي''' (The Lord Macaulay)، پورو نالو، ٿامس بابنگٽن مئڪالي، پهريون بارون مئڪالي، {{post-nominals|PC|FRS|FRSE|country=GBR|sep=,}} ( {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|b|ɪ|ŋ|t|ən|_|m|ə|ˈ|k|ɔː|l|i}}؛ 25 آڪٽوبر 1800ع – 28 ڊسمبر 1859ع) هڪ برطانوي تاريخدان، شاعر ۽ وِگ پارٽي جو سياستدان هو، جنهن سال 1839ع ۽ 1841ع جي وچ ۾ جنگ ۾ سيڪريٽري ۽ سال 1846ع کان 1848ع تائين پي ماسٽر جنرل جي حيثيت سان خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون. هن هندستان جي تعليمي پاليسي کي طئي ڪرڻ ۾ پڻ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. مئڪالي جي ڪتاب، "دي هسٽري آف انگلينڊ" (The History of England) جنهن مغربي يورپي تهذيب ۽ ثقافت جي برتري ۽ [[ترقي|ان جي سماجي سياسي ترقيءَ جي ناگزيريءَ]] جو اظهار ڪيو، وِگ جي تاريخ جو هڪ بنيادي مثال آهي، جنهن جي نثر جي انداز جي تعريف ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name="MacKenzie2013"></ref><ref name="MacKenzie2013">{{citation|first=John|last= MacKenzie|title=A family empire|work=BBC History Magazine|date=January 2013}}</ref> ==شروعاتي زندگي== ميڪاولي 25 آڪٽوبر 1800ع تي ليسٽر شائر جي روٿلي ٽيمپل ۾ پيدا ٿيو، زڪريا مئڪالي، هڪ اسڪاٽش هاءِلينڊر، جيڪو نوآبادياتي گورنر هو ۽ برسٽل جي سلينا ملز، جيڪي هنا مور جي اڳوڻي شاگردياڻي هئي، جو پٽ هو. هنن پنهنجي پهرين ٻار جو نالو پنهنجي چاچي ٿامس بيبنگٽن جي نالي تي رکيو، جيڪو ليسٽر شائر جو زميندار ۽ سياستدان هو، جنهن زڪريا جي ڀيڻ جين سان شادي ڪئي هئي. هن هارٽفورڊ شائر جي هڪ خانگي اسڪول ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ ان کان پوءِ ٽرينٽي ڪاليج، ڪيمبرج ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي، جتي هن جون، 1821ع ۾ چانسلر گولڊ ميڊل سميت ڪيترائي انعام کٽيا ۽ جتي هن سال 1825ع ۾ ايڊنبرگ ريويو ۾ ملٽن تي هڪ نمايان مضمون شايع ڪيو. مئڪاليءَ ڪيمبرج ۾ رهڻ دوران ڪلاسيڪل ادب جو مطالعو نه ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ پوءِ هن هندستان ۾ رهڻ دوران ڪيو. هن پنهنجي خطن ۾ 1851ع ۾ مالورن ۾ رهندڙ اينيڊ جي پڙهڻ جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي ۽ چوي ٿو ته هن کي ورجل جي شاعري ڳوڙها وهائي وئي. هن پاڻ کي جرمن، ڊچ ۽ اسپيني سيکاريو ۽ فرانسيسي ۾ رواني هئي. هن قانون جو اڀياس ڪيو ۽ سال 1826ع ۾ کيس بار ۾ سڏيو ويو، ان کان اڳ جو هن سياسي ڪيريئر ۾ وڌيڪ دلچسپي ورتي. سال 1827ع ۾ ايڊنبرا ريويو ۾ مئڪالي ۽ دي مارننگ ڪرونيڪل ڏانهن گمنام خطن جي هڪ سلسلي ۾، برطانوي نوآبادياتي آفيس جي ماهر ڪرنل ٿامس موڊي، ڪي ٽي. ميڪاولي جي مبشر وِگ پيءُ زڪريا مئڪالي، جيڪو افريقين لاءِ برابريءَ جي بجاءِ هڪ "آزاد ڪاري هاري" جو خواهشمند هو، پڻ غلاميءَ جي مخالف رپورٽر، موڊيز جي ڪنٽينشن ۾ مذمت ڪئي. ميڪاوليءَ، جنهن نه شادي ڪئي هئي ۽ نه ئي اولاد ٿيو هو، ان لاءِ افواهون هيون ته ماريا ڪنيئرڊ سان پيار ڪري چڪو هو، جيڪا رچرڊ شارپ جي دولتمند وارڊ هئي. ==برطانوي هندستان ۾ (1834-1838)== [[File:Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron Macaulay by John Partridge.jpg|thumb|جان پارٽريج طرفان مئڪالي جي پينٽنگ]] ميڪاولي 1830ع ۾ مارڪوئس آف لئنسڊائون جي دعوت قبول ڪئي ته هو ڪالن جي پاڪٽ بورو لاءِ پارليامينٽ جو ميمبر بڻجي. پارليامينٽ ۾ مئڪالي جي پهرين تقرير برطانيه ۾ يهودين جي سول معذورين جي خاتمي جي حمايت ڪئي. هن وسيع انداز ۾ لکيو آهي ته اسلام ۽ هندومت وٽ دنيا کي پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ آهي ۽ عربي، فارسي ۽ سنسڪرت ادب جو انسانيت لاءِ ٿورو حصو آهي.<ref name="ODNB22">{{cite ODNB|first=William|last=Thomas|id=17349|title=Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron Macaulay (1800–1859), historian, essayist, and poet}}</ref> پارلياماني سڌارن جي حق ۾ مئڪالي جي ايندڙ تقريرن ​​تي شديد تنقيد ٿي.<ref name="ODNB3">{{cite ODNB|first=William|last=Thomas|id=17349|title=Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron Macaulay (1800–1859), historian, essayist, and poet}}</ref> هو سال 1833ع ۾ ريفارم ايڪٽ 1832ع جي نافذ ٿيڻ کانپوءِ ليڊز لاءِ ايم پي بڻجي ويو،<ref name="ODNB4">{{cite ODNB|first=William|last=Thomas|id=17349|title=Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron Macaulay (1800–1859), historian, essayist, and poet}}</ref> جنهن جي ذريعي ڪولن ڪائونٽي جي نمائندگي ٻن ايم پي ايز مان گهٽائي هڪ ٿي وئي ۽ جنهن ذريعي ليڊز، جنهن جي اڳ ۾ نمائندگي نه ڪئي وئي هئي، ٻه ايم پي ايز هئا. مئڪاليءَ پنهنجي اڳوڻي سرپرست، لئنسڊائون جو شڪرگذار رهيو، جيڪو سندس دوست رهيو. مئڪالي 1832ع کان لارڊ گري جي ماتحت بورڊ آف ڪنٽرول جو سيڪريٽري رهيو، جيستائين هن کي سال 1833ع ۾، پنهنجي پيءُ جي پگهار جي نتيجي ۾، هڪ ايم پي جي غير معاوضي واري آفيس جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ معاوضي واري آفيس جي ضرورت هئي، جنهن تان هن استعيفيٰ ڏني. گورنمينٽ آف انڊيا ايڪٽ 1833ع پاس ڪرڻ لاءِ گورنر جنرل ڪائونسل جي پهرين قانون ساز ميمبر طور مقرري کي قبول ڪيو. سال 1834ع ۾ مئڪالي هندستان ويو، جتي هن سال 1834ع کان 1838ع تائين سپريم ڪائونسل ۾ خدمتون سرانجام ڏنيون.{{sfn|Evans|2002|p=260}} سندس، "منٽ آن انڊين ايجوڪيشن" سال 1835ع ۾ هندستان ۾ مغربي ادارن جي تعليم کي متعارف ڪرائڻ جو بنيادي ذميوار هو. مئڪالي سفارش ڪئي ته انگريزي ٻولي کي ثانوي تعليم جي سرڪاري ٻولي طور سڀني اسڪولن ۾ متعارف ڪرايو وڃي، جتي اڳ ڪو به نه هو ۽ انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ هندستانين کي استادن جي تربيت ڏني وڃي.<ref name="MacKenzie20132">{{citation|first=John|last=MacKenzie|title=A family empire|work=BBC History Magazine|date=January 2013}}</ref> پنهنجي منٽ ۾، هن ان وقت جي گورنر جنرل، لارڊ وليم بينٽينڪ تي زور ڀريو ته ثانوي تعليم کي "مفيد سکيا"، هڪ جملو جيڪو هن لاءِ مغربي ڪلچر جو مترادف هو، پهچائڻ لاءِ ثانوي تعليم ۾ سڌارو آڻي. مقامي ٻولين ۾ ثانوي تعليم جو رواج نه هو. ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپنيءَ جي مدد سان ادارا سنسڪرت يا فارسيءَ ۾ سيکاريا ڏيندا هئا. ان ڪري هن دليل ڏنو ته ”اسان کي اهڙن ماڻهن کي تعليم ڏيڻو آهي، جيڪي هن وقت پنهنجي مادري زبان ذريعي تعليم حاصل نٿا ڪري سگهن، اسان کي انهن کي ڪا ڌارين ٻولي سيکارڻ گهرجي. مئڪاليءَ دليل ڏنو ته سنسڪرت ۽ فارسي هندستاني ٻولين جي ڳالهائيندڙن لاءِ انگريزيءَ کان وڌيڪ پهچ نه آهن ۽ موجوده سنسڪرت ۽ فارسي مقالا ”مفيد سکيا“ لاءِ تمام گهٽ ڪارآمد آهن. منٽ جي هڪ گهٽ خوفناڪ پاسن ۾ هن لکيو:<blockquote>مون کي سنسڪرت يا عربيءَ جي ڪا به ڄاڻ نه آهي، پر مون ان جي اهميت جو صحيح اندازو لڳائڻ لاءِ جيڪو ڪجهه ڪري سگهيو، سو ڪيو آهي، مون عربي ۽ سنسڪرت جي مشهور ڪتابن جا ترجما پڙهيا آهن، مون هتي ۽ گهر ۾ مردن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه ڪئي آهي. مشرقي ٻولين ۾ سندن مهارت جي لحاظ کان، مان مشرقي علم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ تيار آهيان، مون کي انهن مان ڪو به اهڙو ڪو نه مليو آهي، جيڪو ان کان انڪار ڪري سگهي ته هڪ سٺي يورپي لائبريري جو شيلف هندستان ۽ عرب جي سموري ڏيهي ادب کان قيمتي آهي. </blockquote> هن وڌيڪ دليل ڏنو:<blockquote>مان سمجهان ٿو ته ادب جو اهو شعبو جنهن ۾ مشرقي اديبن جو سڀ کان وڏو مقام آهي، اهو شعر آهي ۽ يقيناً مان ڪنهن به مستشرق سان نه مليس، جنهن اها ڪوشش ڪئي هجي ته عربي ۽ سنسڪرت شاعريءَ عظيم يورپي قومن جي شاعري جي ڀيٽ ڪري سگهجي. پر جڏهن اسان تخيل جي ڪمن مان گذري انهن ڪمن ڏانهن وڃون ٿا جن ۾ حقيقتون درج ٿيل آهن ۽ عام اصولن جي تحقيق ڪئي وئي آهي، تڏهن يورپين جي برتري بلڪل بي انداز ٿي وڃي ٿي. مان سمجهان ٿو، اهو چوڻ ۾ ڪو مبالغہ نه آهي ته سموري تاريخي معلومات جيڪا سنسڪرت ٻوليءَ ۾ لکيل سمورن ڪتابن مان گڏ ڪئي وئي آهي، ان کان گهٽ قيمتي آهي، جيڪا انگلينڊ جي تياري واري اسڪولن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ تمام گهٽ اختصار ۾ ملي ٿي. طبيعي يا اخلاقي فلسفي جي هر شاخ ۾، ٻنهي قومن جي نسبتي حيثيت لڳ ڀڳ ساڳي آهي.</blockquote> تنهن ڪري، اسڪول جي ڇهين سال کان وٺي، تعليم، انگريزيء تعليم جو ذريعي سان گڏ، يورپي سکيا ۾ هجڻ گهرجي. ان سان سنڌي هندن جو هڪ طبقو پيدا ٿيندو، جيڪو انگريزن ۽ هندستانين جي وچ ۾ ثقافتي وچولي طور ڪم ڪندو؛ مقامي تعليم جي سڌاري کان اڳ اهڙي طبقي جو قيام ضروري آهي. هن چيو ته: <blockquote>I مان انهن سان گڏ محسوس ڪريان ٿو ته اهو، اسان جي محدود وسيلن سان، ماڻهن کي طبيعي تعليم ڏيڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ، اسان لاء ناممڪن آهي. اسان کي هن وقت هڪ اهڙو طبقو ٺاهڻ لاءِ پوري ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي، جيڪو اسان جي ۽ انهن لکين ماڻهن جي وچ ۾ ترجمان هجي، جن تي اسين حڪومت ڪريون ٿا. ماڻهن جو هڪ طبقو، جيڪو رت ۽ رنگ ۾ هندستاني هئي، پر ذوق، خيال، اخلاقيات ۽ عقل ۾ انگريز هجي. انهيءَ طبقي لاءِ اسان، ملڪ جي مادري ٻولين کي سڌارڻ لاءِ ان کي ڇڏي ڏيون ۽ انهن ٻولين کي سائنس جي اصطلاحن سان مالا مال ڪرڻ لاءِ جيڪي مغربي نالي سان ورتي ويون آهن ۽ انهن کي درجن جي لحاظ سان هندستان جي وڏي عوام تائين علم پهچائڻ لاءِ، پيش ڪريون.</blockquote> مئڪالي جو گهڻو ڪري بينٽنڪ جي نظرين سان ٺهڪي اچي ٿو{{sfn|Spear|1938|pp=78–101}} ۽ بينٽنڪ جو انگلش ايجوڪيشن ايڪٽ 1835ع ميڪاولي جي سفارشن سان ويجهڙائي ۾ آهي، پر ايندڙ گورنر جنرل، هن وقت موجود هندستاني نظام تعليم طرفان هڪ وڌيڪ باهمي مشارڪت جو نظريو اپنايا. هندستان ۾ هن جا آخري سال قانوني ڪميشن جي اهم ميمبر جي حيثيت سان، پينل ڪوڊ ٺاهڻ لاءِ وقف ٿيا. سال 1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت (جنگ ازادي) کان پوءِ، سال 1860ع ۾ انڊين پينل ڪوڊ جي پٺيان سال 1872ع ۾ ڪرمنل پروسيجر ڪوڊ ۽ سال 1908ع ۾ سول پروسيجر ڪوڊ، مئڪالي جي فوجداري قانون جي تجويز کي نافذ ڪيو ويو. انڊين پينل ڪوڊ ٻين اڪثر برطانوي ڪالونين ۾ هم منصبن کي متاثر ڪيو ۽ اڄ تائين انھن مان گھڻا قانون اڃا تائين ڪيترن ئي هنڌن، پاڪستان، ملائيشيا، ميانمار، بنگلاديش، سريلنڪا، نائيجيريا ۽ زمبابوي ۽ گڏوگڏ خود ڀارت ۾ نافذ آھن.<ref>{{cite web|title="Government of India" - A Speech Delivered in the House of Commons on the 10th of July 1833|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_commons_indiagovt_1833.html|website=www.columbia.edu|publisher=Columbia university and Project Gutenberg|access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref> ھن ۾ انڊين پينل ڪوڊ جو سيڪشن 377 شامل آھي، جيڪو قانونن، جيڪي ڪيترن ئي دولت مشترڪه ملڪن ۾ هم جنس پرستي کي مجرم قرار ڏين ٿا، جو بنياد رھي ٿو.<ref>{{cite news|title=377: The British colonial law that left an anti-LGBTQ legacy in Asia|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-57606847|website=www.bbc.co.uk|date=28 June 2021|publisher=BBC News|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> هندستاني ڪلچر ۾، اصطلاح ”مئڪالي جا ٻار“ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هندستاني نسل مان پيدا ٿيندڙ ماڻهن لاءِ جيڪي مغربي ڪلچر جي طرز زندگي اختيار ڪن ٿا يا سامراجيت (مئڪاليزم) کان متاثر ٿيل رويي کي ظاهر ڪن ٿا، <ref>[https://neerajatri.in/think-it-over-macaulay-and-indias-rootless-generations Think it Over: Macaulay and India's rootless generations]{{Dead link|date=November 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، هن اظهار کي بي عزتي ۽ ان جي اثر سان پنهنجي ملڪ ۽ پنهنجي ورثي سان بيوفائي، سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي. آزاد ڀارت ۾، مئڪالي جي تمدن جي مشن جو خيال دلت پرست، خاص طور تي نيو لبرلسٽ، چندر ڀان پرساد پاران، "خود بااختيار بڻائڻ لاء تخليقي تخصيص" جي طور تي استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي، ان خيال جي بنياد اهي آهي ته دلت برادري، هندو ڪلچر ۽ هندستان ۾ مغربي طرز جي تعليم جي حمايت، مئڪالي جي اصطلاحن جي ڪري بااختيار بڻيل آھي.{{sfn|Watt|Mann|2011|p=23}} ڊومينيڪو لوسورڊو چوي ٿو ته؛ "مئڪالي تسليم ڪيو ته هندستان ۾ انگريز نوآبادين جو برتاءُ اسپارٽنز وانگر هو، جيڪو هيلوٽس سان مقابلو ڪري رهيا هئا: اسان 'سرڪار جي نسل' يا هڪ 'خودمختيار ذات' سان معاملو ڪري رهيا آهيون، پنهنجي 'سرفس' تي مڪمل طاقت هلائي رهيا آهيون."{{sfn|Losurdo|2014|p=250}} لوسورڊو نوٽ ڪيو ته هن برطانيه جي پنهنجي نوآبادين کي مطلق العنانيت (Autocratic) جي انداز ۾ سنڀالڻ جي حق تي مئڪالي کان ڪو شڪ پيدا نه ڪيو؛ مثال طور، جڏهن مئڪاليءَ هندستان جي گورنر جنرل، وارين هيسٽنگز جي انتظاميه کي ايترو سخت قرار ڏنو ته؛ اڳوڻي ظالمن، ايشيائي ۽ يورپين جون سڀئي ناانصافيون، هڪ نعمت جي طور تي ظاهر ٿيون"، هو (هسٽنگ) "انگلستان ۽ تهذيب کي بچائڻ لاء" "اسان جي تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ قابل ذڪر ماڻهن" ۾ "اعلي تعريف" ۽ رتبي جو حقدار آهي.{{sfn|Losurdo|2014|pp=250-251}} === برطانوي عوامي زندگي ڏانهن واپسي (1838-1857) === [[File:Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron Macaulay by Sir Francis Grant.jpg|thumb|right|Macaulay by Sir Francis Grant]] Returning to Britain in 1838, he became MP again in Britain [[Edinburgh (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh]] in the following year. He was made [[Secretary at War]] in 1839 by [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|Lord Melbourne]] and was sworn of the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]] the same year.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19774 |date=1 October 1839 |page=1841 }}</ref> In 1841 Macaulay addressed the issue of [[copyright]] law. Macaulay's position, slightly modified, became the basis of [[copyright law]] in the English-speaking world for many decades.<ref name=asu>{{Cite web |url=http://homepages.law.asu.edu/~dkarjala/OpposingCopyrightExtension/commentary/MacaulaySpeeches.html |title=Macaulay's speeches on copyright law |access-date=8 December 2015 |archive-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224192038/http://homepages.law.asu.edu/~dkarjala/OpposingCopyrightExtension/commentary/MacaulaySpeeches.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Macaulay argued that copyright is a monopoly and as such has generally negative effects on society.<ref name=asu/> After the fall of Melbourne's government in 1841 Macaulay devoted more time to literary work, and returned to office as [[Paymaster General]] in 1846 in [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell|Lord John Russell]]'s administration. In the election of 1847 he lost his seat in Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/344/266.html|title=Lord Macaulay|access-date=1 November 2013|publisher=Bartleby}}</ref> He attributed the loss to the anger of religious zealots over his speech in favour of expanding the annual government grant to [[Maynooth College]] in Ireland, which trained young men for the Catholic priesthood; some observers also attributed his loss to his neglect of local issues. In 1849 he was elected [[Rector of the University of Glasgow]], a position with no administrative duties, often awarded by the students to men of political or literary fame.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rector|url=http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/officer/?id=6|publisher=Glasgow university|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> He also received the [[freedom of the city]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Biography of Lord Macaulay|url=http://www.sacklunch.net/biography/M/LordMacaulay.html|publisher=Sacklunch|access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> In 1852, the voters of Edinburgh offered to re-elect him to Parliament. He accepted on the express condition that he need not campaign and would not pledge himself to a position on any political issue. Remarkably, he was elected on those terms.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} He seldom attended the House due to ill health. His weakness after suffering a heart attack caused him to postpone for several months making his speech of thanks to the Edinburgh voters. He resigned his seat in January 1856.<ref name="Lord Macaulay">{{cite news|title=Lord Macaulay|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=18600315&id=WFUVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6336,5147988|access-date=1 November 2013|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=15 March 1860}}</ref> In 1857 he was raised to the [[peerage]] as '''Baron Macaulay''', of [[Rothley]] in the [[Leicestershire|County of Leicester]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22039 |date=11 September 1857 |page=3075 }}</ref> but seldom attended the [[House of Lords]].<ref name="Lord Macaulay"/> ===Later life (1857–1859)=== [[File:The Funeral of Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron Macaulay by Sir George Scharf.jpg|thumb|250px|''The Funeral of Thomas Babington Macaulay, Baron Macaulay'', by Sir [[George Scharf]]]] Macaulay sat on the committee to decide on the historical subjects to be painted in the new [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas Babington Macaulay|url=http://www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info/genealogy/TNGWebsite/getperson.php?personID=I48712&tree=CC|publisher=Clanmacfarlanegenealogy|access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref> The need to collect reliable portraits of notable figures from history for this project led to the foundation of the [[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]], which was formally established on 2 December 1856.<ref>{{cite journal |title=From the Director |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/assets/migrated_assets/docs/support/individual/face2face16.pdf |journal=Face to Face |date=Spring 2006 |issue=16 |publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]] |access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref> Macaulay was amongst its founding trustees and is honoured with one of only three busts above the main entrance. During his later years his health made work increasingly difficult for him. He died of a heart attack on 28 December 1859, aged 59, leaving his major work, ''The History of England from the Accession of James the Second'' incomplete.<ref>{{cite news |title=Death of Lord Macaulay|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/17/news/death-of-lord-macaulay.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 January 1960 |access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref> On 9 January 1860 he was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]], in [[Poets' Corner]],<ref>[[Arthur Penrhyn Stanley|Stanley, A. P.]], ''Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey'' ([[London]]; [[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]; [[1882]]), p. 222.</ref> near a statue of [[Joseph Addison|Addison]].<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|first=William|last=Thomas|id=17349|title=Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron Macaulay (1800–1859), historian, essayist, and poet}}</ref> As he had no children, his peerage became extinct on his death. Macaulay's nephew, [[Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet|Sir George Trevelyan, Bt]], wrote the "Life and Letters" of his uncle. His great-nephew was the Cambridge historian [[G. M. Trevelyan]]. ==ادبي ڪم== ==مورخ== ==سياسي لکڻيون== ==مورخ جي حيثيت ۾ ورثو== ==ڪم== ==تنقيد== لارڊ مئڪالي پنهنجي نسلي ۽ تهذيبي برتري جي نظريي جي ڪارڻ ننڍي کنڊ، پاڪستان ۽ هندستان ۾ ڪافي تنقيد جو نشانو رهيو آهي. هن جو ڏنل نظام تعليم جيڪو هن جي هن نظريي جي زير اثر هو، اڃا تائين ننڍي کنڊ جي ملڪن، [[پاڪستان]]، [[ڀارت]] ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ سرڪاري طور تي نافذ آهي. هن غلامانه نظام تعليم کي ختم ڪرڻ جو مطالبو اڪثر ڪيو ويندو آهي. پر اشرافيه جيڪا پاڻ هن نظام تعليم جي پيداوار آهي ۽ سياسي طور تي با اثر آهي، هن جي خاتمي ۾ رڪاوٽ بڻيل آهي. ==پڻ ڏسو== ==خارجي لنڪس== {{wikiquote|لارڊ مئڪالي}} {{commons category|Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay}} * * [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/index.html Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859)], Fran Pritchett, [[Columbia University]] * [http://www.readanybook.com/author/macaulay-thomas-babington-macaulay-baron-365 books by Macauly at Readanybook.com] * [http://www.jamesboswell.info/content/lord-macauleys-habit-exaggeration Lord Macaulay's Habit of Exaggeration], JamesBoswell.info * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206005427/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/02/04/stories/2007020400030300.htm Macaulay's Minute revisited], Ramachandra Guha, ''[[The Hindu]]'', 4 February 2007 * {{Find a Grave|20900}} – burial at Westminster Abbey, London * {{Find a Grave|21847}} – memorial statue, antechapel, Trinity College, Cambridge {{s-start}} {{s-par|uk}} {{s-bef | before = [[James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline|Hon. James Abercromby]]<br />[[Sir James Macdonald, 2nd Baronet|Sir James Macdonald, Bt]] }} {{s-ttl | title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Calne (UK Parliament constituency)|Calne]] | years = 1830–[[1832 United Kingdom general election|1832]] | with = [[Sir James Macdonald, 2nd Baronet|Sir James Macdonald, Bt]] to 1831 | with2 = [[Charles Richard Fox]] 1831–1832 }} {{s-aft | after = [[William Thomas Fitzmaurice, Earl of Kerry|The Earl of Kerry]] }} {{s-new | constituency}} {{s-ttl | title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Leeds (UK Parliament constituency)|Leeds]] | years = [[1832 United Kingdom general election|1832]]–[[1834 Leeds by-election|1834]] | with = [[John Marshall (1797–1836)|John Marshall]] }} {{s-aft | after = [[John Marshall (1797–1836)|John Marshall]]<br />[[Edward Baines (1774–1848)|Edward Baines]] }} {{succession box | title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Edinburgh (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh]] | years = [[1839 Edinburgh by-election|1839]]–[[1847 United Kingdom general election|1847]] | with = [[John Campbell, 1st Baron Campbell|Sir John Campbell]] to 1841 | with2 = [[William Gibson-Craig]] from 1841 | before = [[John Campbell, 1st Baron Campbell|Sir John Campbell]]<br />[[James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline|Hon. James Abercromby]] | after = [[Charles Cowan]]<br />[[William Gibson-Craig]] }} {{succession box | title = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Edinburgh (UK Parliament constituency)|Edinburgh]] | years = [[1852 United Kingdom general election|1852]]–[[1856 Edinburgh by-election|1856]] | with = [[Charles Cowan]] | before = [[Charles Cowan]]<br />[[William Gibson-Craig]] | after = [[Charles Cowan]]<br />[[Adam Black]] }} {{s-off}} {{succession box | title = [[Secretary to the Board of Control]] | years = 1832–1833 | before = [[Thomas Hyde Villiers]] | after = [[Robert Gordon (MP)|Robert Gordon]]}} {{succession box|title=[[Secretary at War]]|before=[[Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey|Viscount Howick]]|after=[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]]|years=1839–1841}} {{succession box | title=[[Paymaster General]] | before=[[Bingham Baring, 2nd Baron Ashburton|Hon. Bingham Baring]] | after=[[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville|The Earl Granville]] | years=1846–1848}} {{s-aca}} {{succession box|title=[[Rector of the University of Glasgow]]|years=1848–1850|before=[[William Mure (scholar)|William Mure]]|after=[[Sir Archibald Alison, 1st Baronet|Sir Archibald Alison, Bt]]}} {{s-reg|uk}} {{s-new | creation}} {{s-ttl | title=[[Baron Macaulay]] | years=1857–1859}} {{s-non | reason=Extinct }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Macaulay, Thomas Babington}} [[Category:1800 births]] [[Category:1859 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century English historians]] [[Category:19th-century English poets]] [[Category:19th-century English politicians]] [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:British abolitionists]] [[Category:British Anglicans]] [[Category:British liberal politicians]] [[Category:British male poets]] [[Category:British white supremacists]] [[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] [[Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:English people of Scottish descent]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Historians of England]] [[Category:Macaulay family of Lewis|Thomas Babington]] [[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]] [[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Edinburgh constituencies]] [[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]] [[Category:People associated with the National Portrait Gallery]] [[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]] [[Category:Rectors of the University of Glasgow]] [[Category:Theorists on Western civilization]] [[Category:UK MPs 1830–1831]] [[Category:UK MPs 1831–1832]] [[Category:UK MPs 1832–1835]] [[Category:UK MPs 1837–1841]] [[Category:UK MPs 1841–1847]] [[Category:UK MPs 1852–1857]] [[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]] [[Category:Victorian poets]] [[Category:War Office]] [[Category:Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies]] [[Category:Whig (British political party) MPs for Scottish constituencies]] [[Category:Whig history]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:سياست]] [[زمرو:تعليم]] [[زمرو:سامراجيت]] [[زمرو:اولهندي تهذيب]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:برطانوي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:برطانوي سفيد فام نسل پرست]] [[زمرو:1859ع جون فوتگيون]] r6v21t661bx28ktf7hnqmopsa1fvpnb 0 81610 370571 333042 2026-04-08T10:01:32Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 370571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=سر ايڊورڊ ايپلٽن<br>Sir Edward Appleton|image=Appleton.jpg|caption=ايڊورڊ ايپلٽن سال 1947ع ۾|title=ايڊنبرا يونيورسٽي جو پرنسپل ۽ وائيس چانسلر|term_start=پهرين فيبروري، 1949ع|term_end=21 اپريل، 1965ع|chancellor=وڪٽر هوپ، لنلٿگو جو ٻيو مارڪئس<br>پرنس فلپ، ايڊنبرا جو ڊيوڪ|predecessor=سر جان فريزر|successor=لارڊ سوان|birth_name=ايڊورڊ وڪٽر ايپلٽن|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1892|9|6}}|birth_place=[[بريڊفورڊ]]، [[انگلينڊ]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1965|4|21|1892|9|6}}|death_place=[[ايڊنبرا]]، [[اسڪاٽلينڊ]]|resting_place=مارننگ سائڊ قبرستان، [[ايڊنبرا]]، [[اسڪاٽلينڊ]] {{Infobox scientist | embed = yes | alma_mater =سينٽ جان ڪاليج، [[ڪيمبرج]]، [[انگلينڊ]] | known_for = آئنوسفيئر جي دريافت (1924) | spouses = {{marriage|جيسو لانگسن|1915|1962|end=d}}<br>{{marriage|هيلن ليني|1965}} | children = 2 | awards = {{plainlist|ايف آر ايس (1927) <ref name="frs">{{cite journal|last=Ratcliffe|first=J. A.|year=1966|title=Edward Victor Appleton 1892–1965|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume=12|pages=1–19|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1966.0001|s2cid=73060633}}</ref> *هيوز ميڊل (1933) * فيراڊئ ميڊل (1946) * فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام (1947) * ڪري ميڊل ۽ انعام (1947) * رائل ميڊل (1950) * البرٽ ميڊل (1950) * آئي آر اي ميڊل آف آنر (1962) }} | honours = [[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|25px]] آرڊر آف دا باٿ (نائٽ ڪمانڊر، 1941) | fields = [[طبيعيات]] | work_institutions = {{plainlist|ڪنگز ڪاليج، [[لنڊن]] (1924-1936) * [[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي]] (1936-1939) * سائنسي ۽ صنعتي تحقيق جو کاتو (سيڪريٽري، 1939-1949) * ايڊنبرا يونيورسٽي (1949–1965) }} | doctoral_advisor = <!--The PhD had only just started in Cambridge in 1919--> | academic_advisors =ارنسٽ ردرفورڊ<br>جي. جي. ٿامسن | doctoral_students = | notable_students = {{ubl|ڪارل جارج ايمليئس|چارلس اوٽلي|جي. اي. ريٽڪلف}} {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | order2 = 7th | office2 = فطري فلسفي جو 7 هون جڪسونين پروفيسر | term_start2 = 1936 | term_end2 = 1939 | predecessor2 = سي. ٽي. آر. ولسن | successor2 = جان ڪرافٽ }} }}}} '''سر ايڊورڊ وڪٽر ايپلٽن''' (Sir Edward Victor Appleton؛ 6 سيپٽمبر 1892 - 21 اپريل 1965ع) هڪ انگريز طبيعيات دان<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/appleton_edward.shtml|title=BBC – History – Sir Edward Appleton|publisher=BBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|year=1965|title=Sir Edward Appleton|journal=Physics Today|volume=18|issue=9|pages=113|doi=10.1063/1.3047706}}</ref> ۽ ريڊيو فزڪس ۾ تحقيقات جو هڪ علمبردار هو. سال 1947ع ۾ هن کي، "مٿين ماحول جي فزڪس جي تحقيق لاءِ خاص طور تي ايپلٽن پرت جي دريافت لاءِ"، [[فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام]] مليو.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1947/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|access-date=2024-04-20}}</ref> هن 1909ع کان 1911ع تائين بريڊفورڊ ڪاليج ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪئي ۽ ليبارٽري ٽيڪنيشن جي حيثيت سان پڻ ملازم هو. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:طبعيات]] * [[:باب:برطانيه]] * [[:باب:نوبل انعام]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== *{{Commons category-inline}} *[https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/archival_objects/469849 Memoirs of Sir Edward Victor Appleton, 1920 – 1966] * [http://www.ve3nar.org/meetings_files/Presentations/Appleton.pdf Sir Edward Appleton; The Discovery of the Properties of the Ionosphere] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Appleton, Edward Victor}} [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:طبیعیات دان]] [[زمرو:نوبل انعام يافته]] [[زمرو:انگريز طبيعيات دان]] [[زمرو:انگريز نوبل انعام يافته]] [[زمرو:1892ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1965ع جون فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:20 صدي جا برطانوي طبيعيات دان]] [[زمرو:ڪنگز ڪاليج لنڊن جا تعليمي ماهر]] [[زمرو:سينٽ جان ڪاليج، ڪيمبرج جا شاگرد]] [[زمرو:ايڊنبرا يونيورسٽي جا شاگرد]] [[زمرو:ايٽموسفيرڪ فزڪسسٽ]] [[زمرو:رائل سوسائٽي جا شاگرد]] [[زمرو:آئي اي اي اي ميڊل آف آنر وصول ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:بريڊفورڊ جا سائنسدان]] [[زمرو: ايڊنبرا يونيورسٽي جا پرنسپل]] [[زمرو:رائل ميڊل جا فاتح]] [[زمرو:رائل سوسائٽي جا اعزازي فيلو ايڊنبرا]] [[زمرو:آمريڪي اڪيڊمي آف آرٽس اينڊ سائنسز جا فيلو]] [[زمرو:قدرتي فلسفي جا جيڪسونين پروفيسر]] [[زمرو:برطانوي سائنس ايسوسيئيشن جا صدر]] [[زمرو:برطانيه جي ايٽمي هٿيارن جي پروگرام سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:نيشنل فزيڪل ليبارٽري (برطانيه) جا ڊائريڪٽر]] [[زمرو:برلن ۾ جرمن اڪيڊمي آف سائنسز جا ميمبر]] [[زمرو:انگريز فري ميسنز]] [[زمرو:آئزڪ نيوٽن يونيورسٽي لاج جا ميمبر]] [[زمرو:بريڊفورڊ مان فوجي اهلڪار]] [[زمرو:پهرين عالمي جنگ جي برطانوي فوج جا اهلڪار]] [[زمرو:رائل انجنيئرز سپاهي]] [[زمرو:ڊيوڪ آف ويلنگٽن جي رجمينٽ سپاهي]] [[Category:20th-century British physicists]] [[Category:Academics of King's College London]] [[Category:Fellows of King's College London]] [[Category:Academics of the University of London]] [[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients]] [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]] [[Category:Recipients of the King Haakon VII Freedom Cross]] [[Category:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} 2ou0ho3lt08hlckbrl9iwd4n00p48lb 0 85015 370575 334375 2026-04-08T10:05:15Z Memon2025 21315 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 370575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ڄاڻخانو شخصيت|name=محمد مارماڊيوڪ پڪٿال<br>Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall|image=File:Marmaduke Pickthall Portrait (cropped).jpg|alt=Marmaduke Pickthall Portrait|caption=|birth_name=Marmaduke William Pickthall|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1875|04|07}}|birth_place=Cambridge Terrace, London, England|death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1936|05|19|1875|04|07}}<ref name="British Muslim Heritage"/>|death_place=Porthminster Hotel, [[St Ives, Cornwall]], England|resting_place=[[Brookwood Cemetery]], [[Brookwood, Surrey]], England|occupation=[[Novelist]], [[Islamic scholar]]|known for=''[[The Meaning of the Glorious Koran]]''}} '''محمد مارماڊيوڪ پِڪٿال''' (پيدائش نالو: '''مارماڊيوڪ وليم پِڪٿال''' ؛ 7 اپريل 1875ع{{Spaced en dash}} 19 مئي 1936) هڪ انگريز اسلامي عالم هو جيڪو 1930ع ۾ [[قرآن]] جي انگريزي ترجمي لاءِ مشهور هو، جنهن جو نالو ''"شاندار قرآن جي معنيٰ" (The Meaning of the Glorious Koran)'' هو. سندس قرآن جو ترجمو انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مشهور ۽ استعمال ٿيندڙ ترجمو آهي. [[عيسائيت]] کان [[اسلام]] قبول ڪندڙ، پڪٿال هڪ ناول نگار هو، جنهن کي ڊي ايڇ لارنس، ايڇ جي ويلز ۽ [[اي. ايم فاسٽر|اي ايم فورسٽر]] ۽ گڏوگڏ صحافين، سياسي ۽ مذهبي اڳواڻن طرفان ساراهيو ويندو هو. هن 29 نومبر 1917ع تي ناٽنگ هِل، اولهه [[لنڊن]] ۾ مسلم ادبي سوسائٽي ۾ 'اسلام ۽ ترقي' تي تقرير ڏيڻ کان پوءِ ڊرامائي انداز ۾ اسلام قبول ڪرڻ جو اعلان ڪيو.<ref name="British Muslim Heritage">{{حوالو ويب|url=http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/bmh/BMM-AHM-pickthall_bio.htm|title=Marmaduke Pickthall - a brief biography|website=British Muslim Heritage|access-date=4 February 2020}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071114044153/http://www.al-sunnah.com/call_to_islam/quran/pickthall/ Marmaduke Pickthall: a brief biography by Sheikh Abdal Hakim Murad] *[https://quran-archive.org/explorer/marmaduke-pickthall Quran Archive]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The Meaning of The Glorious Koran; An Explanatory Translation, ''Alfred A. Knopf'', New York, First Edition (1930). *[http://al-quran.info/?x=y#&&sura=24&aya=1&trans=en-marmaduke_pickthall&show=both,quran-uthmani&ver=2.00 Online Quran Project] includes the [[Qur'an]] translation by Marmaduke Pickthall. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071114044153/http://www.al-sunnah.com/call_to_islam/quran/pickthall/ Web based Quran Search application] Based on the translation from Marmaduke Pickthall. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190606065901/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/bmh/BMM-AHM-pickthall_bio.htm A biography of Marmaduke William Pickthall] *{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114044153/http://www.al-sunnah.com/call_to_islam/quran/pickthall/ |date=14 November 2007 |title=The English translation of the Qur'an by Marmaduke William Pickthall }} * [http://www.wokingmuslim.org/pers/pickthall/ Pickthall, the Woking Muslim Mission, and his views about Lahore Ahmadiyya leaders] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pickthall, Marmaduke}} [[زمرو:اسلامي ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:انگريز اديب]] [[زمرو:انگريزي اديب]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:برطانيه ۾ اسلامي عالم]] [[زمرو:قرآن جو ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:انگريز مسلمان عالم اسلام]] [[زمرو:20هين صدي جا مسلمان عالم]] [[زمرو:قرآن جو انگريزي ۾ ترجمو ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:1875ع جون پيدائشون]] [[زمرو:1936ع جون فوتگيون]] [[زمرو:انگريز مستشرق]] [[زمرو:هيرو، لنڊن جا ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:انگريز اڳوڻا عيسائي]] [[زمرو:بروڪ وڊ قبرستان ۾ مدفون]] [[زمرو:عيسائيت کان اسلام قبول ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:هيرو اسڪول ۾ تعليم يافته ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:اينگليڪن ازم کان اسلام قبول ڪندڙ]] [[زمرو:پهرين عالمي جنگ جا برطانوي فوجي اهلڪار]] [[Category:Converts to Islam from Protestantism]] l4daute6hqjkympczmxit6ivxz3grnh 14 85020 370579 332448 2026-04-08T10:08:38Z Memon2025 21315 370579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اسلامي اسڪالر]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] suiupo4w5g0ctk27mlwn2new1i22omg 14 85022 370574 332446 2026-04-08T10:04:11Z Memon2025 21315 370574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ بلحاظ قوميت]] mgutk9imbtx8movqcs9jz2aymulreqp 14 85024 370578 332444 2026-04-08T10:07:40Z Memon2025 21315 370578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] l3uzecjmzmfr3xtvv7tm0nc8iwcxxt1 14 85025 370576 332445 2026-04-08T10:06:21Z Memon2025 21315 370576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] j0ui0lmzw9yxlhy3ap9b0itorjxkvv8 0 88776 370556 350459 2026-04-08T08:26:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 370556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|people with the surname|Strait (surname)}} [[File:ISS-44_Strait_of_Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|[[Strait of Gibraltar|جبرالٽر جي آبي گذرگاهه]]]] [[File:Strait.svg|thumb|هڪ آبي گذرگاهه جو ڊائگراميٽڪ نقشو]] هڪ '''آبي گذرگاهه''' (Strait) سمنڊ جي پاڻي جو ذخيرو آهي جيڪو ٻن [[سمنڊ|سمنڊن]] يا پاڻي جي تلائن کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. مٿاڇري جو پاڻي، گهڻو ڪري، ٻنهي پاسن کان ساڳئي بلندي تي آهي ۽ ٻنهي طرفن کان گذرگاهه جي ذريعي وهي سگهي ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ ٽوپوگرافي عام طور تي وهڪري کي ڪجهه حد تائين محدود ڪري ٿي. ڪجهه آبي گذرگاهن ۾، هڪ غالب رخ وارو وهڪرو هوندو آهي. عام طور تي، آبي گذرگاهه هڪ تنگ سامونڊي رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن زميني ٽڪرن جي وچ ۾ آهي. آبي گذرگاهه گاد جي جمع ٿيڻ لاءِ جڳهه آهن، جتي عام طور تي گذرگاهه جي نڪرڻ جي ٻنئي درن تي ريتي جا ذخيرا عام طور تي زير آب پنکھا يا ڊيلٽا ٺاهيندا آهن. تمام تنگ، تمام گهٽ اونهيون يا ڪنهن مرجان جي چٽان يا [[ٻيٽن جو ميڙ|ٻيٽ]] جي موجودگي جي ڪري، ڪجھ گذرگاهون ڪشتي/جهاز هلائڻ جي قابل نه هونديون آهن. == اصطلاحون == == موازنو == گذرگاهون اِسٿمس جي ابتڙ آهن. يعني. جڏهن ته هڪ اَنڌڻ ٻن زميني ماسن جي وچ ۾ آهي ۽ سمنڊ جي ٻن وڏن علائقن کي ڳنڍي ٿي. هڪ اَنڌڻِي سمنڊ جي ٻن علائقن جي وچ ۾ آهي ۽ ٻن وڏن زميني ماسن کي ڳنڍي ٿي. * ڪجهه گذرگاهون لهرن جي وهڪري وارا، ٽائڊل اسٽريم ٽربائن استعمال ڪندي اهم ٽائڊل پاور پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿيون. لهرون درياهه جي وهڪري جي طاقت يا واء جي طاقت (Wind Power) کان وڌيڪ اڳڪٿي لائق آهن. پينٽ لينڊ فرٿ (هڪ آبي گذرگاهه) 10 گيگا واٽ پيدا ڪرڻ جي قابل ٿي سگهي ٿي. نيوزي لينڊ ۾ ڪُڪ آبي گذرگاهه 5.6 گيگا واٽ پيدا ڪرڻ جي قابل ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ وهڪري ۾ موجود ڪل توانائي 15 گيگا واٽ آهي. == نيويگيشنل (قانوني) نظام == ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[چوڪ پوائنٽ]] * [[آبي گذرگاهن جي فهرست]] * [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] == حوالا == == ڪتابيات == ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category-inline|Straits}} {{coastal geography}} [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:پاڻيءَ جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ساحلي ۽ سامونڊي زميني شڪليون]] similgx2m01o64q6zbe0d5kso1iavyx 370557 370556 2026-04-08T08:27:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* موازنو */ 370557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|people with the surname|Strait (surname)}} [[File:ISS-44_Strait_of_Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|[[Strait of Gibraltar|جبرالٽر جي آبي گذرگاهه]]]] [[File:Strait.svg|thumb|هڪ آبي گذرگاهه جو ڊائگراميٽڪ نقشو]] هڪ '''آبي گذرگاهه''' (Strait) سمنڊ جي پاڻي جو ذخيرو آهي جيڪو ٻن [[سمنڊ|سمنڊن]] يا پاڻي جي تلائن کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. مٿاڇري جو پاڻي، گهڻو ڪري، ٻنهي پاسن کان ساڳئي بلندي تي آهي ۽ ٻنهي طرفن کان گذرگاهه جي ذريعي وهي سگهي ٿو، جيتوڻيڪ ٽوپوگرافي عام طور تي وهڪري کي ڪجهه حد تائين محدود ڪري ٿي. ڪجهه آبي گذرگاهن ۾، هڪ غالب رخ وارو وهڪرو هوندو آهي. عام طور تي، آبي گذرگاهه هڪ تنگ سامونڊي رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن زميني ٽڪرن جي وچ ۾ آهي. آبي گذرگاهه گاد جي جمع ٿيڻ لاءِ جڳهه آهن، جتي عام طور تي گذرگاهه جي نڪرڻ جي ٻنئي درن تي ريتي جا ذخيرا عام طور تي زير آب پنکھا يا ڊيلٽا ٺاهيندا آهن. تمام تنگ، تمام گهٽ اونهيون يا ڪنهن مرجان جي چٽان يا [[ٻيٽن جو ميڙ|ٻيٽ]] جي موجودگي جي ڪري، ڪجھ گذرگاهون ڪشتي/جهاز هلائڻ جي قابل نه هونديون آهن. == اصطلاحون == == موازنو == گذرگاهون اِسٿمس جي ابتڙ آهن. يعني. جڏهن ته هڪ اَنڌڻ ٻن زميني ماسن جي وچ ۾ آهي ۽ سمنڊ جي ٻن وڏن علائقن کي ڳنڍي ٿي. هڪ اَنڌڻِي سمنڊ جي ٻن علائقن جي وچ ۾ آهي ۽ ٻن وڏن زميني ماسن کي ڳنڍي ٿي. ڪجهه گذرگاهون لهرن جي وهڪري وارا، ٽائڊل اسٽريم ٽربائن استعمال ڪندي اهم ٽائڊل پاور پيدا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿيون. لهرون درياهه جي وهڪري جي طاقت يا واء جي طاقت (Wind Power) کان وڌيڪ اڳڪٿي لائق آهن. پينٽ لينڊ فرٿ (هڪ آبي گذرگاهه) 10 گيگا واٽ پيدا ڪرڻ جي قابل ٿي سگهي ٿي. نيوزي لينڊ ۾ ڪُڪ آبي گذرگاهه 5.6 گيگا واٽ پيدا ڪرڻ جي قابل ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيتوڻيڪ وهڪري ۾ موجود ڪل توانائي 15 گيگا واٽ آهي. == نيويگيشنل (قانوني) نظام == ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[چوڪ پوائنٽ]] * [[آبي گذرگاهن جي فهرست]] * [[هرمز سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] == حوالا == == ڪتابيات == ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category-inline|Straits}} {{coastal geography}} [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:ساحلي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:پاڻيءَ جا جسم]] [[زمرو:ساحلي ۽ سامونڊي زميني شڪليون]] 098oyseffofeijclp9q8fz95q9otgwd 0 88780 370542 350483 2026-04-07T20:44:11Z Ibne maryam 17680 370542 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. Dies ist eine '''Liste von [[Meeresstraße]]n''' (Meerengen) in tabellarischer Form: هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: <nowiki>:</nowiki> ڳنڍن جو نالو. . سان ڳنڍي ٿو. ۽ . جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه جو نالو !! هن کي !! هن سان !! liegt zwischen ... !! und ... |- | [[Alsensund]] || [[Apenrader Förde]] || [[Flensburger Förde]] || [[Alsen]] || [[Sundewitt]] |- | [[Anegada-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Britische Jungferninseln]] || [[Anguilla]] |- | [[Arnott Strait]] || [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Erskine Inlet]] || [[Cameron Island]] || [[Île Vanier]] |- | [[Bab al-Mandab]] || [[Rotes Meer]] || [[Golf von Aden]] || [[Dschibuti]], [[Eritrea]] || [[Jemen]] |- | [[Balabacstraße]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Sulusee]] || [[Balabac (Insel)|Balabac]] || [[Balambang]], [[Banggi]] |- | [[Ballantyne Strait]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Hazen Strait]] || [[Brock-Insel]], [[Mackenzie-King-Insel]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]], [[Emerald Isle (Kanada)]] |- | [[Baring Channel]] || [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Russell Island (Nunavut)]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Nunavut)]] |- | [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Lancastersund]] || [[Bathurst Island (Kanada)]], [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]], [[Devon Island]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Nunavut)]], [[Russell Island (Nunavut)]], [[Somerset Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Straße von Basilan]] || [[Golf von Moro]] ([[Celebessee]]) || [[Sulusee]] || [[Zamboanga Peninsula|Zamboanga-Halbinsel]] ([[Mindanao]]) || [[Basilan]] |- | [[Bass-Straße]] || [[Tasmansee]] || [[Indischer Ozean]] || [[Tasmanien]] || [[Australien|Australisches Festland]] |- | [[Beagle-Kanal]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] || [[Navarino (Insel)]], [[Hoste (Insel)]], [[Gordon (Insel)]] |- | [[Belle-Isle-Straße]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Labradorsee]] || [[Labrador-Halbinsel]] || [[Neufundland]] |- | [[Bellotstraße]] || [[Franklin Strait|Franklinstraße]] || [[Golf von Boothia]] || [[Somerset Island (Kanada)]] || [[Boothia]] |- | [[Beringstraße]] || [[Tschuktschensee]] || [[Beringmeer]] || [[Tschuktschen-Halbinsel]] || [[Seward-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Straße von Bonifacio]] || [[Tyrrhenisches Meer]] || [[Mittelmeer]] || [[Korsika]] || [[Sardinien]] |- | [[Bosporus]] || [[Marmarameer]] || [[Schwarzes Meer]] || [[Istanbul]] (europäischer Teil) || [[Istanbul]] (asiatischer Teil) |- | [[Boyer Strait]] || [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Erskine Inlet]] || [[Massey Island]] || [[Alexander Island (Nunavut)]] |- | [[Bransfieldstraße]] || [[Weddell-Meer]] || [[Bellingshausen-See]] || [[Südliche Shetlandinseln]] || [[Antarktische Halbinsel]] |- | [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Hazen Strait]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]], [[Byam Martin Island]] || [[Cameron Island]], [[Île Vanier]], [[Massey Island]], [[Île Marc]], [[Alexander Island (Nunavut)]], [[Bathurst Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Cabotstraße]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Neufundland]] || [[Kap-Breton-Insel]] |- | [[Cardigan-Straße]] || [[Norwegian Bay]] || [[Jonessund]] || [[Devon Island]] || [[North Kent Island]] |- | [[Cookstraße]] || [[Tasmansee]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Südinsel (Neuseeland)]] || [[Nordinsel (Neuseeland)]] |- | [[Crozier Channel]] || [[McClure Strait]] || [[Fitzwilliam Strait]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]] || [[Eglinton Island]] |- | [[Crozier Strait]] || [[Queens Channel]] || [[McDougall-Sund]] || [[Gregory-Halbinsel]] ([[Bathurst Island (Kanada)]]) || [[Little Cornwallis Island]] |- | [[Dampierstraße (Papua-Neuguinea)]] || [[Bismarck-See]] || [[Salomonensee]] || [[Sakar (Insel)]], [[Ritter-Insel]], [[Umboi]] || [[Neubritannien]] |- | [[Dänemarkstraße]] || [[Irmingersee]] || [[Grönlandsee]] || [[Grönland]] || [[Island]] |- | [[Dardanellen]] || [[Ägäisches Meer]] || [[Marmarameer]] || [[Halbinsel Gallipoli]] || nordwestliches [[Kleinasien]] |- | [[Davisstraße]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Labradorsee]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Grönland]] |- | [[Dease Strait]] || [[Coronation Gulf|Coronation-Golf]] || [[Queen-Maud-Golf]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || [[Kent-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Dixon Entrance]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Clarence Strait]], [[Hecate Strait]] || [[Dall Island]], [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Alaska)]] || [[Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands)]] |- | [[Dolphin-und-Union-Straße]] || [[Amundsen-Golf]] || [[Coronation Gulf|Coronation-Golf]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || Festland [[Nunavut]]s |- | [[Dominica-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Guadeloupe]] || [[Dominica]] |- | [[Straße von Dover]] || [[Ärmelkanal]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Großbritannien (Insel)|Großbritannien]] || [[Europa|europäisches]] Festland |- | [[Drakestraße]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Kap Hoorn]] || [[Südliche Shetlandinseln]] |- | [[Endeavour-Straße]] || [[Korallenmeer]] || [[Arafurasee]] || [[Kap-York-Halbinsel]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Queensland)|Prince-of-Wales-Insel]] |- | [[Euripos]] || Nördlicher [[Golf von Euböa]] || Südlicher [[Golf von Euböa]] || [[Euböa]] || [[Attika (Landschaft)|Attika]] |- | [[Evans Strait]] || [[Fisher Strait]] || [[Hudson Bay]] || [[Bell-Halbinsel]] ([[Southampton Island]]) || [[Coats Island]] |- | [[Fehmarnbelt]] || [[Kieler Bucht]] || [[Mecklenburger Bucht]] || [[Fehmarn]] || [[Lolland]] |- | [[Fehmarnsund]] || [[Kieler Bucht]] || [[Mecklenburger Bucht]] || [[Fehmarn]] || [[Wagrien]] |- | [[Fisher Strait]] || [[Hudson Bay]] || [[Evans Strait]] || [[Southampton Island]] || [[Coats Island]] |- | [[Fitzwilliam Strait]] || [[Crozier Channel]], [[Kellett Strait]] || [[Hecla and Griper Bay]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]], [[Emerald Isle (Kanada)]] || [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]] |- | [[Floridastraße]] || [[Golf von Mexiko]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Florida]] || [[Kuba]] |- | [[Formosastraße]] || [[Ostchinesisches Meer]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Fujian]] || [[Taiwan (Insel)|Taiwan]] |- | [[Foveauxstraße]] || [[Tasmansee]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Südinsel (Neuseeland)]] || [[Stewart Island]] |- | [[Foxe-Kanal]] || [[Foxe Basin]] || [[Hudsonstraße]], [[Hudson Bay]] || [[Melville-Halbinsel]], [[Southampton Island]] || [[Foxe-Halbinsel]] ([[Baffininsel]]) |- | [[Freemansund]] || [[Storfjord (Spitzbergen)]] || [[Olgastraße]] || [[Barentsøya]] || [[Edgeøya]] |- | [[Fury-und-Hecla-Straße]] || [[Golf von Boothia]] || [[Foxe Basin]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Melville-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Straße von Gibraltar]] || [[Mittelmeer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Spanien]], [[Gibraltar]] || [[Marokko]], [[Ceuta]] |- | [[Goldsmith Channel]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[McClintock-Kanal]] || [[Storkerson-Halbinsel]] ([[Victoria-Insel]]) || [[Stefansson Island]] |- | [[Grønsund]] || [[Storstrømmen]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Falster]] || [[Bogø]], [[Møn]] |- | [[Großer Belt]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Fünen]] || [[Seeland (Dänemark)|Seeland]] |- | [[Guadeloupe-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Montserrat]], [[Antigua (Kleine Antillen)]] || [[Guadeloupe]] |- | [[Guldborgsund]] || [[Smålandsfarvandet]] || [[Mecklenburger Bucht]] || [[Falster]] || [[Lolland]] |- | [[Hainanstraße]] || [[Golf von Tonking]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Leizhou-Halbinsel]] || [[Hainan]] |- | [[Hazen Strait]] || [[Ballantyne Strait]] || [[Prinz-Gustav-Adolf-See]] || [[Mackenzie-King-Insel]] || [[Sabine-Halbinsel]] ([[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]]), [[Lougheed Island]] |- | [[Heleysund]] || [[Ginevrabucht]] || [[Olgastraße]] || [[Spitzbergen (Insel)]] || [[Barentsøya]] |- | [[Hinlopenstraße]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Olgastraße]] || [[Spitzbergen (Insel)]] || [[Nordostland]] |- | [[Straße von Hormus]] || [[Persischer Golf]] || [[Golf von Oman]] || [[Hormozgan]] || [[Musandam]] |- | [[Hudsonstraße]] || [[Hudson Bay]], [[Foxe-Kanal]] || [[Labradorsee]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Ungava-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Humboldtkanal]] || [[James Ross Strait]] || [[St. Roch Basin]] || [[Tennent Islands]] || [[King William Island]] |- | [[Irbenstraße]] || [[Rigaischer Meerbusen]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Sõrve]] ([[Saaremaa]]) || [[Kurland]] |- | [[Jamaica Channel]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Golf von Gonâve]] || [[Jamaika]] || [[Tiburon-Halbinsel]] ([[Haiti]]) |- | [[James Ross Strait]] || [[Larsensund]] || [[St. Roch Basin]] || [[Boothia]] || [[King William Island]], [[Tennent Islands]], [[Matty Island]] |- | [[Straße von Johor]] || [[Straße von Malakka]] || [[Straße von Singapur]] || [[Malaiische Halbinsel]] || [[Singapur]] |- | [[Jugorstraße]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Barentssee]] || [[Waigatsch]] || [[Russland|russisches]] Festland |- | [[Kalmarsund]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Kalmar län]] || [[Öland]] |- | [[Karastraße]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Barentssee]] || [[Südinsel (Nowaja Semlja)]] || [[Waigatsch]] |- | [[Kellett Strait]] || [[McClure Strait]] || [[Fitzwilliam Strait]] || [[Eglinton Island]] || [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]] |- | [[Kennedy-Kanal]] || [[Kane Basin]] || [[Hall-Becken|Hall Basin]] || [[Washington Land]] ([[Grönland]]) || [[Ellesmere Island]] |- | [[Straße von Kertsch]] || [[Asowsches Meer]] || [[Schwarzes Meer]] || [[Krim]] || [[Taman-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Kleiner Belt]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Jütland]] || [[Fünen]] |- | [[Koreastraße]] || [[Ostchinesisches Meer]] || [[Japanisches Meer]] || [[Koreanische Halbinsel]] || [[Kyūshū]], [[Honshū]] |- | [[Straße von Korfu]] || [[Ionisches Meer]] || Ionisches Meer || [[Korfu]] || [[Albanien]] |- | [[Kurilenstraße]] || [[Ochotskisches Meer]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Schumschu]] || [[Kamtschatka]] |- | [[Langelandsbelt]] || [[Smålandsfarvandet]] || [[Kieler Bucht]], [[Sydfynske Øhav]] || [[Langeland]] || [[Lolland]] |- | [[Laptew-Straße]] || [[Laptewsee]] || [[Ostsibirische See]] || [[Große Ljachow-Insel]] || [[Russland|russisches]] Festland |- | [[La-Pérouse-Straße]] || [[Japanisches Meer]] || [[Ochotskisches Meer]] || [[Hokkaidō]] || [[Sachalin]] |- | [[Le-Maire-Straße (Kap Hoorn)]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Drakestraße]] || [[Isla de los Estados]] || [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] |- | [[Limfjord]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Jütland]] || [[Vendsyssel-Thy]] |- | [[Litkestraße]] || [[Beringmeer]] || [[Beringmeer]] || [[Kamtschatka]] || [[Karaginski]] |- | [[Luzonstraße]] || [[Philippinensee]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Luzon]] || [[Taiwan (Insel)|Taiwan]] |- | [[Magellanstraße]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Patagonien]] || [[Feuerland]] |- | [[Manipastraße]] || [[Seramsee]] || [[Bandasee]] || [[Buru]] || [[Manipa]] |- | [[Marsdiep]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Zuiderzee]] || [[Texel]] || [[Den Helder]] |- | [[Martinique-Kanal]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Union Island]], [[Palm Island (Grenadinen)]] || [[Carriacou]], [[Petit St. Vincent]] |- | [[Martinique-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Dominica]] || [[Martinique]] |- | [[Matotschkin Schar]] || [[Barentssee]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Nordinsel (Nowaja Semlja)]] || [[Südinsel (Nowaja Semlja)]] |- | [[McClintock-Kanal]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Larsensund]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Nunavut)]] |- | [[McClure Strait]] || [[Beaufortsee]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]], [[Eglinton Island]], [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]] || [[Banksinsel]] |- | [[Maury Channel]] || [[Queens Channel]] || [[Wellington Channel]] || [[Baillie-Hamilton Island]] || [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Straße von Messina]] || [[Tyrrhenisches Meer]] || [[Ionisches Meer]] || [[Sizilien]] || [[Kalabrien]] |- | [[Molengat]] || [[Marsdiep]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Noorderhaaks]] || [[Texel]] |- | [[Mona-Passage]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Dominikanische Republik]] || [[Puerto Rico]] |- | [[Straße von Mosambik]] || [[Indischer Ozean]] || [[Indischer Ozean]] || [[Mosambik]] || [[Madagaskar]] |- | [[Nares-Straße]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Lincolnsee]] || [[Ellesmere Island]] || [[Grönland]] |- | [[Nordkanal (Meerenge)|Nordkanal]] || [[Irische See]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean|Nordatlantik]] || [[Irland (Insel)|Irland]] || [[Schottland]] |- | [[Northumberlandstraße]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Prince Edward Island]] || [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]] |- | [[Öresund]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Seeland (Dänemark)]] || [[Schonen]] |- | [[Straße von Otranto]] || [[Adriatisches Meer]] || [[Ionisches Meer]] || [[Apulien]] || [[Albanien]] |- | [[Palkstraße]] || [[Golf von Mannar]] || [[Golf von Bengalen]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Sri Lanka]] |- | [[Parry Channel (Kanada)|Parry Channel]] || [[Beaufortsee]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Königin-Elisabeth-Inseln]] || Südliche Inseln des [[Kanadisch-arktischer Archipel|kanadisch-arktischen Archipels]] |- | [[Pearse Strait]] || [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Erskine Inlet]] || [[Île Vanier]] || [[Massey Island]] |- | [[Peary-Kanal]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Masseysund]] || [[Meighen Island]], [[Axel Heiberg Island]] || [[Ellef Ringnes Island]], [[Amund Ringnes Island]] |- | [[Peenestrom]] || [[Stettiner Haff]] || [[Greifswalder Bodden]] || Festland || [[Usedom]] |- | [[Pentland Firth]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean|Nordatlantik]] || [[Orkney]] || [[Schottland]] |- | [[Pelengstraße]] || [[Golf von Tolo]] ([[Bandasee]]) || [[Molukkensee]] || [[Sulawesi]] || [[Peleng]] |- | [[Kanal von Piombino]] || [[Ligurisches Meer]] || [[Tyrrhenisches Meer]] || [[Elba]] || [[Piombino]] |- | [[Prince of Wales Strait]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Amundsen-Golf]] || [[Banksinsel]] || [[Prinz-Albert-Halbinsel]] ([[Victoria-Insel]]) |- | [[Prince Regent Inlet]] || [[Lancastersund]] || [[Golf von Boothia]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Somerset Island (Kanada)|Somerset-Insel]] |- | [[Pullen Strait]] || [[McDougall Sound]] || [[Queens Channel]] || [[Little Cornwallis Island]] || [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Robeson-Kanal]] || [[Lincolnsee]] || [[Hall-Becken|Hall Basin]] || [[Grönland]] || [[Ellesmere Island]] |- | [[St.-Georgs-Kanal]] || [[Irische See]] || [[Keltische See]] || [[Irland (Insel)|Irland]] || [[Wales]] |- | [[St. Lucia-Kanal]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Martinique]] || [[St. Lucia]] |- | [[St. Vincent-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[St. Lucia]] || [[St. Vincent]] |- | [[Sannikowstraße]] || [[Laptewsee]] || [[Ostsibirische See]] || [[Anjou-Inseln]] || [[Ljachow-Inseln]] |- | [[Simpsonstraße]] || [[Queen-Maud-Golf]] || [[Rasmussen Basin]] || [[King William Island]] || [[Adelaide-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Sir William Parker Strait]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Bathurst Island (Kanada)|Bathurst Island]] || [[Helena Island]] |- | [[Skidegate Channel]] || [[Hecate Strait]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands)|Graham Island]] || [[Moresby Island]] |- | [[Smithsund]] || [[Kane Basin]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Hayes-Halbinsel]] || [[Ellesmere Island]] |- | [[Strelasund]] || [[Prohner Wiek]], [[Kubitzer Bodden]] || [[Greifswalder Bodden]] || [[Rügen]] || [[Vorpommern]] |- | [[Sverdrup-Kanal]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Peary-Kanal]] || [[Meighen Island]] || [[Axel Heiberg Island]] |- | [[Tatarensund]] || [[Ochotskisches Meer]] || [[Japanisches Meer]] || [[Sachalin]] || [[Russland|russisches]] Festland |- | [[Torres-Straße]] || [[Arafurasee]] || [[Korallenmeer]] || [[Neuguinea]] || [[Australien]] |- | [[Victoria Strait]] || [[Queen-Maud-Golf]] || [[McClintock-Kanal]], [[Larsensund]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || [[King William Island]] |- | [[Vitiaz-Straße]] || [[Bismarck-See]] || [[Salomonensee]] || [[Long Island (Papua-Neuguinea)|Long Island]] || [[Neuguinea]] |- | [[Wellington Channel]] || [[Pioneer Channel]], [[Couch Passage]], [[Maury Channel]] || [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Dundas Island (Nunavut)]], [[Baillie-Hamilton Island]], [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]] || [[Devon Island]] |- | [[Wellington Strait]] || [[James Ross Strait]] || [[St. Roch Basin]] || [[Tennent Islands]] || [[Matty Island]] |- | [[Wilkins-Straße]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Prinz-Gustav-Adolf-See]] || [[Borden-Insel]] || [[Brock-Insel]], [[Mackenzie-King-Insel]] |- | [[Wilkizkistraße]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Laptewsee]] || [[Bolschewik-Insel]] ([[Sewernaja Semlja]]) || [[Taimyrhalbinsel]] |- | [[Windward-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Provinz Guantánamo]] || [[Département Nord-Ouest]] |- | [[Yucatánstraße]] || [[Golf von Mexiko]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Yucatán (Halbinsel)]] || [[Kuba (Insel)]] |} [[Kategorie:Meerenge|!Meeresstrassen]] [[Kategorie:Liste (Gewässer)|Meeresstrassen]] [[Kategorie:Liste (Schifffahrt)|Meeresstrassen]] السنسنڊ. اپين ريڊ فجورڊ فلنسبرگ فجورڊ السن سنڊيوٽ * اينيگاڊا گذرڻ ڪيريبين سمنڊ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ برطانوي ورجن ٻيٽ انگوئيلا * آرنوٽ اسٽريٽ بيام مارٽن چينل ايرسڪائن انليٽ ڪيمرون ٻيٽ وينئر ٻيٽ * باب المندب ڳاڙهي سمنڊ عدن جي خليج جبوتي، ايريٽريا يمن بالاباڪ اسٽريٽ ڏکڻ چين سمنڊ سمنڊ سولو بالاباڪ * بالامبانگ، بنگي بالانٽائن اسٽريٽ آرڪٽڪ سمنڊ هيزن اسٽريٽ بروڪ ٻيٽ، ميڪنزي ڪنگ ٻيٽ پرنس پيٽرڪ ٻيٽ، زمرد ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا) بيرنگ چينل بارو اسٽريٽ بارو اسٽريٽ رسل ٻيٽ (نوناٽ) پرنس آف ويلز ٻيٽ (نوناٽ) بارو اسٽريٽ ويسڪائونٽ ميلويل سائونڊ لينڪاسٽر سائونڊ بٿرسٽ ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا)، ڪارن والس ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا)، ڊيون ٻيٽ پرنس آف ويلز ٻيٽ (نوناٽ)، رسل ٻيٽ (نوناٽ)، سومرسيٽ ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا) اسٽريٽ آف باسيلان، نارو مورو (سيليبس سمنڊ)، سولو سمنڊ، زمبوانگا جزيره نما (Mindanao)، باسيلان باس اسٽريٽ، تسمان سمنڊ، هندي سمنڊ، تسمانيا، آسٽريليا مينلينڊ بيگل چينل، ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ، اسلا گرانڊ ڊي ٽيرا ڊيل فيوگو، نيوارينو ٻيٽ، ميزبان ٻيٽ، گورڊن ٻيٽ بيلي آئل اسٽريٽ، نار آف سينٽ لارنس، ليبراڊور سمنڊ، ليبراڊور پيننسولا، نيو فائونڊلينڊ بيلٽ اسٽريٽ، فرينڪلن اسٽريٽ، گلف آف بوٿيا، سومرسيٽ ٻيٽ. ==فهرست== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {{compact ToC|top=no|seealso=yes|side=yes|nobreak=yes|sep=•}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Strait !! Location !data-sort-type=number | Depth (meters) !data-sort-type=number | Min. width (meters) !data-sort-type=number | Max. width (meters) !Known crossings |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} =تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] ofl4e6n960qerra6ocsnk0kl5y6jdsf 370543 370542 2026-04-07T20:55:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 370543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. Dies ist eine '''Liste von [[Meeresstraße]]n''' (Meerengen) in tabellarischer Form: هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: <nowiki>:</nowiki> ڳنڍن جو نالو. . سان ڳنڍي ٿو. ۽ . جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه جو نالو !! هن کي !! هن سان !! liegt zwischen ... !! und ... |- | [[Alsensund]] || [[Apenrader Förde]] || [[Flensburger Förde]] || [[Alsen]] || [[Sundewitt]] |- | [[Anegada-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Britische Jungferninseln]] || [[Anguilla]] |- | [[Arnott Strait]] || [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Erskine Inlet]] || [[Cameron Island]] || [[Île Vanier]] |- | [[Bab al-Mandab]] || [[Rotes Meer]] || [[Golf von Aden]] || [[Dschibuti]], [[Eritrea]] || [[Jemen]] |- | [[Balabacstraße]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Sulusee]] || [[Balabac (Insel)|Balabac]] || [[Balambang]], [[Banggi]] |- | [[Ballantyne Strait]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Hazen Strait]] || [[Brock-Insel]], [[Mackenzie-King-Insel]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]], [[Emerald Isle (Kanada)]] |- | [[Baring Channel]] || [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Russell Island (Nunavut)]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Nunavut)]] |- | [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Lancastersund]] || [[Bathurst Island (Kanada)]], [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]], [[Devon Island]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Nunavut)]], [[Russell Island (Nunavut)]], [[Somerset Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Straße von Basilan]] || [[Golf von Moro]] ([[Celebessee]]) || [[Sulusee]] || [[Zamboanga Peninsula|Zamboanga-Halbinsel]] ([[Mindanao]]) || [[Basilan]] |- | [[Bass-Straße]] || [[Tasmansee]] || [[Indischer Ozean]] || [[Tasmanien]] || [[Australien|Australisches Festland]] |- | [[Beagle-Kanal]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] || [[Navarino (Insel)]], [[Hoste (Insel)]], [[Gordon (Insel)]] |- | [[Belle-Isle-Straße]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Labradorsee]] || [[Labrador-Halbinsel]] || [[Neufundland]] |- | [[Bellotstraße]] || [[Franklin Strait|Franklinstraße]] || [[Golf von Boothia]] || [[Somerset Island (Kanada)]] || [[Boothia]] |- | [[Beringstraße]] || [[Tschuktschensee]] || [[Beringmeer]] || [[Tschuktschen-Halbinsel]] || [[Seward-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Straße von Bonifacio]] || [[Tyrrhenisches Meer]] || [[Mittelmeer]] || [[Korsika]] || [[Sardinien]] |- | [[Bosporus]] || [[Marmarameer]] || [[Schwarzes Meer]] || [[Istanbul]] (europäischer Teil) || [[Istanbul]] (asiatischer Teil) |- | [[Boyer Strait]] || [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Erskine Inlet]] || [[Massey Island]] || [[Alexander Island (Nunavut)]] |- | [[Bransfieldstraße]] || [[Weddell-Meer]] || [[Bellingshausen-See]] || [[Südliche Shetlandinseln]] || [[Antarktische Halbinsel]] |- | [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Hazen Strait]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]], [[Byam Martin Island]] || [[Cameron Island]], [[Île Vanier]], [[Massey Island]], [[Île Marc]], [[Alexander Island (Nunavut)]], [[Bathurst Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Cabotstraße]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Neufundland]] || [[Kap-Breton-Insel]] |- | [[Cardigan-Straße]] || [[Norwegian Bay]] || [[Jonessund]] || [[Devon Island]] || [[North Kent Island]] |- | [[Cookstraße]] || [[Tasmansee]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Südinsel (Neuseeland)]] || [[Nordinsel (Neuseeland)]] |- | [[Crozier Channel]] || [[McClure Strait]] || [[Fitzwilliam Strait]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]] || [[Eglinton Island]] |- | [[Crozier Strait]] || [[Queens Channel]] || [[McDougall-Sund]] || [[Gregory-Halbinsel]] ([[Bathurst Island (Kanada)]]) || [[Little Cornwallis Island]] |- | [[Dampierstraße (Papua-Neuguinea)]] || [[Bismarck-See]] || [[Salomonensee]] || [[Sakar (Insel)]], [[Ritter-Insel]], [[Umboi]] || [[Neubritannien]] |- | [[Dänemarkstraße]] || [[Irmingersee]] || [[Grönlandsee]] || [[Grönland]] || [[Island]] |- | [[Dardanellen]] || [[Ägäisches Meer]] || [[Marmarameer]] || [[Halbinsel Gallipoli]] || nordwestliches [[Kleinasien]] |- | [[Davisstraße]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Labradorsee]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Grönland]] |- | [[Dease Strait]] || [[Coronation Gulf|Coronation-Golf]] || [[Queen-Maud-Golf]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || [[Kent-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Dixon Entrance]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Clarence Strait]], [[Hecate Strait]] || [[Dall Island]], [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Alaska)]] || [[Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands)]] |- | [[Dolphin-und-Union-Straße]] || [[Amundsen-Golf]] || [[Coronation Gulf|Coronation-Golf]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || Festland [[Nunavut]]s |- | [[Dominica-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Guadeloupe]] || [[Dominica]] |- | [[Straße von Dover]] || [[Ärmelkanal]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Großbritannien (Insel)|Großbritannien]] || [[Europa|europäisches]] Festland |- | [[Drakestraße]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Kap Hoorn]] || [[Südliche Shetlandinseln]] |- | [[Endeavour-Straße]] || [[Korallenmeer]] || [[Arafurasee]] || [[Kap-York-Halbinsel]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Queensland)|Prince-of-Wales-Insel]] |- | [[Euripos]] || Nördlicher [[Golf von Euböa]] || Südlicher [[Golf von Euböa]] || [[Euböa]] || [[Attika (Landschaft)|Attika]] |- | [[Evans Strait]] || [[Fisher Strait]] || [[Hudson Bay]] || [[Bell-Halbinsel]] ([[Southampton Island]]) || [[Coats Island]] |- | [[Fehmarnbelt]] || [[Kieler Bucht]] || [[Mecklenburger Bucht]] || [[Fehmarn]] || [[Lolland]] |- | [[Fehmarnsund]] || [[Kieler Bucht]] || [[Mecklenburger Bucht]] || [[Fehmarn]] || [[Wagrien]] |- | [[Fisher Strait]] || [[Hudson Bay]] || [[Evans Strait]] || [[Southampton Island]] || [[Coats Island]] |- | [[Fitzwilliam Strait]] || [[Crozier Channel]], [[Kellett Strait]] || [[Hecla and Griper Bay]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]], [[Emerald Isle (Kanada)]] || [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]] |- | [[Floridastraße]] || [[Golf von Mexiko]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Florida]] || [[Kuba]] |- | [[Formosastraße]] || [[Ostchinesisches Meer]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Fujian]] || [[Taiwan (Insel)|Taiwan]] |- | [[Foveauxstraße]] || [[Tasmansee]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Südinsel (Neuseeland)]] || [[Stewart Island]] |- | [[Foxe-Kanal]] || [[Foxe Basin]] || [[Hudsonstraße]], [[Hudson Bay]] || [[Melville-Halbinsel]], [[Southampton Island]] || [[Foxe-Halbinsel]] ([[Baffininsel]]) |- | [[Freemansund]] || [[Storfjord (Spitzbergen)]] || [[Olgastraße]] || [[Barentsøya]] || [[Edgeøya]] |- | [[Fury-und-Hecla-Straße]] || [[Golf von Boothia]] || [[Foxe Basin]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Melville-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Straße von Gibraltar]] || [[Mittelmeer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Spanien]], [[Gibraltar]] || [[Marokko]], [[Ceuta]] |- | [[Goldsmith Channel]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[McClintock-Kanal]] || [[Storkerson-Halbinsel]] ([[Victoria-Insel]]) || [[Stefansson Island]] |- | [[Grønsund]] || [[Storstrømmen]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Falster]] || [[Bogø]], [[Møn]] |- | [[Großer Belt]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Fünen]] || [[Seeland (Dänemark)|Seeland]] |- | [[Guadeloupe-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Montserrat]], [[Antigua (Kleine Antillen)]] || [[Guadeloupe]] |- | [[Guldborgsund]] || [[Smålandsfarvandet]] || [[Mecklenburger Bucht]] || [[Falster]] || [[Lolland]] |- | [[Hainanstraße]] || [[Golf von Tonking]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Leizhou-Halbinsel]] || [[Hainan]] |- | [[Hazen Strait]] || [[Ballantyne Strait]] || [[Prinz-Gustav-Adolf-See]] || [[Mackenzie-King-Insel]] || [[Sabine-Halbinsel]] ([[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]]), [[Lougheed Island]] |- | [[Heleysund]] || [[Ginevrabucht]] || [[Olgastraße]] || [[Spitzbergen (Insel)]] || [[Barentsøya]] |- | [[Hinlopenstraße]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Olgastraße]] || [[Spitzbergen (Insel)]] || [[Nordostland]] |- | [[Straße von Hormus]] || [[Persischer Golf]] || [[Golf von Oman]] || [[Hormozgan]] || [[Musandam]] |- | [[Hudsonstraße]] || [[Hudson Bay]], [[Foxe-Kanal]] || [[Labradorsee]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Ungava-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Humboldtkanal]] || [[James Ross Strait]] || [[St. Roch Basin]] || [[Tennent Islands]] || [[King William Island]] |- | [[Irbenstraße]] || [[Rigaischer Meerbusen]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Sõrve]] ([[Saaremaa]]) || [[Kurland]] |- | [[Jamaica Channel]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Golf von Gonâve]] || [[Jamaika]] || [[Tiburon-Halbinsel]] ([[Haiti]]) |- | [[James Ross Strait]] || [[Larsensund]] || [[St. Roch Basin]] || [[Boothia]] || [[King William Island]], [[Tennent Islands]], [[Matty Island]] |- | [[Straße von Johor]] || [[Straße von Malakka]] || [[Straße von Singapur]] || [[Malaiische Halbinsel]] || [[Singapur]] |- | [[Jugorstraße]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Barentssee]] || [[Waigatsch]] || [[Russland|russisches]] Festland |- | [[Kalmarsund]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Kalmar län]] || [[Öland]] |- | [[Karastraße]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Barentssee]] || [[Südinsel (Nowaja Semlja)]] || [[Waigatsch]] |- | [[Kellett Strait]] || [[McClure Strait]] || [[Fitzwilliam Strait]] || [[Eglinton Island]] || [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]] |- | [[Kennedy-Kanal]] || [[Kane Basin]] || [[Hall-Becken|Hall Basin]] || [[Washington Land]] ([[Grönland]]) || [[Ellesmere Island]] |- | [[Straße von Kertsch]] || [[Asowsches Meer]] || [[Schwarzes Meer]] || [[Krim]] || [[Taman-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Kleiner Belt]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Jütland]] || [[Fünen]] |- | [[Koreastraße]] || [[Ostchinesisches Meer]] || [[Japanisches Meer]] || [[Koreanische Halbinsel]] || [[Kyūshū]], [[Honshū]] |- | [[Straße von Korfu]] || [[Ionisches Meer]] || Ionisches Meer || [[Korfu]] || [[Albanien]] |- | [[Kurilenstraße]] || [[Ochotskisches Meer]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Schumschu]] || [[Kamtschatka]] |- | [[Langelandsbelt]] || [[Smålandsfarvandet]] || [[Kieler Bucht]], [[Sydfynske Øhav]] || [[Langeland]] || [[Lolland]] |- | [[Laptew-Straße]] || [[Laptewsee]] || [[Ostsibirische See]] || [[Große Ljachow-Insel]] || [[Russland|russisches]] Festland |- | [[La-Pérouse-Straße]] || [[Japanisches Meer]] || [[Ochotskisches Meer]] || [[Hokkaidō]] || [[Sachalin]] |- | [[Le-Maire-Straße (Kap Hoorn)]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Drakestraße]] || [[Isla de los Estados]] || [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] |- | [[Limfjord]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Jütland]] || [[Vendsyssel-Thy]] |- | [[Litkestraße]] || [[Beringmeer]] || [[Beringmeer]] || [[Kamtschatka]] || [[Karaginski]] |- | [[Luzonstraße]] || [[Philippinensee]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Luzon]] || [[Taiwan (Insel)|Taiwan]] |- | [[Magellanstraße]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Patagonien]] || [[Feuerland]] |- | [[Manipastraße]] || [[Seramsee]] || [[Bandasee]] || [[Buru]] || [[Manipa]] |- | [[Marsdiep]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Zuiderzee]] || [[Texel]] || [[Den Helder]] |- | [[Martinique-Kanal]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Union Island]], [[Palm Island (Grenadinen)]] || [[Carriacou]], [[Petit St. Vincent]] |- | [[Martinique-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Dominica]] || [[Martinique]] |- | [[Matotschkin Schar]] || [[Barentssee]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Nordinsel (Nowaja Semlja)]] || [[Südinsel (Nowaja Semlja)]] |- | [[McClintock-Kanal]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Larsensund]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Nunavut)]] |- | [[McClure Strait]] || [[Beaufortsee]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]], [[Eglinton Island]], [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]] || [[Banksinsel]] |- | [[Maury Channel]] || [[Queens Channel]] || [[Wellington Channel]] || [[Baillie-Hamilton Island]] || [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Straße von Messina]] || [[Tyrrhenisches Meer]] || [[Ionisches Meer]] || [[Sizilien]] || [[Kalabrien]] |- | [[Molengat]] || [[Marsdiep]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Noorderhaaks]] || [[Texel]] |- | [[Mona-Passage]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Dominikanische Republik]] || [[Puerto Rico]] |- | [[Straße von Mosambik]] || [[Indischer Ozean]] || [[Indischer Ozean]] || [[Mosambik]] || [[Madagaskar]] |- | [[Nares-Straße]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Lincolnsee]] || [[Ellesmere Island]] || [[Grönland]] |- | [[Nordkanal (Meerenge)|Nordkanal]] || [[Irische See]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean|Nordatlantik]] || [[Irland (Insel)|Irland]] || [[Schottland]] |- | [[Northumberlandstraße]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Prince Edward Island]] || [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]] |- | [[Öresund]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Seeland (Dänemark)]] || [[Schonen]] |- | [[Straße von Otranto]] || [[Adriatisches Meer]] || [[Ionisches Meer]] || [[Apulien]] || [[Albanien]] |- | [[Palkstraße]] || [[Golf von Mannar]] || [[Golf von Bengalen]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Sri Lanka]] |- | [[Parry Channel (Kanada)|Parry Channel]] || [[Beaufortsee]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Königin-Elisabeth-Inseln]] || Südliche Inseln des [[Kanadisch-arktischer Archipel|kanadisch-arktischen Archipels]] |- | [[Pearse Strait]] || [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Erskine Inlet]] || [[Île Vanier]] || [[Massey Island]] |- | [[Peary-Kanal]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Masseysund]] || [[Meighen Island]], [[Axel Heiberg Island]] || [[Ellef Ringnes Island]], [[Amund Ringnes Island]] |- | [[Peenestrom]] || [[Stettiner Haff]] || [[Greifswalder Bodden]] || Festland || [[Usedom]] |- | [[Pentland Firth]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean|Nordatlantik]] || [[Orkney]] || [[Schottland]] |- | [[Pelengstraße]] || [[Golf von Tolo]] ([[Bandasee]]) || [[Molukkensee]] || [[Sulawesi]] || [[Peleng]] |- | [[Kanal von Piombino]] || [[Ligurisches Meer]] || [[Tyrrhenisches Meer]] || [[Elba]] || [[Piombino]] |- | [[Prince of Wales Strait]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Amundsen-Golf]] || [[Banksinsel]] || [[Prinz-Albert-Halbinsel]] ([[Victoria-Insel]]) |- | [[Prince Regent Inlet]] || [[Lancastersund]] || [[Golf von Boothia]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Somerset Island (Kanada)|Somerset-Insel]] |- | [[Pullen Strait]] || [[McDougall Sound]] || [[Queens Channel]] || [[Little Cornwallis Island]] || [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Robeson-Kanal]] || [[Lincolnsee]] || [[Hall-Becken|Hall Basin]] || [[Grönland]] || [[Ellesmere Island]] |- | [[St.-Georgs-Kanal]] || [[Irische See]] || [[Keltische See]] || [[Irland (Insel)|Irland]] || [[Wales]] |- | [[St. Lucia-Kanal]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Martinique]] || [[St. Lucia]] |- | [[St. Vincent-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[St. Lucia]] || [[St. Vincent]] |- | [[Sannikowstraße]] || [[Laptewsee]] || [[Ostsibirische See]] || [[Anjou-Inseln]] || [[Ljachow-Inseln]] |- | [[Simpsonstraße]] || [[Queen-Maud-Golf]] || [[Rasmussen Basin]] || [[King William Island]] || [[Adelaide-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Sir William Parker Strait]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Bathurst Island (Kanada)|Bathurst Island]] || [[Helena Island]] |- | [[Skidegate Channel]] || [[Hecate Strait]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands)|Graham Island]] || [[Moresby Island]] |- | [[Smithsund]] || [[Kane Basin]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Hayes-Halbinsel]] || [[Ellesmere Island]] |- | [[Strelasund]] || [[Prohner Wiek]], [[Kubitzer Bodden]] || [[Greifswalder Bodden]] || [[Rügen]] || [[Vorpommern]] |- | [[Sverdrup-Kanal]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Peary-Kanal]] || [[Meighen Island]] || [[Axel Heiberg Island]] |- | [[Tatarensund]] || [[Ochotskisches Meer]] || [[Japanisches Meer]] || [[Sachalin]] || [[Russland|russisches]] Festland |- | [[Torres-Straße]] || [[Arafurasee]] || [[Korallenmeer]] || [[Neuguinea]] || [[Australien]] |- | [[Victoria Strait]] || [[Queen-Maud-Golf]] || [[McClintock-Kanal]], [[Larsensund]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || [[King William Island]] |- | [[Vitiaz-Straße]] || [[Bismarck-See]] || [[Salomonensee]] || [[Long Island (Papua-Neuguinea)|Long Island]] || [[Neuguinea]] |- | [[Wellington Channel]] || [[Pioneer Channel]], [[Couch Passage]], [[Maury Channel]] || [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Dundas Island (Nunavut)]], [[Baillie-Hamilton Island]], [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]] || [[Devon Island]] |- | [[Wellington Strait]] || [[James Ross Strait]] || [[St. Roch Basin]] || [[Tennent Islands]] || [[Matty Island]] |- | [[Wilkins-Straße]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Prinz-Gustav-Adolf-See]] || [[Borden-Insel]] || [[Brock-Insel]], [[Mackenzie-King-Insel]] |- | [[Wilkizkistraße]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Laptewsee]] || [[Bolschewik-Insel]] ([[Sewernaja Semlja]]) || [[Taimyrhalbinsel]] |- | [[Windward-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Provinz Guantánamo]] || [[Département Nord-Ouest]] |- | [[Yucatánstraße]] || [[Golf von Mexiko]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Yucatán (Halbinsel)]] || [[Kuba (Insel)]] |} [[Kategorie:Meerenge|!Meeresstrassen]] [[Kategorie:Liste (Gewässer)|Meeresstrassen]] [[Kategorie:Liste (Schifffahrt)|Meeresstrassen]] السنسنڊ. اپين ريڊ فجورڊ فلنسبرگ فجورڊ السن سنڊيوٽ * اينيگاڊا گذرڻ ڪيريبين سمنڊ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ برطانوي ورجن ٻيٽ انگوئيلا * آرنوٽ اسٽريٽ بيام مارٽن چينل ايرسڪائن انليٽ ڪيمرون ٻيٽ وينئر ٻيٽ * باب المندب ڳاڙهي سمنڊ عدن جي خليج جبوتي، ايريٽريا يمن بالاباڪ اسٽريٽ ڏکڻ چين سمنڊ سمنڊ سولو بالاباڪ * بالامبانگ، بنگي بالانٽائن اسٽريٽ آرڪٽڪ سمنڊ هيزن اسٽريٽ بروڪ ٻيٽ، ميڪنزي ڪنگ ٻيٽ پرنس پيٽرڪ ٻيٽ، زمرد ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا) بيرنگ چينل بارو اسٽريٽ بارو اسٽريٽ رسل ٻيٽ (نوناٽ) پرنس آف ويلز ٻيٽ (نوناٽ) بارو اسٽريٽ ويسڪائونٽ ميلويل سائونڊ لينڪاسٽر سائونڊ بٿرسٽ ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا)، ڪارن والس ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا)، ڊيون ٻيٽ پرنس آف ويلز ٻيٽ (نوناٽ)، رسل ٻيٽ (نوناٽ)، سومرسيٽ ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا) اسٽريٽ آف باسيلان، نارو مورو (سيليبس سمنڊ)، سولو سمنڊ، زمبوانگا جزيره نما (Mindanao)، باسيلان باس اسٽريٽ، تسمان سمنڊ، هندي سمنڊ، تسمانيا، آسٽريليا مينلينڊ بيگل چينل، ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ، اسلا گرانڊ ڊي ٽيرا ڊيل فيوگو، نيوارينو ٻيٽ، ميزبان ٻيٽ، گورڊن ٻيٽ بيلي آئل اسٽريٽ، نار آف سينٽ لارنس، ليبراڊور سمنڊ، ليبراڊور پيننسولا، نيو فائونڊلينڊ بيلٽ اسٽريٽ، فرينڪلن اسٽريٽ، گلف آف بوٿيا، سومرسيٽ ٻيٽ. ==فهرست== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {{compact ToC|top=no|seealso=yes|side=yes|nobreak=yes|sep=•}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Strait !! Location !data-sort-type=number | Depth (meters) !data-sort-type=number | Min. width (meters) !data-sort-type=number | Max. width (meters) !Known crossings {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} =تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] 8ph0i9942vyv3nko68y1h0hc8j6r7sc 370544 370543 2026-04-07T20:56:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 370544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: ==فهرست== <nowiki>:</nowiki> ڳنڍن جو نالو. . سان ڳنڍي ٿو. ۽ . جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه جو نالو !! هن کي !! هن سان !! liegt zwischen ... !! und ... |- | [[Alsensund]] || [[Apenrader Förde]] || [[Flensburger Förde]] || [[Alsen]] || [[Sundewitt]] |- | [[Anegada-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Britische Jungferninseln]] || [[Anguilla]] |- | [[Arnott Strait]] || [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Erskine Inlet]] || [[Cameron Island]] || [[Île Vanier]] |- | [[Bab al-Mandab]] || [[Rotes Meer]] || [[Golf von Aden]] || [[Dschibuti]], [[Eritrea]] || [[Jemen]] |- | [[Balabacstraße]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Sulusee]] || [[Balabac (Insel)|Balabac]] || [[Balambang]], [[Banggi]] |- | [[Ballantyne Strait]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Hazen Strait]] || [[Brock-Insel]], [[Mackenzie-King-Insel]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]], [[Emerald Isle (Kanada)]] |- | [[Baring Channel]] || [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Russell Island (Nunavut)]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Nunavut)]] |- | [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Lancastersund]] || [[Bathurst Island (Kanada)]], [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]], [[Devon Island]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Nunavut)]], [[Russell Island (Nunavut)]], [[Somerset Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Straße von Basilan]] || [[Golf von Moro]] ([[Celebessee]]) || [[Sulusee]] || [[Zamboanga Peninsula|Zamboanga-Halbinsel]] ([[Mindanao]]) || [[Basilan]] |- | [[Bass-Straße]] || [[Tasmansee]] || [[Indischer Ozean]] || [[Tasmanien]] || [[Australien|Australisches Festland]] |- | [[Beagle-Kanal]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] || [[Navarino (Insel)]], [[Hoste (Insel)]], [[Gordon (Insel)]] |- | [[Belle-Isle-Straße]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Labradorsee]] || [[Labrador-Halbinsel]] || [[Neufundland]] |- | [[Bellotstraße]] || [[Franklin Strait|Franklinstraße]] || [[Golf von Boothia]] || [[Somerset Island (Kanada)]] || [[Boothia]] |- | [[Beringstraße]] || [[Tschuktschensee]] || [[Beringmeer]] || [[Tschuktschen-Halbinsel]] || [[Seward-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Straße von Bonifacio]] || [[Tyrrhenisches Meer]] || [[Mittelmeer]] || [[Korsika]] || [[Sardinien]] |- | [[Bosporus]] || [[Marmarameer]] || [[Schwarzes Meer]] || [[Istanbul]] (europäischer Teil) || [[Istanbul]] (asiatischer Teil) |- | [[Boyer Strait]] || [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Erskine Inlet]] || [[Massey Island]] || [[Alexander Island (Nunavut)]] |- | [[Bransfieldstraße]] || [[Weddell-Meer]] || [[Bellingshausen-See]] || [[Südliche Shetlandinseln]] || [[Antarktische Halbinsel]] |- | [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Hazen Strait]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]], [[Byam Martin Island]] || [[Cameron Island]], [[Île Vanier]], [[Massey Island]], [[Île Marc]], [[Alexander Island (Nunavut)]], [[Bathurst Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Cabotstraße]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Neufundland]] || [[Kap-Breton-Insel]] |- | [[Cardigan-Straße]] || [[Norwegian Bay]] || [[Jonessund]] || [[Devon Island]] || [[North Kent Island]] |- | [[Cookstraße]] || [[Tasmansee]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Südinsel (Neuseeland)]] || [[Nordinsel (Neuseeland)]] |- | [[Crozier Channel]] || [[McClure Strait]] || [[Fitzwilliam Strait]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]] || [[Eglinton Island]] |- | [[Crozier Strait]] || [[Queens Channel]] || [[McDougall-Sund]] || [[Gregory-Halbinsel]] ([[Bathurst Island (Kanada)]]) || [[Little Cornwallis Island]] |- | [[Dampierstraße (Papua-Neuguinea)]] || [[Bismarck-See]] || [[Salomonensee]] || [[Sakar (Insel)]], [[Ritter-Insel]], [[Umboi]] || [[Neubritannien]] |- | [[Dänemarkstraße]] || [[Irmingersee]] || [[Grönlandsee]] || [[Grönland]] || [[Island]] |- | [[Dardanellen]] || [[Ägäisches Meer]] || [[Marmarameer]] || [[Halbinsel Gallipoli]] || nordwestliches [[Kleinasien]] |- | [[Davisstraße]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Labradorsee]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Grönland]] |- | [[Dease Strait]] || [[Coronation Gulf|Coronation-Golf]] || [[Queen-Maud-Golf]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || [[Kent-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Dixon Entrance]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Clarence Strait]], [[Hecate Strait]] || [[Dall Island]], [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Alaska)]] || [[Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands)]] |- | [[Dolphin-und-Union-Straße]] || [[Amundsen-Golf]] || [[Coronation Gulf|Coronation-Golf]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || Festland [[Nunavut]]s |- | [[Dominica-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Guadeloupe]] || [[Dominica]] |- | [[Straße von Dover]] || [[Ärmelkanal]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Großbritannien (Insel)|Großbritannien]] || [[Europa|europäisches]] Festland |- | [[Drakestraße]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Kap Hoorn]] || [[Südliche Shetlandinseln]] |- | [[Endeavour-Straße]] || [[Korallenmeer]] || [[Arafurasee]] || [[Kap-York-Halbinsel]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Queensland)|Prince-of-Wales-Insel]] |- | [[Euripos]] || Nördlicher [[Golf von Euböa]] || Südlicher [[Golf von Euböa]] || [[Euböa]] || [[Attika (Landschaft)|Attika]] |- | [[Evans Strait]] || [[Fisher Strait]] || [[Hudson Bay]] || [[Bell-Halbinsel]] ([[Southampton Island]]) || [[Coats Island]] |- | [[Fehmarnbelt]] || [[Kieler Bucht]] || [[Mecklenburger Bucht]] || [[Fehmarn]] || [[Lolland]] |- | [[Fehmarnsund]] || [[Kieler Bucht]] || [[Mecklenburger Bucht]] || [[Fehmarn]] || [[Wagrien]] |- | [[Fisher Strait]] || [[Hudson Bay]] || [[Evans Strait]] || [[Southampton Island]] || [[Coats Island]] |- | [[Fitzwilliam Strait]] || [[Crozier Channel]], [[Kellett Strait]] || [[Hecla and Griper Bay]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]], [[Emerald Isle (Kanada)]] || [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]] |- | [[Floridastraße]] || [[Golf von Mexiko]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Florida]] || [[Kuba]] |- | [[Formosastraße]] || [[Ostchinesisches Meer]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Fujian]] || [[Taiwan (Insel)|Taiwan]] |- | [[Foveauxstraße]] || [[Tasmansee]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Südinsel (Neuseeland)]] || [[Stewart Island]] |- | [[Foxe-Kanal]] || [[Foxe Basin]] || [[Hudsonstraße]], [[Hudson Bay]] || [[Melville-Halbinsel]], [[Southampton Island]] || [[Foxe-Halbinsel]] ([[Baffininsel]]) |- | [[Freemansund]] || [[Storfjord (Spitzbergen)]] || [[Olgastraße]] || [[Barentsøya]] || [[Edgeøya]] |- | [[Fury-und-Hecla-Straße]] || [[Golf von Boothia]] || [[Foxe Basin]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Melville-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Straße von Gibraltar]] || [[Mittelmeer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Spanien]], [[Gibraltar]] || [[Marokko]], [[Ceuta]] |- | [[Goldsmith Channel]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[McClintock-Kanal]] || [[Storkerson-Halbinsel]] ([[Victoria-Insel]]) || [[Stefansson Island]] |- | [[Grønsund]] || [[Storstrømmen]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Falster]] || [[Bogø]], [[Møn]] |- | [[Großer Belt]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Fünen]] || [[Seeland (Dänemark)|Seeland]] |- | [[Guadeloupe-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Montserrat]], [[Antigua (Kleine Antillen)]] || [[Guadeloupe]] |- | [[Guldborgsund]] || [[Smålandsfarvandet]] || [[Mecklenburger Bucht]] || [[Falster]] || [[Lolland]] |- | [[Hainanstraße]] || [[Golf von Tonking]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Leizhou-Halbinsel]] || [[Hainan]] |- | [[Hazen Strait]] || [[Ballantyne Strait]] || [[Prinz-Gustav-Adolf-See]] || [[Mackenzie-King-Insel]] || [[Sabine-Halbinsel]] ([[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]]), [[Lougheed Island]] |- | [[Heleysund]] || [[Ginevrabucht]] || [[Olgastraße]] || [[Spitzbergen (Insel)]] || [[Barentsøya]] |- | [[Hinlopenstraße]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Olgastraße]] || [[Spitzbergen (Insel)]] || [[Nordostland]] |- | [[Straße von Hormus]] || [[Persischer Golf]] || [[Golf von Oman]] || [[Hormozgan]] || [[Musandam]] |- | [[Hudsonstraße]] || [[Hudson Bay]], [[Foxe-Kanal]] || [[Labradorsee]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Ungava-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Humboldtkanal]] || [[James Ross Strait]] || [[St. Roch Basin]] || [[Tennent Islands]] || [[King William Island]] |- | [[Irbenstraße]] || [[Rigaischer Meerbusen]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Sõrve]] ([[Saaremaa]]) || [[Kurland]] |- | [[Jamaica Channel]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Golf von Gonâve]] || [[Jamaika]] || [[Tiburon-Halbinsel]] ([[Haiti]]) |- | [[James Ross Strait]] || [[Larsensund]] || [[St. Roch Basin]] || [[Boothia]] || [[King William Island]], [[Tennent Islands]], [[Matty Island]] |- | [[Straße von Johor]] || [[Straße von Malakka]] || [[Straße von Singapur]] || [[Malaiische Halbinsel]] || [[Singapur]] |- | [[Jugorstraße]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Barentssee]] || [[Waigatsch]] || [[Russland|russisches]] Festland |- | [[Kalmarsund]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Kalmar län]] || [[Öland]] |- | [[Karastraße]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Barentssee]] || [[Südinsel (Nowaja Semlja)]] || [[Waigatsch]] |- | [[Kellett Strait]] || [[McClure Strait]] || [[Fitzwilliam Strait]] || [[Eglinton Island]] || [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]] |- | [[Kennedy-Kanal]] || [[Kane Basin]] || [[Hall-Becken|Hall Basin]] || [[Washington Land]] ([[Grönland]]) || [[Ellesmere Island]] |- | [[Straße von Kertsch]] || [[Asowsches Meer]] || [[Schwarzes Meer]] || [[Krim]] || [[Taman-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Kleiner Belt]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Jütland]] || [[Fünen]] |- | [[Koreastraße]] || [[Ostchinesisches Meer]] || [[Japanisches Meer]] || [[Koreanische Halbinsel]] || [[Kyūshū]], [[Honshū]] |- | [[Straße von Korfu]] || [[Ionisches Meer]] || Ionisches Meer || [[Korfu]] || [[Albanien]] |- | [[Kurilenstraße]] || [[Ochotskisches Meer]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Schumschu]] || [[Kamtschatka]] |- | [[Langelandsbelt]] || [[Smålandsfarvandet]] || [[Kieler Bucht]], [[Sydfynske Øhav]] || [[Langeland]] || [[Lolland]] |- | [[Laptew-Straße]] || [[Laptewsee]] || [[Ostsibirische See]] || [[Große Ljachow-Insel]] || [[Russland|russisches]] Festland |- | [[La-Pérouse-Straße]] || [[Japanisches Meer]] || [[Ochotskisches Meer]] || [[Hokkaidō]] || [[Sachalin]] |- | [[Le-Maire-Straße (Kap Hoorn)]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Drakestraße]] || [[Isla de los Estados]] || [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] |- | [[Limfjord]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Jütland]] || [[Vendsyssel-Thy]] |- | [[Litkestraße]] || [[Beringmeer]] || [[Beringmeer]] || [[Kamtschatka]] || [[Karaginski]] |- | [[Luzonstraße]] || [[Philippinensee]] || [[Südchinesisches Meer]] || [[Luzon]] || [[Taiwan (Insel)|Taiwan]] |- | [[Magellanstraße]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Patagonien]] || [[Feuerland]] |- | [[Manipastraße]] || [[Seramsee]] || [[Bandasee]] || [[Buru]] || [[Manipa]] |- | [[Marsdiep]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Zuiderzee]] || [[Texel]] || [[Den Helder]] |- | [[Martinique-Kanal]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Union Island]], [[Palm Island (Grenadinen)]] || [[Carriacou]], [[Petit St. Vincent]] |- | [[Martinique-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Dominica]] || [[Martinique]] |- | [[Matotschkin Schar]] || [[Barentssee]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Nordinsel (Nowaja Semlja)]] || [[Südinsel (Nowaja Semlja)]] |- | [[McClintock-Kanal]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Larsensund]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || [[Prince-of-Wales-Insel (Nunavut)]] |- | [[McClure Strait]] || [[Beaufortsee]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Prinz-Patrick-Insel]], [[Eglinton Island]], [[Melville-Insel (Kanada)]] || [[Banksinsel]] |- | [[Maury Channel]] || [[Queens Channel]] || [[Wellington Channel]] || [[Baillie-Hamilton Island]] || [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Straße von Messina]] || [[Tyrrhenisches Meer]] || [[Ionisches Meer]] || [[Sizilien]] || [[Kalabrien]] |- | [[Molengat]] || [[Marsdiep]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Noorderhaaks]] || [[Texel]] |- | [[Mona-Passage]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Dominikanische Republik]] || [[Puerto Rico]] |- | [[Straße von Mosambik]] || [[Indischer Ozean]] || [[Indischer Ozean]] || [[Mosambik]] || [[Madagaskar]] |- | [[Nares-Straße]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Lincolnsee]] || [[Ellesmere Island]] || [[Grönland]] |- | [[Nordkanal (Meerenge)|Nordkanal]] || [[Irische See]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean|Nordatlantik]] || [[Irland (Insel)|Irland]] || [[Schottland]] |- | [[Northumberlandstraße]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Sankt-Lorenz-Golf]] || [[Prince Edward Island]] || [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]] |- | [[Öresund]] || [[Kattegat]] || [[Ostsee]] || [[Seeland (Dänemark)]] || [[Schonen]] |- | [[Straße von Otranto]] || [[Adriatisches Meer]] || [[Ionisches Meer]] || [[Apulien]] || [[Albanien]] |- | [[Palkstraße]] || [[Golf von Mannar]] || [[Golf von Bengalen]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || [[Sri Lanka]] |- | [[Parry Channel (Kanada)|Parry Channel]] || [[Beaufortsee]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Königin-Elisabeth-Inseln]] || Südliche Inseln des [[Kanadisch-arktischer Archipel|kanadisch-arktischen Archipels]] |- | [[Pearse Strait]] || [[Byam Martin Channel]] || [[Erskine Inlet]] || [[Île Vanier]] || [[Massey Island]] |- | [[Peary-Kanal]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Masseysund]] || [[Meighen Island]], [[Axel Heiberg Island]] || [[Ellef Ringnes Island]], [[Amund Ringnes Island]] |- | [[Peenestrom]] || [[Stettiner Haff]] || [[Greifswalder Bodden]] || Festland || [[Usedom]] |- | [[Pentland Firth]] || [[Nordsee]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean|Nordatlantik]] || [[Orkney]] || [[Schottland]] |- | [[Pelengstraße]] || [[Golf von Tolo]] ([[Bandasee]]) || [[Molukkensee]] || [[Sulawesi]] || [[Peleng]] |- | [[Kanal von Piombino]] || [[Ligurisches Meer]] || [[Tyrrhenisches Meer]] || [[Elba]] || [[Piombino]] |- | [[Prince of Wales Strait]] || [[Viscount-Melville-Sund]] || [[Amundsen-Golf]] || [[Banksinsel]] || [[Prinz-Albert-Halbinsel]] ([[Victoria-Insel]]) |- | [[Prince Regent Inlet]] || [[Lancastersund]] || [[Golf von Boothia]] || [[Baffininsel]] || [[Somerset Island (Kanada)|Somerset-Insel]] |- | [[Pullen Strait]] || [[McDougall Sound]] || [[Queens Channel]] || [[Little Cornwallis Island]] || [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]] |- | [[Robeson-Kanal]] || [[Lincolnsee]] || [[Hall-Becken|Hall Basin]] || [[Grönland]] || [[Ellesmere Island]] |- | [[St.-Georgs-Kanal]] || [[Irische See]] || [[Keltische See]] || [[Irland (Insel)|Irland]] || [[Wales]] |- | [[St. Lucia-Kanal]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Martinique]] || [[St. Lucia]] |- | [[St. Vincent-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[St. Lucia]] || [[St. Vincent]] |- | [[Sannikowstraße]] || [[Laptewsee]] || [[Ostsibirische See]] || [[Anjou-Inseln]] || [[Ljachow-Inseln]] |- | [[Simpsonstraße]] || [[Queen-Maud-Golf]] || [[Rasmussen Basin]] || [[King William Island]] || [[Adelaide-Halbinsel]] |- | [[Sir William Parker Strait]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Bathurst Island (Kanada)|Bathurst Island]] || [[Helena Island]] |- | [[Skidegate Channel]] || [[Hecate Strait]] || [[Pazifischer Ozean]] || [[Graham Island (Queen Charlotte Islands)|Graham Island]] || [[Moresby Island]] |- | [[Smithsund]] || [[Kane Basin]] || [[Baffin Bay]] || [[Hayes-Halbinsel]] || [[Ellesmere Island]] |- | [[Strelasund]] || [[Prohner Wiek]], [[Kubitzer Bodden]] || [[Greifswalder Bodden]] || [[Rügen]] || [[Vorpommern]] |- | [[Sverdrup-Kanal]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Peary-Kanal]] || [[Meighen Island]] || [[Axel Heiberg Island]] |- | [[Tatarensund]] || [[Ochotskisches Meer]] || [[Japanisches Meer]] || [[Sachalin]] || [[Russland|russisches]] Festland |- | [[Torres-Straße]] || [[Arafurasee]] || [[Korallenmeer]] || [[Neuguinea]] || [[Australien]] |- | [[Victoria Strait]] || [[Queen-Maud-Golf]] || [[McClintock-Kanal]], [[Larsensund]] || [[Victoria-Insel]] || [[King William Island]] |- | [[Vitiaz-Straße]] || [[Bismarck-See]] || [[Salomonensee]] || [[Long Island (Papua-Neuguinea)|Long Island]] || [[Neuguinea]] |- | [[Wellington Channel]] || [[Pioneer Channel]], [[Couch Passage]], [[Maury Channel]] || [[Barrow Strait]] || [[Dundas Island (Nunavut)]], [[Baillie-Hamilton Island]], [[Cornwallis Island (Kanada)]] || [[Devon Island]] |- | [[Wellington Strait]] || [[James Ross Strait]] || [[St. Roch Basin]] || [[Tennent Islands]] || [[Matty Island]] |- | [[Wilkins-Straße]] || [[Arktischer Ozean]] || [[Prinz-Gustav-Adolf-See]] || [[Borden-Insel]] || [[Brock-Insel]], [[Mackenzie-King-Insel]] |- | [[Wilkizkistraße]] || [[Karasee]] || [[Laptewsee]] || [[Bolschewik-Insel]] ([[Sewernaja Semlja]]) || [[Taimyrhalbinsel]] |- | [[Windward-Passage]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Atlantischer Ozean]] || [[Provinz Guantánamo]] || [[Département Nord-Ouest]] |- | [[Yucatánstraße]] || [[Golf von Mexiko]] || [[Karibisches Meer]] || [[Yucatán (Halbinsel)]] || [[Kuba (Insel)]] |} [[Kategorie:Meerenge|!Meeresstrassen]] [[Kategorie:Liste (Gewässer)|Meeresstrassen]] [[Kategorie:Liste (Schifffahrt)|Meeresstrassen]] السنسنڊ. اپين ريڊ فجورڊ فلنسبرگ فجورڊ السن سنڊيوٽ * اينيگاڊا گذرڻ ڪيريبين سمنڊ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ برطانوي ورجن ٻيٽ انگوئيلا * آرنوٽ اسٽريٽ بيام مارٽن چينل ايرسڪائن انليٽ ڪيمرون ٻيٽ وينئر ٻيٽ * باب المندب ڳاڙهي سمنڊ عدن جي خليج جبوتي، ايريٽريا يمن بالاباڪ اسٽريٽ ڏکڻ چين سمنڊ سمنڊ سولو بالاباڪ * بالامبانگ، بنگي بالانٽائن اسٽريٽ آرڪٽڪ سمنڊ هيزن اسٽريٽ بروڪ ٻيٽ، ميڪنزي ڪنگ ٻيٽ پرنس پيٽرڪ ٻيٽ، زمرد ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا) بيرنگ چينل بارو اسٽريٽ بارو اسٽريٽ رسل ٻيٽ (نوناٽ) پرنس آف ويلز ٻيٽ (نوناٽ) بارو اسٽريٽ ويسڪائونٽ ميلويل سائونڊ لينڪاسٽر سائونڊ بٿرسٽ ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا)، ڪارن والس ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا)، ڊيون ٻيٽ پرنس آف ويلز ٻيٽ (نوناٽ)، رسل ٻيٽ (نوناٽ)، سومرسيٽ ٻيٽ (ڪينيڊا) اسٽريٽ آف باسيلان، نارو مورو (سيليبس سمنڊ)، سولو سمنڊ، زمبوانگا جزيره نما (Mindanao)، باسيلان باس اسٽريٽ، تسمان سمنڊ، هندي سمنڊ، تسمانيا، آسٽريليا مينلينڊ بيگل چينل، ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ، پئسفڪ سمنڊ، اسلا گرانڊ ڊي ٽيرا ڊيل فيوگو، نيوارينو ٻيٽ، ميزبان ٻيٽ، گورڊن ٻيٽ بيلي آئل اسٽريٽ، نار آف سينٽ لارنس، ليبراڊور سمنڊ، ليبراڊور پيننسولا، نيو فائونڊلينڊ بيلٽ اسٽريٽ، فرينڪلن اسٽريٽ، گلف آف بوٿيا، سومرسيٽ ٻيٽ. ==فهرست== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {{compact ToC|top=no|seealso=yes|side=yes|nobreak=yes|sep=•}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Strait !! Location !data-sort-type=number | Depth (meters) !data-sort-type=number | Min. width (meters) !data-sort-type=number | Max. width (meters) !Known crossings {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} =تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] 9e7nfid77wx230g9imk3cjbqdv8iao4 370545 370544 2026-04-07T20:57:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 370545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: ==فهرست== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {{compact ToC|top=no|seealso=yes|side=yes|nobreak=yes|sep=•}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Strait !! Location !data-sort-type=number | Depth (meters) !data-sort-type=number | Min. width (meters) !data-sort-type=number | Max. width (meters) !Known crossings {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} =تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] cnysqlcvpppfifdnhacrtr1xh6h8ryk 370546 370545 2026-04-07T20:58:18Z Ibne maryam 17680 370546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: ==فهرست== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} =تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] 8qqufpg6iymun1pz86rckvinb6i68a9 370547 370546 2026-04-07T20:58:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 370547 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: ==فهرست== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] b8jgv2vzvi2lx0np65idnwv8kle7udf 370548 370547 2026-04-07T21:09:48Z Ibne maryam 17680 370548 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: هڪ آبي گذرگاهه هڪ تنگ گذرگاهه آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏن پاڻي جي ذخيرن کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. عام طور تي، ڳچي هڪ تنگ چينل آهي جيڪو ٻن زميني عوام جي وچ ۾ آهي. ==فهرست== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] 9j37xyekbe3kporike6udlb5dlf1wd0 370549 370548 2026-04-07T21:41:28Z Ibne maryam 17680 370549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: هڪ آبي گذرگاهه هڪ تنگ گذرگاهه آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏن پاڻي جي ذخيرن کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. عام طور تي، ڳچي هڪ تنگ چينل آهي جيڪو ٻن زميني عوام جي وچ ۾ آهي. ==فهرست== {{short description|A narrow passage of water body}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- |- |آڪاشي اسٽرئٽ ||سيٽو انلينڊ سمنڊ ۽ اوساڪا جي نار کي ڳنڍي ٿي. [[هونشو]] کي [[جاپان]] جي اواجي ٻيٽ کان ڌار ڪري ٿي. |110 | - |4,000 |آڪاشي ڪائيڪو پل |- |امچٽڪا پاس ||اها [[اليوشيئن ٻيٽ|اليوشيئن ٻيٽن]]، [[الاسڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏي سامونڊي گذرگاهه آهي. |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | اينيگاڊا پاس ||اها [[ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] ۾ ورجن ٻيٽن ۽ [[اينگوئلا]] کي ڌار ڪري ٿو |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- |[[باب المندب]] |[[عرب جزيري نما]] تي [[يمن]] ۽ [[آفريڪي سڱ]] ۾ [[جيبوتي]] ۽ [[اريٽيريا]] جي وچ ۾، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] کي [[عدن جي نار]] ۽ واڌ سان [[هندي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |باب اسڪندر |[[باب المندب آبي گذرگاهه]] جو اوڀر وارو حصو |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |بالاباڪ اسٽرئٽ |ڏکڻ چين سمنڊ کي سولو سمنڊ سان ڳنڍي ٿو. اهو بيلابڪ ٻيٽ (پالاوان صوبو)، فلپائن کي، بالمبنگان کان جدا ڪري ٿو ۽ بورنيو جي اتر ۾ بينگي ٻيٽن کي. |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] q00ybc8lmpekncr2u8sodvtqo1sukll 370550 370549 2026-04-07T21:42:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 370550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: هڪ آبي گذرگاهه هڪ تنگ گذرگاهه آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏن پاڻي جي ذخيرن کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. عام طور تي، ڳچي هڪ تنگ چينل آهي جيڪو ٻن زميني عوام جي وچ ۾ آهي. ==فهرست== {{short description|A narrow passage of water body}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- |- |آڪاشي اسٽرئٽ ||سيٽو انلينڊ سمنڊ ۽ اوساڪا جي نار کي ڳنڍي ٿي. [[هونشو]] کي [[جاپان]] جي اواجي ٻيٽ کان ڌار ڪري ٿي. |110 | - |4,000 |آڪاشي ڪائيڪو پل |- |امچٽڪا پاس ||اها [[اليوشيئن ٻيٽ|اليوشيئن ٻيٽن]]، [[الاسڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏي سامونڊي گذرگاهه آهي. |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | اينيگاڊا پاس ||اها [[ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] ۾ ورجن ٻيٽن ۽ [[اينگوئلا]] کي ڌار ڪري ٿو |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- |[[باب المندب]] |[[عرب جزيري نما]] تي [[يمن]] ۽ [[آفريڪي سڱ]] ۾ [[جيبوتي]] ۽ [[اريٽيريا]] جي وچ ۾، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] کي [[عدن جي نار]] ۽ واڌ سان [[هندي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |باب اسڪندر |[[باب المندب|باب المندب آبي گذرگاهه]] جو اوڀر وارو حصو |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |بالاباڪ اسٽرئٽ |ڏکڻ چين سمنڊ کي سولو سمنڊ سان ڳنڍي ٿو. اهو بيلابڪ ٻيٽ (پالاوان صوبو)، فلپائن کي، بالمبنگان کان جدا ڪري ٿو ۽ بورنيو جي اتر ۾ بينگي ٻيٽن کي. |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] mrcthat99gtplejq5ww67a7cmvr2sz4 370551 370550 2026-04-07T21:49:57Z Ibne maryam 17680 370551 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: هڪ آبي گذرگاهه هڪ تنگ گذرگاهه آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏن پاڻي جي ذخيرن کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. عام طور تي، ڳچي هڪ تنگ چينل آهي جيڪو ٻن زميني عوام جي وچ ۾ آهي. ==فهرست== {{short description|A narrow passage of water body}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[آگئٽ پاس]] || [[پيوگيٽ سائونڊ]] جو حصو. [[بين برج ٻيٽ، واشنگٽن|بين برج ٻيٽ]] کي [[سڪوامش، واشنگٽن|سڪوامش]] جي ويجهو [[ڪيٽساپ جزيري نما]] جي مکيه زمين کان الڳ ڪري ٿو. |6.1 |91 |375 |[[آگئٽ پاس پل]] |- |آڪاشي اسٽرئٽ ||سيٽو انلينڊ سمنڊ ۽ اوساڪا جي نار کي ڳنڍي ٿي. [[هونشو]] کي [[جاپان]] جي اواجي ٻيٽ کان ڌار ڪري ٿي. |110 | - |4,000 |آڪاشي ڪائيڪو پل |- |امچٽڪا پاس ||اها [[اليوشيئن ٻيٽ|اليوشيئن ٻيٽن]]، [[الاسڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏي [[سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] آهي. |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | اينيگاڊا پاس ||اها [[ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] ۾ ورجن ٻيٽن ۽ [[اينگوئلا]] کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- |[[باب المندب]] |[[عرب جزيري نما]] تي [[يمن]] ۽ [[آفريڪي سڱ]] ۾ [[جيبوتي]] ۽ [[اريٽيريا]] جي وچ ۾، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] کي [[عدن جي نار]] ۽ واڌ سان [[هندي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |باب اسڪندر |[[باب المندب|باب المندب آبي گذرگاهه]] جو اوڀر وارو حصو |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |بالاباڪ اسٽرئٽ |[[ڏکڻ چين سمنڊ]] کي [[سولو سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو. اهو بيلابڪ ٻيٽ (پالاوان صوبو)، [[فلپائن]] کي، بالمبنگان کان ۽ [[بورنيو]] جي اتر ۾ بينگي ٻيٽن کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] 4oxi7lq22wl025vazch09yzq6oqthl3 370552 370551 2026-04-07T22:15:35Z Ibne maryam 17680 370552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: هڪ آبي گذرگاهه هڪ تنگ گذرگاهه آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏن پاڻي جي ذخيرن کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. عام طور تي، ڳچي هڪ تنگ چينل آهي جيڪو ٻن زميني عوام جي وچ ۾ آهي. ==فهرست== {{short description|A narrow passage of water body}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[آگئٽ پاس]] || [[پيوگيٽ سائونڊ]] جو حصو. [[بين برج ٻيٽ، واشنگٽن|بين برج ٻيٽ]] کي [[سڪوامش، واشنگٽن|سڪوامش]] جي ويجهو [[ڪيٽساپ جزيري نما]] جي مکيه زمين کان الڳ ڪري ٿو. |6.1 |91 |375 |[[آگئٽ پاس پل]] |- |آڪاشي اسٽرئٽ ||سيٽو انلينڊ سمنڊ ۽ اوساڪا جي نار کي ڳنڍي ٿي. [[هونشو]] کي [[جاپان]] جي اواجي ٻيٽ کان ڌار ڪري ٿي. |110 | - |4,000 |آڪاشي ڪائيڪو پل |- |امچٽڪا پاس ||اها [[اليوشيئن ٻيٽ|اليوشيئن ٻيٽن]]، [[الاسڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏي [[سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] آهي. |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | اينيگاڊا پاس ||اها [[ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] ۾ ورجن ٻيٽن ۽ [[اينگوئلا]] کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- |[[باب المندب]] |[[عرب جزيري نما]] تي [[يمن]] ۽ [[آفريڪي سڱ]] ۾ [[جيبوتي]] ۽ [[اريٽيريا]] جي وچ ۾، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] کي [[عدن جي نار]] ۽ واڌ سان [[هندي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |باب اسڪندر |[[باب المندب|باب المندب آبي گذرگاهه]] جو اوڀر وارو حصو |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |بالاباڪ اسٽرئٽ |[[ڏکڻ چين سمنڊ]] کي [[سولو سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو. اهو بيلابڪ ٻيٽ (پالاوان صوبو)، [[فلپائن]] کي، بالمبنگان کان ۽ [[بورنيو]] جي اتر ۾ بينگي ٻيٽن کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |بالي اسٽرئٽ |[[هندي سمنڊ]] ۽ بالي سمنڊ کي ڳنڍيندي [[جاوا]] ۽ بالي کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |60 |2,400 | - |جاوا ۾ ڪيٽاپانگ جي وچ ۾ فيري |- |بالٽيسڪ اسٽرئٽ|وسٽولا لاگون ۽ گڊانسڪ بي، [[پولينڊ]] کي ڳنڍي ٿو. |12 |400 | - | - |- |بانگڪا اسٽريٽ |[[سماٽرا]] ۽ بانگڪا ٻيٽ کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |باس اسٽريٽ |مکيه زمين [[آسٽريليا]] ۽ [[تسمانيه]] کي ورهائي ٿو. |155 | - |350,000 |اسپرٽ آف تسمانيه |- |بيگل چينل |اسلا گرانڊي ڊي ٽيرا ڊيل فيوگو جي وڏي مکيه ٻيٽ کي مختلف ننڍن ٻيٽن کان ڌار ڪري ٿو. | - |4,800 | - | - |- |بيلي آئل اسٽرئٽ |[[ليبراڊور]]، ڪينيڊا کي نيو فائونڊ لينڊ ٻيٽ کان ڌار ڪري ٿو. | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |بيرنگ اسٽرئٽ |[[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] ۽ [[آرڪٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي ڳنڍي ٿو، [[روس|روسي ڏور اوڀر]] جي چڪچي جزيري نما کي [[الاسڪا]] جي سيورڊ جزيري نما کان ڌار ڪري ٿو. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |بوهائي اسٽرئٽ |بوهائي سمنڊ ۽ پيلو سمنڊ کي ڳنڍي ٿو. لياوڊونگ جزيري نما ۽ شينڊونگ جزيري نما کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |80 | - | - | - |- |بونفيشيو اسٽرئٽ |[[ڪورسيڪا]]، [[فرانس]] ۽ [[سارڊينيا]]، [[اٽلي]] کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] 8fc1rzi9jcdzunm75vq8fa3ysad9lof 370553 370552 2026-04-07T22:22:00Z Ibne maryam 17680 370553 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: هڪ آبي گذرگاهه هڪ تنگ گذرگاهه آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏن پاڻي جي ذخيرن کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. عام طور تي، ڳچي هڪ تنگ چينل آهي جيڪو ٻن زميني عوام جي وچ ۾ آهي. ==فهرست== {{short description|A narrow passage of water body}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !جڳهه******* !data-sort-type=number |<small>اونهائي (ميٽر)</small> !data-sort-type=number |<small>گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر)</small> !data-sort-type=number |<small>وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر)</small> !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |<small>'''[[آگئٽ پاس]]'''</small> || <small>_{'''[[پيوگيٽ سائونڊ]] جو حصو. [[بين برج ٻيٽ، واشنگٽن|بين برج ٻيٽ]] کي [[سڪوامش، واشنگٽن|سڪوامش]] جي ويجهو [[ڪيٽساپ جزيري نما]] جي مکيه زمين کان الڳ ڪري'''}</small> <small>_'''ٿو.'''</small> |6.1 |91 |375 |[[آگئٽ پاس پل]] |- |<small>'''آڪاشي اسٽرئٽ'''</small> ||<small>_{'''سيٽو انلينڊ سمنڊ ۽ اوساڪا جي نار کي ڳنڍي ٿي. [[هونشو]] کي [[جاپان]] جي اواجي ٻيٽ کان ڌار ڪري ٿي.'''}</small> |110 | - |4,000 |آڪاشي ڪائيڪو پل |- |<small>'''امچٽڪا پاس'''</small> ||اها [[اليوشيئن ٻيٽ|اليوشيئن ٻيٽن]]، [[الاسڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏي [[سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] آهي. |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | <small>'''اينيگاڊا پاس'''</small> ||اها [[ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] ۾ ورجن ٻيٽن ۽ [[اينگوئلا]] کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- |<small>'''[[باب المندب]]'''</small> |_{<small>'''[[عرب جزيري نما]] تي [[يمن]] ۽ [[آفريڪي سڱ]] ۾ [[جيبوتي]] ۽ [[اريٽيريا]] جي وچ ۾، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] کي [[عدن جي نار]] ۽ واڌ سان [[هندي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو.'''</small>} |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |<small>'''باب اسڪندر'''</small> |[[باب المندب|باب المندب آبي گذرگاهه]] جو اوڀر وارو حصو |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |<small>'''بالاباڪ اسٽرئٽ'''</small> |_{'''[[ڏکڻ چين سمنڊ]] کي [[سولو سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو. اهو بيلابڪ ٻيٽ (پالاوان صوبو)، [[فلپائن]] کي، بالمبنگان کان ۽ [[بورنيو]] جي اتر ۾ بينگي ٻيٽن کي ڌار ڪري ٿو.'''} |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |بالي اسٽرئٽ |[[هندي سمنڊ]] ۽ بالي سمنڊ کي ڳنڍيندي [[جاوا]] ۽ بالي کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |60 |2,400 | - |جاوا ۾ ڪيٽاپانگ جي وچ ۾ فيري |- |بالٽيسڪ اسٽرئٽ|وسٽولا لاگون ۽ گڊانسڪ بي، [[پولينڊ]] کي ڳنڍي ٿو. |12 |400 | - | - |- |بانگڪا اسٽريٽ |[[سماٽرا]] ۽ بانگڪا ٻيٽ کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |باس اسٽريٽ |مکيه زمين [[آسٽريليا]] ۽ [[تسمانيه]] کي ورهائي ٿو. |155 | - |350,000 |اسپرٽ آف تسمانيه |- |بيگل چينل |اسلا گرانڊي ڊي ٽيرا ڊيل فيوگو جي وڏي مکيه ٻيٽ کي مختلف ننڍن ٻيٽن کان ڌار ڪري ٿو. | - |4,800 | - | - |- |بيلي آئل اسٽرئٽ |[[ليبراڊور]]، ڪينيڊا کي نيو فائونڊ لينڊ ٻيٽ کان ڌار ڪري ٿو. | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |بيرنگ اسٽرئٽ |[[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] ۽ [[آرڪٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي ڳنڍي ٿو، [[روس|روسي ڏور اوڀر]] جي چڪچي جزيري نما کي [[الاسڪا]] جي سيورڊ جزيري نما کان ڌار ڪري ٿو. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |بوهائي اسٽرئٽ |بوهائي سمنڊ ۽ پيلو سمنڊ کي ڳنڍي ٿو. لياوڊونگ جزيري نما ۽ شينڊونگ جزيري نما کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |80 | - | - | - |- |بونفيشيو اسٽرئٽ |[[ڪورسيڪا]]، [[فرانس]] ۽ [[سارڊينيا]]، [[اٽلي]] کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== *[[Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links]] *[[Floating suspension bridge]] {{Lists of bodies of water}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] gklqmr16z39ic8oune90cl6n1krsbkk 370554 370553 2026-04-07T22:23:43Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 370554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Strait-AR.png|thumb|188x188|'''آبي گذرگاهه جو هڪ خاڪو''']] هڪ آبي گذرگاهه (Strait) سمنڊ جو هڪ تنگ رستو آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏي پاڻي جي جسمن (سمنڊ، ڍنڍ وغيره) کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. هي جدول جي شڪل ۾ آبي گذرگاهن جي هڪ فهرست آهي: هڪ آبي گذرگاهه هڪ تنگ گذرگاهه آهي جيڪو ٻن وڏن پاڻي جي ذخيرن کي ڳنڍيندو آهي. عام طور تي، ڳچي هڪ تنگ چينل آهي جيڪو ٻن زميني عوام جي وچ ۾ آهي. ==فهرست== {{short description|A narrow passage of water body}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !جڳهه******* !data-sort-type=number |<small>اونهائي (ميٽر)</small> !data-sort-type=number |<small>گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر)</small> !data-sort-type=number |<small>وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر)</small> !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |<small>'''[[آگئٽ پاس]]'''</small> || <small>_{'''[[پيوگيٽ سائونڊ]] جو حصو. [[بين برج ٻيٽ، واشنگٽن|بين برج ٻيٽ]] کي [[سڪوامش، واشنگٽن|سڪوامش]] جي ويجهو [[ڪيٽساپ جزيري نما]] جي مکيه زمين کان الڳ ڪري'''}</small> <small>_'''ٿو.'''</small> |6.1 |91 |375 |[[آگئٽ پاس پل]] |- |<small>'''آڪاشي اسٽرئٽ'''</small> ||<small>_{'''سيٽو انلينڊ سمنڊ ۽ اوساڪا جي نار کي ڳنڍي ٿي. [[هونشو]] کي [[جاپان]] جي اواجي ٻيٽ کان ڌار ڪري ٿي.'''}</small> |110 | - |4,000 |آڪاشي ڪائيڪو پل |- |<small>'''امچٽڪا پاس'''</small> ||اها [[اليوشيئن ٻيٽ|اليوشيئن ٻيٽن]]، [[الاسڪا]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏي [[سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] آهي. |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | <small>'''اينيگاڊا پاس'''</small> ||اها [[ڪيريبين سمنڊ]] ۾ ورجن ٻيٽن ۽ [[اينگوئلا]] کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- |<small>'''[[باب المندب]]'''</small> |_{<small>'''[[عرب جزيري نما]] تي [[يمن]] ۽ [[آفريڪي سڱ]] ۾ [[جيبوتي]] ۽ [[اريٽيريا]] جي وچ ۾، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] کي [[عدن جي نار]] ۽ واڌ سان [[هندي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو.'''</small>} |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |<small>'''باب اسڪندر'''</small> |[[باب المندب|باب المندب آبي گذرگاهه]] جو اوڀر وارو حصو |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |<small>'''بالاباڪ اسٽرئٽ'''</small> |_{'''[[ڏکڻ چين سمنڊ]] کي [[سولو سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو. اهو بيلابڪ ٻيٽ (پالاوان صوبو)، [[فلپائن]] کي، بالمبنگان کان ۽ [[بورنيو]] جي اتر ۾ بينگي ٻيٽن کي ڌار ڪري ٿو.'''} |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |بالي اسٽرئٽ |[[هندي سمنڊ]] ۽ بالي سمنڊ کي ڳنڍيندي [[جاوا]] ۽ بالي کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |60 |2,400 | - |جاوا ۾ ڪيٽاپانگ جي وچ ۾ فيري |- |بالٽيسڪ اسٽرئٽ|وسٽولا لاگون ۽ گڊانسڪ بي، [[پولينڊ]] کي ڳنڍي ٿو. |12 |400 | - | - |- |بانگڪا اسٽريٽ |[[سماٽرا]] ۽ بانگڪا ٻيٽ کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |باس اسٽريٽ |مکيه زمين [[آسٽريليا]] ۽ [[تسمانيه]] کي ورهائي ٿو. |155 | - |350,000 |اسپرٽ آف تسمانيه |- |بيگل چينل |اسلا گرانڊي ڊي ٽيرا ڊيل فيوگو جي وڏي مکيه ٻيٽ کي مختلف ننڍن ٻيٽن کان ڌار ڪري ٿو. | - |4,800 | - | - |- |بيلي آئل اسٽرئٽ |[[ليبراڊور]]، ڪينيڊا کي نيو فائونڊ لينڊ ٻيٽ کان ڌار ڪري ٿو. | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |بيرنگ اسٽرئٽ |[[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] ۽ [[آرڪٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي ڳنڍي ٿو، [[روس|روسي ڏور اوڀر]] جي چڪچي جزيري نما کي [[الاسڪا]] جي سيورڊ جزيري نما کان ڌار ڪري ٿو. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |بوهائي اسٽرئٽ |بوهائي سمنڊ ۽ پيلو سمنڊ کي ڳنڍي ٿو. لياوڊونگ جزيري نما ۽ شينڊونگ جزيري نما کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |80 | - | - | - |- |بونفيشيو اسٽرئٽ |[[ڪورسيڪا]]، [[فرانس]] ۽ [[سارڊينيا]]، [[اٽلي]] کي ڌار ڪري ٿو. |100 |11,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry|fFerry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (island)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==تفصيل== {{short description|None}} This '''list of straits''' is an appendix to the article ''[[strait]]''. For "Strait of.." or for "The.. " see the first letter of the word which follows the article. A strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water. Most commonly, the strait is a narrow [[Channel (geography)|channel]] that lies between two [[Land mass|land masses]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- | [[Agate Pass]] ||Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Bainbridge Island, Washington|Bainbridge Island]] from the mainland of the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] near [[Suquamish, Washington|Suquamish]] |6.1 |91 |375 |[[Agate Pass Bridge]] |- | [[Agattu Strait]] ||[[Attu Island]] and [[Agattu|Agattu Island]] in the [[Alaska]]n [[Aleutians]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Akashi Strait]] ||Connects [[Seto Inland Sea]] and [[Osaka Bay]].[[Honshu|Separates Honshu]] from [[Awaji Island|Awaji]] Island, Japan |110 | - |4,000 |[[Akashi Kaikyo Bridge]] |- | [[Alas Strait]] ||[[Lombok|Separates Lombok and]] [[Sumbawa]], two [[islands of Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- | [[Alor Strait]] || [[Lesser Sunda Islands|Divides the]] [[Solor Archipelago]] from the [[Alor Archipelago]], in the Lesser Sunda Islands of [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |- | [[Amchitka Pass]] ||It is the largest pass in the [[Aleutian Islands]] [[Alaska]]n |1,800 | - |80,000 | - |- | [[Anegada Passage]] ||In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the [[Virgin Islands]] and [[Anguilla]] |2,300 | - |127,000 | - |- | [[Anguilla Channel]] ||[[Anguilla|In the]] [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates Anguilla and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] | - | - | - |Ferry service from [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]], Saint Martin |- | [[Arthur Kill]] ||[[Staten Island|Separates Staten Island]] and [[New Jersey]] | - | - | - |[[Goethals Bridge]], [[Outerbridge Crossing]], and the [[Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge]] |- | [[Augusta's Strait]] || Aka. [[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]], between the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bab-el-Mandeb]] |Between [[Yemen]] on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and [[Djibouti]] and [[Eritrea]] in the [[Horn of Africa]], connecting the Red Sea to the [[Gulf of Aden]] and by extension the [[Indian Ocean]]. |186 |26,000 | - | - |- |[[Bab Iskender]] |The eastern section of the [[Bab-el-Mandeb]] straits |330 |6,400 |24,000 | - |- |[[Balabac Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]]. It separates [[Balabac Island]] (Palawan province), [[Philippines]], from [[Balambangan Island|Balambangan]] and the [[Banggi Island|Banggi Islands]] north of [[Borneo]] |100 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Bali Strait]] |Separating [[Java]] and [[Bali]] while connecting the [[Indian Ocean]] and the [[Bali Sea]]. |60 |2,400 | - |[[Ferry]] between Ketapang in Java |- |[[Strait of Baltiysk|Baltiysk]] strait |Connects [[Vistula Lagoon|Vistula Bay]] and [[Gdańsk Bay]] |12 |400 | - | - |- |[[Bangka Strait]] |Separates [[Sumatra]] and [[Bangka Island]] (also: Banca, Banka) |27 |14,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Banks Strait]] |Separates [[Cape Barren Island]]/[[Clarke Island (Tasmania)|Clarke Island]] and [[Tasmania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bashi Channel]] |Between the [[Batanes Islands]], [[Philippines]] and [[Orchid Island]] of [[Taiwan]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Basilan Strait]] |Lies between [[Mindanao]] and [[Basilan]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bass Strait]] |Divides [[Mainland Australia]] and [[Tasmania]] |155 | - |350,000 |[[Spirit of Tasmania]] |- |[[Beagle Channel]] |Separates the larger main island of [[Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego]] from various smaller islands | - |4,800 | - | - |- |[[Strait of Belle Isle|Belle Isle]] strait |Separates [[Labrador|Labrador, Canada]] from the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] | - |15,000 |60,000 |Proposed: [[Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link]] |- |[[Bering Strait]] |Connects the [[Pacific]] and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans, separating the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of the [[Russian Far East]] from the [[Seward Peninsula]] of [[Alaska]]. |90 |82,000 | - |Proposed: [[Bering Strait crossing]] |- |[[Bohai Strait]] |Connects the [[Bohai Sea]] and [[Yellow Sea]]. Separates the [[Liaodong Peninsula]], and the [[Shandong Peninsula]] |80 | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Bonifacio|Bonifacio]] strait |Separates [[Corsica]] and [[Sardinia]] |100 |11,000 | - | - |- |[[Bosporus]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]] and separates Europe and Asia |100 |700 | - |[[Bosphorus Bridge|15 July Martyrs Bridge]], [[Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge]], [[Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge|Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, and]] [[Eurasia Tunnel]] |- |[[Bougainville Strait]] |Separates [[Choiseul Island]], part of [[Solomon Islands]], from [[Bougainville Island]], part of [[Papua New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Boundary Pass]] |[[British Columbia]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]. It connects [[Haro Strait]] to the south with the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the north. | - | - |23,000 | - |- |[[Bransfield Strait]] |Divides [[South Shetland Islands]] and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] |2,000 | - |100,000 | - |- |[[Bungo Channel]] |Separates [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Burias Pass]] |Separates [[Bicol Peninsula]] and [[Burias Island]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cabot Strait]] |Separates [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Cape Breton Island]] in [[Canada]] |550 | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Caicos Passage]] |The Caicos Islands are separated by the [[Caicos Passage]] from the closest [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] islands, [[Mayaguana]] and [[Great Inagua]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Canso|Canso strait]] |Separates mainland [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Cape Breton Island]], in eastern Canada. |61 |1,000 | - | - |- |[[Cebu Strait]] ({{a.k.a.}} Bohol Strait) |Connects the western part of the [[Bohol Sea]] with the [[Camotes Sea]], and separates the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]] of [[Cebu]] and Bohol. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Chatham Strait]] |Separates [[Chichagof Island]] and [[Baranof Island]] to its west from [[Admiralty Island]] and [[Kuiu Island]] on its east in [[Alaska]]. | - |5,000 |16,000 | - |- |[[Chios Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Chios]] from the [[Anatolia|Anatolian]] mainland and from the [[Aegean Region]] of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Clarence Strait]] |Separates [[Prince of Wales Island, Alaska|Prince of Wales Island]], on the west side, from [[Revillagigedo Island]] and [[Annette Island]], on the east side | - |5,556 | - | - |- |[[Colvos Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cook Strait]] |New Zealand, between the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]] |128 |22,000 | - |[[Ferry]] services run between [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] in the Marlborough Sounds and [[Wellington]] |- |[[Straits of Corfu|Corfu Strait]] |Separates [[Corfu]] and mainland Greece/[[Albania]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cozumel Channel]] |Separate [[Cozumel]] Island and the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Cross Sound]] |[[Chichagof Island]] to its south and the mainland to its north, of [[Alaska]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalcahue Channel]] |Part of the [[Sea of Chiloé]] that separates [[Quinchao Island]] from [[Chiloé Island]], [[Chile]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dalco Passage]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Vashon Island]] and the mainland near [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Indonesia)]] (sometimes also known as '''Augusta's Strait''') |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Waigeo]] and [[Batanta]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dampier Strait (Papua New Guinea)]] |Separates [[Umboi Island]] and [[New Britain]], [[Papua New Guinea|PNG]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Danish straits]] |Refers collectively to the Danish straits [[Oresund]], [[Fehmarn Belt]], [[Little Belt]] and [[Great Belt]] between [[Scandinavia]] and [[Jutland]]. | - | - | - |[[Little Belt Bridge]], [[Storstrøm Bridge]], Siøsund Bridge, New [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|Little Belt Bridge]] , [[Alssund Bridge]], [[Great Belt Bridge]],[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Dardanelles]] |Connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas. Separates Europe and Asia |103 |1,200 |6,000 |[[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] |- |[[Davis Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Deception Pass]] |Part of [[Puget Sound]]. Separates [[Whidbey Island]] in [[Island County, Washington|Island County]], to [[Fidalgo Island]] | - | - | - | Deception Pass Bridge |- |[[Denmark Strait]] |Connects the [[Greenland Sea]], an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the [[Irminger Sea]], a part of the Atlantic Ocean. Separates [[Greenland]] from [[Iceland]] |191 |290,000 | - | - |- |[[La Désirade Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the island of [[la Désirade]], from [[Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe|Grande-Terre]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Detroit River]] |Connects [[Lake St. Clair]] and [[Lake Erie]].<br>Separates the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA<br>(The word "détroit" is French for "strait".) |16.2 |800 |4,000 | [[Ambassador Bridge]], [[Detroit–Windsor Tunnel]], and [[Michigan Central Railway Tunnel]] |- |[[Dixon Entrance]] |Separates [[Haida Gwaii]] from the [[Alexander Archipelago]]. The Dixon Entrance is part of the [[Inside Passage]] shipping route. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Dolphin and Union Strait]] |Connects the [[Amundsen Gulf]], to the [[Coronation Gulf]]. Separates [[Nunavut]] ([[Kitikmeot Region]]), Canada from [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]]. | - |32,000 |64,000 | - |- |[[Dominica Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates the islands of [[Dominica]] and [[Marie-Galante]], Guadeloupe. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Dover|Dover Straits]] |The narrowest part of the [[English Channel]] |223 |33,000 | - |The [[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Dragon's Mouths]] (''Bocas del Dragón'') |Connects the [[Gulf of Paria]] to the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Drake Passage]] |Connects Atlantic Ocean ([[Scotia Sea]]) with the southeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. Separates [[Cape Horn]] in [[Chile]] at the southern extreme of the [[South America|South American]] mainland and the [[South Shetland Islands]] of [[Antarctica]] |5,000 |800,000 | - | - |- |[[East River]] |Connects [[Upper New York Bay]] to [[Long Island Sound]]. Separates [[Long Island]] from [[Manhattan]] Island, and from the North American mainland. |51 | - | - |[[Brooklyn Bridge]], [[Williamsburg Bridge]], the [[Queensboro Bridge]], the [[Manhattan Bridge]], the [[Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]], the [[Triborough Bridge]], the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]], the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] and the [[Rikers Island Bridge]] |- |[[Eastern Channel (Korea Strait)|Eastern Channel]] (a.k.a '''Tsushima Strait)''' |A channel of the [[Korea Strait]], which lies between [[Korea]] and [[Japan]], connecting the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[Yellow Sea]], and the [[East China Sea]]. |140 |65,000 | - | - |- |[[English Channel]] |[[Great Britain]] and [[France]] |174 |34,000 |240,000 |[[Channel Tunnel]] |- |[[Euripus Strait]] |Separates the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Euboea]] in the [[Aegean Sea]] from [[Boeotia]] in [[mainland Greece]]. | - |38 | - |[[Euripus Bridge]] |- |[[Falkland Sound]] |Separates [[West Falkland]] and [[East Falkland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Fehmarn Belt]] |Connecting the [[Bay of Kiel]] and the [[Bay of Mecklenburg]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. Separates the [[Germany|German]] island of [[Fehmarn]] and the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Lolland]]. |30 |18,600 | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fehmarn Sound]] |[[Fehmarn|Separates Fehmarn]] and the German mainland | - | - | - |[[Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Fisher Strait]] |Separates [[Southampton Island]] (to the northwest) from [[Coats Island]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Straits of Florida|Florida]] strait |Separates [[Florida]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the [[Gulf of Mexico]] with the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. |1,800 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Foveaux Strait]] |Separates [[Stewart Island / Rakiura]] from the [[South Island]] of New Zealand |56 |23,000 |53,000 |[[Stewart Island#Transport|Stewart Island § Transport]] |- |[[Foxe Channel]] |Canada: the [[Foxe Basin]] (to the north) from [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Hudson Strait]] (to the south) | - | - | - | - |- |[[Freeman Strait]] |Separating [[Barentsøya]], to the north, from [[Edgeøya]], in the [[Svalbard]] archipelago, [[Norway]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Frozen Strait]] |Connects [[Roes Welcome Sound]] in the west, with [[Foxe Basin]] to the east. | - |19,000 |32,000 | - |- |[[Fury and Hecla Strait]] |Separates [[Baffin Island]] to the north and the [[Melville Peninsula]], [[Canada]] | - |2,000 |20,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Georgia|Georgia]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and mainland [[British Columbia]] |420 |20,000 |58,000 |[[Vancouver Island fixed link]] |} ==1== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Gibraltar|Gibraltar]] strait |Connects the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and separates [[Europe]] from [[Africa]]. |900 |14,200 | - |Proposed: [[Strait of Gibraltar crossing]] |- |[[Golden Gate Strait]] |Connects [[San Francisco Bay]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Separates [[San Francisco Peninsula]] and the [[Marin Headlands|Marin]] Peninsula |115 |4,800 | - |[[Golden Gate Bridge]] |- |[[Great Belt]] |Between the major islands of [[Zealand]] (''Sjælland'') and [[Funen]] (''Fyn'') in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]]. |60 |16,000 |32,000 |[[Great Belt ferries]], [[Great Belt Fixed Link]] |- |[[Guadeloupe Passage]] |In the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Separates [[Guadeloupe]] from [[Montserrat]] and from [[Antigua and Barbuda]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] |Between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], off the west coast of mainland [[Scotland]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Gulf of Mannar]] |Separates India and Sri Lanka |1,335 |130 |275 | - |- |[[Hall Basin]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Harlem River]] |Separates the island of [[Manhattan]] the [[United States]] mainland | - | - | - |[[Wards Island Bridge]], [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Triboro Lift Bridge]], [[Willis Avenue Bridge]], [[Third Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Third Avenue Bridge]], [[Lexington Avenue Tunnel]], [[Park Avenue Bridge (New York City)|Park Avenue Bridge]], [[Madison Avenue Bridge]], [[149th Street Tunnel]], [[145th Street Bridge]], [[Macombs Dam Bridge]], [[Concourse Tunnel]], [[Putnam Bridge (New York City)|Putnam Bridge]], [[High Bridge (New York City)|High Bridge]], [[Alexander Hamilton Bridge]], [[Washington Bridge (Harlem River)|Washington Bridge]], [[University Heights Bridge]], [[Broadway Bridge (Manhattan)|Broadway Bridge]], [[Henry Hudson Bridge]], [[Spuyten Duyvil Bridge]] |- |[[Haro Strait|Haro Straits]] |Connecting the [[Strait of Georgia]] to the [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], separating [[Vancouver Island]] and the [[Gulf Islands]] in [[British Columbia]], Canada | - | - |19,000 | - |- |[[Hecate Strait]] |Between [[Haida Gwaii]] and [[British Columbia]] | - |48,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Honguedo Strait]] |Between the [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspésie peninsula]] and [[Anticosti Island]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |} ==2== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Hormuz|Hormuz]] strait |Connects between the [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]]. Separating [[Oman]] and [[Iran]], | - |39,000 |97,000 | - |- |[[Hudson Strait]] |Links the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Labrador Sea]] to [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada. This [[strait]] lies between [[Baffin Island]] and [[Quebec]] | - |70,000 |240,000 | - |- |[[Indispensable Strait]] |Between [[Guadalcanal]] and [[Malaita]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Irbe Strait]] |Connects the [[Gulf of Riga]] to the [[Baltic Sea]], Separates the [[Sõrve Peninsula]] from the island [[Saaremaa]] in [[Estonia]] | - |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Jamaica Channel]] |Separates [[Jamaica]] and [[Hispaniola]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] |1,200 |190,000 | - | - |- |[[Straits of Johor|Johor Strait]] |Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]] |40 | - |1,600 |[[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] & [[Malaysia–Singapore Second Link]] |- |[[Jones Sound]] |Separate [[Devon Island]] and the southern end of [[Ellesmere Island|Ellesmere Island, Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Juan de Fuca|Juan de Fuca]] strait |Separates [[Vancouver Island]], and [[Olympic Peninsula]] |100 |19,000 |40,000 | [[MV Coho|MV ''Coho'']] |- |[[Kalmar Strait]] |Between the [[Sweden|Swedish]] island of [[Öland]] and the Swedish mainland | - |5,000 |25,000 |[[Öland Bridge]] |- |[[Kane Basin]] |Between [[Greenland]] and [[Ellesmere Island]], Canada's northernmost. | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Kanmon Strait]] |Separating [[Honshu]] and [[Kyushu]] | - | - | - |[[Kanmon Tunnel (disambiguation)|Kanmon Tunnels]] & [[Kanmon Bridge|Kanmonkyo Bridge]] |- |[[Kara Strait]] |Between the southern end of [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Russia]] and the northern tip of [[Vaygach Island]]. This [[strait]] connects the [[Kara Sea]] and the [[Barents Sea]] in northern [[Russia]]. |230 |50,000 | - | - |- |[[Karimata Strait]] |Connects the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Java Sea]], separating the Indonesian [[Island|islands]] of [[Belitung]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]) | - | - |206,000 | - |- |[[Kattegat]] |Separates [[Jutland]] and [[Halland]] and neighboring provinces. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kerch Strait]] |Connects the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Sea of Azov]], separating the [[Kerch Peninsula]] of [[Crimea]] from [[Taman Peninsula]] of [[Russia]]'s [[Krasnodar Krai]] |18 |3,100 |15,000 |[[Crimean Bridge]] |- |[[Kildin Strait]] |Separating the island [[Kildin Island|Kildin]] and the [[Kola Peninsula]], [[Russia]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kill Van Kull]] |Between [[Staten Island]] and [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] | - |305 | - |[[Bayonne Bridge]] |- |[[Kitan Strait]] |Separates [[Awaji Island]] from [[Honshu]] and connects the [[Osaka Bay]] in the north to the [[Kii Channel]] | - | - |11,000 | - |- |[[Korea Strait]] |Separates [[Korea]] and [[Japan]] |100 | |200,000 |Proposed: [[Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel]] |- |Gulf of Ephesus (Kólpos Ephésou), or [[Gulf of Kuşadası]] |Separating the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Samos]] from the mainland of [[Turkey]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Kvarken]] |Connects [[Bothnian Bay]] with the [[Bothnian Sea]] and Separates [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] |25 | - |70,000 |The ferry route between [[Umeå]] and [[Vaasa]] connects Sweden and Finland. |- |[[Lancaster Sound]] |Between [[Devon Island]] and [[Baffin Island]], forming the eastern entrance to the [[Parry Channel]] and the [[Northwest Passage]]. | - | - | - | - |- |Langeland's Belt |[[Langeland]] and [[Lolland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Lembeh Strait]] |Between [[Sulawesi]] and [[Lembeh]] islands in [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Little Belt]] |Between the island of [[Funen]] and the [[Jutland Peninsula]] in [[Denmark]]. It is one of the three [[Danish straits|Danish Straits]] that drain and connect the [[Baltic Sea]] to the [[Kattegat]] strait |81 |800 |28,000 |[[Little Belt Bridge (1935)|Old Little Belt Bridge]] and the [[Little Belt Bridge (1970)|New Little Belt Bridge]] |- |[[Lombok Strait]] |Between [[Bali]] and [[Lombok]], [[Indonesia]]. Part of the [[Wallace Line]] separating the [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]] and the [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] [[Biogeographic realm|Biogeographic realms]] |250 |20,000 |40,000 | - |- |[[Luzon Strait]] |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] and connects the [[Philippine Sea]] to the [[South China Sea]] |4,000 | - |250,000 | - |- |[[Straits of Mackinac|Mackinac]] strait |Connects [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Lake Huron]]. Separates [[Michigan]]'s [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper]] and [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan|Lower Peninsulas]] |90 |8,000 | - |[[Mackinac Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Magellan|Magellan]] strait |Separates South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]] archipelago | - |2,000 | - | - |- |[[Main Channel (Ontario)|Main Channel]] |Connects [[Lake Huron]] and [[Georgian Bay]]. Separates [[Ontario]]'s [[Manitoulin Island]] and the [[Bruce Peninsula]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Makassar Strait]] |Between the islands of [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]] in [[Indonesia]]. | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Malacca strait|Malacca Strait]] |[[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] |200 |65,000 |250,000 | - |- |[[Maliku Kandu]] |Between the [[Maldives]] and [[India]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Malta Channel]] |Separates [[Malta]] from the southern tip of [[Sicily]]. |171 |81,000 |102,000 | - |- |[[Maqueda Channel]] |Separating the island of [[Catanduanes]] from of [[Luzon]]. The strait connects [[Lagonoy Gulf]] and the [[Philippine Sea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Marie-Galante Passage]] |Separates the island of [[Marie-Galante]] from [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Îles des Saintes]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Channel]] |Separates [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] and [[Grenada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Martinique Passage]] |Separates [[Dominica]] and [[Martinique]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[McClure Strait]] |Separates [[Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)|Melville Island]] and [[Banks Island]]. Connects the [[Beaufort Sea]] with [[Viscount Melville Sound]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Menai Strait]] |Between [[Anglesey]] and mainland [[Wales]] | - |400 |25,000 |[[Menai Suspension Bridge]] & [[Britannia Bridge]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Strait of Messina|Messina]] strait |Between [[Sicily]] and [[Italian peninsula]] |250 |3,100 |5,100 |Planned: [[Strait of Messina Bridge]] |- |[[The Minch]] |Divides the [[Outer Hebrides]] from the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - |14,000 |45,000 | - |- |[[Mindoro Strait]] |Connecting the [[South China Sea]] with the [[Sulu Sea]] in the [[Philippines]]. It separates [[Mindoro|Mindoro Island]] from [[Busuanga Island]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Mona Passage]] |Separates the islands of [[Hispaniola]] and [[Geography of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] in the [[Greater Antilles]] of the [[Caribbean]] region | - | - |130,000 | - |- |[[Mytilini Strait]] |Separates Mainland Turkey and the island of [[Lesbos]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Myeongnyang Strait]] |Between [[Jindo Island]] and the [[Korean peninsula]] | - |293 | - |[[Jindo Bridge]] |- |[[Nares Strait]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland|Northern Greenland]] and connects [[Baffin Bay]] with [[Lincoln Sea]] / the [[Arctic Sea]] |600 | - |35,000 | - |- |[[The Narrows]] |Separates [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in New York City, U.S.A | - | - | - |[[Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge]] |- |[[Naruto Strait]] |Between [[Awaji Island]] and the island [[Shikoku]] in Japan | - | - | - |[[Ōnaruto Bridge]] |- |[[Nemuro Strait]] |Separating [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Russia]] ([[Kuril Islands Dispute|claimed by]] [[Japan]]) from the [[Shiretoko Peninsula]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]]. |2,500 | - |24,000 | - |- |[[Nicholas Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[North Channel (British Isles)]] |Between [[Northern Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] |312 |19,000 | - | - |- |[[Northumberland Strait]] |Between [[Prince Edward Island]] and [[New Brunswick]]/[[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] |65 |13,000 | - | [[Confederation Bridge]] |- |[[Old Bahama Channel]] |Between [[Cuba]] and the [[Bahamas]] | - |22,500 | - | - |- |[[Ombai Strait]] |Separates the [[Alor Archipelago]] from the islands of [[Wetar]], [[Atauro]], and [[Timor]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], [[Indonesia]]. |3,250 |27,000 | - | - |- |[[Øresund]] |Divides [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]] and [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Scania]] |40 |4,000 |28,000 |[[Øresund Bridge]] |- |[[Strait of Otranto|Otranto]] strait |Connects the [[Adriatic Sea]] with the [[Ionian Sea]] and divides [[Italy]] from [[Albania]] |18 |72,000 | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Palk Strait]] |Separates India and [[Sri Lanka]] |35 |64,000 |137,000 | - |- |[[Panama Canal]] |Connects the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Pacific Ocean]] |12.6 |33.5 | - |[[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]] & [[Bridge of the Americas]] |- |[[Parry Channel]] |Runs through the central [[Canadian Arctic Archipelago]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pearse Canal]] |Separates [[Alaska]] and islands of [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pentland Firth]] |Separates [[Orkney]] archipelago and the mainland of [[Scotland]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] (also Soya Strait) |Divides the [[Russia|Russian]] island of [[Sakhalin]] from the [[Japan|Japanese]] island of [[Hokkaidō]], and connects the [[Sea of Japan]] with the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] |140 |42,000 | - | - |- |[[Pertuis d'Antioche]] |Separates western [[France]] from [[Île de Ré]] to the north, and [[Île d'Oléron|Oléron]] to the south. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pickering Passage]] |Separates [[Harstine Island, Washington|Hartstine Island]] from the mainland [[United States|USA]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] (a.k.a. Sagewin Strait) |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]], in [[Indonesia]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (New Zealand)]] |[[Chatham Island]] and [[Pitt Island]] in the [[Chatham Islands]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[Polillo Island|Polillo Strait]] |[[Polillo Island]] and [[Luzon Island]], [[Philippine archipelago]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Port Washington Narrows]] |[[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Porte des Morts]] |Links [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Green Bay (Lake Michigan)|Green Bay]] between the northern tip of the [[Door Peninsula]] and the southernmost of the [[Potawatomi Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince of Wales Strait]] |Separates [[Banks Island]] and [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] in Canada | - | - | - | - |- |[[Prince Regent Inlet]] |West end of [[Baffin Island]] ([[Brodeur Peninsula]]) and [[Somerset Island (Nunavut)|Somerset Island]] on the west, of [[Canada]] | - |64,000 |105,000 | - |- |[[Qiongzhou Strait]] |Separates the island of [[Hainan]] and [[Guangdong]], [[China]] |120 | - |30,000 | - |- |[[Queen Charlotte Strait]] |Separates [[Vancouver Island]] and the mainland of [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Rich Passage]] |Separates [[Bainbridge Island]] from the [[Manchester, Washington|Manchester]] area of [[Kitsap Peninsula]]. In the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Robeson Channel]] |Separates [[Ellesmere Island]] and [[Greenland]] | - |18,000 |29,000 | - |- |[[Roes Welcome Sound]] |Between the mainland on the west and [[Southampton Island]] | - |24,000 |113,000 | - |- |[[Pitt Strait (Indonesia)]] |Separates the [[Raja Ampat]] islands of [[Batanta]] and [[Salawati]] and links the [[Ceram Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint-Barthélemy Channel]] |Between [[Saint Barthélemy]] and [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Clair River]] |Links [[Lake Huron]] into [[Lake St. Clair]], forming part of the [[Canada–United States border|international boundary]] between Canada and the United States | - | - | - | - |- |[[St George's Channel]] |Between Ireland and [[Wales]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Bismarck Archipelago#Geography|St George's Channel]] |Between [[New Britain]] and [[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]] in the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], Papua New Guinea | - | - | - | - |- |[[Saint Lucia Channel]] |Between [[Martinique]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean Sea]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario)|St. Marys River]] |Between [[Lake Superior]] and [[Lake Huron]] / and the province of [[Ontario]], Canada, and the state of [[Michigan]], USA | - | - | - | [[Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge]] |- |[[Saint Vincent Passage]] |Between [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Saint Vincent]] and [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]] | - | - |37,000 | - |- |[[Les Saintes Passage]] |Separates the archipelago of [[Îles des Saintes]], from [[Basse-Terre Island]] ([[Guadeloupe]]) | - | - |12,500 | - |- |[[Sakonnet River]] |Between [[Aquidneck Island]] and [[Tiverton, Rhode Island|Tiverton]] and [[Little Compton, Rhode Island]]. |6.1 |500 |3,200 |[[Sakonnet River rail bridge|Sakonnet River Rail Bridge]], [[Sakonnet River Bridge]], [[Stone Bridge (Rhode Island)|Stone Bridge]] |- |[[San Bernardino Strait]] |Between [[Luzon]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]] in the [[Philippines]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[San Juanico Strait]] |Between [[Samar (island)|Samar]] and [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - |2,000 | - | [[San Juanico Bridge]] |- |[[Scapa Flow]] |Between several of the [[Orkney]] islands | - | - | - | - |- |[[Serpent's Mouth]] |Between [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and [[Venezuela]] | - |14,000 | - | - |- |[[Shelikof Strait]] |Between the Alaska mainland to the west and [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]] and [[Afognak Island|Afognak]] islands to the east, in the [[United States|USA]] | - |40,000 |48,000 | - |- |[[Sibutu Passage]] |Between [[Borneo]] and the [[Sulu Archipelago]] | - | - |29,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Strait]] |Between [[Sicily]] and Africa |316 | - |145,000 | - |- |[[Singapore Strait]] |Connects the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Separates [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]]). |22 |16,000 | - | - |- |[[Skagerrak]] |Separating Denmark from Norway and Sweden | - |80,000 |140,000 | - |- |[[Skog Passage]] |West of [[Joinville Island]], Antarctica | - | - | - | - |- |[[Smith Sound]] |Between [[Ellesmere Island]] (Canada) and [[Greenland]] | - | - | - | - |- |The [[Solent]] |Between the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]] | - |1.6 |8 | - |- |[[South Kvarken]] |Between the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Åland]] and Sweden | - | - |30,000 | - |- |[[La Pérouse Strait]] |Separates [[Sakhalin]] (Karafuto) (Russia) from [[Hokkaidō]] (Japan) |140 | - |42,000 | - |- |[[Sumba Strait]] |Between [[Flores]] and [[Sumba]], [[Indonesia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Sunda Strait]] |Between [[Sumatra]] and [[Java (island)|Java]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Surigao Strait]] |Between [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Mindanao]] islands in the [[Philippines]] | - | - |25,000 | - |- |[[The Swale]] |Between the [[Isle of Sheppey]] and the mainland of Kent, [[England]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tablas Strait]] |Between [[Mindoro]] and [[Panay Island|Panay]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |545 | - | - | - |- |[[Tacoma Narrows]] |Separates the [[Kitsap Peninsula]] from the city of [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] in the [[Puget Sound]] | - | - | - | [[Tacoma Narrows Bridge|Tacoma Narrows Bridges]] ([[Washington State Route 16|State Route 16]]) |- |[[Taiwan Strait]] (a.k.a. Formosa Strait) |Between [[Taiwan]] and [[Mainland China]] |150 |130,000 |180,000 | - |- |[[Tanon Strait]] |Between [[Negros Island|Negros]] and [[Cebu Island|Cebu]] islands in the [[Philippines]] |500 |5,000 |27,000 | - |- |[[Strait of Tartary]] |Separates the island of [[Sakhalin]] from mainland [[Asia]] |>4 |7,000 |23,000 | - |- |[[Ticao Pass]] |Separates [[Ticao Island]] from the [[Bicol Peninsula]] in the [[Philippines]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Strait of Tiran]] |Between the [[Sinai peninsula]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. Connect the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Red Sea]]. |290 | - |13,000 | - |- |[[Tolo Channel]] |Narrow opening to the [[Tolo Harbour]] in Hong Kong | - | - | - | - |- |[[Tongass Passage]] |Between [[Alaska]] and [[British Columbia]] | - | - | - | - |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! گذرگاهه !!جڳهه !data-sort-type=number |اونهائي (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |گهٽ ۾ گھٽ ويکر (ميٽر) !data-sort-type=number |وڌ ۾ وڌ ويکر (ميٽر) !مشهور ڪراسنگ |- |[[Torres Strait]] |Between [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]] |15 |150,000 | - | - |- |[[Tsugaru Strait]] |Between [[Hokkaidō]] and [[Honshū]] |200 |19,500 | - |[[Seikan Tunnel]] |- |[[Viscount Melville Sound]] |Between [[Victoria Island (Canada)|Victoria Island]] and [[Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)|Prince of Wales Island]] and the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]] | - | - | - | - |- |[[Vitiaz Strait]] |Between [[New Britain]] and the [[Huon Peninsula]], northern [[New Guinea]]. | - | - | - | - |- |[[Wetar Strait]] |Between [[East Timor]] and the [[Indonesia|Indonesian]] island of [[Wetar]] | - | - |42,600 | - |- |[[Windward Passage]] |Between [[Cuba]] and [[Hispaniola]] |1,700 | - |80,000 | - |- |[[Yucatán Channel]] |Between [[Mexico]] and [[Cuba]]. Connects the Yucatán Basin of the [[Caribbean Sea]] with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] |2,800 | - |217,000 | - |} ==پڻ ڏسو== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[Category:Straits|*]] [[Category:Lists of landforms|Straits]] [[Category:Lists of bodies of water|Straits]] ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] 9u070ltjwd50e07gfcu6krlu893rxw4 3 94734 370516 2026-04-07T13:53:11Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 13:53, 7 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) j1kr4ruy0i2ttnlaniwz7z2g27vxz6g 3 94735 370517 2026-04-07T14:22:23Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 14:22, 7 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) le634wk1lxist8l9d2wkxmcyxhnn6i7 14 94736 370518 2026-04-07T14:30:42Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 370518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فرانسيسي شخصيتون]] 1eox4kg4vsa8a02xr6vijv4dey7pj84 14 94737 370521 2026-04-07T14:46:11Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:همه دان]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:ڪيميادان]] [[زمرو:فلڪيات دان]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:رياضي دان]] [[زمرو:ادب جا فلسفي]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:انگريز ڪيميادان]] 370521 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:همه دان]] [[زمرو:فلسفي]] [[زمرو:سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:ڪيميادان]] [[زمرو:فلڪيات دان]] [[زمرو:ليکڪ]] [[زمرو:رياضي دان]] [[زمرو:ادب جا فلسفي]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:انگريز ڪيميادان]] ca94wm12g7qoi59dblx0uuf9xp2fptd 14 94738 370523 2026-04-07T14:55:17Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:گرامر دان]] [[زمرو:قدرتي فلسفي]] [[زمرو:انگريز ڪيميادان]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] 370523 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:گرامر دان]] [[زمرو:قدرتي فلسفي]] [[زمرو:انگريز ڪيميادان]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] pg2yqhqv2c6tunzorra0gzqo1rzb84g 14 94739 370524 2026-04-07T14:56:17Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪيميا دان]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] 370524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪيميا دان]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] fp4pwyvcogqsjjuvhtvurefs6i3u43b 370525 370524 2026-04-07T14:57:49Z Memon2025 21315 370525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انگريز]] [[زمرو:سائنسدان]] cs9yxgcdfxatan5jq09gzdf5nb5jcup 370528 370525 2026-04-07T15:01:10Z Memon2025 21315 370528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انگريز ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:سائنسدان]] n4711ug8n87ngg96xpo280w0ge3wvgc 370566 370528 2026-04-08T09:49:35Z Memon2025 21315 370566 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:سائنسدان]] rei88qxhl2o105t3vs8il62j4s4enpg 14 94740 370526 2026-04-07T14:58:27Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ڪيميا دان]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] 370526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ڪيميا دان]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] fp4pwyvcogqsjjuvhtvurefs6i3u43b 14 94741 370527 2026-04-07T14:58:58Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:فلسفي]] 370527 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:فلسفي]] qh90oq2fyqf8n5bt0gc134nr2mn75y5 3 94742 370539 2026-04-07T17:17:00Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 17:17, 7 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) mkxfhqzff98lizxz47vaclsbsnd97b6 3 94743 370555 2026-04-08T04:42:58Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 04:42, 8 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) 6e99f0ox4xwmsgo2t3vjr9qe164nzqo 0 94744 370558 2026-04-08T08:38:39Z Ibne maryam 17680 صفحي "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347076192|Strait of Gibraltar]]" جي شروعاتي ڀاڱي جو ترجمو ڪندي سرجيو ويو 370558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|image=STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|location=[[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]<br> [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]]}} '''جبرالٽر سامونڊي گذرگاهه''' (Strait ofGibraltar)، جنهن کي '''جبل الطارق ساموندي گذرگاهه''' پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، هڪ تنگ [[آبي گذرگاهه|آبنائے]] آهي، جيڪي [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿي ۽ [[يُورَپ|يورپ کي]] [[آفريڪا]] کان ڌار ڪري ٿي.ٻئي کنڊ پنهنجي تنگ ترين نقطي تي 7.7 [[ناٽيڪل ميل]] (14.2 ڪلوميٽر، 8.9 ميل) سان ڌار ٿيل آهن. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 August 2024}}</ref> فيريون (ٻيڙيون) هر روز ٻنهي کنڊن جي وچ ۾ صرف 35 منٽن ۾ پار ٿين ٿيون. آبنائي جي کوٽائي 300 کان 900 ميٽر (980 کان 2950 فوٽ) جي وچ ۾ آهي. هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه [[مراڪش|مراکش]]، [[اسپين]] ۽ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقي [[جبل الطارق|جبرالٽر]] جي علائقائي پاڻين ۾ واقع آهي. سمنڊ جي قانون تي گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (UNCLOS) جي تحت، پرڏيهي ٻيڙين ۽ هوائي جهازن کي آمدورفت جي صورت ۾ جبرالٽر جي آبنائي کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ نيويگيشن ۽ اوور فلائيٽ جي آزادي آهي. q476wnbmtm0lpi9i3ftpqa0vuykec6f 370559 370558 2026-04-08T08:39:09Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:آبي گذرگاهه]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 370559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|image=STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|location=[[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]<br> [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]]}} '''جبرالٽر سامونڊي گذرگاهه''' (Strait ofGibraltar)، جنهن کي '''جبل الطارق ساموندي گذرگاهه''' پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، هڪ تنگ [[آبي گذرگاهه|آبنائے]] آهي، جيڪي [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿي ۽ [[يُورَپ|يورپ کي]] [[آفريڪا]] کان ڌار ڪري ٿي.ٻئي کنڊ پنهنجي تنگ ترين نقطي تي 7.7 [[ناٽيڪل ميل]] (14.2 ڪلوميٽر، 8.9 ميل) سان ڌار ٿيل آهن. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 August 2024}}</ref> فيريون (ٻيڙيون) هر روز ٻنهي کنڊن جي وچ ۾ صرف 35 منٽن ۾ پار ٿين ٿيون. آبنائي جي کوٽائي 300 کان 900 ميٽر (980 کان 2950 فوٽ) جي وچ ۾ آهي. هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه [[مراڪش|مراکش]]، [[اسپين]] ۽ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقي [[جبل الطارق|جبرالٽر]] جي علائقائي پاڻين ۾ واقع آهي. سمنڊ جي قانون تي گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (UNCLOS) جي تحت، پرڏيهي ٻيڙين ۽ هوائي جهازن کي آمدورفت جي صورت ۾ جبرالٽر جي آبنائي کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ نيويگيشن ۽ اوور فلائيٽ جي آزادي آهي. [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] t3qignj2uzvrmp5ue58t0xf7akq8n1b 370560 370559 2026-04-08T08:39:58Z Ibne maryam 17680 370560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|image=STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|location=[[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]<br> [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]]}} '''جبرالٽر سامونڊي گذرگاهه''' (Strait ofGibraltar)، جنهن کي '''جبل الطارق ساموندي گذرگاهه''' پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، هڪ تنگ [[آبي گذرگاهه|آبنائے]] آهي، جيڪي [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿي ۽ [[يُورَپ|يورپ کي]] [[آفريڪا]] کان ڌار ڪري ٿي.ٻئي کنڊ پنهنجي تنگ ترين نقطي تي 7.7 [[ناٽيڪل ميل]] (14.2 ڪلوميٽر، 8.9 ميل) سان ڌار ٿيل آهن. <ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 August 2024}}</ref> فيريون (ٻيڙيون) هر روز ٻنهي کنڊن جي وچ ۾ صرف 35 منٽن ۾ پار ٿين ٿيون. آبنائي جي کوٽائي 300 کان 900 ميٽر (980 کان 2950 فوٽ) جي وچ ۾ آهي. هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه [[مراڪش|مراکش]]، [[اسپين]] ۽ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقي [[جبل الطارق|جبرالٽر]] جي علائقائي پاڻين ۾ واقع آهي. سمنڊ جي قانون تي گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (UNCLOS) جي تحت، پرڏيهي ٻيڙين ۽ هوائي جهازن کي آمدورفت جي صورت ۾ جبرالٽر جي آبنائي کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ نيويگيشن ۽ اوور فلائيٽ جي آزادي آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] 5m7qn0rph945oh2spsyqettw3ns9fo7 370561 370560 2026-04-08T08:43:40Z Ibne maryam 17680 370561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|image=STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|location=[[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]<br>[[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]]}} '''جبرالٽر سامونڊي گذرگاهه''' (Strait of Gibraltar)، جن کي '''جبل الطارق ساموندي گذرگاهه''' پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، هڪ تنگ [[آبي گذرگاهه]] آهي، جيڪي [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿي ۽ [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] کي [[آفريڪا]] کان ڌار ڪري ٿي. ٻئي کنڊ پنهنجي تنگ ترين نقطي تي 7.7 [[ناٽيڪل ميل]] (14.2 ڪلوميٽر، 8.9 ميل) سان ڌار ٿيل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 August 2024}}</ref> فيريون (ٻيڙيون) هر روز ٻنهي کنڊن جي وچ ۾ صرف 35 منٽن ۾ پار ٿين ٿيون. آبنائي جي کوٽائي 300 کان 900 ميٽر (980 کان 2950 فوٽ) جي وچ ۾ آهي. هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه [[مراڪش]]، [[اسپين]] ۽ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقي [[جبل الطارق|جبرالٽر]] جي علائقائي پاڻين ۾ واقع آهي. سمنڊ جي قانون تي گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (UNCLOS) جي تحت، پرڏيهي ٻيڙين ۽ هوائي جهازن کي آمدورفت جي صورت ۾ جبرالٽر جي سامونڊي گذرگاهه کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ جهاز راني ۽ هن مٿان اڏامن جي مسلسل آزادي آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] m2iqda6j2lq4b73xipblqd55xgdp688 370562 370561 2026-04-08T08:45:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 370562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|image=STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|location=[[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]<br>[[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]]}} '''جبرالٽر سامونڊي گذرگاهه''' (Strait of Gibraltar)، جن کي '''جبل الطارق ساموندي گذرگاهه''' پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، هڪ تنگ [[آبي گذرگاهه]] آهي، جيڪي [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿي ۽ [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] کي [[آفريڪا]] کان ڌار ڪري ٿي. ٻئي کنڊ پنهنجي تنگ ترين نقطي تي <small>7.7</small> [[ناٽيڪل ميل]] (<small>14.2</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>8.9</small> ميل) سان ڌار ٿيل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 August 2024}}</ref> فيريون (ٻيڙيون) هر روز ٻنهي کنڊن جي وچ ۾ صرف 35 منٽن ۾ پار ٿين ٿيون. آبنائي جي کوٽائي <small>300</small> کان <small>900</small> ميٽر (<small>980</small> کان <small>2,950</small> فوٽ) جي وچ ۾ آهي. هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه [[مراڪش]]، [[اسپين]] ۽ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقي [[جبل الطارق|جبرالٽر]] جي علائقائي پاڻين ۾ واقع آهي. سمنڊ جي قانون تي گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي تحت، پرڏيهي ٻيڙين ۽ هوائي جهازن کي آمدورفت جي صورت ۾ جبرالٽر جي سامونڊي گذرگاهه کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ جهاز راني ۽ هن مٿان اڏامن جي مسلسل آزادي آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] dnasgadgsg9jkzysj4zuzx0zyza1wca 370563 370562 2026-04-08T08:46:43Z Ibne maryam 17680 370563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|image=STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|location=[[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]<br>[[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]]}} '''جبرالٽر سامونڊي گذرگاهه''' (Strait of Gibraltar)، جن کي '''جبل الطارق ساموندي گذرگاهه''' پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، هڪ تنگ [[آبي گذرگاهه]] آهي، جيڪي [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿي ۽ [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] کي [[آفريڪا]] کان ڌار ڪري ٿي. ٻئي کنڊ پنهنجي تنگ ترين نقطي تي <small>7.7</small> [[ناٽيڪل ميل]] (<small>14.2</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>8.9</small> ميل) سان ڌار ٿيل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 August 2024}}</ref> فيريون (ٻيڙيون) هر روز ٻنهي کنڊن جي وچ ۾ صرف 35 منٽن ۾ پار ٿين ٿيون. آبنائي جي کوٽائي <small>300</small> کان <small>900</small> ميٽر (<small>980</small> کان <small>2,950</small> فوٽ) جي وچ ۾ آهي. هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه [[مراڪش]]، [[اسپين]] ۽ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقي [[جبل الطارق|جبرالٽر]] جي علائقائي پاڻين ۾ واقع آهي. سمنڊ جي قانون تي گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي تحت، پرڏيهي ٻيڙين ۽ هوائي جهازن کي آمدورفت جي صورت ۾ جبرالٽر جي سامونڊي گذرگاهه کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ جهاز راني ۽ هن مٿان اڏامن جي مسلسل آزادي آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnson.html Climate Control Requires a Dam at the Strait of Gibraltar] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222041921/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnson.html |date=22 February 2009 }}—American Geophysical Union, 1997. Accessed 26 February 2006. Gone 12 February 2010. Dam design at http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnsonf3.gif {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926110415/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnsonf3.gif |date=26 September 2012 }} Building the dam and letting the Mediterranean Sea completely evaporate would raise Sea Level 15 meters over 1,000 years. Evaporating the first 100 meters or so would raise Sea Level 1 meter in about 100 years. * [https://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/docs/2001/e2001-19.pdf Project for a Europe-Africa permanent link through the Strait of Gibraltar]—United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2001. Accessed 26 February 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060212121936/http://www.cica.es/aliens/geo/gibraltar/gibraltar.html Estudios Geográficos del Estrecho de Gibraltar]—La Universidad de Tetuán and La Universidad de Sevilla. Accessed 26 February 2006. {{in lang|es}} * {{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16581 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040817171025/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16581 |archive-date=17 August 2004 |title=Solitons, Strait of Gibraltar |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=24 May 2006}} * {{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4707 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010620193133/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4707 |archive-date=20 June 2001 |title=Internal Waves, Strait of Gibraltar |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=24 May 2006}} * [https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,gibraltar%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,Gibraltar,%20Strait%20of,1&lang=iw_IL&offset=0&came_from=sort Old maps of the Strait of Gibraltar], Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, [[National Library of Israel|The National Library of Israel]] * [https://www.acneg.com/en/how-to-swim-across-the-strait-of-gibraltar/ HOW TO SWIM ACROSS THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR] By ACNEG The Straits of Gibraltar Swimming Association. {{Gibraltar topics}} {{List of African seas}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibraltar}} [[Category:Strait of Gibraltar| ]] [[Category:Bodies of water of Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] [[Category:Bodies of water of Morocco|Strait of Gibraltar]] [[Category:Bodies of water of Spain|Strait of Gibraltar]] [[Category:Gibraltar–Spain border|Strait of Gibraltar]] [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Gibraltar|Strait of Gibraltar]] [[Category:International straits]] [[Category:Morocco–Spain border|Strait of Gibraltar]] [[Category:Straits of Africa]] [[Category:Straits of Europe]] [[Category:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea]] [[Category:Geography of North Africa]] [[Category:Oceans Seven swims]] [[Category:Transcontinental straits]] [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] gzrl0kuz806chtmuzoba6zq3w82nmne 370564 370563 2026-04-08T09:06:23Z Ibne maryam 17680 370564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water|image=STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|location=[[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]<br>[[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]]}} '''جبرالٽر سامونڊي گذرگاهه''' (Strait of Gibraltar)، جن کي '''جبل الطارق ساموندي گذرگاهه''' پڻ چيو ويندو آهي، هڪ تنگ [[آبي گذرگاهه]] آهي، جيڪي [[ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ|ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] کي [[رومي (ڀونوچ) سمنڊ|رومي سمنڊ]] سان ڳنڍي ٿي ۽ [[يُورَپ|يورپ]] کي [[آفريڪا]] کان ڌار ڪري ٿي. ٻئي کنڊ پنهنجي تنگ ترين نقطي تي <small>7.7</small> [[ناٽيڪل ميل]] (<small>14.2</small> ڪلوميٽر، <small>8.9</small> ميل) سان ڌار ٿيل آهن.<ref>{{حوالو ويب|quote=27 August 2024}}</ref> فيريون (ٻيڙيون) هر روز ٻنهي کنڊن جي وچ ۾ صرف 35 منٽن ۾ پار ٿين ٿيون. آبنائي جي کوٽائي <small>300</small> کان <small>900</small> ميٽر (<small>980</small> کان <small>2,950</small> فوٽ) جي وچ ۾ آهي. هي سامونڊي گذرگاهه [[مراڪش]]، [[اسپين]] ۽ برطانوي اوورسيز علائقي [[جبل الطارق|جبرالٽر]] جي علائقائي پاڻين ۾ واقع آهي. سمنڊ جي قانون تي گڏيل قومن جي ڪنوينشن (<small>UNCLOS</small>) جي تحت، پرڏيهي ٻيڙين ۽ هوائي جهازن کي آمدورفت جي صورت ۾ جبرالٽر جي سامونڊي گذرگاهه کي پار ڪرڻ لاءِ جهاز راني ۽ هن مٿان اڏامن جي مسلسل آزادي آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnson.html Climate Control Requires a Dam at the Strait of Gibraltar] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222041921/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnson.html |date=22 February 2009 }}—American Geophysical Union, 1997. Accessed 26 February 2006. Gone 12 February 2010. Dam design at http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnsonf3.gif {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926110415/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eosrjohnsonf3.gif |date=26 September 2012 }} Building the dam and letting the Mediterranean Sea completely evaporate would raise Sea Level 15 meters over 1,000 years. Evaporating the first 100 meters or so would raise Sea Level 1 meter in about 100 years. * آمريڪي جيو فزيڪل يونين، ڊيم جي ڊيزائن تي 1997ع. رسائي 26 فيبروري 2006. 12 فيبروري 2010 تي ٿي. ڊيم ٺاهڻ ۽ ميڊيٽرينين سمنڊ کي مڪمل طور تي بخارات ٿيڻ ڏيڻ سان سمنڊ جي سطح 1,000 سالن ۾ 15 ميٽر وڌي ويندي. پهرين 100 ميٽر يا ان کان وڌيڪ بخارات ٿيڻ سان سمنڊ جي سطح تقريباً 100 سالن ۾ 1 ميٽر وڌي ويندي. * [https://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/docs/2001/e2001-19.pdf جبرالٽر جي آبنائي ذريعي يورپ-آفريڪا جي مستقل لنڪ لاءِ منصوبو]—گڏيل قومن جي اقتصادي ۽ سماجي ڪائونسل، 2001. رسائي 26 فيبروري 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060212121936/http://www.cica.es/aliens/geo/gibraltar/gibraltar.html جبرالٽر جي اسٽريچو جيوگرافڪ اسٽوڊيو] * [https://www.acneg.com/en/how-to-swim-across-the-strait-of-gibraltar/ جبرالٽر جي آبنائي ۾ ڪيئن ترجيو] ACNEG پاران جبرالٽر جي آبنائي سوئمنگ ايسوسيئيشن. * [https://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/docs/2001/e2001-19.pdf Project for a Europe-Africa permanent link through the Strait of Gibraltar]—United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2001. Accessed 26 February 2006. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060212121936/http://www.cica.es/aliens/geo/gibraltar/gibraltar.html Estudios Geográficos del Estrecho de Gibraltar]—La Universidad de Tetuán and La Universidad de Sevilla. Accessed 26 February 2006. {{in lang|es}} * {{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16581 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040817171025/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16581 |archive-date=17 August 2004 |title=Solitons, Strait of Gibraltar |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=24 May 2006}} * {{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4707 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010620193133/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4707 |archive-date=20 June 2001 |title=Internal Waves, Strait of Gibraltar |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=24 May 2006}} * [https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,gibraltar%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,Gibraltar,%20Strait%20of,1&lang=iw_IL&offset=0&came_from=sort Old maps of the Strait of Gibraltar], Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, [[National Library of Israel|The National Library of Israel]] * [https://www.acneg.com/en/how-to-swim-across-the-strait-of-gibraltar/ HOW TO SWIM ACROSS THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR] By ACNEG The Straits of Gibraltar Swimming Association. {{DEFAULTSORT:Gibraltar}} [[زمرو:جبرالٽر جي سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:سامونڊي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:آبي گذرگاهه]] [[زمرو:جبل الطارق ۾ پاڻي جا جسم|جبرالٽر اسٽرئٽ]] [[زمرو:مراڪش جا پاڻي جا جسم|جبرالٽر اسٽرئٽ]] [[زمرو:اسپين جا پاڻي جا جسم|جبرالٽر اسٽرئٽ]] [[زمرو:جبل الطارق-اسپين حد|جبرالٽر اسٽرئٽ]] [[زمرو:جبل الطارق جا اهم پکين جا علائقا|جبرالٽر اسٽرئٽ]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:مراڪش-اسپين حد|جبرالٽر اسٽرئٽ]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جي سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:رومي سمنڊ جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:اتر آفريڪا جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:سمنڊ تي ست ترڻ جي جايون]] [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:يورپ جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:يورپ جي ارضيات]] [[زمرو:سامونڊي گذرگاهون]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جا پاڻي جا جسم]] [[زمرو:آفريڪا جي ارضيات]] [[Category:Strait of Gibraltar| hrhne17720e97sc1a9qsem62xis2gg4 14 94745 370567 2026-04-08T09:50:28Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:انگريز ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ قوميت]] 370567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انگريز ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ قوميت]] ejzka5sm2eervpbh54ly3z06eg8123k 370577 370567 2026-04-08T10:06:59Z Memon2025 21315 370577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انگريز ماڻهو]] [[زمرو:برطانوي شخصيتون]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ قوميت]] 0a73xr544xqgp7zrnyrdh5hxdi6ihhu 14 94746 370569 2026-04-08T09:57:41Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:طبيعيات دان]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] 370569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:طبيعيات دان]] [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] f1xax7k4fbw4sukeyn26ji0o6k97ub0 3 94747 370570 2026-04-08T09:57:59Z KaleemBot 10779 ڀليڪار! 370570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{سانچو:سماجي ڳنڍڻن تي سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا}} <div style="padding:5px;font-size:medium"><center style="word-spacing:1ex">[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخاني جي صفحي تي پنھنجون سفارشون ڏيو]] </center></div> {| bgcolor="#ADDFAD" align=center style="width:100% !important; -moz-border-radius: 1em;-webkit-border-radius:1em;border-radius:1em; border-top:2px dashed #3eb2c9;border-bottom:2px dashed #3eb2c9;padding: 5px 20px 25px;" |<span style="font-family:MB Lateefi;float:left">'''[[Wikipedia:سفارتخانو|سفارتخانو]]'''</span> <div class="tabber horizTabBox" style="width: 100% !important;"> [[عڪس:Wikipedia laurier wp.png|left|200px]] <center><big>'''بزمِ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا ۾ ڀلي ڪري آيا''' ''{{PAGENAME}}'''</big></center>'' '''السلام عليڪم! اسان اميد ڪريون ٿا تہ توھان سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا جي لاء بھترين اضافو ثابت ٿيندئو'''.<br> * وڪيپيڊيا ھڪ کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلو آھي جنھن کي اسان سڀ ملي ڪري لکندا ۽ سنواريندا آھيون. وڪيپيڊيا منصوبي جي شروعات جنوري 2001ع ۾ ٿي، جڏھن تہ سنڌي وڪيپيڊيا فيبروري 2006ع ۾ عمل آئي. في الحال ھن وڪيپيڊيا ۾ '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' [[Special:Allpages|مضمون]] موجود آھن.<br /> * ھن چيڪلي (انسائيڪلوپيڊيا) ۾ توھان مضمون نويسي، سنوار ۽ تصحيح کان پھريان ھيٺين صفحن تي ضرور نظر وجھو.''' * صفحن جي ظاھريت جي تبديلي ۽ طریقيڪار جي لاءِ ڏسو '''[[خاص:ترجيحات|ترجيحون]]'''. <Font - size=4> '''اصول ۽ قاعدا''' </Font - size> <Font - size=3> '''توھان جو واپرائيندڙ ۽ بحث صفحو''' </Font - size><br> ھتي توھانجو [[خاص:Mypage|'''مخصوص واپرائيندڙ صفحو بہ ھوندو''']] جتي توھان [[:زمرو:يوزر سانچا|پنھنجو تعارف لکي سگھو ٿا]]، ۽ توهانجي [[خاص:Mytalk|واپرائيندڙ بحث]] تي ٻيا رڪنَ توھان سان رابطو ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ توھان ڏي پيغام موڪلي سگھن ٿا. * '''ڪنھن ٻئي رڪن کي پيغام موڪلڻ وقت ھنن امرن جو خاص خيال رکو''': ** '''جيڪڏھن ضرورت هجي تہ پيغام کي عنوان ضرور ڏيو'''. ** '''پيغام جي آخر ۾ پنهنجي صحيح ضرور وجھو، ان جي لاءِ هي علامت درج ڪريو'''--&#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''' يا ھن ([[عڪس:Insert-signature.png|link=]]) بٽڻ تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. ** '''[[Wikipedia:اصول بحث|اظھار بحث جي آدابن]] جو خصوصي خيال رکو'''. <Font - size=3> '''تعاون''' </Font - size> * '''وڪيپيڊيا جي ڪنھن بہ صفحي جي سڄي پاسي ڳوليو جو خانو نظر ايندو آھي. جنھن موضوع تي مضمون ٺاھڻ چاھيو تہ ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ لکو، ۽ ڳوليو تي ٽڙڪ ڪريو'''. <inputbox>type=search</inputbox> * '''توھان جي موضوع سان ملندڙ جلندڙ صفحا نظر ايندا. اھو اطمينان ڪرڻ کان پوء تہ توھان جي گهربل موضوع تي پھريان کان مضمون موجود ناھي، توھان نئون صفحو ٺاھي سگھو ٿا واضع هجي تہ ھڪ موضوع تي ھڪ کان وڌيڪ مضمون ٺاھڻ جي اجازت ناھي. توھان ھيٺ ڏنل خانو بہ استعمال ڪري سگھو ٿا'''. <inputbox>type=create</inputbox> * '''لکڻ کان پهرئين ھن ڳالھ جو يقين ڪريو تہ جنھن عنوان تي توھان لکي رھيا آھيو ان تي يا ان سان ملندڙ عنوانن تي وڪي ۾ ڪوئي مضمون نہ ھجي. ان جي لاء توھان ڳوليو جي خاني ۾ عنوان ۽ ان جا هم معنيٰ لفظ (اهڙا لفظ جن جي معني هڪ هجي) لکي ڳولا ڪريو'''.</center> |} -- توھان جي مدد جي لاء ھر وقت حاضر، اوهان جو خادم --[[واپرائيندڙ:KaleemBot|KaleemBot]] ([[واپرائيندڙ بحث:KaleemBot|ڳالھ]]) 09:57, 8 اپريل 2026 ( يو.ٽي.سي) otimoc160h43obwpaqr6hkqr0at8onc 14 94748 370572 2026-04-08T10:02:02Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] 370572 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:انگريز سائنسدان]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] r4u6rrlfxe25pg25gh3zwgr0cdnxzgk 370573 370572 2026-04-08T10:02:46Z Memon2025 21315 370573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:نوبل انعام يافته]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] 2wt8rl43yw91470jz9rg8k4xlk9fs77 14 94749 370585 2026-04-08T10:53:16Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:برطانوي اداڪار]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] 370585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:برطانوي اداڪار]] [[زمرو:انگريز شخصيتون]] rapee0i8wvgw1cxmigm3m01r43u9ksp 14 94750 370586 2026-04-08T10:53:39Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:اداڪار]] [[زمرو:برطانوي شخصيتون]] 370586 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:اداڪار]] [[زمرو:برطانوي شخصيتون]] c4h31hasc2ipyejx2kow5bgk8ollpk9 14 94751 370590 2026-04-08T11:10:58Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:يورپ جو سماج]] [[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ کنڊ]] 370590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:يورپ جو سماج]] [[زمرو:ماڻھو بلحاظ کنڊ]] oiworrf5y1hsv95mio7ej4l89tjkk8a 370591 370590 2026-04-08T11:12:05Z Memon2025 21315 370591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:زمرا بلحاظ کنڊ]] 91f6226c9c5ki0z7294uyn6ess3lnzp 14 94752 370593 2026-04-08T11:16:24Z Memon2025 21315 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:يورپ جا ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ کنڊ]] 370593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:يورپ جا ماڻھو]] [[زمرو:شخصيتون بلحاظ کنڊ]] 9f6424n77mnr308xe5ia8iqaiyagzlk